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id="toc-Plebeian_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plebeian_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Plebeian council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plebeian_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Contio</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman assemblies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مجالس رومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجالس رومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisia" title="Komisia – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Komisia" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комиция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комиция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicis_romans" title="Comicis romans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comicis romans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_shrom%C3%A1%C5%BEd%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Římská shromáždění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římská shromáždění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeforsamlinger_(Rom)" title="Folkeforsamlinger (Rom) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkeforsamlinger (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asambleas_romanas" title="Asambleas romanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asambleas romanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romiaj_Asembleoj" title="Romiaj Asembleoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romiaj Asembleoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9es_romaines" title="Assemblées romaines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assemblées romaines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EB%AF%BC%ED%9A%8C" title="로마 민회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 민회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կոմիտիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոմիտիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कमीशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कमीशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidang-sidang_rakyat_Romawi" title="Sidang-sidang rakyat Romawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sidang-sidang rakyat Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblee_romane" title="Assemblee romane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assemblee romane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אספות העם ברומא העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אספות העם ברומא העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Комицияла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Комицияла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კომიცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომიცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_n%C3%A9pgy%C5%B1l%C3%A9sek" title="Római népgyűlések – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római népgyűlések" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Римски собранија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римски собранија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksvergaderingen_(Rome)" title="Volksvergaderingen (Rome) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksvergaderingen (Rome)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)" title="民会 (ローマ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民会 (ローマ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeforsamlingen_(Romerriket)" title="Folkeforsamlingen (Romerriket) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkeforsamlingen (Romerriket)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembleias_romanas" title="Assembleias romanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assembleias romanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adun%C4%83rile_romane" title="Adunările romane – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adunările romane" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Комиции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комиции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvendet_Romake" title="Kuvendet Romake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuvendet Romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Римске скупштине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римске скупштине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimske_skup%C5%A1tine" title="Rimske skupštine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimske skupštine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitia" title="Comitia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Comitia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitia" title="Comitia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Comitia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Народні збори Стародавнього Риму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народні збори Стародавнього Риму" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Politics of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, 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reforms</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e2ce9d;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a> and officials</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> Classical magistrates</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">Plebeian tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Legate (ancient Rome)">Legate</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> Extraordinary magistrates</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvir">Triumvir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> Religious officials</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rex_sacrorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex sacrorum">Rex sacrorum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen"><i>Flamines</i></a></li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs"><i>Pontifices</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur"><i>Augures</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septemviri_epulones" class="mw-redirect" title="Septemviri epulones"><i>Epulones</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis"><i>Quindecimviri</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> Early magistrates</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consular_tribune" title="Consular tribune">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri"><i>Decemvir</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> <a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Junior positions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri_stlitibus_judicandis" title="Decemviri stlitibus judicandis"><i>Decemviri stlitibus judicandis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresviri_capitales" title="Tresviri capitales"><i>Tresviri capitales</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Trimuviri monetales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e2ce9d;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e2ce9d;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_assembly" title="Curiate assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_assembly" title="Centuriate assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_assembly" title="Tribal assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_council" title="Plebeian council">Plebeian</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Elections in the Roman Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contio" title="Contio"><i>Contiones</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e2ce9d;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a> and norms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> Courts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudicium_populi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudicium populi (page does not exist)">Iudicium populi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potestas" title="Potestas">Potestas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provocatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocatio">Provocatio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#ede2c4;"> Provincial administration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Template:Politics of the Roman Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Template talk:Politics of the Roman Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Roman Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Roman assemblies</b> were meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman people</a> duly convened by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrate</a>. There were two general kinds of assemblies: a <i><a href="/wiki/Contio" title="Contio">contio</a></i> where a crowd was convened to hear speeches or statements from speakers without any further arrangements and a <i>comitia</i> where citizens were called and arranged into voting blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199942–43,_noting_that_"[''Concilium'']_might_on_occasion_refer_to_assemblies_of_the_whole_people"_and_that_it_was_used_for_emphasis_on_who_was_voting_(eg_plebs)_rather_than_how_(eg_by_tribes)_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199942–43,_noting_that_"[''Concilium'']_might_on_occasion_refer_to_assemblies_of_the_whole_people"_and_that_it_was_used_for_emphasis_on_who_was_voting_(eg_plebs)_rather_than_how_(eg_by_tribes)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When called to enact legislation or make decisions, such as on guilt or war, citizens were in the historical period always divided into voting blocks. Citizens voted directly in these blocks, with a majority of the blocks determining the decision of the assembly; this system was <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">directly democratic</a> with no <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representatives</a>. There were three kinds of voting blocks – <i>curiae</i>, <i>centuriae</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">tribus</a></i> – giving rise, respectively, to the <a href="/wiki/Curiate_assembly" title="Curiate assembly">curiate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centuriate_assembly" title="Centuriate assembly">centuriate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tribal_assembly" title="Tribal assembly">tribal assemblies</a>. In the middle and late republics, only the centuriate and tribal assemblies were politically relevant. </p><p>The assemblies <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Elections in the Roman Republic">elected all magistrates</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. They also had plenary authority to make laws,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199940_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199940-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only exercised this authority in accordance with procedures buttressed by Roman religious practices. Prior to a voting assembly, notice had to be given. On the day thereof, the presiding magistrate took <a href="/wiki/Auspices" class="mw-redirect" title="Auspices">auspices</a> with the gods. When the people were summoned a prayer was conducted and the matter at hand introduced. Speakers invited by the presiding magistrate then could be given; citizens in the assembly had no presumptive right to participate except by listening to the proceedings. When the president called the people to vote, they did so by blocks with a result announced when a majority was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199940–41,_43–49_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199940–41,_43–49-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The curiate and centuriate assemblies date to the <a href="/wiki/Regal_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Regal period">regal period</a>. Their functions in this early period are poorly documented but mainly relate to the election on the Roman monarch. After the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow of the Roman monarchy</a> (dated traditionally to 509 BC) the centuriate assembly is said to have elected the magistrates that would become the consuls, with the tribal assembly being formed shortly after the creation of the republic. The <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_council" title="Plebeian council">plebeian council</a>, on the other hand, was formed and became coequal with the other assemblies over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a>. The fall of the republic did not mean that the assemblies stopped to meet. However, their importance quickly diminished as the emperor accrued direct legislative power and the senate became the de facto electoral assembly. The assemblies had become entirely obsolete by the third century AD. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comitia"><i>Comitia</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comitia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>comitia</i> was an assembly summoned to make a decision, about whom should be <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Elections in the Roman Republic">elected</a>, whether a law should be passed, war and peace, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudicium_populi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudicium populi (page does not exist)">guilt</a>. Most commonly during the republic, <i>comitia</i> were used for electoral purposes and the word <i>comitia</i> in Latin was used a metonymy for them. This contrasted with <i>contiones</i> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr> <i>contio</i>) where nothing was enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199942_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199942-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>concilium</i> (glossed in English as "council") also referred to some kinds of assemblies. This included foreign ones and assemblies of the plebeians at Rome; however, the word could be used to refer to meetings of the whole Roman people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199943,_citing_Livy,_1.26.5,_1.36.6,_2.7.7,_3.71.3,_and_6.20.11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199943,_citing_Livy,_1.26.5,_1.36.6,_2.7.7,_3.71.3,_and_6.20.11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of <i>concilium</i> was rare in Latin – reference to an assembly of the tribes under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">plebeian tribunes</a> only as a <i>concilium plebis</i> is a modern convention<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199953._"Since_Mommsen's_time,_most_modern_scholars_have_used_[''comitia_tributa'']_exclusively_for_a_meeting_by_tribes_of_the_whole_[people]_while_reserving_the_term_''concilium_plebis''_for_meetings_of_the_plebeians._This_orthodoxy_has_come_under_attack."_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199953._"Since_Mommsen's_time,_most_modern_scholars_have_used_[''comitia_tributa'']_exclusively_for_a_meeting_by_tribes_of_the_whole_[people]_while_reserving_the_term_''concilium_plebis''_for_meetings_of_the_plebeians._This_orthodoxy_has_come_under_attack."-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and there are instances where such an assembly was referred to as <i>comitia tributa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199953_n._62,_citing_Livy,_2.56.2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199953_n._62,_citing_Livy,_2.56.2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, there are instances where <i>concilium</i> was used to refer to non-voting assemblies such as <i>contiones</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curiate_assembly">Curiate assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Curiate assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Curiate_assembly" title="Curiate assembly">Curiate assembly</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curiate_assembly&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Curiate_assembly" title="Curiate assembly">curiate assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">comitia curiata</i>) was one of the assemblies of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the oldest assembly at Rome. It was organised on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia"><i>curiae</i></a> and is said to have been the main legislative and electoral assembly of the regal and early republican periods. Little concrete is known of its origins and early operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen201726._"In_the_late_republic_the_''comitia_curiata''_had_very_limited_functions,_and_its_original_responsibilities_are_largely_a_matter_of_speculation"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen201726._"In_the_late_republic_the_''comitia_curiata''_had_very_limited_functions,_and_its_original_responsibilities_are_largely_a_matter_of_speculation"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> By the late republic, the <i>curiae</i> only met for limited pro forma purposes related to <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">public religion</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199949,_noting_the_curiate_assembly_"existed_only_in_a_symbolic_and_ritualised_form"_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199949,_noting_the_curiate_assembly_"existed_only_in_a_symbolic_and_ritualised_form"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historical thirty <i>curiae</i> were each represented by a single <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictor</a> rather than actual groups of citizens. The foremost of these purposes was the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_curiata_de_imperio" title="Lex curiata de imperio">lex curiata de imperio</a></i>, passed as a matter of course in the presence of three <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augurs</a>, which related to the quality of a curule magistrate's <a href="/wiki/Auspices" class="mw-redirect" title="Auspices">auspices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet2015215–16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet2015215–16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it met under the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>, the assembly was instead called the <i>comitia calata</i> to deal with matters relating to wills and selection of priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199949_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199949-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centuriate_assembly">Centuriate assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Centuriate assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Centuriate_assembly" title="Centuriate assembly">Centuriate assembly</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centuriate_assembly&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centuria_centuriata_2023-11-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Centuria_centuriata_2023-11-21.jpg/330px-Centuria_centuriata_2023-11-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Centuria_centuriata_2023-11-21.jpg/500px-Centuria_centuriata_2023-11-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Centuria_centuriata_2023-11-21.jpg/660px-Centuria_centuriata_2023-11-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>After reforms in the third century BC, the first class of centuries fell from 80 centuries to 70 centuries and the <i>centuria praerogativa</i> was added to guide elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017ch._1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017ch._1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Centuriate_assembly" title="Centuriate assembly">centuriate assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">comitia centuriata</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' assemblies of the Roman Republic">popular assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, its main function was electing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censors</a>. It was made up of 193 centuries (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">centuriae</i>) which were apportioned to <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a> by wealth and age, hugely overweighting the old and wealthy. </p><p>The assembly, according to the ancient sources, dates to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman kingdom">regal period</a> and initially closely resembled the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> of the period in form, with the equestrians serving as cavalry, the upper census classes serving as heavy infantry, and the lower classes serving as light infantry. Whether this was ever the case is unclear; regardless, by the third century BC the assembly did not closely resemble the Roman people under arms and it served a largely electoral purpose, as it was rarely called to vote on legislation or to decide – as was its theoretical legal right as place of final appeal – capital cases. </p><p>Assembly procedure was weighted towards the upper classes. Both before and after reforms some time between 241 and 216 BC, the first class and equestrians voted first. Their votes would be tallied and announced. Then the classes would vote in descending order of wealth. Once the requisite number of candidates received a majority of voting units, voting would end. Because the equestrians, first class, and second class made a clear majority of voting units, the lower census classes would never be called on if they were in agreement. There is scholarly disagreement as to the extent to which the <i>comitia centuriata</i> facilitated competitive elections, even within its de facto restrictive electorate. The traditional view is that Roman elections were largely unrepresentative of the population as a whole and dominated by the wealthy through social connections. </p> While the assembly continued to exist during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, it served largely to approve decisions made by the emperor and senate. It is last recorded in the third century AD.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal_assembly">Tribal assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tribal assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Tribal_assembly" title="Tribal assembly">Tribal assembly</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribal_assembly&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roman_Election.jpg/220px-Roman_Election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Roman_Election.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>A Roman <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> of 63 BC depicting a voter casting a ballot</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tribal_assembly" title="Tribal assembly">tribal assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">comitia tributa</i>) was one of the popular assemblies of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, responsible, along with the plebeian council, for the passage of most Roman laws in the middle and late republics. They were also responsible for the elections of a number of junior magistracies: <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> especially. </p><p>It organised citizens, by the middle republic, into thirty-five <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">artificial tribes</a> which were assigned by geography. The composition of the tribes packed the urban poor into four tribes out of the thirty-five. The requirement that citizens vote in person also discriminated against the rural poor who were not able to travel to Rome. </p><p>Each tribe possessed an internal structure and a single vote in the assembly, regardless of the number of citizens belonging to that tribe, which was determined by a majority of the citizens of that tribe present at a vote. Legislative proposals in the assembly as a whole passed when a majority of tribes voted in favour; elections similarly continued until a majority of tribes approved of sufficient candidates that all posts were filled. </p> The tribal assembly and the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_council" title="Plebeian council">plebeian council</a> were organised identically. What differed between them was the presiding magistrate, with the tribal assembly convened by <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consuls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetors</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a> and the plebeian council convened by <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">plebeian tribunes</a>. After the <i>lex Hortensia</i> in 287 BC endowed the plebeian council with full legislative powers, the two assemblies became practically identical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018189_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plebeian_council">Plebeian council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plebeian council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_council" title="Plebeian council">Plebeian council</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_council" title="Plebeian council">plebeian council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">concilium plebis</i>) was one of the popular assemblies of ancient Rome. In the standard conception of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">classical republican constitution</a>, it was essentially identical to the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_assembly" title="Tribal assembly">tribal assembly</a> except that patricians were excluded and it was presided over mainly by <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">plebeian tribunes</a>. The main legislative assembly in the republic, it also elected the plebeian magistrates (tribunes and <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a>) and heard some judicial matters. </p><p>It is the modern convention to refer to an assembly of the people, organised by tribe and under the presidency of a plebeian tribune, as a <i>concilium plebis</i>. This was, however, not necessarily the case. Ancient Romans did refer to such assemblies also as <i>comitia tributa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that the common distinction between <i>comitia</i> and <i>concilium</i> as meetings of the whole and a part of the people respectively may be erroneous modern constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180._"It_must_also_be_stressed_that_the_supposed_technical_terms,_''comitia_populi_tributa''_and_''concilium_plebis_tributum'',_are_artificial_modern_constructions_and_have_no_authority_in_ancient_texts"_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180._"It_must_also_be_stressed_that_the_supposed_technical_terms,_''comitia_populi_tributa''_and_''concilium_plebis_tributum'',_are_artificial_modern_constructions_and_have_no_authority_in_ancient_texts"-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The Romans believed that the council emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a>, created during a first secession of the plebs traditionally dated to 494 BC. Prior to 471, is not clear how the council was organised. It may have been organised by <i>curiae</i>, if ancient sources are to be believed, but it is more likely that it was undifferentiated, voting instead by head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995260–61_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995260–61-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the conflict, the plebeian magistrates are said to have fought with the patricians for political equality and the applicability of the plebeian council's decrees (<i>plebiscita</i>) to all Romans. At the close of this process, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" title="Lex Hortensia">lex Hortensia</a></i> in 287 BC, it had achieved both.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contio"><i>Contio</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Contio" title="Contio">Contio</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contio&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Contio" title="Contio">contio</a></i> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> "contiones"</span>; from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "conventio" meaning "gathering") was an ad hoc public assembly in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, which existed during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">monarchy</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPina_Polo1995205–6,_211–12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPina_Polo1995205–6,_211–12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <i>contio</i>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrates</a> informed the Roman citizens on various topics related to politics. The main difference between the <i>contio</i> and other public assemblies in Rome, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia">comitia</a>,</i> is that the citizens who attended <i>contiones</i> were there to hear speeches and not to vote. The <i>contio</i> merely served a communicative function, offering magistrates the opportunity to give the people a report of what had been decided during a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senate</a> meeting or to discuss a proposed legislative bill (<i><a href="/wiki/Rogatio" title="Rogatio">rogatio</a></i>) in front of the citizens to help them make up their mind before they had to vote on it in other assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Blom201634_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Blom201634-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Magistrates also used the <i>contio</i> as a means of self-promotion, presenting themselves as capable and honest politicians who kept the interests of the people in mind (in other words, adhered to the <i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">popularis</a></i> ideology), hoping to gain sympathy and support from the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETan2008163–66_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan2008163–66-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from a political assembly, the word "<i>contio</i>" could also refer to a type of Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman military">military</a> speech.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199942–43,_noting_that_"[''Concilium'']_might_on_occasion_refer_to_assemblies_of_the_whole_people"_and_that_it_was_used_for_emphasis_on_who_was_voting_(eg_plebs)_rather_than_how_(eg_by_tribes)-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199942–43,_noting_that_"[''Concilium'']_might_on_occasion_refer_to_assemblies_of_the_whole_people"_and_that_it_was_used_for_emphasis_on_who_was_voting_(eg_plebs)_rather_than_how_(eg_by_tribes)_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, pp. 42–43, noting that "[<i>Concilium</i>] might on occasion refer to assemblies of the whole people" and that it was used for emphasis on who was voting (eg plebs) rather than how (eg by tribes).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199940-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199940_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199940–41,_43–49-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199940–41,_43–49_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, pp. 40–41, 43–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199942-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199942_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199943,_citing_Livy,_1.26.5,_1.36.6,_2.7.7,_3.71.3,_and_6.20.11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199943,_citing_Livy,_1.26.5,_1.36.6,_2.7.7,_3.71.3,_and_6.20.11_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 43, citing Livy, 1.26.5, 1.36.6, 2.7.7, 3.71.3, and 6.20.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199953._"Since_Mommsen's_time,_most_modern_scholars_have_used_[''comitia_tributa'']_exclusively_for_a_meeting_by_tribes_of_the_whole_[people]_while_reserving_the_term_''concilium_plebis''_for_meetings_of_the_plebeians._This_orthodoxy_has_come_under_attack."-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199953._"Since_Mommsen's_time,_most_modern_scholars_have_used_[''comitia_tributa'']_exclusively_for_a_meeting_by_tribes_of_the_whole_[people]_while_reserving_the_term_''concilium_plebis''_for_meetings_of_the_plebeians._This_orthodoxy_has_come_under_attack."_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 53. "Since Mommsen's time, most modern scholars have used [<i>comitia tributa</i>] exclusively for a meeting by tribes of the whole [people] while reserving the term <i>concilium plebis</i> for meetings of the plebeians. This orthodoxy has come under attack.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199953_n._62,_citing_Livy,_2.56.2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199953_n._62,_citing_Livy,_2.56.2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 53 n. 62, citing Livy, 2.56.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen201726._"In_the_late_republic_the_''comitia_curiata''_had_very_limited_functions,_and_its_original_responsibilities_are_largely_a_matter_of_speculation"-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen201726._"In_the_late_republic_the_''comitia_curiata''_had_very_limited_functions,_and_its_original_responsibilities_are_largely_a_matter_of_speculation"_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouritsen2017">Mouritsen 2017</a>, p. 26. "In the late republic the <i>comitia curiata</i> had very limited functions, and its original responsibilities are largely a matter of speculation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199949,_noting_the_curiate_assembly_"existed_only_in_a_symbolic_and_ritualised_form"-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199949,_noting_the_curiate_assembly_"existed_only_in_a_symbolic_and_ritualised_form"_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 49, noting the curiate assembly "existed only in a symbolic and ritualised form".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet2015215–16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet2015215–16_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2015">Vervaet 2015</a>, pp. 215–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199949-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199949_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017ch._1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017ch._1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouritsen2017">Mouritsen 2017</a>, ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018189-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018189_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 53 n. 62, citing: Livy, 2.56.2; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs2">Farrell, J, "The distinction between <i>comitia</i> and <i>concilium</i>", <i>Athenaeum</i>, <b>64</b>: <span class="nowrap">407–</span>38</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=The+distinction+between+comitia+and+concilium&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180._"It_must_also_be_stressed_that_the_supposed_technical_terms,_''comitia_populi_tributa''_and_''concilium_plebis_tributum'',_are_artificial_modern_constructions_and_have_no_authority_in_ancient_texts"-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005180._"It_must_also_be_stressed_that_the_supposed_technical_terms,_''comitia_populi_tributa''_and_''concilium_plebis_tributum'',_are_artificial_modern_constructions_and_have_no_authority_in_ancient_texts"_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 180. "It must also be stressed that the supposed technical terms, <i>comitia populi tributa</i> and <i>concilium plebis tributum</i>, are artificial modern constructions and have no authority in ancient texts".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995260–61-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995260–61_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 260–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPina_Polo1995205–6,_211–12-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPina_Polo1995205–6,_211–12_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPina_Polo1995">Pina Polo 1995</a>, pp. 205–6, 211–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Blom201634-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Blom201634_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Blom2016">van der Blom 2016</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETan2008163–66-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETan2008163–66_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTan2008">Tan 2008</a>, pp. 163–66.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Blom2016" class="citation book cs1">van der Blom, Henriette (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oratory-and-political-career-in-the-late-roman-republic/0FF23CFD58211BCB8085B9F75664CD72"><i>Oratory and Political Career in the Late Roman Republic</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781107280281">10.1017/cbo9781107280281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05193-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05193-5"><bdi>978-1-107-05193-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oratory+and+Political+Career+in+the+Late+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781107280281&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05193-5&rft.aulast=van+der+Blom&rft.aufirst=Henriette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Foratory-and-political-career-in-the-late-roman-republic%2F0FF23CFD58211BCB8085B9F75664CD72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Tim (1995). <i>The Beginnings of Rome</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01596-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01596-0"><bdi>0-415-01596-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31515793">31515793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31515793&rft.isbn=0-415-01596-0&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2005). <i>A Critical History of Early Rome</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1"><bdi>978-0-520-94029-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478">70728478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+Early+Rome&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70728478&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94029-1&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLomas2018" class="citation book cs1">Lomas, Kathryn (2018). <i>The Rise of Rome</i>. History of the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674919938">10.4159/9780674919938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65965-0"><bdi>978-0-674-65965-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239349186">239349186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Rome&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=History+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239349186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674919938&rft.isbn=978-0-674-65965-0&rft.aulast=Lomas&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMouritsen2017" class="citation book cs1">Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). <i>Politics in the Roman Republic</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03188-3"><bdi>978-1-107-03188-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016047823">2016047823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016047823&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03188-3&rft.aulast=Mouritsen&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLintott1999" class="citation book cs1">Lintott, Andrew (1999). <i>Constitution of the Roman Republic</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926108-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926108-6"><bdi>978-0-19-926108-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926108-6&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPina_Polo1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pina Polo, Francisco (1 December 1995). "Procedures and functions of civil and military <i>contiones</i> in Rome". <i>Klio</i>. <b>77</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.1995.77.jg.203">10.1524/klio.1995.77.jg.203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-7669">2192-7669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Klio&rft.atitle=Procedures+and+functions+of+civil+and+military+contiones+in+Rome&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1995-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fklio.1995.77.jg.203&rft.issn=2192-7669&rft.aulast=Pina+Polo&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/ca/article/27/1/163/92783/Contiones-in-the-Age-of-Cicero">"<i>Contiones</i> in the age of Cicero"</a>. <i>Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">163–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fca.2008.27.1.163">10.1525/ca.2008.27.1.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-6656">0278-6656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Contiones+in+the+age+of+Cicero&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fca.2008.27.1.163&rft.issn=0278-6656&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fca%2Farticle%2F27%2F1%2F163%2F92783%2FContiones-in-the-Age-of-Cicero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVervaet2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2015_num_26_1_1848">"The "lex curiata" and the patrician auspices"</a>. <i>Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz</i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">201–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1016-9008">1016-9008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44945732">44945732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+Centre+Gustave+Glotz&rft.atitle=The+%22lex+curiata%22+and+the+patrician+auspices&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44945732%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1016-9008&rft.aulast=Vervaet&rft.aufirst=Frederik+Juliaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fccgg_1016-9008_2015_num_26_1_1848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_assemblies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Roman assemblies</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Roman+assemblies&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Roman+assemblies">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Roman+assemblies&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevereaux2023" class="citation web cs1">Devereaux, Bret (28 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acoup.blog/2023/07/27/collections-how-to-roman-republic-101-part-ii-romans-assemble/">"How to Roman republic 101, part II: Romans, assemble!"</a>. <i>A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Collection+of+Unmitigated+Pedantry&rft.atitle=How+to+Roman+republic+101%2C+part+II%3A+Romans%2C+assemble%21&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft.aulast=Devereaux&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facoup.blog%2F2023%2F07%2F27%2Fcollections-how-to-roman-republic-101-part-ii-romans-assemble%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_Constitution72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_Constitution" title="Template:Roman Constitution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Constitution" title="Template talk:Roman Constitution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Constitution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman Constitution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_Constitution72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman 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href="/wiki/Contio" title="Contio">Contio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_tribune" title="Consular tribune">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">Plebeian tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Junior magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri_stlitibus_judicandis" title="Decemviri stlitibus judicandis">Decemviri stlitibus judicandis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tresviri_capitales" title="Tresviri capitales">Tresviri capitales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">ultimum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Senate of the Roman Republic">Senate of the Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Senate of the Roman Empire">Senate of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_senate" title="Byzantine senate">Byzantine senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Roman_Republic53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Roman republic">Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">Overthrow of the Roman monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Constitutional reforms of Sulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Constitutional reforms of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Obligations_in_Roman_law" title="Template:Obligations in Roman law">Obligation</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman 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