CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Horace - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f391e5a2-6e6b-4995-b1c3-f8a6e38377ce","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Horace","wgTitle":"Horace","wgCurRevisionId":1256657717,"wgRevisionId":1256657717,"wgArticleId":13693,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2022","Pages with Classical Latin IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", "Pages using Sister project links with default search","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Webarchive template wayback links","Horace","65 BC births","8 BC deaths","1st-century BC Romans","1st-century BC writers","Roman Republican soldiers","Golden Age Latin writers","People from Venosa","Ancient Roman poets","Ancient Roman satirists","Iambic poets","Ancient literary critics","Horatii","Ancient Roman philhellenes","Simple living advocates","People of the War of Actium"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Horace","wgRelevantArticleId":13693,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6197","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1207"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="805"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="644"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Horace - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Horace rootpage-Horace skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Horace" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Horace" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Horace" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Horace" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Adulthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Poet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Knight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Historical context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Age of Enlightenment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_on" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_on"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 19th century on </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_on-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In literature and the arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Horace</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%A9%E1%88%B5" title="ሆራቲዩስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሆራቲዩስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="هوراس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوراس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio" title="Horacio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Horacio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horaciu" title="Horaciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Horaciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatsi" title="Horatsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Horatsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="هوراس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هوراس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гораций – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гораций" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Гарацый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарацый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Гарацыюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гарацыюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хораций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хораций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacije" title="Horacije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Horacije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horaci" title="Horaci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horaci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horas" title="Horas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Horas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horats" title="Horats – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horats" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horaz" title="Horaz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horaz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Οράτιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οράτιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio" title="Horacio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horacio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio" title="Horacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Horacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horazio" title="Horazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Horazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="هوراس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوراس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Horace" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazi" title="Orazi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Orazi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio" title="Horacio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horacio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="호라티우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호라티우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հորացիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորացիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="होरेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होरेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacije" title="Horacije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Horacije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio" title="Horatio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Horatio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3rat%C3%ADus" title="Hóratíus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hóratíus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinto_Orazio_Flacco" title="Quinto Orazio Flacco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quinto Orazio Flacco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הורטיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הורטיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೊರೇಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೊರೇಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰორაციუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰორაციუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гораций – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гораций" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Horace" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor%C4%81cijs" title="Horācijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Horācijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacijus" title="Horacijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Horacijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio" title="Horatio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Horatio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Хорациј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хорациј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Horace" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹൊറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൊറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="होरेस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होरेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰორაციუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰორაციუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوراتيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوراتيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гораций – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гораций" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ホラティウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホラティウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horats" title="Horats – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Horats" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horats" title="Horats – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Horats" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraci" title="Oraci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oraci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goratsiy" title="Goratsiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goratsiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹੋਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੋਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="هوراس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هوراس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orassi" title="Orassi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Orassi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacy_(poeta)" title="Horacy (poeta) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horacy (poeta)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor%C3%A1cio" title="Horácio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horácio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гораций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гораций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinto_Orazio_Flacco" title="Quinto Orazio Flacco – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Quinto Orazio Flacco" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horaci" title="Horaci – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Horaci" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintu_Orazziu_Flaccu" title="Quintu Orazziu Flaccu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Quintu Orazziu Flaccu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacij" title="Horacij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Horacij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ھۆراس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆراس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Хорације – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хорације" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvint_Horacije_Flak" title="Kvint Horacije Flak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvint Horacije Flak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio" title="Horacio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Horacio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="ஓராசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓராசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinde_Orazio_Flacco" title="Quinde Orazio Flacco – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Quinde Orazio Flacco" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гораций – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гораций" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Горацій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Горацій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Horace" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Horace" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio" title="Horacio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Horacio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="贺拉斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贺拉斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="賀拉斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賀拉斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Horatius" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huorac%C4%97jos" title="Huoracėjos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Huoracėjos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="贺拉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贺拉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6197#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Horace" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horace">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horace">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Horace" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Horace" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&oldid=1256657717" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Horace&id=1256657717&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHorace">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHorace">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Horace&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horace" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6197" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman lyric poet (65–8 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman poet. For the Egyptian god, see <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Horace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Horace (disambiguation)">Horace (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Horace</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:(contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_(...)Horace_(0065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze medallion depicting Horace, 4th–5th century"><img alt="Bronze medallion depicting Horace, 4th–5th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1030" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Bronze medallion depicting Horace, 4th–5th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Quintus Horatius Flaccus 8 December 65 BC <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">27 November 8 BC (age 56) <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Rome</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Soldier, <a href="/wiki/Scriba_(ancient_Rome)" title="Scriba (ancient Rome)">scriba quaestorius</a>, poet, <a href="/wiki/Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator">senator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)">Odes</a> "<a href="/wiki/Ars_Poetica_(Horace)" title="Ars Poetica (Horace)">The Art of Poetry</a>"</td></tr></tbody></table> Quintus Horatius Flaccus (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈkʷiːntʊs (h)ɔˈraːtiʊs ˈfɫakːʊs]</a>; 8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC),<a href="#cite_note-s-1">[1]</a> commonly known in the English-speaking world as Horace (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɒrɪs/</a>), was the leading Roman <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poet</a> during the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> regarded his <a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)">Odes</a> as the only Latin lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."<a href="#cite_note-2">[nb 1]</a> Horace also crafted elegant <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">hexameter verses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Satires_(Horace)" title="Satires (Horace)">Satires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Horace)" title="Epistles (Horace)">Epistles</a>) and caustic <a href="/wiki/Iambus_(genre)" title="Iambus (genre)">iambic poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epodes_(Horace)" title="Epodes (Horace)">Epodes</a>). The hexameters are amusing yet serious works, friendly in tone, leading the ancient satirist <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a> to comment: "as his friend laughs, Horace slyly puts his finger on his every fault; once let in, he plays about the heartstrings".<a href="#cite_note-3">[nb 2]</a> His career coincided with Rome's momentous change from a republic to an empire. An officer in the republican army defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a> in 42 BC, he was befriended by Octavian's right-hand man in civil affairs, <a href="/wiki/Maecenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maecenas">Maecenas</a>, and became a spokesman for the new regime. For some commentators, his association with the regime was a delicate balance in which he maintained a strong measure of independence (he was "a master of the graceful sidestep")<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[2]</a> but for others he was, in <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>'s phrase, "a well-mannered court slave".<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[nb 3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horatii_Flacci_Sermonum.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Horatii_Flacci_Sermonum.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Horatii_Flacci_Sermonum.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Horatii_Flacci_Sermonum.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Horatii_Flacci_Sermonum.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Horatii_Flacci_Sermonum.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Horatii_Flacci_Sermonum.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4152" data-file-height="6046" /></a><figcaption>Horatii Flacci Sermonum (1577)</figcaption></figure> Horace can be regarded as the world's first autobiographer.<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> In his writings, he tells far more about himself, his character, his development, and his way of life, than any other great poet of antiquity. Some of the biographical material contained in his work can be supplemented from the short but valuable "Life of Horace" by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (in his Lives of the Poets).<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> He was born on 8 December 65 BC<a href="#cite_note-9">[nb 4]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a> His home town, <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venusia</a>, lay on a trade route in the region of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> at the border with <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>). Various Italic dialects were spoken in the area and this perhaps enriched his feeling for language. He could have been familiar with Greek words even as a young boy and later he poked fun at the jargon of mixed Greek and Oscan spoken in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Canusium" class="mw-redirect" title="Canusium">Canusium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> One of the works he probably studied in school was the Odyssia of <a href="/wiki/Livius_Andronicus" title="Livius Andronicus">Livius Andronicus</a>, taught by teachers like the '<a href="/wiki/Orbilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbilius">Orbilius</a>' mentioned in one of his poems.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> Army veterans could have been settled there at the expense of local families uprooted by Rome as punishment for their part in the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War (91–88 BC)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> Such state-sponsored migration must have added still more linguistic variety to the area. According to a local tradition reported by Horace,<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> a colony of Romans or Latins had been installed in Venusia after the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> had been driven out early in the third century. In that case, young Horace could have felt himself to be a Roman<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> though there are also indications that he regarded himself as a Samnite or <a href="/wiki/Sabellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabellus">Sabellus</a> by birth.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> Italians in modern and ancient times have always been devoted to their home towns, even after success in the wider world, and Horace was no different. Images of his childhood setting and references to it are found throughout his poems.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> Horace's father was probably a Venutian taken captive by Romans in the Social War, or possibly he was descended from a <a href="/wiki/Sabine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine">Sabine</a> captured in the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a>. Either way, he was a slave for at least part of his life. He was evidently a man of strong abilities however and managed to gain his freedom and improve his social position. Thus Horace claimed to be the free-born son of a prosperous 'coactor'.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan-20">[16]</a> The term 'coactor' could denote various roles, such as tax collector, but its use by Horace<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> was explained by <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> as a reference to 'coactor argentarius' i.e. an auctioneer with some of the functions of a banker, paying the seller out of his own funds and later recovering the sum with interest from the buyer.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> The father spent a small fortune on his son's education, eventually accompanying him to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to oversee his schooling and moral development. The poet later paid tribute to him in a poem<a href="#cite_note-Satires_1.6-23">[19]</a> that one modern scholar considers the best memorial by any son to his father.<a href="#cite_note-24">[nb 5]</a> The poem includes this passage: <blockquote> If my character is flawed by a few minor faults, but is otherwise decent and moral, if you can point out only a few scattered blemishes on an otherwise immaculate surface, if no one can accuse me of greed, or of prurience, or of profligacy, if I live a virtuous life, free of defilement (pardon, for a moment, my self-praise), and if I am to my friends a good friend, my father deserves all the credit... As it is now, he deserves from me unstinting gratitude and praise. I could never be ashamed of such a father, nor do I feel any need, as many people do, to apologize for being a freedman's son. Satires 1.6.65–92 </blockquote> He never mentioned his mother in his verses and he might not have known much about her. Perhaps she also had been a slave.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adulthood">edit</a>]</div> Horace left Rome, possibly after his father's death, and continued his formal education in Athens, a great centre of learning in the ancient world, where he arrived at nineteen years of age, enrolling in <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">The Academy</a>. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, The Academy was now dominated by <a href="/wiki/Epicureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicureans">Epicureans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a>, whose theories and practices made a deep impression on the young man from Venusia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Meanwhile, he mixed and lounged about with the elite of Roman youth, such as Marcus, the idle son of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, and the Pompeius to whom he later addressed a poem.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> It was in Athens too that he probably acquired deep familiarity with the ancient tradition of Greek lyric poetry, at that time largely the preserve of grammarians and academic specialists (access to such material was easier in Athens than in Rome, where the public libraries had yet to be built by <a href="/wiki/Asinius_Pollio" class="mw-redirect" title="Asinius Pollio">Asinius Pollio</a> and Augustus).<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> Rome's troubles following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> were soon to catch up with him. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> came to Athens seeking support for the republican cause. Brutus was fêted around town in grand receptions and he made a point of attending academic lectures, all the while recruiting supporters among the young men studying there, including Horace.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> An educated young Roman could begin military service high in the ranks and Horace was made <a href="/wiki/Tribunus_militum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunus militum">tribunus militum</a> (one of six senior officers of a typical legion), a post usually reserved for men of senatorial or equestrian rank and which seems to have inspired jealousy among his well-born confederates.<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nisbet-30">[25]</a> He learned the basics of military life while on the march, particularly in the wilds of northern Greece, whose rugged scenery became a backdrop to some of his later poems.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> It was there in 42 BC that <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>) and his associate <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> crushed the republican forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a>. Horace later recorded it as a day of embarrassment for himself, when he fled without his shield,<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> but allowance should be made for his self-deprecating humour. Moreover, the incident allowed him to identify himself with some famous poets who had long ago abandoned their shields in battle, notably his heroes <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a>. The comparison with the latter poet is uncanny: Archilochus lost his shield in a part of Thrace near Philippi, and he was deeply involved in the Greek colonization of <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, where Horace's die-hard comrades finally surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-Nisbet-30">[25]</a> Octavian offered an early amnesty to his opponents and Horace quickly accepted it. On returning to Italy, he was confronted with yet another loss: his father's estate in Venusia was one of many throughout Italy to be confiscated for the settlement of veterans (<a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> lost his estate in the north about the same time). Horace later claimed that he was reduced to poverty and this led him to try his hand at poetry.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> In reality, there was no money to be had from versifying. At best, it offered future prospects through contacts with other poets and their patrons among the rich.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> Meanwhile, he obtained the sinecure of scriba quaestorius, a civil service position at the aerarium or Treasury, profitable enough to be purchased even by members of the ordo equester and not very demanding in its work-load, since tasks could be delegated to scribae or permanent clerks.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> It was about this time that he began writing his Satires and Epodes. He describes<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> in glowing terms the country villa which his patron, Maecenas, had given him in a letter to his friend Quintius: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"It lies on a range of hills, broken by a shady valley which is so placed that the sun when rising strikes the right side, and when descending in his flying chariot, warms the left. You would like the climate; and if you were to see my fruit trees, bearing ruddy cornils and plums, my oaks and ilex supplying food to my herds, and abundant shade to the master, you would say, <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> in its beauty has been brought near to Rome! There is a fountain too, large enough to give a name to the river which it feeds; and the Ebro itself does not flow through Thrace with cooler or purer stream. Its waters also are good for the head and useful for digestion. This sweet, and, if you will believe me, charming retreat keeps me in good health during the autumnal days."</blockquote> The remains of <a href="/wiki/Horace%27s_Villa" title="Horace's Villa">Horace's Villa</a> are situated on a wooded hillside above the river at <a href="/wiki/Licenza" title="Licenza">Licenza</a>, which joins the Aniene as it flows on to Tivoli. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poet">Poet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedor_Bronnikov_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fedor_Bronnikov_014.jpg/220px-Fedor_Bronnikov_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fedor_Bronnikov_014.jpg/330px-Fedor_Bronnikov_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fedor_Bronnikov_014.jpg/440px-Fedor_Bronnikov_014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Horace reads his poems in front of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Maecenas</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Bronnikov" title="Fyodor Bronnikov">Fyodor Bronnikov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler_Horaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler_Horaz.jpg/220px-Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler_Horaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler_Horaz.jpg/330px-Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler_Horaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler_Horaz.jpg/440px-Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler_Horaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Horace reciting his verses, by <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_von_R%C3%B6ssler" title="Adalbert von Rössler">Adalbert von Rössler</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Epodes belong to <a href="/wiki/Iambic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iambic poetry">iambic poetry</a>. Iambic poetry features insulting and obscene language;<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> sometimes, it is referred to as blame poetry.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> Blame poetry, or shame poetry, is poetry written to blame and shame fellow citizens into a sense of their social obligations. Each poem normally has a archetype person Horace decides to shame, or teach a lesson to. Horace modelled these poems on the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a>. Social bonds in Rome had been decaying since the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> a little more than a hundred years earlier, due to the vast wealth that could be gained by plunder and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> These social ills were magnified by rivalry between Julius Caesar, Mark Antony and confederates like <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, all jockeying for a bigger share of the spoils. One modern scholar has counted a dozen civil wars in the hundred years leading up to 31 BC, including the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a> under <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>, eight years before Horace's birth.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> As the heirs to Hellenistic culture, Horace and his fellow Romans were not well prepared to deal with these problems: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">At bottom, all the problems that the times were stirring up were of a social nature, which the Hellenistic thinkers were ill qualified to grapple with. Some of them censured oppression of the poor by the rich, but they gave no practical lead, though they may have hoped to see well-meaning rulers doing so. Philosophy was drifting into absorption in self, a quest for private contentedness, to be achieved by self-control and restraint, without much regard for the fate of a disintegrating community.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/V._G._Kiernan" class="mw-redirect" title="V. G. Kiernan">V. G. Kiernan</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Horace's Hellenistic background is clear in his Satires, even though the genre was unique to Latin literature. He brought to it a style and outlook suited to the social and ethical issues confronting Rome but he changed its role from public, social engagement to private meditation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> Meanwhile, he was beginning to interest Octavian's supporters, a gradual process described by him in one of his satires.<a href="#cite_note-Satires_1.6-23">[19]</a> The way was opened for him by his friend, the poet Virgil, who had gained admission into the privileged circle around Maecenas, Octavian's lieutenant, following the success of his <a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a>. An introduction soon followed and, after a discreet interval, Horace too was accepted. He depicted the process as an honourable one, based on merit and mutual respect, eventually leading to true friendship, and there is reason to believe that his relationship was genuinely friendly, not just with Maecenas but afterwards with Augustus as well.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> On the other hand, the poet has been unsympathetically described by one scholar as "a sharp and rising young man, with an eye to the main chance."<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> There were advantages on both sides: Horace gained encouragement and material support, the politicians gained a hold on a potential dissident.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-46">[41]</a> His republican sympathies, and his role at Philippi, may have caused him some pangs of remorse over his new status. However, most Romans considered the civil wars to be the result of contentio dignitatis, or rivalry between the foremost families of the city, and he too seems to have accepted the principate as Rome's last hope for much needed peace.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> In 37 BC, Horace accompanied Maecenas on a journey to <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a>, described in one of his poems<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> as a series of amusing incidents and charming encounters with other friends along the way, such as Virgil. In fact the journey was political in its motivation, with Maecenas en route to negotiate the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tarentum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Tarentum (page does not exist)">Treaty of Tarentum</a> with Antony, a fact Horace artfully keeps from the reader (political issues are largely avoided in the first book of satires).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-46">[41]</a> Horace was probably also with Maecenas on one of Octavian's naval expeditions against the piratical Sextus Pompeius, which ended in a disastrous storm off <a href="/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus">Palinurus</a> in 36 BC, briefly alluded to by Horace in terms of near-drowning.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[nb 6]</a> There are also some indications in his verses that he was with Maecenas at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC, where Octavian defeated his great rival, Antony.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[nb 7]</a> By then Horace had already received from Maecenas the famous gift of his <a href="/wiki/Horace%27s_Villa" title="Horace's Villa">Sabine farm</a>, probably not long after the publication of the first book of Satires. The gift, which included income from five tenants, may have ended his career at the Treasury, or at least allowed him to give it less time and energy.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> It signalled his identification with the Octavian regime yet, in the second book of Satires that soon followed, he continued the apolitical stance of the first book. By this time, he had attained the status of <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">eques Romanus</a> (Roman 'cavalryman', 'knight'),<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> perhaps as a result of his work at the Treasury.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knight">Knight</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Knight">edit</a>]</div> Odes 1–3 were the next focus for his artistic creativity. He adapted their forms and themes from Greek lyric poetry of the seventh and sixth centuries BC. The fragmented nature of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek world">Greek world</a> had enabled his literary heroes to express themselves freely and his semi-retirement from the Treasury in Rome to <a href="/wiki/Horace%27s_Villa" title="Horace's Villa">his own estate</a> in the Sabine hills perhaps empowered him to some extent also<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> yet even when his lyrics touched on public affairs they reinforced the importance of private life.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[2]</a> Nevertheless, his work in the period 30–27 BC began to show his closeness to the regime and his sensitivity to its developing ideology. In Odes 1.2, for example, he eulogized Octavian in hyperboles that echo Hellenistic court poetry. The name Augustus, which Octavian assumed in January of 27 BC, is first attested in Odes 3.3 and 3.5. In the period 27–24 BC, political allusions in the Odes concentrated on foreign wars in Britain (1.35), Arabia (1.29) Hispania (3.8) and Parthia (2.2). He greeted Augustus on his return to Rome in 24 BC as a beloved ruler upon whose good health he depended for his own happiness (3.14).<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> The public reception of Odes 1–3 disappointed him, however. He attributed the lack of success to jealousy among imperial courtiers and to his isolation from literary cliques.<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> Perhaps it was disappointment that led him to put aside the genre in favour of verse letters. He addressed his first book of Epistles to a variety of friends and acquaintances in an urbane style reflecting his new social status as a knight. In the opening poem, he professed a deeper interest in moral philosophy than poetry<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> but, though the collection demonstrates a leaning towards stoic theory, it reveals no sustained thinking about ethics.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> Maecenas was still the dominant confidante but Horace had now begun to assert his own independence, suavely declining constant invitations to attend his patron.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> In the final poem of the first book of Epistles, he revealed himself to be forty-four years old in the consulship of Lollius and Lepidus i.e. 21 BC, and "of small stature, fond of the sun, prematurely grey, quick-tempered but easily placated".<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> According to Suetonius, the second book of Epistles was prompted by Augustus, who desired a verse epistle to be addressed to himself. Augustus was in fact a prolific letter-writer and he once asked Horace to be his personal secretary. Horace refused the secretarial role but complied with the emperor's request for a verse letter.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> The letter to Augustus may have been slow in coming, being published possibly as late as 11 BC. It celebrated, among other things, the 15 BC military victories of his stepsons, Drusus and Tiberius, yet it and the following letter<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> were largely devoted to literary theory and criticism. The literary theme was explored still further in Ars Poetica, published separately but written in the form of an epistle and sometimes referred to as Epistles 2.3 (possibly the last poem he ever wrote).<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> He was also commissioned to write odes commemorating the victories of Drusus and Tiberius<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> and one to be sung in a temple of Apollo for the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Games" title="Secular Games">Secular Games</a>, a long-abandoned festival that Augustus revived in accordance with his policy of recreating ancient customs (Carmen Saeculare). Suetonius recorded some gossip about Horace's sexual activities late in life, claiming that the walls of his bedchamber were covered with obscene pictures and mirrors, so that he saw erotica wherever he looked.<a href="#cite_note-68">[nb 8]</a> The poet died at 56 years of age, not long after his friend Maecenas, near whose tomb he was laid to rest. Both men bequeathed their property to Augustus, an honour that the emperor expected of his friends.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> The dating of Horace's works isn't known precisely and scholars often debate the exact order in which they were first 'published'. There are persuasive arguments for the following chronology:<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satires_(Horace)" title="Satires (Horace)">Satires 1</a> (c. 35–34 BC)<a href="#cite_note-71">[nb 9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satires_(Horace)" title="Satires (Horace)">Satires 2</a> (c. 30 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epodes_(Horace)" title="Epodes (Horace)">Epodes</a> (30 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)">Odes 1–3</a> (c. 23 BC)<a href="#cite_note-72">[nb 10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Horace)" title="Epistles (Horace)">Epistles 1</a> (c. 21 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saeculare" title="Carmen Saeculare">Carmen Saeculare</a> (17 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Horace)" title="Epistles (Horace)">Epistles 2</a> (c. 11 BC)<a href="#cite_note-73">[nb 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[nb 12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)">Odes 4</a> (c. 11 BC)<a href="#cite_note-75">[nb 13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Poetica_(Horace)" title="Ars Poetica (Horace)">Ars Poetica</a> (c. 10–8 BC)<a href="#cite_note-76">[nb 14]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical context">edit</a>]</div> Horace composed in traditional <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">metres</a> borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a>, employing <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameters</a> in his Satires and Epistles, and <a href="/wiki/Iamb_(poetry)" title="Iamb (poetry)">iambs</a> in his Epodes, all of which were relatively easy to adapt into <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Latin forms</a>. His Odes featured more complex measures, including <a href="/wiki/Alcaic_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaic verse">alcaics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">sapphics</a>, which were sometimes a difficult fit for Latin structure and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. Despite these traditional metres, he presented himself as a partisan in the development of a new and sophisticated style. He was influenced in particular by <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic poetry">Hellenistic</a> aesthetics of brevity, elegance and polish, as modelled in the work of <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As soon as Horace, stirred by his own genius and encouraged by the example of Virgil, Varius, and perhaps some other poets of the same generation, had determined to make his fame as a poet, being by temperament a fighter, he wanted to fight against all kinds of prejudice, amateurish slovenliness, philistinism, reactionary tendencies, in short to fight for the new and noble type of poetry which he and his friends were endeavouring to bring about.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Fraenkel" title="Eduard Fraenkel">Eduard Fraenkel</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[64]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In modern literary theory, a distinction is often made between immediate personal experience (Urerlebnis) and experience mediated by cultural vectors such as literature, philosophy and the visual arts (Bildungserlebnis).<a href="#cite_note-79">[65]</a> The distinction has little relevance for Horace[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] however since his personal and literary experiences are implicated in each other. Satires 1.5, for example, recounts in detail a real trip Horace made with Virgil and some of his other literary friends, and which parallels a Satire by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Lucilius" title="Gaius Lucilius">Lucilius</a>, his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-80">[66]</a> Unlike much Hellenistic-inspired literature, however, his poetry was not composed for a small coterie of admirers and fellow poets, nor does it rely on abstruse allusions for many of its effects. Though elitist in its literary standards, it was written for a wide audience, as a public form of art.<a href="#cite_note-81">[67]</a> Ambivalence also characterizes his literary persona, since his presentation of himself as part of a small community of philosophically aware people, seeking true peace of mind while shunning vices like greed, was well adapted to Augustus's plans to reform public morality, corrupted by greed—his personal plea for moderation was part of the emperor's grand message to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[68]</a> Horace generally followed the examples of poets established as classics in different genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a> in the Epodes, Lucilius in the Satires and <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a> in the Odes, later broadening his scope for the sake of variation and because his models weren't actually suited to the realities confronting him. Archilochus and Alcaeus were aristocratic Greeks whose poetry had a social and religious function that was immediately intelligible to their audiences but which became a mere artifice or literary motif when transposed to Rome. However, the artifice of the Odes is also integral to their success, since they could now accommodate a wide range of emotional effects, and the blend of Greek and Roman elements adds a sense of detachment and universality.<a href="#cite_note-83">[69]</a> Horace proudly claimed to introduce into Latin the spirit and iambic poetry of Archilochus but (unlike Archilochus) without persecuting anyone (Epistles 1.19.23–25). It was no idle boast. His Epodes were modelled on the verses of the Greek poet, as 'blame poetry', yet he avoided targeting real <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoats</a>. Whereas Archilochus presented himself as a serious and vigorous opponent of wrong-doers, Horace aimed for comic effects and adopted the persona of a weak and ineffectual critic of his times (as symbolized for example in his surrender to the witch Canidia in the final epode).<a href="#cite_note-84">[70]</a> He also claimed to be the first to introduce into Latin the lyrical methods of Alcaeus (Epistles 1.19.32–33) and he actually was the first Latin poet to make consistent use of Alcaic meters and themes: love, politics and the <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>. He imitated other Greek lyric poets as well, employing a 'motto' technique, beginning each ode with some reference to a Greek original and then diverging from it.<a href="#cite_note-85">[71]</a> The satirical poet Lucilius was a senator's son who could castigate his peers with impunity. Horace was a mere freedman's son who had to tread carefully.<a href="#cite_note-E._Fraenkel,_Horace,_32,_80-86">[72]</a> Lucilius was a rugged patriot and a significant voice in Roman self-awareness, endearing himself to his countrymen by his blunt frankness and explicit politics. His work expressed genuine freedom or <a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">libertas</a>. His style included 'metrical vandalism' and looseness of structure. Horace instead adopted an oblique and ironic style of satire, ridiculing stock characters and anonymous targets. His libertas was the private freedom of a philosophical outlook, not a political or social privilege.<a href="#cite_note-87">[73]</a> His Satires are relatively easy-going in their use of meter (relative to the tight lyric meters of the Odes)<a href="#cite_note-88">[74]</a> but formal and highly controlled relative to the poems of Lucilius, whom Horace mocked for his sloppy standards (Satires 1.10.56–61)<a href="#cite_note-89">[nb 15]</a> The Epistles may be considered among Horace's most innovative works. There was nothing like it in Greek or Roman literature. Occasionally poems had had some resemblance to letters, including an elegiac poem from <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a> and some lyrical poems from <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hieron_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieron of Syracuse">Hieron of Syracuse</a>. Lucilius had composed a satire in the form of a letter, and some epistolary poems were composed by <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>. But nobody before Horace had ever composed an entire collection of verse letters,<a href="#cite_note-90">[75]</a> let alone letters with a focus on philosophical problems. The sophisticated and flexible style that he had developed in his Satires was adapted to the more serious needs of this new genre.<a href="#cite_note-91">[76]</a> Such refinement of style was not unusual for Horace. His craftsmanship as a wordsmith is apparent even in his earliest attempts at this or that kind of poetry, but his handling of each genre tended to improve over time as he adapted it to his own needs.<a href="#cite_note-E._Fraenkel,_Horace,_32,_80-86">[72]</a> Thus for example it is generally agreed that his second book of Satires, where human folly is revealed through dialogue between characters, is superior to the first, where he propounds his ethics in monologues. Nevertheless, the first book includes some of his most popular poems.<a href="#cite_note-92">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> Horace developed a number of inter-related themes throughout his poetic career, including politics, love, philosophy and ethics, his own social role, as well as poetry itself. His Epodes and Satires are forms of 'blame poetry' and both have a natural affinity with the moralising and diatribes of <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a>. This often takes the form of allusions to the work and philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Borysthenes" title="Bion of Borysthenes">Bion of Borysthenes</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[nb 16]</a> but it is as much a literary game as a philosophical alignment. By the time he composed his Epistles, he was a critic of <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a> along with all impractical and "high-falutin" philosophy in general.<a href="#cite_note-94">[nb 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[78]</a> The Satires also include a strong element of <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a>, with frequent allusions to the Epicurean poet <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[nb 18]</a> So for example the Epicurean sentiment <a href="/wiki/Carpe_diem" title="Carpe diem">carpe diem</a> is the inspiration behind Horace's repeated punning on his own name (Horatius ~ hora) in Satires 2.6.<a href="#cite_note-97">[79]</a> The Satires also feature some <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Dialogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic Dialogues">Platonic</a> (Dialogues) elements. In short, the Satires present a medley of philosophical programmes, dished up in no particular order—a style of argument typical of the <a href="/wiki/Satires_(Horace)" title="Satires (Horace)">genre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[80]</a> The Odes display a wide range of topics. Over time, he becomes more confident about his political voice.<a href="#cite_note-99">[81]</a> Although he is often thought of as an overly intellectual lover, he is ingenious in representing passion.<a href="#cite_note-100">[82]</a> The "Odes" weave various philosophical strands together, with allusions and statements of doctrine present in about a third of the Odes Books 1–3, ranging from the flippant (1.22, 3.28) to the solemn (2.10, 3.2, 3.3). <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> is the dominant influence, characterising about twice as many of these odes as Stoicism. A group of odes combines these two influences in tense relationships, such as Odes 1.7, praising Stoic virility and devotion to public duty while also advocating private pleasures among friends. While generally favouring the Epicurean lifestyle, the lyric poet is as eclectic as the satiric poet, and in Odes 2.10 even proposes Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">golden mean</a> as a remedy for Rome's political troubles.<a href="#cite_note-101">[83]</a> Many of Horace's poems also contain much reflection on genre, the lyric tradition, and the function of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-102">[84]</a> Odes 4, thought to be composed at the emperor's request, takes the themes of the first three books of "Odes" to a new level. This book shows greater poetic confidence after the public performance of his "Carmen saeculare" or "Century hymn" at a public festival orchestrated by Augustus. In it, Horace addresses the emperor Augustus directly with more confidence and proclaims his power to grant poetic immortality to those he praises. It is the least philosophical collection of his verses, excepting the twelfth ode, addressed to the dead Virgil as if he were living. In that ode, the epic poet and the lyric poet are aligned with <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> respectively, in a mood of bitter-sweet pathos.<a href="#cite_note-103">[85]</a> The first poem of the Epistles sets the philosophical tone for the rest of the collection: "So now I put aside both verses and all those other games: What is true and what befits is my care, this my question, this my whole concern." His poetic renunciation of poetry in favour of philosophy is intended to be ambiguous. Ambiguity is the hallmark of the Epistles. It is uncertain if those being addressed by the self-mocking poet-philosopher are being honoured or criticised. Though he emerges as an <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a>, it is on the understanding that philosophical preferences, like political and social choices, are a matter of personal taste. Thus he depicts the ups and downs of the philosophical life more realistically than do most philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-104">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinto_Orazio_Flacco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Quinto_Orazio_Flacco.jpg/220px-Quinto_Orazio_Flacco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Quinto_Orazio_Flacco.jpg/330px-Quinto_Orazio_Flacco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Quinto_Orazio_Flacco.jpg/440px-Quinto_Orazio_Flacco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Horace, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Di_Chirico" title="Giacomo Di Chirico">Giacomo Di Chirico</a></figcaption></figure> The reception of Horace's work has varied from one epoch to another and varied markedly even in his own lifetime. Odes 1–3 were not well received when first 'published' in Rome, yet Augustus later commissioned a ceremonial ode for the Centennial Games in 17 BC and also encouraged the publication of Odes 4, after which Horace's reputation as Rome's premier lyricist was assured. His Odes were to become the best received of all his poems in ancient times, acquiring a classic status that discouraged imitation: no other poet produced a comparable body of lyrics in the four centuries that followed<a href="#cite_note-105">[87]</a> (though that might also be attributed to social causes, particularly the parasitism that Italy was sinking into).<a href="#cite_note-106">[88]</a> In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, ode-writing became highly fashionable in England and a large number of aspiring poets imitated Horace both in English and in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-107">[89]</a> In a verse epistle to Augustus (Epistle 2.1), in 12 BC, Horace argued for classic status to be awarded to contemporary poets, including Virgil and apparently himself.<a href="#cite_note-108">[90]</a> In the final poem of his third book of Odes he claimed to have created for himself a monument more durable than bronze ("Exegi monumentum aere perennius", <a href="/wiki/Carmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmina">Carmina</a> 3.30.1). For one modern scholar, however, Horace's personal qualities are more notable than the monumental quality of his achievement: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... when we hear his name we don't really think of a monument. We think rather of a voice which varies in tone and resonance but is always recognizable, and which by its unsentimental humanity evokes a very special blend of liking and respect.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Niall_Rudd" title="Niall Rudd">Niall Rudd</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[91]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Yet for men like <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, scarred by experiences of World War I, his poetry stood for discredited values: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The Old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori.<a href="#cite_note-110">[nb 19]</a> </div></blockquote> The same motto, <a href="/wiki/Dulce_et_decorum_est_pro_patria_mori" title="Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori">Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori</a>, had been adapted to the ethos of martyrdom in the lyrics of early Christian poets like <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[92]</a> These preliminary comments touch on a small sample of developments in the reception of Horace's work. More developments are covered epoch by epoch in the following sections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> Horace's influence can be observed in the work of his near contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>. Ovid followed his example in creating a completely natural style of expression in hexameter verse, and Propertius cheekily mimicked him in his third book of elegies.<a href="#cite_note-112">[nb 20]</a> His Epistles provided them both with a model for their own verse letters and it also shaped Ovid's exile poetry.<a href="#cite_note-113">[nb 21]</a> His influence had a perverse aspect. As mentioned before, the brilliance of his Odes may have discouraged imitation. Conversely, they may have created a vogue for the lyrics of the archaic Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, due to the fact that Horace had neglected that style of lyric (see <a href="/wiki/Pindar#Influence_and_legacy" title="Pindar">Influence and Legacy of Pindar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[93]</a> The iambic genre seems almost to have disappeared after publication of Horace's Epodes. Ovid's Ibis was a rare attempt at the form but it was inspired mainly by <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, and there are some iambic elements in <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> but the main influence there was <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[94]</a> A revival of popular interest in the satires of Lucilius may have been inspired by Horace's criticism of his unpolished style. Both Horace and Lucilius were considered good role-models by <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a>, who critiqued his own satires as lacking both the acerbity of Lucillius and the gentler touch of Horace.<a href="#cite_note-116">[nb 22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>'s caustic satire was influenced mainly by Lucilius but Horace by then was a school classic and Juvenal could refer to him respectfully and in a round-about way as "the Venusine lamp".<a href="#cite_note-117">[nb 23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> paid homage to Horace by composing one poem in Sapphic and one in Alcaic meter (the verse forms most often associated with Odes), which he included in his collection of occasional poems, Silvae. Ancient scholars wrote commentaries on the lyric meters of the Odes, including the scholarly poet <a href="/wiki/Caesius_Bassus" title="Caesius Bassus">Caesius Bassus</a>. By a process called derivatio, he varied established meters through the addition or omission of syllables, a technique borrowed by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> when adapting Horatian meters to the stage.<a href="#cite_note-118">[95]</a> Horace's poems continued to be school texts into late antiquity. Works attributed to <a href="/wiki/Helenius_Acro" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenius Acro">Helenius Acro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Porphyrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomponius Porphyrio">Pomponius Porphyrio</a> are the remnants of a much larger body of Horatian scholarship. Porphyrio arranged the poems in non-chronological order, beginning with the Odes, because of their general popularity and their appeal to scholars (the Odes were to retain this privileged position in the medieval manuscript tradition and thus in modern editions also). Horace was often evoked by poets of the fourth century, such as <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a> presented himself as a Christian Horace, adapting Horatian meters to his own poetry and giving Horatian motifs a Christian tone.<a href="#cite_note-119">[nb 24]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Jerome">St Jerome</a>, modelled an uncompromising response to the pagan Horace, observing: "What harmony can there be between Christ and the Devil? What has Horace to do with the Psalter?"<a href="#cite_note-120">[nb 25]</a> By the early sixth century, Horace and Prudentius were both part of a classical heritage that was struggling to survive the disorder of the times. <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, the last major author of classical Latin literature, could still take inspiration from Horace, sometimes mediated by Senecan tragedy.<a href="#cite_note-Tarrant-121">[96]</a> It can be argued that Horace's influence extended beyond poetry to dignify core themes and values of the early Christian era, such as self-sufficiency, inner contentment and courage.<a href="#cite_note-122">[nb 26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horaz_beim_Studium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Horaz_beim_Studium.jpg/220px-Horaz_beim_Studium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Horaz_beim_Studium.jpg/330px-Horaz_beim_Studium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Horaz_beim_Studium.jpg/440px-Horaz_beim_Studium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Horace in his Studium: German print of the fifteenth century, summarizing the final <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_IV/Carmen_XV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber IV/Carmen XV">ode 4.15</a> (in praise of Augustus).</figcaption></figure> Classical texts almost ceased being copied in the period between the mid sixth century and the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian revival</a>. Horace's work probably survived in just two or three books imported into northern Europe from Italy. These became the ancestors of six extant manuscripts dated to the ninth century. Two of those six manuscripts are French in origin, one was produced in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and the other three show Irish influence but were probably written in continental monasteries (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> for example).<a href="#cite_note-123">[97]</a> By the last half of the ninth century, it was not uncommon for literate people to have direct experience of Horace's poetry. His influence on the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> can be found in the poems of <a href="/wiki/Heiric_of_Auxerre" title="Heiric of Auxerre">Heiric of Auxerre</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[nb 27]</a> and in some manuscripts marked with <a href="/wiki/Neumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumes">neumes</a>, mysterious notations that may have been an aid to the memorization and discussion of his lyric meters. Ode <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_IV/Carmen_XI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber IV/Carmen XI">4.11</a> is neumed with the melody of a hymn to John the Baptist, <a href="/wiki/Ut_queant_laxis" title="Ut queant laxis">Ut queant laxis</a>, composed in <a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic stanzas</a>. This hymn later became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Solfege" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfege">solfege</a> system (Do, re, mi...)—an association with western music quite appropriate for a lyric poet like Horace, though the language of the hymn is mainly Prudentian.<a href="#cite_note-125">[98]</a> Lyons<a href="#cite_note-126">[99]</a> argues that the melody in question was linked with Horace's Ode well before Guido d'Arezzo fitted <a href="/wiki/Ut_queant_laxis" title="Ut queant laxis">Ut queant laxis</a> to it. However, the melody is unlikely to be a survivor from classical times, although Ovid<a href="#cite_note-127">[100]</a> testifies to Horace's use of the lyre while performing his Odes. The German scholar, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Traube_(palaeographer)" title="Ludwig Traube (palaeographer)">Ludwig Traube</a>, once dubbed the tenth and eleventh centuries The age of Horace (aetas Horatiana), and placed it between the aetas Vergiliana of the eighth and ninth centuries, and the aetas Ovidiana of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a distinction supposed to reflect the dominant classical Latin influences of those times. Such a distinction is over-schematized since Horace was a substantial influence in the ninth century as well. Traube had focused too much on Horace's Satires.<a href="#cite_note-128">[101]</a> Almost all of Horace's work found favour in the Medieval period. In fact medieval scholars were also guilty of over-schematism, associating Horace's different genres with the different ages of man. A twelfth-century scholar encapsulated the theory: "...Horace wrote four different kinds of poems on account of the four ages, the Odes for boys, the Ars Poetica for young men, the Satires for mature men, the Epistles for old and complete men."<a href="#cite_note-129">[102]</a> It was even thought that Horace had composed his works in the order in which they had been placed by ancient scholars.<a href="#cite_note-130">[nb 28]</a> Despite its naivety, the schematism involved an appreciation of Horace's works as a collection, the Ars Poetica, Satires and Epistles appearing to find favour as well as the Odes. The later Middle Ages however gave special significance to Satires and Epistles, being considered Horace's mature works. <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> referred to Horace as Orazio satiro, and he awarded him a privileged position in the first circle of Hell, with <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, Ovid and <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[103]</a> Horace's popularity is revealed in the large number of quotes from all his works found in almost every genre of medieval literature, and also in the number of poets imitating him in <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)#Two_rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">quantitative Latin meter</a>. The most prolific imitator of his Odes was the Bavarian monk, <a href="/wiki/Metellus_of_Tegernsee" title="Metellus of Tegernsee">Metellus of Tegernsee</a>, who dedicated his work to the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Tegernsee_Abbey" title="Tegernsee Abbey">Tegernsee Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quirinus_of_Tegernsee" title="Quirinus of Tegernsee">St Quirinus</a>, around the year 1170. He imitated all Horace's lyrical meters then followed these up with imitations of other meters used by Prudentius and Boethius, indicating that variety, as first modelled by Horace, was considered a fundamental aspect of the lyric genre. The content of his poems however was restricted to simple piety.<a href="#cite_note-132">[104]</a> Among the most successful imitators of Satires and Epistles was another Germanic author, calling himself <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextus_Amarcius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sextus Amarcius (page does not exist)">Sextus Amarcius</a>, around 1100, who composed four books, the first two exemplifying vices, the second pair mainly virtues.<a href="#cite_note-133">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> is a key figure in the imitation of Horace in accentual meters. His verse letters in Latin were modelled on the Epistles and he wrote a letter to Horace in the form of an ode. However he also borrowed from Horace when composing his Italian sonnets. One modern scholar has speculated that authors who imitated Horace in accentual rhythms (including stressed Latin and vernacular languages) may have considered their work a natural sequel to Horace's metrical variety.<a href="#cite_note-134">[106]</a> In France, Horace and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> were the poetic models for a group of vernacular authors called the <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iade" class="mw-redirect" title="Pléiade">Pléiade</a>, including for example <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ronsard" title="Pierre de Ronsard">Pierre de Ronsard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_du_Bellay" title="Joachim du Bellay">Joachim du Bellay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> made constant and inventive use of Horatian quotes.<a href="#cite_note-135">[107]</a> The vernacular languages were dominant in Castilia and Portugal in the sixteenth century, where Horace's influence is notable in the works of such authors as <a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosc%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Boscán">Juan Boscán</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1_de_Miranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sá de Miranda">Sá de Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Ferreira_(poet)" title="António Ferreira (poet)">Antonio Ferreira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Luis de León">Fray Luis de León</a>, the last writing odes on the Horatian theme beatus ille (happy the man).<a href="#cite_note-136">[108]</a> The sixteenth century in western Europe was also an age of translations (except in Germany, where Horace wasn't translated into the vernacular until well into the seventeenth century). The first English translator was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Drant" title="Thomas Drant">Thomas Drant</a>, who placed translations of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> and Horace side by side in Medicinable Morall, 1566. That was also the year that the Scot <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> paraphrased the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> in a Horatian setting. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> put Horace on the stage in 1601 in <a href="/wiki/Poetaster_(play)" title="Poetaster (play)">Poetaster</a>, along with other classical Latin authors, giving them all their own verses to speak in translation. Horace's part evinces the independent spirit, moral earnestness and critical insight that many readers look for in his poems.<a href="#cite_note-137">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment">edit</a>]</div> During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, or the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, neoclassical culture was pervasive. English literature in the middle of that period has been dubbed <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan</a>. It is not always easy to distinguish Horace's influence during those centuries (the mixing of influences is shown for example in one poet's pseudonym, Horace Juvenal).<a href="#cite_note-138">[nb 29]</a> However a measure of his influence can be found in the diversity of the people interested in his works, both among readers and authors.<a href="#cite_note-139">[110]</a> New editions of his works were published almost yearly. There were three new editions in 1612 (two in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>) and again in 1699 (<a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, Barcelona, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>). Cheap editions were plentiful and fine editions were also produced, including one whose entire text was engraved by <a href="/wiki/John_Pine" title="John Pine">John Pine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperplate engraving">copperplate</a>. The poet <a href="/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1700)" title="James Thomson (poet, born 1700)">James Thomson</a> owned five editions of Horace's work and the physician <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(physician)" title="James Douglas (physician)">James Douglas</a> had five hundred books with Horace-related titles. Horace was often commended in periodicals such as <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">The Spectator</a>, as a hallmark of good judgement, moderation and manliness, a focus for moralising.<a href="#cite_note-140">[nb 30]</a> His verses offered a fund of mottoes, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simplex_munditiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simplex munditiis (page does not exist)">simplex munditiis</a> (elegance in simplicity), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Splendide_mendax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Splendide mendax (page does not exist)">splendide mendax</a> (nobly untruthful), <a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">sapere aude</a> (dare to know), <a href="/wiki/Nunc_est_bibendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunc est bibendum">nunc est bibendum</a> (now is the time to drink), <a href="/wiki/Carpe_diem" title="Carpe diem">carpe diem</a> (seize the day, perhaps the only one still in common use today).<a href="#cite_note-Tarrant-121">[96]</a> These were quoted even in works as prosaic as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Quincy_(1703-1788)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Quincy (1703-1788)">Edmund Quincy</a>'s A treatise of hemp-husbandry (1765). The fictional hero <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones,_a_Foundling" title="The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling">Tom Jones</a> recited his verses with feeling.<a href="#cite_note-141">[111]</a> His works were also used to justify commonplace themes, such as patriotic obedience, as in James Parry's English lines from an Oxford University collection in 1736:<a href="#cite_note-142">[112]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> What friendly <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a> will teach my Lays To emulate the Roman fire? Justly to sound a Caesar's praise Demands a bold Horatian lyre. </div></blockquote> Horatian-style lyrics were increasingly typical of Oxford and Cambridge verse collections for this period, most of them in Latin but some like the previous ode in English. <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a> first appeared in such a collection. It has few Horatian echoes<a href="#cite_note-143">[nb 31]</a> yet Milton's associations with Horace were lifelong. He composed a controversial version of Odes 1.5, and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> includes references to Horace's 'Roman' Odes 3.1–6 (Book 7 for example begins with echoes of Odes 3.4).<a href="#cite_note-144">[113]</a> Yet Horace's lyrics could offer inspiration to libertines as well as moralists, and neo-Latin sometimes served as a kind of discrete veil for the risqué. Thus for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Loveling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Loveling (page does not exist)">Benjamin Loveling</a> authored a catalogue of Drury Lane and Covent Garden prostitutes, in Sapphic stanzas, and an encomium for a dying lady "of salacious memory".<a href="#cite_note-145">[114]</a> Some Latin imitations of Horace were politically subversive, such as a marriage ode by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Alsop" title="Anthony Alsop">Anthony Alsop</a> that included a rallying cry for the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> cause. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a> took inspiration from Horace's Odes 1.37 to compose his English masterpiece <a href="/wiki/Horatian_Ode_upon_Cromwell%27s_Return_from_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland">Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland</a>, in which subtly nuanced reflections on the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> echo Horace's ambiguous response to the death of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> (Marvell's ode was suppressed in spite of its subtlety and only began to be widely published in 1776). <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> took particular pleasure in reading The Odes.<a href="#cite_note-146">[nb 32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> wrote direct Imitations of Horace (published with the original Latin alongside) and also echoed him in Essays and <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock" title="The Rape of the Lock">The Rape of the Lock</a>. He even emerged as "a quite Horatian Homer" in his translation of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[115]</a> Horace appealed also to female poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Anna Seward</a> (Original sonnets on various subjects, and odes paraphrased from Horace, 1799) and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tollet" title="Elizabeth Tollet">Elizabeth Tollet</a>, who composed a Latin ode in Sapphic meter to celebrate her brother's return from overseas, with tea and coffee substituted for the wine of Horace's <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">sympotic</a> settings: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem"> Quos procax nobis numeros, jocosque Musa dictaret? mihi dum tibique Temperent baccis Arabes, vel herbis Pocula Seres<a href="#cite_note-148">[116]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> What verses and jokes might the bold Muse dictate? while for you and me Arabs flavour our cups with beans Or Chinese with leaves.<a href="#cite_note-149">[117]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_18th-19th_century_engraving_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Horace_18th-19th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Horace_18th-19th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Horace_18th-19th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Horace_18th-19th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Horace_18th-19th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Horace_18th-19th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>Horace in an anonymous late 18th to early 19th century engraving</figcaption></figure> Horace's Ars Poetica is second only to Aristotle's Poetics in its influence on literary theory and criticism. Milton recommended both works in his treatise of Education.<a href="#cite_note-150">[118]</a> Horace's Satires and Epistles however also had a huge impact, influencing theorists and critics such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[119]</a> There was considerable debate over the value of different lyrical forms for contemporary poets, as represented on one hand by the kind of four-line stanzas made familiar by Horace's Sapphic and Alcaic Odes and, on the other, the loosely structured <a href="/wiki/Pindarics" title="Pindarics">Pindarics</a> associated with the odes of <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>. Translations occasionally involved scholars in the dilemmas of censorship. Thus <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Smart" title="Christopher Smart">Christopher Smart</a> entirely omitted Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_IV/Carmen_X" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber IV/Carmen X">4.10</a> and re-numbered the remaining odes. He also removed the ending of Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_IV/Carmen_I" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber IV/Carmen I">4.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Creech" title="Thomas Creech">Thomas Creech</a> printed Epodes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Epodi#VIII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Epodi">8</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Epodi#XII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Epodi">12</a> in the original Latin but left out their English translations. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_(translator)" title="Philip Francis (translator)">Philip Francis</a> left out both the English and Latin for those same two epodes, a gap in the numbering the only indication that something was amiss. French editions of Horace were influential in England and these too were regularly <a href="/wiki/Bowdlerize" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowdlerize">bowdlerized</a>. Most European nations had their own 'Horaces': thus for example <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hagedorn" title="Friedrich von Hagedorn">Friedrich von Hagedorn</a> was called The German Horace and <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Kazimierz_Sarbiewski" title="Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski">Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski</a> The Polish Horace (the latter was much imitated by English poets such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vaughan" title="Henry Vaughan">Henry Vaughan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cowley" title="Abraham Cowley">Abraham Cowley</a>). Pope <a href="/wiki/Urban_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a> wrote voluminously in Horatian meters, including an ode on gout.<a href="#cite_note-152">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_on">19th century on</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 19th century on">edit</a>]</div> Horace maintained a central role in the education of English-speaking elites right up until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-153">[121]</a> A pedantic emphasis on the formal aspects of language-learning at the expense of literary appreciation may have made him unpopular in some quarters<a href="#cite_note-154">[122]</a> yet it also confirmed his influence—a tension in his reception that underlies <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a>'s famous lines from <a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage">Childe Harold</a> (Canto iv, 77):<a href="#cite_note-155">[123]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Then farewell, Horace, whom I hated so Not for thy faults, but mine; it is a curse To understand, not feel thy lyric flow, To comprehend, but never love thy verse. </div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>'s mature poetry, including the <a href="/wiki/Preface_to_the_Lyrical_Ballads" title="Preface to the Lyrical Ballads">preface</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads" title="Lyrical Ballads">Lyrical Ballads</a>, reveals Horace's influence in its rejection of false ornament<a href="#cite_note-156">[124]</a> and he once expressed "a wish / to meet the shade of Horace...".<a href="#cite_note-157">[nb 33]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> echoed the opening of Horace's Epodes 14 in the opening lines of <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[nb 34]</a> The Roman poet was presented in the nineteenth century as an honorary English gentleman. <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Thackeray</a> produced a version of Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_I/Carmen_XXXVIII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber I/Carmen XXXVIII">1.38</a> in which Horace's 'boy' became 'Lucy', and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a> translated the boy innocently as 'child'. Horace was translated by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Theodore_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Theodore Martin">Sir Theodore Martin</a> (biographer of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>) but minus some ungentlemanly verses, such as the erotic Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_I/Carmen_XXV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber I/Carmen XXV">1.25</a> and Epodes 8 and 12. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Edward Bulwer-Lytton">Edward Bulwer-Lytton</a> produced a popular translation and <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> also wrote translations during his last days as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-159">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_(poet)" title="Edward FitzGerald (poet)">Edward FitzGerald</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam" title="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam">Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam</a>, though formally derived from the Persian <a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">ruba'i</a>, nevertheless shows a strong Horatian influence, since, as one modern scholar has observed, "...the quatrains inevitably recall the stanzas of the 'Odes', as does the narrating first person of the world-weary, ageing <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurean</a> Omar himself, mixing <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">sympotic</a> exhortation and 'carpe diem' with splendid moralising and 'memento mori' <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-160">[nb 35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> advised a friend in verse not to worry about politics, an echo of Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_II/Carmen_XI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber II/Carmen XI">2.11</a>, yet later became a critic of Horace's inadequacies relative to Greek poets, as role models of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Age">Victorian</a> virtues, observing: "If human life were complete without faith, without enthusiasm, without energy, Horace...would be the perfect interpreter of human life."<a href="#cite_note-161">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a> composed a sonnet depicting a woman willing her own death steadily, drawing on Horace's depiction of 'Glycera' in Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_I/Carmen_XIX" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber I/Carmen XIX">1.19.5–6</a> and Cleopatra in Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_I/Carmen_XXXVII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber I/Carmen XXXVII">1.37</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[nb 36]</a> <a href="/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a> considered Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_IV/Carmen_VII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber IV/Carmen VII">4.7</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)#First_Archilochian" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Archilochian</a> couplets, the most beautiful poem of antiquity<a href="#cite_note-163">[127]</a> and yet he generally shared Horace's penchant for quatrains, being readily adapted to his own elegiac and melancholy strain.<a href="#cite_note-164">[128]</a> The most famous poem of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Dowson" title="Ernest Dowson">Ernest Dowson</a> took its title and its heroine's name from a line of Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_IV/Carmen_I" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber IV/Carmen I">4.1</a>, Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae, as well as its motif of nostalgia for a former flame. <a href="/wiki/Kipling" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipling">Kipling</a> wrote a famous parody of the Odes, satirising their stylistic idiosyncrasies and especially the extraordinary syntax, but he also used Horace's Roman patriotism as a focus for British imperialism, as in the story Regulus in the school collection <a href="/wiki/Stalky_%26_Co." title="Stalky & Co.">Stalky & Co.</a>, which he based on Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_III/Carmen_V" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber III/Carmen V">3.5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[129]</a> Wilfred Owen's famous poem, quoted above, incorporated Horatian text to question patriotism while ignoring the rules of Latin scansion. However, there were few other echoes of Horace in the war period, possibly because war is not actually a major theme of Horace's work.<a href="#cite_note-166">[130]</a> The Spanish poet <a href="/wiki/Miquel_Costa_i_Llobera" title="Miquel Costa i Llobera">Miquel Costa i Llobera</a> published his renowned collection of poems named Horacianes, thus being dedicated to the Latin poet Horace, and employing Sapphics, Alcaics and similar types of stanzas.<a href="#cite_note-167">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelin_Poster_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Michelin_Poster_1898.jpg/220px-Michelin_Poster_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Michelin_Poster_1898.jpg/330px-Michelin_Poster_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Michelin_Poster_1898.jpg/440px-Michelin_Poster_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bibendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibendum">Bibendum</a> (the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a> tyre company) takes his name from the opening line of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_I/Carmen_XXXVII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber I/Carmen XXXVII">Ode 1.37</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunc_est_bibendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunc est bibendum">Nunc est bibendum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Both <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_MacNeice" title="Louis MacNeice">Louis MacNeice</a> began their careers as teachers of classics and both responded as poets to Horace's influence. Auden for example evoked the fragile world of the 1930s in terms echoing Odes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_II/Carmen_XI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber II/Carmen XI">2.11.1–4</a>, where Horace advises a friend not to let worries about frontier wars interfere with current pleasures. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> And, gentle, do not care to know Where Poland draws her Eastern bow,      What violence is done; Nor ask what doubtful act allows Our freedom in this English house,      Our picnics in the sun.<a href="#cite_note-168">[nb 37]</a> </div></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horatius_-_Boek_I_Ode_XIV_-_Cleveringaplaats_1,_Leiden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Horatius_-_Boek_I_Ode_XIV_-_Cleveringaplaats_1%2C_Leiden.JPG/220px-Horatius_-_Boek_I_Ode_XIV_-_Cleveringaplaats_1%2C_Leiden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Horatius_-_Boek_I_Ode_XIV_-_Cleveringaplaats_1%2C_Leiden.JPG/330px-Horatius_-_Boek_I_Ode_XIV_-_Cleveringaplaats_1%2C_Leiden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Horatius_-_Boek_I_Ode_XIV_-_Cleveringaplaats_1%2C_Leiden.JPG/440px-Horatius_-_Boek_I_Ode_XIV_-_Cleveringaplaats_1%2C_Leiden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Odes 1.14 – <a href="/wiki/Wall_poems_in_Leiden" title="Wall poems in Leiden">Wall poem in Leiden</a> </figcaption></figure> The American poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> echoed Horace's Satires in the conversational and sententious idiom of some of his longer poems, such as The Lesson for Today (1941), and also in his gentle advocacy of life on the farm, as in Hyla Brook (1916), evoking Horace's fons Bandusiae in Ode <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_III/Carmen_XIII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Carmina (Horatius)/Liber III/Carmen XIII">3.13</a>. Now at the start of the third millennium, poets are still absorbing and re-configuring the Horatian influence, sometimes in translation (such as a 2002 English/American edition of the Odes by thirty-six poets)<a href="#cite_note-169">[nb 38]</a> and sometimes as inspiration for their own work (such as a 2003 collection of odes by a New Zealand poet).<a href="#cite_note-170">[nb 39]</a> Horace's Epodes have largely been ignored in the modern era, excepting those with political associations of historical significance. The obscene qualities of some of the poems have repulsed even scholars<a href="#cite_note-171">[nb 40]</a> yet more recently a better understanding of the nature of <a href="/wiki/Iambus_(genre)" title="Iambus (genre)">Iambic poetry</a> has led to a re-evaluation of the whole collection.<a href="#cite_note-172">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[133]</a> A re-appraisal of the Epodes also appears in creative adaptations by recent poets (such as a 2004 collection of poems that relocates the ancient context to a 1950s industrial town).<a href="#cite_note-174">[nb 41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ars_Poetica_(Horace)" title="Ars Poetica (Horace)">Ars Poetica</a> was first translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Drant" title="Thomas Drant">Thomas Drant</a> in 1556, and later by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A36697.0001.001">Sylvæ; or, The second Part of Poetical Miscellanies</a> (London: Jacob Tonson, 1685) with adaptations of three of the Odes, and one Epode.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_(translator)" title="Philip Francis (translator)">Philip Francis</a>, The Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Seculare of Horace (Dublin, 1742; London, 1743)</li> <li>——— The Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry of Horace (1746) <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> favoured these translations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_Calverley" title="Charles Stuart Calverley">C. S. Calverley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4096">Verses and Translations</a> (1860; rev. 1862) Included versions of ten of the Odes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conington" title="John Conington">John Conington</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/odesandcarmensa00conigoog/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:odesandcarmensa00conigoog/mode/2up">The Odes and Carmen Sæculare of Horace</a> (1863; rev. 1872)</li> <li>——— The Satires, Epistles and Ars Poëtica of Horace (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Martin" title="Theodore Martin">Theodore Martin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3KUGAQAAIAAJ">The Odes of Horace, Translated Into English Verse, with a Life and Notes</a> (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1866)</li></ul> <ul><li>Edward Marsh, The Odes of Horace. Translated into English Verse by Edward Marsh (London: Macmillan & Co., 1941).</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Michie" title="James Michie">James Michie</a>, The Odes of Horace (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1964) Included a dozen Odes in the original <a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaic">Alcaic</a> metres.</li> <li>More recent verse translations of the Odes include those by David West (free verse), and Colin Sydenham (rhymed).</li> <li>In 1983, Charles E. Passage translated all the works of Horace in the original metres.</li> <li>Horace's Odes and the Mystery of Do-Re-Mi Stuart Lyons (rhymed) Aris & Phillips <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-790-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-790-7">978-0-85668-790-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_the_arts">In literature and the arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In literature and the arts">edit</a>]</div> The Oxford Latin Course textbooks use the life of Horace to illustrate an average Roman's life in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">late Republic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Early Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[134]</a> Horace was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shelley" title="Norman Shelley">Norman Shelley</a> in the 1976 miniseries <a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)" title="I, Claudius (TV series)">I, Claudius</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpe_diem" title="Carpe diem">Carpe diem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatia_gens" title="Horatia gens">Horatia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Romans" title="List of ancient Romans">List of ancient Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">Otium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Prosody (Latin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation#Western_theory" title="Translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace%27s_Villa" title="Horace's Villa">Horace's Villa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Quintilian 10.1.96. The only other lyrical poet Quintilian thought comparable with Horace was the now obscure poet/metrical theorist, <a href="/wiki/Caesius_Bassus" title="Caesius Bassus">Caesius Bassus</a> (R. Tarrant, Ancient Receptions of Horace, 280) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Translated from Persius' own 'Satires' 1.116–17: "omne vafer vitium ridenti Flaccus amico / tangit et admissus circum praecordia ludit." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Quoted by <a href="/wiki/Niall_Rudd" title="Niall Rudd">N. Rudd</a> from John Dryden's Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire, excerpted from W.P.Ker's edition of Dryden's essays, Oxford 1926, vol. 2, pp. 86–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The year is given in Odes 3.21.1 (<a href="/wiki/Lucius_Manlius_Torquatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Manlius Torquatus">"Consule Manlio"</a>), the month in Epistles 1.20.27, the day in Suetonius' biography Vita (R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 7) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "No son ever set a finer monument to his father than Horace did in the sixth satire of Book I...Horace's description of his father is warm-hearted but free from sentimentality or exaggeration. We see before us one of the common people, a hard-working, open-minded, and thoroughly honest man of simple habits and strict convictions, representing some of the best qualities that at the end of the Republic could still be found in the unsophisticated society of the Italian municipia" — E. Fraenkel, Horace, 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Odes 3.4.28: "nec (me extinxit) Sicula Palinurus unda"; "nor did Palinurus extinguish me with Sicilian waters". Maecenas' involvement is recorded by <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> Bell. Civ. 5.99 but Horace's ode is the only historical reference to his own presence there, depending however on interpretation. (R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 10) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> The point is much disputed among scholars and hinges on how the text is interpreted. Epodes 9 for example may offer proof of Horace's presence if 'ad hunc frementis' ('gnashing at this' man i.e. the traitrous Roman ) is a misreading of 'at huc...verterent' (but hither...they fled) in lines describing the defection of the Galatian cavalry, "ad hunc frementis verterunt bis mille equos / Galli canentes Caesarem" (R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 12). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Suetonius signals that the report is based on rumours by employing the terms "traditur...dicitur" / "it is reported...it is said" (E. Fraenkel, Horace, 21) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> 36–35 BC according to Gowers (2012) 4 (note 22), citing DuQuesnay (1984) 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> According to a recent theory, the three books of Odes were issued separately, possibly in 26, 24 and 23 BC (see G. Hutchinson (2002), Classical Quarterly 52: 517–37) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> 19 BC is the usual estimate but c. 11 BC has good support too (see R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 18–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> 14 BC, according to Gowers (2012) 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> 13 BC, according to Gowers (2012) 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> The date however is subject to much controversy with 22–18 BC another option (see for example R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, 379–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "[Lucilius]...resembles a man whose only concern is to force / something into the framework of six feet, and who gaily produces / two hundred lines before dinner and another two hundred after." – Satire 1.10.59–61 (translated by <a href="/wiki/Niall_Rudd" title="Niall Rudd">Niall Rudd</a>, The Satires of Horace and Persius, Penguin Classics 1973, p. 69) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> There is one reference to Bion by name in Epistles 2.2.60, and the clearest allusion to him is in Satire 1.6, which parallels Bion fragments 1, 2, 16 Kindstrand </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Epistles 1.17 and 1.18.6–8 are critical of the extreme views of <a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a> and also of social adaptations of Cynic precepts, and yet Epistle 1.2 could be either Cynic or Stoic in its orientation (J. Moles, Philosophy and ethics, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Satires 1.1.25–26, 74–75, 1.2.111–12, 1.3.76–77, 97–114, 1.5.44, 101–03, 1.6.128–31, 2.2.14–20, 25, 2.6.93–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Wilfred Owen, <a href="/wiki/Dulce_et_decorum_est" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulce et decorum est">Dulce et decorum est</a> (1917), echoes a line from Carmina 3.2.13, "it is sweet and honourable to die for one's country", cited by Stephen Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Propertius published his third book of elegies within a year or two of Horace's Odes 1–3 and mimicked him, for example, in the opening lines, characterizing himself in terms borrowed from Odes 3.1.13 and 3.30.13–14, as a priest of the Muses and as an adaptor of Greek forms of poetry (R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 227) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Ovid for example probably borrowed from Horace's Epistle 1.20 the image of a poetry book as a slave boy eager to leave home, adapting it to the opening poems of Tristia 1 and 3 (R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace), and Tristia 2 May be understood as a counterpart to Horace's Epistles 2.1, both being letters addressed to Augustus on literary themes (A. Barchiesi, Speaking Volumes, 79–103) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> The comment is in Persius 1.114–18, yet that same satire has been found to have nearly 80 reminiscences of Horace; see D. Hooley, The Knotted Thong, 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The allusion to Venusine comes via Horace's Sermones 2.1.35, while lamp signifies the lucubrations of a conscientious poet. According to Quintilian (93), however, many people in Flavian Rome preferred Lucilius not only to Horace but to all other Latin poets (R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 279) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Prudentius sometimes alludesto the Odes in a negative context, as expressions of a secular life he is abandoning. Thus for example male pertinax, employed in Prudentius's Praefatio to describe a willful desire for victory, is lifted from Odes 1.9.24, where it describes a girl's half-hearted resistance to seduction. Elsewhere he borrows dux bone from Odes 4.5.5 and 37, where it refers to Augustus, and applies it to Christ (R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> St Jerome, Epistles 22.29, incorporating a quote from 2 Corinthians 6.14: qui consensus Christo et Belial? quid facit cum psalterio Horatius? (cited by K. Friis-Jensen, Horace in the Middle Ages, 292) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Odes 3.3.1–8 was especially influential in promoting the value of heroic calm in the face of danger, describing a man who could bear even the collapse of the world without fear (si fractus illabatur orbis,/impavidum ferient ruinae). Echoes are found in Seneca's Agamemnon 593–603, Prudentius's Peristephanon 4.5–12 and Boethius's Consolatio 1 metrum 4.(R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 283–85) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Heiric, like Prudentius, gave Horatian motifs a Christian context. Thus the character Lydia in Odes 3.19.15, who would willingly die for her lover twice, becomes in Heiric's Life of St Germaine of Auxerre a saint ready to die twice for the Lord's commandments (R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 287–88) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> According to a medieval French commentary on the Satires: "...first he composed his lyrics, and in them, speaking to the young, as it were, he took as subject-matter love affairs and quarrels, banquets and drinking parties. Next he wrote his Epodes, and in them composed invectives against men of a more advanced and more dishonourable age...He next wrote his book about the Ars Poetica, and in that instructed men of his own profession to write well...Later he added his book of Satires, in which he reproved those who had fallen a prey to various kinds of vices. Finally, he finished his oeuvre with the Epistles, and in them, following the method of a good farmer, he sowed the virtues where he had rooted out the vices." (cited by K. Friis-Jensen, Horace in the Middle Ages, 294–302) </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> 'Horace Juvenal' was author of Modern manners: a poem, 1793 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> see for example Spectator 312, 27 February 1712; 548, 28 November 1712; 618, 10 November 1714 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> One echo of Horace may be found in line 69: "Were it not better done as others use,/ To sport with Amaryllis in the shade/Or with the tangles of Neaera's hair?", which points to the Neara in Odes 3.14.21 (Douglas Bush, Milton: Poetical Works, 144, note 69) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Cfr. <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a>, "The Life of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>" Aetat. 20, 1729 where Boswell remarked of Johnson that Horace's Odes "were the compositions in which he took most delight." </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> The quote, from Memorials of a Tour of Italy (1837), contains allusions to Odes 3.4 and 3.13 (S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 334–35) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / my sense..." echoes Epodes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Epodi#XIV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Epodi">14.1–4</a> (S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 335) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Comment by S. Harrison, editor and contributor to The Cambridge Companion to Horace (S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Rossetti's sonnet, A Study (a soul), dated 1854, was not published in her own lifetime. Some lines: She stands as pale as Parian marble stands / Like Cleopatra when she turns at bay... (C. Rossetti, Complete Poems, 758 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Quoted from Auden's poem Out on the lawn I lie in bed, 1933, and cited by S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Edited by McClatchy, reviewed by S. Harrison, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.03.05 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> I. Wedde, The Commonplace Odes, Auckland 2003, (cited by S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 345) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> 'Political' Epodes are 1, 7, 9, 16; notably obscene Epodes are 8 and 12. E. Fraenkel is among the admirers repulsed by these two poems, for another view of which see for example Dee Lesser Clayman, 'Horace's Epodes VIII and XII: More than Clever Obscenity?', The Classical World Vol. 6, No. 1 (September 1975), pp 55–61 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4348329">4348329</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> M. Almond, The Works 2004, Washington, cited by S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 346 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-s-1"><a href="#cite_ref-s_1-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/de_Poetis/Horace*.html">Life of Horace</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1">b</a> J. Michie, The Odes of Horace, 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> N. Rudd, The Satires of Horace and Persius, 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> R. Barrow R., The Romans Pelican Books, 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Fraenkel, Eduard. Horace. Oxford: 1957, p. 1. For the Life of Horace by Suetonius, see: (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6399/pg6399.html">Vita Horati</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Brill's Companion to Horace, edited by Hans-Christian Günther, Brill, 2012, p. 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2b0YUwXfM8C&pg=PA7">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Satires 1.10.30 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Epistles 2.1.69 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Satires 2.1.34 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> T. Frank, Catullus and Horace, 133–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> A. Campbell, Horace: A New Interpretation, 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Epistles 1.16.49 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_20-1">b</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Satires 1.6.86 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Satires_1.6-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Satires_1.6_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Satires_1.6_23-1">b</a> Satires 1.6 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Odes 2.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Satires 1.6.48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nisbet-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nisbet_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nisbet_30-1">b</a> R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace, 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Odes 2.7.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Epistles 2.2.51–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and politics </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> 16th Letter of the First Book 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Christopher Brown, in A Companion to the Greek Lyric Poets, D.E. Gerber (ed), Leiden 1997, pages 13–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Iambic Poetry, Loeb Classical Library (1999), Introduction pages i–iv </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> D. Mankin, Horace: Epodes, C.U.P., 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> D. Mankin, Horace: Epodes, 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> R. Conway, New Studies of a Great Inheritance, 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> F. Muecke, The Satires, 109–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> R. Lyne, Augustan Poetry and Society, 599 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> J. Griffin, Horace in the Thirties, 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_46-1">b</a> R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> D. Mankin, Horace: Epodes, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Satires 1.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Odes 3.4.28 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Epodes 1 and 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Satires 2.7.53 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, 61–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Epistles 1.19.35–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Epistles 1.1.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, 149, 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Epistles 1.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Epistles 1.20.24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Epistles 2.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> R. Ferri, The Epistles, 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Odes 4.4 and 4.14 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> R Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 17–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> S. Harrison, Style and poetic texture, 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 124–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundolf1916" class="citation book cs1">Gundolf, Friedrich (1916). Goethe. Berlin, Germany: Bondi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goethe&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Bondi&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Gundolf&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 106–07 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 95–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> J. Griffin, Gods and Religion, 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> S. Harrison, Lyric and Iambic, 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> S. Harrison, Lyric and Iambic, 194–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-E._Fraenkel,_Horace,_32,_80-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E._Fraenkel,_Horace,_32,_80_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E._Fraenkel,_Horace,_32,_80_86-1">b</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, 32, 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> L. Morgan, Satire, 177–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> S. Harrison, Style and poetic texture, 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> R. Ferri, The Epistles, pp. 121–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> E. Fraenkel, Horace, p. 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> J. Moles, Philosophy and ethics, pp. 165–69, 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> K. J. Reckford, Some studies in Horace's odes on love </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> J. Moles, Philosophy and ethics, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Santirocco "Unity and Design", Lowrie "Horace's Narrative Odes" </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Ancona, "Time and the Erotic" </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> J. Moles, Philosophy and ethics, pp. 171–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Davis "Polyhymnia" and Lowrie "Horace's Narrative Odes" </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> J. Moles, Philosophy and ethics, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> J. Moles, Philosophy and ethics, pp. 174–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 279 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 326, 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> R. Lyme, Augustan Poetry and Society, 603 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Niall_Rudd" title="Niall Rudd">Niall Rudd</a>, The Satires of Horace and Persius, 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 282–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 280–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarrant-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_121-1">b</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 283 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 285–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> R. Tarrant, Ancient receptions of Horace, 288–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Stuart Lyons, Horace's Odes and the Mystery of Do-Re-Mi </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Tristia, 4.10.49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> B. Bischoff, Living with the satirists, 83–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> K. Friis-Jensen,Horace in the Middle Ages, 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> K. Friis-Jensen, Horace in the Middle Ages, 293, 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> K. Friis-Jensen, Horace in the Middle Ages, 296–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> K. Friis-Jensen, Horace in the Middle Ages, 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> K. Friis-Jensen, Horace in the Middle Ages, 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Michael McGann, Horace in the Renaissance, 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> E. Rivers, Fray Luis de León: The Original Poems </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> M. McGann, Horace in the Renaissance, 306–07, 313–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 318, 331, 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 326–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> J. Talbot, A Horatian Pun in Paradise Lost, 21–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> B. Loveling, Latin and English Poems, 49–52, 79–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 329–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> E. Tollet, Poems on Several Occasions, 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Translation adapted from D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> A. Gilbert, Literary Criticism: Plato to Dryden, 124, 669 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> W. Kupersmith, Roman Satirists in Seventeenth Century England, 97–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 319–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> V. Kiernan, Horace: Poetics and Politics, x </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> D. Money, The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 335–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> M. Arnold, Selected Prose, 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> W. Flesch, Companion to British Poetry, 19th Century, 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> S. Harrison, The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> S. Medcalfe, Kipling's Horace, 217–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> S. Harrison, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCifre_Forteza" class="citation book cs1">Cifre Forteza, Bernat. Costa i Llobera i el món clàssic (1854-1922). Lleonard Muntaner Editor. p. 313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+i+Llobera+i+el+m%C3%B3n+cl%C3%A0ssic+%281854-1922%29&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Lleonard+Muntaner+Editor&rft.aulast=Cifre+Forteza&rft.aufirst=Bernat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> D. Mankin, Horace: Epodes, 6–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> R. McNeill, Horace, 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmeMoorwood1996" class="citation book cs1">Balme, Maurice; Moorwood, James (1996). Oxford Latin Course Part one. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195212037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195212037"><bdi>978-0195212037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Latin+Course+Part+one.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195212037&rft.aulast=Balme&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Moorwood%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1970" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Matthew (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedprose00arno">Selected Prose</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043058-5"><bdi>978-0-14-043058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Prose&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-14-043058-5&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedprose00arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1949" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, R (1949). The Romans. Penguin/Pelican Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans&rft.pub=Penguin%2FPelican+Books&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarchiesi2001" class="citation book cs1">Barchiesi, A (2001). Speaking Volumes: Narrative and Intertext in Ovid and Other Latin Poets. Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Volumes%3A+Narrative+and+Intertext+in+Ovid+and+Other+Latin+Poets&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Barchiesi&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischoff1971" class="citation book cs1">Bischoff, B (1971). "Living with the satirists". Classical Influences on European Culture AD 500–1500. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+with+the+satirists&rft.btitle=Classical+Influences+on+European+Culture+AD+500%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bischoff&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1966" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Douglas (1966). Milton: Poetical Works. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton%3A+Poetical+Works&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1924" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, A (1924). Horace: A New Interpretation. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%3A+A+New+Interpretation&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway1921" class="citation book cs1">Conway, R (1921). New Studies of a Great Inheritance. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Studies+of+a+Great+Inheritance&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1991" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Gregson (1991). Polyhymnia. The Rhetoric to Horatian Lyric Discourse. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyhymnia.+The+Rhetoric+to+Horatian+Lyric+Discourse&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Gregson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferri, Rolando (2007). "The Epistles". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53684-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53684-4"><bdi>978-0-521-53684-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Epistles&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53684-4&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=Rolando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlesch2009" class="citation book cs1">Flesch, William (2009). The Facts on File Companion to British Poetry, 19th Century. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5896-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Companion+to+British+Poetry%2C+19th+Century&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5896-9&rft.aulast=Flesch&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1928" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Tenney (1928). Catullus and Horace. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catullus+and+Horace&rft.pub=New+York&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Tenney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraenkel1957" class="citation book cs1">Fraenkel, Eduard (1957). Horace. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Fraenkel&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriis-Jensen2007" class="citation book cs1">Friis-Jensen, Karsten (2007). "Horace in the Middle Ages". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horace+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Friis-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Karsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowers2012" class="citation book cs1">Gowers, Emily (2012). Horace Satires Book 1. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Satires+Book+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gowers&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1993" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Jasper (1993). "Horace in the Thirties". Horace 2000. Ann Arbor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horace+in+the+Thirties&rft.btitle=Horace+2000&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2007" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Jasper (2007). "Gods and religion". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge university Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gods+and+religion&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2005" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Stephen (2005). "Lyric and Iambic". A Companion to Latin Literature. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lyric+and+Iambic&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Latin+Literature&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Stephen (2007). "Introduction". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Stephen (2007). "Style and poetic texture". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Style+and+poetic+texture&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Stephen (2007). "The nineteenth and twentieth centuries". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+nineteenth+and+twentieth+centuries&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooley1997" class="citation book cs1">Hooley, D (1997). The Knotted Thong: Structures of Mimesis in Persius. Ann Arbor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knotted+Thong%3A+Structures+of+Mimesis+in+Persius&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hooley&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, G (2002). "The publication and individuality of Horace's Odes 1–3". Classical Quarterly 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+publication+and+individuality+of+Horace%27s+Odes+1%E2%80%933&rft.btitle=Classical+Quarterly+52&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1999" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Victor (1999). Horace: Poetics and Politics. St Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%3A+Poetics+and+Politics&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupersmith1985" class="citation book cs1">Kupersmith, W (1985). Roman Satirists in Seventeenth Century England. Lincoln, Nebraska and London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Satirists+in+Seventeenth+Century+England&rft.pub=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska+and+London&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Kupersmith&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveling1741" class="citation book cs1">Loveling, Benjamin (1741). Latin and English Poems, by a Gentleman of Trinity College, Oxford. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+and+English+Poems%2C+by+a+Gentleman+of+Trinity+College%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1741&rft.aulast=Loveling&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrie1997" class="citation book cs1">Lowrie, Michèle (1997). Horace's Narrative Odes. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%27s+Narrative+Odes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lowrie&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyne1986" class="citation book cs1">Lyne, R (1986). "Augustan Poetry and Society". The Oxford History of the Classical World. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustan+Poetry+and+Society&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Classical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lyne&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankin1995" class="citation book cs1">Mankin, David (1995). Horace: Epodes. Cambridge university Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%3A+Epodes&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mankin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill2010" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, Randall (2010). Horace. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980511-2"><bdi>978-0-19-980511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-980511-2&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichie1967" class="citation book cs1">Michie, James (1967). "Horace the Man". The Odes of Horace. Penguin Classics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horace+the+Man&rft.btitle=The+Odes+of+Horace&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Michie&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoles2007" class="citation book cs1">Moles, John (2007). "Philosophy and ethics". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy+and+ethics&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Moles&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoney2007" class="citation book cs1">Money, David (2007). "The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+seventeenth+and+eighteenth+centuries&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Money&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2005" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Llewelyn (2005). "Satire". A Companion to Latin Literature. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satire&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Latin+Literature&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Llewelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuecke2007" class="citation book cs1">Muecke, Frances (2007). "the Satires". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=the+Satires&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Muecke&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisbet2007" class="citation book cs1">Nisbet, Robin (2007). "Horace: life and chronology". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horace%3A+life+and+chronology&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nisbet&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReckford1997" class="citation book cs1">Reckford, K. J. (1997). Horatius: the man and the hour. Vol. 118. American Journal of Philology. pp. 538–612.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horatius%3A+the+man+and+the+hour&rft.pages=538-612&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Reckford&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers1983" class="citation book cs1">Rivers, Elias (1983). Fray Luis de León: The Original Poems. Grant and Cutler.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fray+Luis+de+Le%C3%B3n%3A+The+Original+Poems&rft.pub=Grant+and+Cutler&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossetti2001" class="citation book cs1">Rossetti, Christina (2001). The Complete Poems. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Poems&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rossetti&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd1973" class="citation book cs1">Rudd, Niall (1973). The Satires of Horace and Persius. Penguin Classics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satires+of+Horace+and+Persius&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantirocco1986" class="citation book cs1">Santirocco, Matthew (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitydesigninhor00sant">Unity and Design in Horace's Odes</a>. University of North Carolina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+and+Design+in+Horace%27s+Odes&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Santirocco&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitydesigninhor00sant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellarGow1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sellar, William; Gow, James (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Horace">"Horace" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 687.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horace&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=687&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Sellar&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Gow%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1986" class="citation book cs1">Syme, R (1986). The Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+Aristocracy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, J (2001). "A Horatian Pun in Paradise Lost". Notes and Queries 48 (1). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Horatian+Pun+in+Paradise+Lost&rft.btitle=Notes+and+Queries+48+%281%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrant2007" class="citation book cs1">Tarrant, Richard (2007). "Ancient receptions of Horace". The Cambridge Companion to Horace. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+receptions+of+Horace&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Horace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tarrant&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTollet1755" class="citation book cs1">Tollet, Elizabeth (1755). Poems on Several Occasions. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+on+Several+Occasions&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Tollet&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1991" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Gregson (1991). Polyhymnia the Rhetoric of Horatian Lyric Discourse. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-91030-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-91030-3"><bdi>0-520-91030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyhymnia+the+Rhetoric+of+Horatian+Lyric+Discourse&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-91030-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Gregson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraenkel1957" class="citation book cs1">Fraenkel, Eduard (1957). Horace. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Fraenkel&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorace1983" class="citation book cs1">Horace (1983). The Complete Works of Horace. Charles E. Passage, trans. New York: Ungar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-2404-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-2404-7"><bdi>0-8044-2404-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Horace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ungar&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8044-2404-7&rft.au=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, W. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacedialectico00john">Horace and the Dialectic of Freedom: Readings in Epistles 1</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2868-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2868-8"><bdi>0-8014-2868-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+and+the+Dialectic+of+Freedom%3A+Readings+in+Epistles+1&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8014-2868-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracedialectico00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutkenhaus2023" class="citation book cs1">Lutkenhaus, Veronika (2023). And with the Teian lyre imitate Anacreon: The reception of Anacreon and the Carmina Anacreontea in Horace's lyric and iambic poetry. Go ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525311516" title="Special:BookSources/9783525311516"><bdi>9783525311516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+with+the+Teian+lyre+imitate+Anacreon%3A+The+reception+of+Anacreon+and+the+Carmina+Anacreontea+in+Horace%27s+lyric+and+iambic+poetry&rft.place=Go+ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783525311516&rft.aulast=Lutkenhaus&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyne1995" class="citation book cs1">Lyne, R.O.A.M. (1995). Horace: Behind the Public Poetry. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06322-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06322-9"><bdi>0-300-06322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%3A+Behind+the+Public+Poetry&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-300-06322-9&rft.aulast=Lyne&rft.aufirst=R.O.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1997" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Stuart (1997). Horace's Odes and the Mystery of Do-Re-Mi. Aris & Phillips.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%27s+Odes+and+the+Mystery+of+Do-Re-Mi&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2010" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Stuart (2010). Music in the Odes of Horace. Aris & Phillips.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Odes+of+Horace&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichie1964" class="citation book cs1">Michie, James (1964). The Odes of Horace. Rupert Hart-Davis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odes+of+Horace&rft.pub=Rupert+Hart-Davis&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Michie&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1967" class="citation book cs1">Newman, J.K. (1967). Augustus and the New Poetry. Brussels: Latomus, revue d’études latines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus+and+the+New+Poetry&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Latomus%2C+revue+d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tudes+latines&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyes1947" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, Alfred (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horaceportrait0000noye">Horace: A Portrait</a>. New York: Sheed and Ward.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%3A+A+Portrait&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sheed+and+Ward&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoraceportrait0000noye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerret1964" class="citation book cs1">Perret, Jacques (1964). Horace. Bertha Humez, trans. New York: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Perret&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1986" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, Michael C.J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificesofetern00putn">Artifices of Eternity: Horace's Fourth Book of Odes</a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1852-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1852-6"><bdi>0-8014-1852-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artifices+of+Eternity%3A+Horace%27s+Fourth+Book+of+Odes&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8014-1852-6&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificesofetern00putn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReckford1969" class="citation book cs1">Reckford, Kenneth J. (1969). Horace. New York: Twayne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Reckford&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd1993" class="citation book cs1">Rudd, Niall, ed. (1993). Horace 2000: A Celebration – Essays for the Bimillennium. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10490-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10490-X"><bdi>0-472-10490-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+2000%3A+A+Celebration+%E2%80%93+Essays+for+the+Bimillennium&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-472-10490-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydenham2005" class="citation book cs1">Sydenham, Colin (2005). Horace: The Odes. Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace%3A+The+Odes&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sydenham&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1997" class="citation book cs1">West, David (1997). Horace The Complete Odes and Epodes. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+The+Complete+Odes+and+Epodes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilkinson_(scholar)" title="Patrick Wilkinson (scholar)">Wilkinson, L.P.</a> (1951). Horace and His Lyric Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+and+His+Lyric+Poetry&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=L.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Horace at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Horace" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Horace">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Quintus Horatius Flaccus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horace" class="extiw" title="q:Horace">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Horace" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Horace">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6197" class="extiw" title="d:Q6197">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Horace <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Horace&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Horace">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Horace&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Horace <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Horace&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Horace">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Horace&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1790">Works by Horace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Horace%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Horace%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Horace%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Horace%22%29%20OR%20%28%2265-8%22%20AND%20Horace%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Horace</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3050">Works by Horace</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li>Q. Horati Flacci <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/qhoratiflacciop00flacgoog">opera</a>, recensuerunt O. Keller et A. Holder, 2 voll., Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1864–9.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWMCAAAAQAAJ">Q. Horati Flacci opera</a> (critical edition of all Horace's poems), edited by O. Keller & A. Holder, published by B. G. Teubner, 1878.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latin.topword.net/?Horace">Common sayings from Horace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/hor.html">The works of Horace</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Latin Library">The Latin Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stilus.nl/horatius/index-latine.htm">Carmina Horatiana</a> All Carmina of Horace in Latin recited by Thomas Bervoets.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetseers.org/the_great_poets/the_classics/horace/">Selected Poems of Horace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Horatius&redirect=true">Works by Horace at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Willett, Steven (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diotima-doctafemina.org/translations/latin/selections-from-horaces-odes/a-biography-of-horace-and-an-annotated-bibliography/">"A Biography of Horace and an Annotated Bibliography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diot%C3%ADma_(website)" title="Diotíma (website)">Diotíma</a>: Selections from Horace's Odes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diot%C3%ADma%3A+Selections+from+Horace%27s+Odes&rft.atitle=A+Biography+of+Horace+and+an+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiotima-doctafemina.org%2Ftranslations%2Flatin%2Fselections-from-horaces-odes%2Fa-biography-of-horace-and-an-annotated-bibliography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut186.HTM">Horace's works</a>: text, concordances and frequency list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/horace_ode_1.htm">SORGLL: Horace, Odes I.22, read by Robert Sonkowsky</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527202758/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/horace_ode_1.htm">Archived</a> 27 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toutcoule.blogspot.com/search/label/horace">Translations of several odes in the original meters (with accompaniment).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thethepoetry.com/2011/02/some-notes-on-translations-of-horace/">A discussion and comparison of three different contemporary translations of Horace's Odes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818115922/http://www.thethepoetry.com/2011/02/some-notes-on-translations-of-horace/">Archived</a> 18 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>academia.edu: Tossing Augustus out of Horace's Ars Poetica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horatius.net">Horati opera, Acronis et Porphyrionis commentarii, varia lectio etc. (latine)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/horace_ms_1a.html">Horace MS 1a Ars Poetica and Epistulae at OPenn</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Horace" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horace" title="Template:Horace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horace" title="Template talk:Horace"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horace" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horace"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Horace" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horace</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satires_(Horace)" title="Satires (Horace)">Satires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Satires_2.5_(Horace)" title="Satires 2.5 (Horace)">2.5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epodes_(Horace)" title="Epodes (Horace)">Epodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)">Odes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odes_1.1" title="Odes 1.1">1.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odes_1.5" title="Odes 1.5">1.5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_1.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 1.11 (page does not exist)">1.11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odes_1.23" title="Odes 1.23">1.23</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_1.37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 1.37 (page does not exist)">1.37</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_2.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 2.3 (page does not exist)">2.3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_2.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 2.10 (page does not exist)">2.10</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_2.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 2.14 (page does not exist)">2.14</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_3.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 3.2 (page does not exist)">3.2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_3.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 3.6 (page does not exist)">3.6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_3.30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 3.30 (page does not exist)">3.30</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_4.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 4.1 (page does not exist)">4.1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_4.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 4.3 (page does not exist)">4.3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_4.7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes 4.7 (page does not exist)">4.7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Horace)" title="Epistles (Horace)">Epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saeculare" title="Carmen Saeculare">Carmen Saeculare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Poetica_(Horace)" title="Ars Poetica (Horace)">Ars Poetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpe_diem" title="Carpe diem">Carpe diem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_et_decorum_est_pro_patria_mori" title="Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori">Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullius_in_verba" title="Nullius in verba">Nullius in verba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_pictura_poesis" title="Ut pictura poesis">Ut pictura poesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spring_of_Bandusium" title="Spring of Bandusium">Spring of Bandusium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists and other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6197#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121452178">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100227522">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2130151778256418130004">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181035649">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3957170868712422930008">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/939164191732318740002">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14337116">6</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39544/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1504883/">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118553569">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081354">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92010069">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886570b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886570b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00540086">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000246">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35206138">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000603003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083136&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000039740&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX891549">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/19592">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068304579">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90055203">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000000375&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000013522&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035928">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62641">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199612791">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtvznz06j57nd">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582428505606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53093">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262986605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000044494">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513042206706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14123354">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00782980?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500404135">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/af616f1f-6242-4802-a1bf-8d3f0647083c">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4f8637cd-107b-4e4f-a580-7560c8dd1324">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/864697">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118553569.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118553569">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026659166">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pk0m9c">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/411425">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace&oldid=1256657717">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace&oldid=1256657717</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horace" title="Category:Horace">Horace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:65_BC_births" title="Category:65 BC births">65 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8_BC_deaths" title="Category:8 BC deaths">8 BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_Romans" title="Category:1st-century BC Romans">1st-century BC Romans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_writers" title="Category:1st-century BC writers">1st-century BC writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Republican_soldiers" title="Category:Roman Republican soldiers">Roman Republican soldiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golden_Age_Latin_writers" title="Category:Golden Age Latin writers">Golden Age Latin writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Venosa" title="Category:People from Venosa">People from Venosa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_poets" title="Category:Ancient Roman poets">Ancient Roman poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_satirists" title="Category:Ancient Roman satirists">Ancient Roman satirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iambic_poets" title="Category:Iambic poets">Iambic poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_literary_critics" title="Category:Ancient literary critics">Ancient literary critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horatii" title="Category:Horatii">Horatii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_philhellenes" title="Category:Ancient Roman philhellenes">Ancient Roman philhellenes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Simple_living_advocates" title="Category:Simple living advocates">Simple living advocates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_War_of_Actium" title="Category:People of the War of Actium">People of the War of Actium</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Classical_Latin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Classical Latin IPA">Pages with Classical Latin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 23:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vz5zt","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.471","walltime":"1.760","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8037,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":189358,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7493,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":256956,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1400.910 1 -total"," 28.72% 402.303 65 Template:Cite_book"," 8.30% 116.340 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.76% 108.726 5 Template:Navbox"," 6.52% 91.272 1 Template:Horace"," 6.21% 86.986 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.04% 84.635 1 Template:Sisterlinks"," 5.07% 70.966 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 4.48% 62.753 1 Template:Infobox"," 3.94% 55.223 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.769","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8773937,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-wwhn6","timestamp":"20241122141220","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Horace","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horace","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6197","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6197","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-27T17:35:59Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T23:59:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Roman lyric poet"}</script> </body> </html>