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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicised" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicised"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Anglicised</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicised-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romani_in_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani_in_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Romani in Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani_in_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish_Romani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_Romani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Finnish Romani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_Romani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyrillic_script" 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id="toc-Comparison_of_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison of alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Although the first example of written Romani dates from 1542,<sup id="cite_ref-mat2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is not until the twentieth century that vernacular writing by native <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> arose. </p><p>Printed anthologies of Romani folktales and poems began in the 20th century in Eastern Europe, using the respective national scripts (Latin or Cyrillic).<sup id="cite_ref-EB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written Romani in the 20th century used the writing systems of their respective host societies, mostly <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French</a>, etc.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there is no single standard orthography used by both scholars and native speakers. Efforts of language planners have been hampered by the significant dialectal divisions in Romani: the absence of standard phonology, in turn, makes the selection of a single written form problematic. </p><p>In an effort to overcome this, during the 1980s and 1990s <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Courthiade" title="Marcel Courthiade">Marcel Courthiade</a> proposed a model for orthographic unification based on the adoption of a meta-phonological orthography, which "would allow dialectal variation to be accommodated at the phonological and morpho-phonological level".<sup id="cite_ref-mat2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was presented to the <a href="/wiki/International_Romani_Union" title="International Romani Union">International Romani Union</a> in 1990, who adopted it as the organization's "official alphabet". This recognition by the International Romani Union allowed Courthiade's system to qualify for funding from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. </p><p>Despite being used in several publications, such as the grammar of Romani compiled by Gheorghe Sarău<sup id="cite_ref-sarau_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarau-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Polish publication <i>Informaciaqo lil</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the IRU standard has yet to find a broad base of support from Romani writers. One reason for the reluctance to adopt this standard, according to Canadian Rom Ronald Lee, is that the proposed orthography contains a number of specialised characters not regularly found on European keyboards, such as <b>θ</b> and <b>ʒ</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, the most common pattern among native speakers is for individual authors to use an orthography based on the writing system of the dominant contact language: thus <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and so on. A currently observable trend, however, appears to be the adoption of a loosely English-oriented orthography, developed spontaneously by native speakers for use online and through email.<sup id="cite_ref-mat2002_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descriptive <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> has, however, a long and established tradition of transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-mat2002_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite small differences between individual linguists in the representation of certain <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>, most adhere to a system which Hancock terms <i>Pan-Vlax</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_script">Latin script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Latin script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overwhelming majority of academic and non-academic literature produced currently in Romani is written using a Latin-based orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-mat2002_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main systems that are likely to be encountered: the <i>Pan-Vlax</i> system, the <i>International Standard</i> and various Anglicised systems.<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Vlax">Pan-Vlax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pan-Vlax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most recent descriptive literature, a variety of orthography which <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Ian Hancock</a> terms <i>Pan-Vlax</i> will likely be used.<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This orthography is not a single standardised form, but rather a set of orthographical practices which exhibit a basic "core" of shared graphemes and a small amount of divergence in several areas. The Pan-Vlax script is based on the Latin script, augmented by the addition of several <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> common to the languages of eastern Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>. Sometimes stress is indicated with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>. </p><p>In the following table, the most common variants of the graphemes are shown. The phonemes used in the table are somewhat arbitrary and are not specifically based on any one dialect (for example, the phoneme denoted <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> in the table can be realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʐ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟ/</span>, depending on dialect): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Romani "Pan-Vlax" alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>A a </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td><b>ambról</b> <i>pear</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>B b </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><b>barvaló</b> <i>rich</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>C c </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> </td> <td><b>círdel</b> <i>he pulls</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Č č </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> </td> <td><b>čačó</b> <i>true</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Čh čh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰ/</span> </td> <td><b>čhavó</b> <i>boy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>D d </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><b>drom</b> <i>road</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dž dž </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> </td> <td><b>džukél</b> <i>dog</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>E e </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><b>eftá</b> <i>seven</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>F f </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td> <td><b>fóro</b> <i>town</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>G g </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td><b>gadžó</b> <i>non-Rom</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>H h </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><b>herdelézi</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ch ch </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> </td> <td><b>chal</b> <i>he eats</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>I i </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td><b>iló</b> <i>heart</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>J j </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><b>jag</b> <i>fire</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>K k </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><b>kaj</b> <i>where</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kh kh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><b>kham</b> <i>sun</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>L l </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td><b>lačhó</b> <i>good</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>M m </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><b>manúš</b> <i>man</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>N n </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><b>nasúl</b> <i>bad</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>O o </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td><b>ochtó</b> <i>eight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>P p </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><b>paramísi</b> <i>fairy tale</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ph ph </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td><b>phabáj</b> <i>apple</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>R r </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td><b>raklí</b> <i>non-Romani girl</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>S s </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><b>somnakáj</b> <i>gold</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Š š </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> </td> <td><b>šukár</b> <i>beautiful</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>T t </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><b>tató</b> <i>hot</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Th th </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><b>them</b> <i>land</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>U u </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td><b>umál</b> <i>field</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>V v </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> </td> <td><b>vurdón</b> <i>cart</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Z z </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td><b>zor</b> <i>power</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ž ž </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> </td> <td><b>žója</b> <i>Thursday</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The use of the above graphemes is relatively stable and universal, taking into account dialectal mergers and so on. However, in certain areas there is somewhat more variation. A typically diverse area is in the representation of sounds not present in most varieties of Romani. For example, the centralised vowel phonemes of several varieties of Vlax and Xaladitka, when they are indicated separately from the non-centralised vowels, can be represented using <b>ə</b>, <b>ъ</b> or <b>ă</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another particularly variant area is the representation of <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatalised consonants</a>, which are absent from a number of dialects. Some variant graphemes for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʲ/</span> include <b>tj</b>, <b>ty</b>, <b>ć</b>, <b>čj</b> and <b>t᾿</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-mat2002_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the representation of the second rhotic, which in several dialects has been merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, tends to vary between <b>ř</b>, <b>rr</b>, and <b>rh</b>, and sometimes even <b>gh</b>, with the first two being the most frequently found variants.<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Standard">International Standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International Standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>International Standard</i> orthography, as devised by Marcel Courthiade and adopted by the International Romani Union, uses similar conventions to the Pan-Vlax system outlined above. Several of the differences are simply graphical, such as replacing <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">carons</a> with acute accents—transforming <b>č š ž</b> into <b>ć ś ź</b>—and acute accents with <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accents</a>. However, its most distinctive feature is the use of "meta-notations", which are intended to cover cross-dialectal phonological variation, particularly in degrees of palatalisation; "morpho-graphs", which are used to represent the morphophonological alternation of case suffixes<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in different phonological environments;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">double dot</a> (¨) to indicate a centralized vowel. </p><p>The "meta-notations" are <b>ćh</b>, <b>ʒ</b>, and the caron (ˇ; named <span title="Romani-language text"><i lang="rom">ćiriklo</i></span> after the word for bird), the realisation of which varies by dialect. The first two are respectively pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> in the first stratum but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʑ/</span> in the third stratum.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caron on a vowel represents palatalisation; <b>ǒ</b> and <b>ǎ</b> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Lovaricka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovaricka">Lovaricka</a>, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three "morpho-graphs" are <b>ç</b>, <b>q</b>. and <b>θ</b>, which represent the initial phonemes of a number of case suffixes, which are realised <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> after a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> after a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicised">Anglicised</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anglicised"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English-based orthography commonly used in North America is, to a degree, an accommodation of the Pan-Vlax orthography to English-language keyboards, replacing those graphemes with diacritics with digraphs, such as the substitution of <b>ts ch sh zh</b> for <b>c č š ž</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-han_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular orthography seems to have arisen spontaneously as Romani speakers have communicated using email, a medium in which graphemes outside the <a href="/wiki/Latin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1">Latin-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Charset" class="mw-redirect" title="Charset">charset</a> have until recently been difficult to type.<sup id="cite_ref-mat2002_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it is this orthography which is recommended for use by Romani scholar and activist <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lee" title="Ronald Lee">Ronald Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_in_Macedonia">Romani in Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romani in Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romani in Macedonia is written with the following alphabet:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This alphabet is used in the educational system in Macedonia for Romani-speaking students. </p> <table class="Unicode wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ć ć </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Č č </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Dž dž </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">GJ gj </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Kh kh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Lj lj </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Nj nj </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ph ph </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Š š </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Th th </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Y y </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="#CITEREFKepeskiJusuf1980">Kepeski & Jusuf (1980)</a> noted that the following alphabet is used by Romani people in Macedonia and Serbia (Kosovo):<sup id="cite_ref-Everson2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="Unicode wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ä ä </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Č č </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Kj kj (Ćć) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Gj gj (Ǵǵ) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Dž dž </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Lj lj </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Nj nj </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Q q </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Š š </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ž ž </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_Romani">Finnish Romani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Finnish Romani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Romani</a> (or Finnish Kalo) is written with the following alphabet:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="Unicode wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(C c) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ȟ ȟ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Q q) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Š š </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(W w) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(X x) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Y y </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Z z) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ž ž </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Å å) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ä ä </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ö ö </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letters in parentheses are only used in loanwords and are therefore not always part of the alphabet. The digraphs <i>dž</i>, <i>kh</i>, <i>ph</i>, <i>th</i>, and <i>tš</i> are used, but are not letters of the alphabet. <i>Š</i> and <i>Ž</i> are only used in these digraphs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyrillic_script">Cyrillic script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cyrillic script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="Unicode wikitable"> <caption>Cyrillic alphabet of Kalderash dialect<sup id="cite_ref-Everson2001_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Upper case </th> <td>А</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>Д</td> <td>Е</td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td>З</td> <td>И</td> <td>Й</td> <td>К</td> <td>Кх</td> <td>Л</td> <td>М</td> <td>Н</td> <td>О</td> <td>П</td> <td>Пх</td> <td>Р</td> <td>Рр</td> <td>С</td> <td>Т</td> <td>Тх</td> <td>У</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Ц</td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Ы</td> <td>Ь</td> <td>Э</td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower case </th> <td>а</td> <td>б</td> <td>в</td> <td>г</td> <td>ғ</td> <td>д</td> <td>е</td> <td>ё</td> <td>ж</td> <td>з</td> <td>и</td> <td>й</td> <td>к</td> <td>кх</td> <td>л</td> <td>м</td> <td>н</td> <td>о</td> <td>п</td> <td>пх</td> <td>р</td> <td>рр</td> <td>с</td> <td>т</td> <td>тх</td> <td>у</td> <td>ф</td> <td>х</td> <td>ц</td> <td>ч</td> <td>ш</td> <td>ы</td> <td>ь</td> <td>э</td> <td>ю</td> <td>я </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="Unicode wikitable"> <caption>Cyrillic alphabet of Ruska Roma dialect<sup id="cite_ref-sergh2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sergh2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Upper case </th> <td>А</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ґ</td> <td>Д</td> <td>Е</td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td>З</td> <td>И</td> <td>Й</td> <td>К</td> <td>Л</td> <td>М</td> <td>Н</td> <td>О</td> <td>П</td> <td>Р</td> <td>С</td> <td>Т</td> <td>У</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Ц</td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Ы</td> <td>Ь</td> <td>Э</td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower case </th> <td>а</td> <td>б</td> <td>в</td> <td>г</td> <td>ґ</td> <td>д</td> <td>е</td> <td>ё</td> <td>ж</td> <td>з</td> <td>и</td> <td>й</td> <td>к</td> <td>л</td> <td>м</td> <td>н</td> <td>о</td> <td>п</td> <td>р</td> <td>с</td> <td>т</td> <td>у</td> <td>ф</td> <td>х</td> <td>ц</td> <td>ч</td> <td>ш</td> <td>ы</td> <td>ь</td> <td>э</td> <td>ю</td> <td>я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_script">Greek script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Greek script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, for instance, Romani is mostly written with the Greek alphabet (although very little seems to be written in Romani in Greece).<sup id="cite_ref-bakp90_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakp90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_script">Arabic script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arabic script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arabic script has also been used, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bakp90_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakp90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More importantly, the first periodical produced by Roma for Roma was printed in the Arabic script in the 1920s in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It was called "Laćo" which means "good".<sup id="cite_ref-bakp90_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakp90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_alphabets">Comparison of alphabets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison of alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226773818">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12left td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13left td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14left td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15left td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16left td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17left td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18left td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19left td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20left td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21left td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22left td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23left td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24left td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25left td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26left td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output 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.col19center td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20center td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21center td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22center td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="wikitable defaultcenter"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">IPA </th> <th colspan="9">Latin </th> <th colspan="3">Cyrillic </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Hungarian </th> <th rowspan="2">1971 Romani World Congress </th> <th rowspan="2">American Romani </th> <th rowspan="2">Pan-Vlax </th> <th colspan="2">Macedonian </th> <th rowspan="2">International Romani Union Standard </th> <th rowspan="2">Finnish Romani<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">? </th> <th rowspan="2">Kalderash dialect<sup id="cite_ref-Everson2001_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Ruska dialect<sup id="cite_ref-sergh2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sergh2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Lovari </th> <th>Carpathian </th> <th>Official Teaching Alphabet </th> <th>Folk Alphabet <a href="#CITEREFKepeskiJusuf1980">Kepeski & Jusuf (1980)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Everson2001_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-assign_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assign-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td> <td colspan="8">A </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="3">А,<sup id="cite_ref-hard_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Я <sup id="cite_ref-soft_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>A </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> </td> <td>Ä </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">B </td> <td colspan="3">Б </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">C </td> <td>Ts </td> <td colspan="3">C </td> <td>C, Ç<sup id="cite_ref-cedilla_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cedilla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="3">Ц </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span> </td> <td colspan="4">Ch </td> <td colspan="3">Č </td> <td>Ć </td> <td>Tš </td> <td colspan="3">Ч </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃʰ]</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Chh </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Čh </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ćh<sup id="cite_ref-ch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Чх </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td> <td colspan="7">D </td> <td>D, Θ<sup id="cite_ref-theta_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theta-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>D </td> <td colspan="3">Д </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> </td> <td colspan="2">Dz </td> <td colspan="11" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> </td> <td colspan="2">Dzh </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="3">Dž </td> <td>Ʒ<sup id="cite_ref-ezh_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezh-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dž </td> <td colspan="2">Дж </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">Dy </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Gj </td> <td>Gj (Ǵǵ) </td> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">E </td> <td colspan="3">Э,<sup id="cite_ref-hard_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Е <sup id="cite_ref-soft_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">F </td> <td colspan="3">Ф </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </td> <td colspan="6">G </td> <td colspan="2">G, Q<sup id="cite_ref-q_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>G </td> <td rowspan="2">Г<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ғ </td> <td>Ґ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">H </td> <td colspan="2">Г </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">X<sup id="cite_ref-chi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3">X </td> <td>X<sup id="cite_ref-chi_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>X </td> <td>Ȟ </td> <td colspan="3">Х </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">I </td> <td colspan="3">Ы,<sup id="cite_ref-hard_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> И <sup id="cite_ref-soft_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span> </td> <td colspan="7" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ï </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>І </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td> <td colspan="2">J </td> <td colspan="2">Y </td> <td>J </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">J </td> <td colspan="3">Й </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td colspan="5">K </td> <td>K </td> <td colspan="2">K, Q<sup id="cite_ref-q_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>K </td> <td colspan="3">К </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span> </td> <td colspan="6">Kh </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2">Kh </td> <td colspan="2">Кх </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">L </td> <td colspan="3">Л </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">Ly </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2">Lj </td> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">M </td> <td colspan="3">М </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">N </td> <td colspan="3">Н </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">Ny </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2">Nj </td> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">O </td> <td colspan="3">О,<sup id="cite_ref-hard_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ё <sup id="cite_ref-soft_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span> </td> <td colspan="7" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ö<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ö </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">P </td> <td colspan="3">П </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span> </td> <td colspan="6">Ph </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2">Ph </td> <td colspan="2">Пх </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">R </td> <td colspan="3">Р </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɻ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[rː],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʀ]</span> </td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ř, Rr, Rh, Gh<sup id="cite_ref-dialect_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialect-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Rr </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Рр </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td colspan="7">S </td> <td>S, Ç<sup id="cite_ref-cedilla_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cedilla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>S </td> <td colspan="3">С </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td colspan="4">Sh </td> <td colspan="3">Š </td> <td>Ś </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="3">Ш </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span> </td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ś </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ćh<sup id="cite_ref-ch_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td colspan="7">T </td> <td>T, Θ<sup id="cite_ref-theta_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theta-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="3">Т </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span> </td> <td colspan="6">Th </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2">Th </td> <td colspan="2">Тх </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">Ty </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Tj, Ty, Ć, Čj, T’<sup id="cite_ref-dialect_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialect-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ć </td> <td>Kj (Ć) </td> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td colspan="9">U </td> <td colspan="3">У,<sup id="cite_ref-hard_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ю <sup id="cite_ref-soft_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> </td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ü </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ü<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Y </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> </td> <td colspan="7">V </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="3">В </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span> </td> <td colspan="8" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>V </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td colspan="8">Z </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="3">З </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> </td> <td colspan="4">Zh </td> <td colspan="3">Ž </td> <td>Ź </td> <td colspan="3">Ж </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʑ]</span> </td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ź </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ʒ<sup id="cite_ref-ezh_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezh-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ӂ </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mat2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mat2002_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat2002_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat2002_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat2002_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat2002_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat2002_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat2002_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras (2002)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi2016">Bagchi (2016)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarau-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sarau_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarău1994">Sarău (1994)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-han-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock1995">Hancock (1995)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lee_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2005">Lee (2005</a>:272)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether these endings are to be analysed as postpositions or case endings is still a matter of debate in Romani linguistics. See, for example, <a href="#CITEREFHancock1995">Hancock (1995)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras (2002)</a> for varying approaches.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatras1999">Matras (1999)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourthiade2009">Courthiade (2009</a>:43–44)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrovski2021">Petrovski (2021)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everson2001_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everson2001_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everson2001_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everson2001_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2001">Everson (2001)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranqvist2011">Granqvist (2011)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sergh2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sergh2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sergh2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSerghievskyBarannikov1938">Serghievsky & Barannikov (1938)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakp90-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bakp90_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakp90_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakp90_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakkerKyuchukov2000">Bakker & Kyuchukov (2000</a>:90)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDjonedi1996">Djonedi (1996)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assign-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-assign_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phonetic assignment provisional (not in source)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hard-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hard_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hard_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hard_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hard_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hard_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">After hard consonants</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soft-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soft_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soft_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soft_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soft_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soft_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">After soft (palatal) consonants</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cedilla-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cedilla_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cedilla_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> after vowels and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˢ/</span> after nasals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ch_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰ/</span> in the first stratum and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span> in the third stratum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theta-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theta_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theta_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> after vowels and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> after nasals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ezh-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ezh_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ezh_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> in the first stratum and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʑ/</span> in the third stratum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-q-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-q_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-q_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> after vowels and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> after nasals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in Russian, this orthography does not distinguish between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chi_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chi_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> letter <b>Chi</b> and was ordered alphabetically after H.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourthiade2009">Courthiade (2009</a>:496–499)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dialect-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dialect_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialect_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Only exists in some dialects and varies according to dialects.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBagchi2016" class="citation web cs1">Bagchi, Tista (December 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508791/Romany-languages">"Romany language"</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romany+language&rft.pub=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=Bagchi&rft.aufirst=Tista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F508791%2FRomany-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerKyuchukov2000" class="citation cs2">Bakker, Peter; Kyuchukov, Hristo, eds. (2000), <i>What Is the Romani Language?</i>, Interface Collection, vol. 21, Centre de Recherches Tsiganes; University of Hertfordshire Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902806-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-902806-06-9"><bdi>1-902806-06-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+the+Romani+Language%3F&rft.series=Interface+Collection&rft.pub=Centre+de+Recherches+Tsiganes%3B+University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-902806-06-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoretzkyIgla1994" class="citation cs2">Boretzky, Nobert; Igla, Birgit (1994), <i>Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten</i>, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03459-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03459-9"><bdi>3-447-03459-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rterbuch+Romani-Deutsch-Englisch+f%C3%BCr+den+s%C3%BCdosteurop%C3%A4ischen+Raum+%3A+mit+einer+Grammatik+der+Dialektvarianten&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-447-03459-9&rft.aulast=Boretzky&rft.aufirst=Nobert&rft.au=Igla%2C+Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourthiade2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Courthiade, Marcel (2009), Rézműves, Melinda (ed.), <i>Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik</i> (in Romany, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, and Greek), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-85408-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-85408-6-7"><bdi>978-963-85408-6-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morri+angluni+rromane+%C4%87hib%C7%8Eqi+evroputni+lavustik&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=F%C5%91v%C3%A1rosi+Onkorm%C3%A1nyzat+Cig%C3%A1ny+H%C3%A1z--Romano+Kher&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-963-85408-6-7&rft.aulast=Courthiade&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjonedi1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Djonedi, Fereydun (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205221131/http://romani.uni-graz.at/romani/download/files/djo46.pdf">"Romano Glossar. Gesammelt von Schir-ali Tehranizade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Grazer Linguistische Studien</i> (in German). <b>46</b>: 31–59. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romani.uni-graz.at/romani/download/files/djo46.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grazer+Linguistische+Studien&rft.atitle=Romano+Glossar.+Gesammelt+von+Schir-ali+Tehranizade&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=31-59&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Djonedi&rft.aufirst=Fereydun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromani.uni-graz.at%2Fromani%2Fdownload%2Ffiles%2Fdjo46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2001" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (October 7, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/romani.pdf">"Romani"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Everytype: The Alphabets of Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everytype%3A+The+Alphabets+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Romani&rft.date=2001-10-07&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Falphabets%2Fromani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranqvist2011" class="citation cs2">Granqvist, Kimmo (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1523925"><i>Lyhyt Suomen romanikielen kielioppi</i></a> [<i>Consice grammar of Finnish Romani</i>], Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5446-69-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5446-69-2"><bdi>978-952-5446-69-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyhyt+Suomen+romanikielen+kielioppi&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Kotimaisten+kielten+keskus&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-952-5446-69-2&rft.aulast=Granqvist&rft.aufirst=Kimmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1523925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock1995" class="citation cs2">Hancock, Ian (1995), <i>A Handbook of Vlax Romani</i>, Columbus: Slavica Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89357-258-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89357-258-6"><bdi>0-89357-258-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Vlax+Romani&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pub=Slavica+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-89357-258-6&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepeskiJusuf1980" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Kepeski, Krume; Jusuf, Šaip (1980), <i>Romani gramatika = Ромска граматика</i> (in Macedonian and Romany), Skopje: Naša Kniga</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+gramatika+%3D+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=Skopje&rft.pub=Na%C5%A1a+Kniga&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Kepeski&rft.aufirst=Krume&rft.au=Jusuf%2C+%C5%A0aip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation cs2">Lee, Ronald (2005), <i>Learn Romani: Das-dúma Rromanes</i>, Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902806-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-902806-44-1"><bdi>1-902806-44-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+Romani%3A+Das-d%C3%BAma+Rromanes&rft.place=Hatfield&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-902806-44-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras1999" class="citation journal cs1">Matras, Yaron (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras,%20Y.%20(1999)%20Writing%20Romani%20The%20pragmatics%20of%20codification%20in%20a%20stateless%20language.pdf">"Writing Romani: The pragmatics of codification in a stateless language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 481–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fapplin%2F20.4.481">10.1093/applin/20.4.481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Writing+Romani%3A+The+pragmatics+of+codification+in+a+stateless+language&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-502&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fapplin%2F20.4.481&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2F2%2FMatras%2C%2520Y.%2520%281999%29%2520Writing%2520Romani%2520The%2520pragmatics%2520of%2520codification%2520in%2520a%2520stateless%2520language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2002" class="citation cs2">Matras, Yaron (2002), <i>Romani: A Linguistic Introduction</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-02330-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-02330-0"><bdi>0-521-02330-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-02330-0&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrovski2021" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Petrovski, Trajko (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ucebnici.mon.gov.mk/pdf/3-48-Jazik%20i%20kultura%20na%20Romite_3%20odd_PRINT_comp_2020.pdf"><i>I čhib thaj i kultura romengiri bašo III klasi</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Romany) (2nd ed.), Skopje: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(North_Macedonia)" title="Ministry of Education and Science (North Macedonia)">Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Northern Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-608-226-933-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-608-226-933-7"><bdi>978-608-226-933-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+%C4%8Dhib+thaj+i+kultura+romengiri+ba%C5%A1o+III+klasi&rft.place=Skopje&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+of+the+Republic+of+Northern+Macedonia&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-608-226-933-7&rft.aulast=Petrovski&rft.aufirst=Trajko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ucebnici.mon.gov.mk%2Fpdf%2F3-48-Jazik%2520i%2520kultura%2520na%2520Romite_3%2520odd_PRINT_comp_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarău1994" class="citation cs2">Sarău, Gheorghe (1994), <i>Limba Romani (țigănească): Manual pentru Clasele de Învățători Romi ale Școlilor Normale</i>, Bucharest: Editura Didactică și Pedagogică</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limba+Romani+%28%C8%9Big%C4%83neasc%C4%83%29%3A+Manual+pentru+Clasele+de+%C3%8Env%C4%83%C8%9B%C4%83tori+Romi+ale+%C8%98colilor+Normale&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Editura+Didactic%C4%83+%C8%99i+Pedagogic%C4%83&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sar%C4%83u&rft.aufirst=Gheorghe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerghievskyBarannikov1938" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serghievsky, M. V.; Barannikov, A. P. (1938), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426111903/http://liloro.ru//romanes/sergievsky1.htm"><i>Цыганско-русский словарь</i></a> [<i>Romani-Russian dictionary</i>] (in Russian), Moscow, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liloro.ru//romanes/sergievsky1.htm">the original</a> on April 26, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Serghievsky&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rft.au=Barannikov%2C+A.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliloro.ru%2F%2Fromanes%2Fsergievsky1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggested_further_reading">Suggested further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Suggested further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2011" class="citation cs2">Hodge, Nathanael (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Hodge_Romani%20Orthographies.pdf"><i>Romani Orthographies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, University of Manchester<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+Orthographies&rft.place=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Nathanael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2F2%2FHodge_Romani%2520Orthographies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2005" class="citation journal cs1">Matras, Yaron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Pluralism.pdf">"The future of Romani: Toward a policy of linguistic pluralism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Roma Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b>: 31–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roma+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+future+of+Romani%3A+Toward+a+policy+of+linguistic+pluralism&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2F2%2FMatras_Pluralism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meyer, Anna-Maria (2019). "The creation of orthographies for Romani by means of 'Slavic' alphabets". In Kempgen, Sebastian; Tomelleri, Vittorio Springfield (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kodeks.uni-bamberg.de/slavling/downloads/SK_VST_eds_SlavicAlphabetsIdentities_Web.pdf"><i>Slavic Alphabets and Identities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in English, German, and Russian). Bamberg: Bamberg University Press. pp. 129–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86309-617-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86309-617-5"><bdi>978-3-86309-617-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+creation+of+orthographies+for+Romani+by+means+of+%27Slavic%27+alphabets&rft.btitle=Slavic+Alphabets+and+Identities&rft.place=Bamberg&rft.pages=129-160&rft.pub=Bamberg+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-86309-617-5&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Anna-Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkodeks.uni-bamberg.de%2Fslavling%2Fdownloads%2FSK_VST_eds_SlavicAlphabetsIdentities_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelian_Romani" title="Rumelian Romani">Rumelian Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Romani_dialects" title="Northern Romani dialects">Northern Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romani_language" title="Welsh Romani language">Welsh Romani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash_Romani_language" title="Kalderash Romani language">Kalderash Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Romani" title="Early Romani">Early Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Mixed varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Romani" title="Bible translations into Romani">Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khrlo_e_Romengo" title="Khrlo e Romengo">Khrlo e Romengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTK_2" title="RTK 2">RTK 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutka_City_TV" title="Sutka City TV">Sutka City TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language_standardization" title="Romani language standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_Romani_Language" title="World Day of Romani Language">World Day of Romani Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&oldid=1218734270">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_alphabets&oldid=1218734270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romani_language" title="Category:Romani language">Romani language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_alphabets" title="Category:Latin alphabets">Latin alphabets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Category:Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthographies_by_language" title="Category:Orthographies by language">Orthographies by language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romani-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romani-language text">Articles containing Romani-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language 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