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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Presidency by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>American presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Brazilian presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombian_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombian_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Colombian presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombian_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Finnish presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>French presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Irish presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Italian presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_chief_executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_chief_executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Australian chief executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_chief_executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>German presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icelandic_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icelandic_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Icelandic presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icelandic_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Russian presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Switzerland presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vice presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_vice_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_vice_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>American vice presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_vice_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_vice_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_vice_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brazilian vice presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_vice_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Deputy_Prime_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British Deputy Prime Minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Deputy_Prime_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombian_vice_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombian_vice_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Colombian vice presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombian_vice_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_vice_chancellor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_vice_chancellor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>German vice chancellor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_vice_chancellor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_transition_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_transition_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidential transition in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_transition_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impeachment_or_removal_of_a_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachment_or_removal_of_a_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impeachment or removal of a president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachment_or_removal_of_a_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_the_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_the_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Protection of the presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protection_of_the_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protection of the presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_the_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection_for_former_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_for_former_Presidents_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Protection for former Presidents of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_for_former_Presidents_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_line_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_line_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidential line of succession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_line_of_succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidential line of succession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_line_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential,_vice_presidential,_and_legislative_compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential,_vice_presidential,_and_legislative_compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidential, vice presidential, and legislative compensation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential,_vice_presidential,_and_legislative_compensation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidential, vice presidential, and legislative compensation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential,_vice_presidential,_and_legislative_compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Προεδρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προεδρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نهاد ریاست‌جمهوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نهاد ریاست‌جمهوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence" title="Présidence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Présidence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepresidenan" title="Kepresidenan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepresidenan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentschap" title="Presidentschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Presidentschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presid%C3%AAncia" title="Presidência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidência" data-language-autonym="Português" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Presidency_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Presidency (disambiguation)">Presidency (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>presidency</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> of a state or nation. Although often the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> of government, and often personified by a single elected person who holds the office of "president", in practice, the presidency includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats. Although often led by a single person, presidencies can also be of a collective nature, such as the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is held on a rotating basis by the various national governments of the member states. Alternatively, the term presidency can also be applied to the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency" title="First Presidency">governing authority</a> of some churches, and may even refer to the holder of a non-governmental office of president in a corporation, business, charity, university, etc. or the institutional arrangement around them. For example, "the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> refused to support his idea." Rules and support to discourage vicarious liability leading to unnecessary pressure and the early termination of term have not been clarified. These may not be as yet supported by state let initiatives. Contributory liability and fraud may be the two most common ways to become removed from term of office and/or to prevent re-election. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_by_country">Presidency by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Presidency by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_presidency">American presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the president of the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, the presidency is headed by the president, who has many roles, such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Chief of state</i>: the chief public representative of a country, who may also be the head of government.</li> <li><i>Commander in chief of the Armed Forces</i>: the civilian commander of a nation's military forces.</li> <li><i>Chief legislator</i>: gives information to Congress to consider through the state of the Union address and recommendations for consideration of new statutes.</li> <li><i>Chief diplomat</i>: the president is both a national spokesman and a world leader. As representative of a country of immigrants with ties around the globe, the president is expected to defend America's security and economic interests, and also to promote democratic principles and human rights internationally. Several presidents whose domestic policies were frustrated by an uncooperative Congress have focused their attention on foreign affairs, where their power and freedom to determine policy was less hindered.</li> <li><i>Chief executive</i>: the president serves as the government's chief administrative officer, with the responsibility to see that the laws are faithfully executed. The president also appoints officials, with the advice and consent of the Senate.</li></ul> <p>The United States holds their presidential election every four years. At the national convention, major and minor political parties nominate candidates for the president and vice president. Citizens then vote on the presidential and vice presidential candidate of their choice. However, these votes do not elect a candidate directly. Instead, the votes are sent to the Electoral College, and cast ballots for presidential electors. The candidate with a majority in the Electoral College will win the presidential or vice presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_presidency">Brazilian presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brazilian presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the president of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>As a republic with a presidential executive, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> grants significant powers to the president. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Federal Constitution</a>, the president effectively controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil" title="Cabinet of Brazil">cabinet</a> and, with the approval of the Federal Senate, the judges for the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a>. The president is also the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Brazil">armed forces</a>. </p><p>The president also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>, or else by using <i>Medidas Provisórias</i> (provisional measures), an instrument with the force of law that the president can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, to abolish individual rights or to alter the fundamental framework of the State — the Separation of Powers and the Federal Republic). A provisional measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60-day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the legislative branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60-day period (or 120-day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombian_presidency">Colombian presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colombian presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg/150px-New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg/225px-New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg/300px-New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the president of Colombia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Colombia the presidency is headed by the president, who has many roles, such as: The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government">head of government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a>. The president heads the executive branch of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">national government</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Armed Forces">Colombian Armed Forces</a>. The president is directly elected through Universal Suffrage for a period of four years, along with the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">vice president</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Colombia">article 125</a>, ratified in 2018, no person who has been elected for a presidential term can be elected for a second. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_presidency">Finnish presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finnish presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the president of Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>The Finnish presidency is based on a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> system. The president's powers were curtailed in the constitutional reform in 2000, and yet further in 2011. Currently the president leads the Finnish foreign policy together with the cabinet. EU affairs, however, fall to the prime minister's authority. The president has little domestic power. The president can dissolve the parliament, but only at the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">prime minister</a>'s request. The president can choose not to ratify a bill, but this only returns it to parliament, which must then approve the bill again in order for it to become a law without the president's signature. The president's power to appoint officials has been reduced, but still appoints all military officers as well as judges. The president is the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a>. The president also has the power to pardon anyone convicted of a crime. With the curtailment of the president's formal powers, many analysts have emphasized the president's position as a leader of values. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_presidency">French presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/150px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/225px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/300px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of France</figcaption></figure> <p>The French presidency is based on a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> where both a <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a> are active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. France's president appoints a prime minister, who then forms a government. France's presidency includes the three traditional branches: the Executive, Judicial and Legislative, but it also includes a fourth branch called the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council</a>, which determines the constitutionality of new laws. </p><p>Since the formation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> in 1958, France has had a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>. Historically France has not had a semi-presidential system. For example, between 1875 and 1958 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a>, France's presidency was based on a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary System">Parliamentary System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_presidency">Irish presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Irish presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a></div> <p>The Office of the President of Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Uachtarán na hÉireann</i>) is outlined in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Ireland's constitution</a>. The president is elected by direct popular vote. Suffrage is universal for anyone eighteen and older and is determined that anyone who is eligible to vote for members of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> (the lower house of parliament), is eligible to vote for the president. The vote is conducted by secret ballot. Every citizen who is thirty-five or older is eligible to be nominated for the presidency; and must be nominated by either twenty or more representatives from Houses of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> (the national parliament) or four administrative counties. The term of office is for seven years and no president may serve more than two terms. The president must reside in or near Dublin. The president acts as chief diplomat and represents all the people of Ireland in their engagements home or abroad. The president does not have executive power, and only enacts their powers under the discretion of the rest of the government. However, the president has ultimate discretion in some instances, an example of which would be that the president can refer a bill to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court</a> to rule on its constitutionality. Another duty of the president is to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (prime minister), as nominated by the Dáil Éireann. The president can then appoint other ministers to the government by the nomination of the Taoiseach. The president is the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a>. The President of Ireland since 2012 is <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a>, who was elected in October 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_presidency">Italian presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italian presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the president of Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian presidency is based on a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> system, where both a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">prime minister</a> are active participants in administration of the state, but where the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> the prime minister holds the majority of power, while the president remains the nominal <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. </p><p>The president is intended to represent national unity and guarantee that <a href="/wiki/Italian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian politics">Italian politics</a> complies with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Constitution">Constitution</a>. Although the prime minister is considered the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, the formal <a href="/wiki/Italian_order_of_precedence" title="Italian order of precedence">Italian order of precedence</a> lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office. It also is considered the de facto leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian government">Italian government</a>. The prime minister appoints Council of Ministers and Cabinet officials to their rightful area of office. The president of the Republic gives wide support across all political parties. The president of the Republic appoints Italy's prime minister and accepts advice from the prime minister. The Italian government includes the traditional three branches: Executive, Judicial and Legislative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_chief_executive">Australian chief executive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australian chief executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a></div> <p>Australia has a constitutional monarchy – a form of government in which a monarch acts as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution. The constitution could be written, unconfined or blended. It uses what is called a "Parliamentary System of Government," one that administers the executive branch which then gets Democratic legitimacy from the Legislature. The Legislature in Australia is defined as a "Bicameral Parliament." The Executive branch of the Australian government headed by a Federal Executive Council, in which the Governor General is advised by the prime minister and Ministers of State. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_presidency">German presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></div> <p>The head of state is the president of Germany, where the president completes a five-year term and can be reelected after that five-year term for only one time. He has similar roles like to other countries. He represents Germany as the Commander-in-chief of the military, He has the role of being the Minister of Defense and Germany cannot declare a state of war without the approval of the president. The president then appoints what is called a chancellor, which is known as Germany's Head of state. Which the role is pretty comparable to a prime minister like in other countries. There are many roles the chancellor has here are a few of them. The chancellor provides basic law and for their party, it determines the composition of the Federal Cabinet. But the president then gives recommendation on appointing and dismissing Cabinet Minister, through the Federal Cabinet. The chancellor then goes by three main principles. The first is called the Chancellor Principles, who is responsible for all government policies. The second one is called The Principle of ministerial autonomy in which the chancellor prepares everything for the legislative and proposes other laws threw the Cabinet and the third one is called Cabinet Principle were this calls for disagreements between federal ministers over Jurisdictional or Budgeting relative things, in which is settled by the Cabinet. Germany has what is called a Federal legislative power which is divided between the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag is elected by the German people. To were the Bundestrat represents the regional states. It seems that Bundestag is more powerful than the Bundesrat. The reason is because bundestag has more powers and responsibilities of that the states given to it. The judicial branch of Germany has three courts which are the Ordinary Courts, Specialized Courts and the Constitutional Courts. Ordinary courts, deal with criminal and civil cases. Specialized Courts, deal with administrative, labor, social, fiscal, and patent law and Constitutional Courts deal with more of judicial review and constitutional interpretation. The big thing in Germany constitution is individual liberty, which gives protection to individual liberty in an extensive catalogue of human rights and also divides powers between the federal and state levels which are between the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icelandic_presidency">Icelandic presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Icelandic presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President of Iceland</a></div> <p>Iceland's government is a constitutional republic, with three distinct separate branches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the government is the prime minister, who makes up part of the executive branch. The chief of the state is the president, under the executive branch. The president of Iceland is elected to serve four years, however there are no term limits. This vote is conducted by direct popular vote. Iceland has universal suffrage for citizens eighteen and older. The last presidential vote was held in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceland_presidential_election,_2016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iceland presidential election, 2016 (page does not exist)">2016</a>. </p><p>In order to run for office of the president a person must be at least thirty-five years old and meet the requirements to be elected into the <a href="/wiki/Althingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Althingi">Althingi</a>, the country's parliament. However the president cannot hold a seat in the Althingi. The president's term in office begins on the first of August. According to the twelfth article of Iceland's Constitution, the president must live in or near Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When taking office the president must take an oath to uphold the Constitution. The president appoints and empowers Ministers. The president also appoints some public officials. The president can either accept or reject a bill created by Althingi. If the president accepts the bill, it is signed into law. If the bill is rejected it is sent to the people for a vote as soon as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_presidency">Russian presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russian presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_the_President_of_Russia.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_the_President_of_Russia.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_the_President_of_Russia.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Standard of the president of Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Constitution of Russia, the country is a federation and semi-presidential republic, wherein the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, supreme commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Russian Federation. Despite the fact that the Constitution of Russia does not explicitly determine the president as the head of the executive branch, executive power is de facto split between the president and the prime minister, who is the head of government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland_presidency">Switzerland presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Switzerland presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Swiss Confederation</a></div> <p>The unique aspect of Switzerland's government and politics is that any one citizen can challenge any law voted by federal parliament and any citizen can introduce a new amendment to the federal constitution, which makes Switzerland the closest example of a direct democracy in the world today. In definition, a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> is the extraordinary amount of participation a citizen can have in the legislation process. The adaption of direct democracy for Switzerland, however, dates all the way back to the 12th century during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president of Switzerland is a current member of Switzerland's executive branch, which is the seven-member Swiss Federal Council. Presidential power in Switzerland is limited, consistent with its commitment to direct democracy. Any Swiss citizen eligible to be a member of the National Council can be elected; candidates do not have to register for the election or to actually be members of the National Council. Unlike most countries, where the presidential term can be up to eight years (two four-year terms), the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">president of the Swiss Confederation</a> is only appointed one year at a time. The President of the Confederation chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties, while continuing to head their department. The Swiss president is not the Head of State of the country; the Federal Council administers both the Head of State and the Head of Government, which emphasizes that the executive power is not concentrated on only one person. Traditionally the duty of presidency rotates among the members in order of seniority and the previous year's vice president becomes president.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency">Vice presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vice presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_vice_presidency">American vice presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American vice presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the vice president of the United States</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, the vice president is the second in command of the country and also presides as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate" title="President of the Senate">president of the Senate</a>. The vice president may break tie votes in the Senate chamber and also may be assigned additional duties by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vice president is sometimes chosen for election purposes, to help counterbalance the presidential candidate's weakness. For many vice presidents their duties have not been strenuous, but, more recently these duties have increased as more responsibilities are delegated by the president. In the case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice president. The vice president's salary, as of 2011, is $230,700.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vice president position of the United States is unique in that "it is the only office that participates in two of the three branches of government."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_vice_presidency">Brazilian vice presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brazilian vice presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vice_President_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Vice_President_of_Brazil.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Vice_President_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Vice_President_of_Brazil.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Vice_President_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Vice_President_of_Brazil.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Vice_President_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the vice president of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President of Brazil</a></div> <p>The vice president assumes the presidency of the Federative Republic of Brazil in the event that the president can not carry out their duties. The vice president also becomes the "acting president" when the president is away or not available.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Deputy_Prime_Minister">British Deputy Prime Minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: British Deputy Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Like many parliamentary systems, the prime minister may appoint a deputy prime minister, who serves many of the duties of a traditional vice president. As the deputy prime minister possesses no <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> powers, they will not automatically assume the duties of the prime minister, in the event of their in-capitation or resignation. The position is often considered one of honor and hence holds many traditional vice presidency powers in a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombian_vice_presidency">Colombian vice presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Colombian vice presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicepresidencia_de_Colombia_(2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vicepresidencia_de_Colombia_%282023%29.svg/100px-Vicepresidencia_de_Colombia_%282023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vicepresidencia_de_Colombia_%282023%29.svg/150px-Vicepresidencia_de_Colombia_%282023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vicepresidencia_de_Colombia_%282023%29.svg/200px-Vicepresidencia_de_Colombia_%282023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the vice president of Colombia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President of Colombia</a></div> <p>The vice president is indirectly elected together with the president to a four-year term of office by the people of Colombia through the <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a>. Since the passage of the Article 102 Amendment (in 1991) to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Colombia">Colombian Constitution</a>, the vice president may also be appointed by the president to fill a vacancy, upon leave of absence or death, resignation, or removal of the president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_vice_chancellor">German vice chancellor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: German vice chancellor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor of Germany</a></div> <p>The vice-chancellor of Germany does not assume the position of chancellor, but rather the president chooses a minister to succeed the chancellor position. The vice-chancellor is usually a member of the cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_transition_in_the_United_States">Presidential transition in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Presidential transition in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, a presidential election is held every four years. While transitions between presidents are peaceful, they are highly complicated and expensive. After the president-elect is sworn in, one of his primary obligations is to build his administration. The most publicized of these duties is appointing members of his Cabinet (Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of Defense, et cetera).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, the president makes 6,000 to 9,000 appointments, although he has the right to appoint as many as 700,000 to the federal bureaucracy. Sometimes, a president will allow appointments from the previous administration to maintain their position.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Normally these appointments include: Cabinet Officers and heads of other executive branch agencies; Under Secretaries; Assistant Secretaries; Directors of Bureaus and Services; and Chairpersons and Members of Boards, Commissions, and Committees. Theses appointments are often authorized by specific provisions of law or approved by the Senate. "<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1963, the president-elect paid for his own smooth transition. In 1963, Congress passed the Presidential Transition Act, which allocates up to $900,000.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three different types of positions that the president can delegate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>PA - Presidential appoint officials unilaterally.</li> <li>PAS - President has the ability to appoint officials with the advice and assent of the Senate.</li> <li>SES- Non-career Senior Executive Service- are appointed "based on their responsibility for advocating public policy.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>confidential character. (Sometimes referred to as 'Schedule C' position)</dd> <dd>The average age of a SES is 54 and serves for 23 years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>There are different pay levels for Executive employees, ranging from $114,500 to $157,000. Civilian Payroll for Executive Agencies is nearly 12 million a year. Executive Direct Compensation was $129,923 million and personal benefits were $47,596 million. (As of September 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impeachment_or_removal_of_a_president">Impeachment or removal of a president</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impeachment or removal of a president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/225px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/300px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>United States president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> is the first president in U.S. history to be <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment of Donald Trump">impeached twice.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A president may be removed or impeached from their position in a nation's government for breaking or disregarding various laws or procedures that are written by that nation. The removal or impeachment process varies depending on the nation and their specific form of government. For example, the impeachment process of the president of the United States is quite different from that of France. The president of France is granted what is called the power of immunity throughout their term as the president. This power of immunity states that the president cannot be prosecuted or requested to testify before any jurisdiction. However, they may still be impeached only by the High Court. The High Court is a court conveyed by both houses of Parliament. In the United States, the impeachment process begins in the House of Representatives, where the president is first accused of committing either bribery, treason, or other high crimes including misdemeanors. If the House passes a majority vote to impeach the president, the Senate then conducts the trial to remove them from office. If a president is found guilty, he is removed from office and replaced by the vice president for the remainder of the term. If the president is acquitted in court, he will continue to serve the rest of their term as president.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_of_the_presidency">Protection of the presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Protection of the presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_for_former_Presidents_of_the_United_States">Protection for former Presidents of the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Protection for former Presidents of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For former presidents who had entered office before January 1, 1997, are entitled to lifetime protection carried out by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">The Secret Service</a>. Protection of the president's spouse is also granted until death or in the case of remarriage. In 1984 the ability to decline Secret Service protection was enacted by legislation enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs of protecting former presidents and dependents are not publicized by the Secret Service due to security reasoning. Former presidents who entered office after January 1, 1997, are limited to ten years of protection for themselves and their spouses. A spouse's protection ends upon divorce, remarriage, or the former president's death. According to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, the death of a president still active in office is automatically entitles his or hers spouse to one year of protective services. However, authorization of protection can be issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security. Children of former presidents, up to the age of 16, are guaranteed the same services as long as the time period does not surpass 10 years. In addition to direct protection, the Secret Service was entitled to investigate any potential threats against the former presidents and their dependents by the Presidential Threat Protection Act passed in 2000. The act passed by the 106th Congress can be deciphered as so: To amend section 879 of title 18, United States Code, to provide clearer coverage over threats against former presidents and members of their families, and for other purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_line_of_succession">Presidential line of succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Presidential line of succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</a></div> <p>The original Constitution of the United States only provided for the vice president to succeed the president in the event that the president becomes incapacitated. In the case that both the president and vice president are incapacitated, Congress will appoint an acting president. In 1791, the founders of the United States provided for only the vice president to usurp the president and was in effect until 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, this changed with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a>, which allows for the speaker of the House, the president pro tempore, and the cabinet to succeed the president. Before the passage of the Presidential Succession Act, succession was set up to keep the Executive branch of the presidency separate from the Legislative branch. </p><p>The first Presidential Succession Act (valid 1886–1947): </p> <ol><li>Vice President</li> <li>Secretary of State</li> <li>Secretary of Treasury</li> <li>Secretary of War</li></ol> <p>Presidential line as of 1947<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Vice President</li> <li>Speaker of the House of Representatives</li> <li>President Pro Tempore of the Senate</li> <li>Members of Cabinet</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Brazilian presidential line of succession">Brazilian presidential line of succession</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Brazil">Vice-President of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">President of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Senate of Brazil">President of the Senate of Brazil</a></li> <li>President of the Supreme Federal Court</li></ol> <p>In the event that the president and vice president become incapacitated, the line of succession falls sequentially to the president of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Senate, and the president of the Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal—STF). If less than half of the mandate has been completed, a supplementary election must be called within ninety days. If more than half the mandate has been completed, the Congress elects a new president and vice president within thirty days.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Colombian presidential line of succession">Colombian presidential line of succession</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Colombia">Cabinet Members</a></li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Colombia">Constitution of Colombia</a> establishes that the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a> is the first person in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Colombian presidential line of succession">presidential line of succession</a>. In the absence of both the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">president</a> and the vice president, article 203<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Colombian Constitution establishes that the presidential office will be assumed by a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Colombia">Cabinet Member</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_order_of_precedence" title="Colombian order of precedence">order of precedence</a>. that establishes the law. The assuming minister must be a member of the same party or movement to which the original president belonged, who will exercise the presidency within thirty days following the presidential vacancy, until <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a> elects a new vice president who will assume the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_France#Succession_and_incapacity" title="President of France">President of France § Succession and incapacity</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the Republic</a> (head of the state)/ <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> (head of the government)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Senate (France)">President of the Senate (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)</a> (Cabinet member)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense (France)">Minister of Defense (France)</a> (Cabinet member)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ecology,_Sustainable_Development,_Transport_and_Housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing">Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing</a> (Cabinet member)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (France)">Minister of Justice (France)</a> (Cabinet member)</li></ol> <p>The French Cabinet is referred to as the Council of Ministers or Executive Council. President of the Senate acts as president when the president cannot carry out his duties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Italian Republic">President of the Italian Republic</a> (head of state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Council of Ministers of Italy">President of the Council of Ministers</a>) -Appointed by the President</li> <li>Cabinet members</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a></li> <li>Deputy Prime Minister (Always a member of the Cabinet)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister of Japan</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chancellor_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a></li></ol> <p>The deputy chancellor acts as chancellor until Parliament can elect a new chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chancellor_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chancellor of Austria">Vice Chancellor of Austria</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential,_vice_presidential,_and_legislative_compensation"><span id="Presidential.2C_vice_presidential.2C_and_legislative_compensation"></span>Presidential, vice presidential, and legislative compensation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Presidential, vice presidential, and legislative compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Compensation of U.S. President</li></ul> <p>The United States presidential salary cap is $400,000 per year. The current salary cap was set in 2001, designed to account for cost-of-living increases. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> was the first U.S. president to receive this amount. Previous to 2001, the salary cap was set at $200,000 per year. In addition to the base salary, in 1949, the president began receiving a $50,000 expense account. Details and rules for the compensation of the U.S. presidency can be found in <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Constitution">the United States Constitution</a> under Article II, Section I<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the U.S. Code under Title III, Chapter II.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Additional Expense Accounts</li></ul> <p>In addition to the $50,000 expense account for the president implemented in 1949, the president also receives numerous other expense reimbursements. These funds are set aside to cover expenses including official expenses of the White House office, entertainment expenses and traveling expenses for anyone who travels with the president. Also, there is an “Unanticipated Needs” account awarded. This account is not to exceed over $1 million per year and acts as a backup for an instance in which the president exceeds budgeting in other accounts. </p> <ul><li>Retirement for the presidency</li></ul> <p>The president receives an annual pension of at least $150,000 after leaving office. The pension is to be equal to that of a current cabinet member. Additional perks are given to the former presidents, including free postal service and up to $96,000 for office space. Also, after their term has expired, former presidents are allotted $150,000 per year to help with the transition from presidency to civilian life for the first 30 months after leaving office. </p> <ul><li>Vice president- $230,700<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Receives similar protection benefits to the president</dd> <dd>Does not automatically receives a pension as vice president. As President of the Senate, vice president receives pension as a member of Congress.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Senator- $174,000</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A Leadership member's salary is higher.</dd> <dd>Average Pension- $35,952---$60,972<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>House of Representatives member- $174,000</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A Leadership member's salary is higher.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil_2">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a>- $320,678 (R$347.400,69)</li></ul> <dl><dd>"Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)</dd> <dd>The use of two official vehicles (for life)</dd> <dd>Repository funding for a presidential library</dd> <dd>Lifelong monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;</dd> <dd>Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_2">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> €178,923.72 (€14,910.31/month)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a> - S$1.54 million</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister of Singapore</a> - S$2.2 million <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>- $309,394.64</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - $209,504.25 (£134,565)</li> <li>Parliamentary Members<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - $101,826.24 (£65,738</li></ul> <dl><dd>Parliamentary Members receive allowances for, traveling expenses, stationery and postage</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_2">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>- $220,924.70<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a>- $354,671<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy Prime Minister of Australia</a>- $279,644</li></ul> <dl><dd>When acting Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister is paid the same rate of salary per annum payable to the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Cabinet Minister- $235,310</li> <li>Member of Parliament- $136,412</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_2">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> - $343,000</li> <li>House of Representatives and House of Councilors - $211,000</li></ul> <dl><dd>Japan has the world highest paid legislators.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_2">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> (Prime Minister) - $381,198.40</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Clinton" title="Campbell v. Clinton">Campbell v. Clinton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency" title="First Presidency">First Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidencies of British India">Presidencies of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a> - a collective <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBardes2012" class="citation book cs1">Bardes, Barbara (2012). <i>American Government and Politics Today</i>. Steffen W. Schmidt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Government+and+Politics+Today&rft.pub=Steffen+W.+Schmidt&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bardes&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal Constitution, art. 62 as amended by Constitutional Amendment n. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Frenchpoliticalsystem.html">"French political system"</a>. Rogerdarlington.me.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+political+system&rft.pub=Rogerdarlington.me.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerdarlington.me.uk%2FFrenchpoliticalsystem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.is/how-iceland-is-governed/">"How Is Iceland Governed?"</a>. Government Offices of Iceland<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npsnet.com/cdd/cdd.htm">the original</a> on 2018-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadians+for+Direct+Democracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npsnet.com%2Fcdd%2Fcdd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">"US Constitution Article 2 Section 1".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Constitution+Article+2+Section+1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongley" class="citation web cs1">Longley, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207012456/http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/presidentialpay.htm">"Presidential Pay and compensation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/presidentialpay.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Pay+and+compensation&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgovinfo.about.com%2Fod%2Fthepresidentandcabinet%2Fa%2Fpresidentialpay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/vice-president4.htm">"Vice President in Congress"</a>. <i>Vice President</i>. 22 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+President&rft.atitle=Vice+President+in+Congress&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.howstuffworks.com%2Fvice-president4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/topic/Brazilian_presidential_line_of_succession">"Brazilian Presidential Line of Succession"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/prestrans.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transition+of+Presidents&rft.atitle=Presidential+obligations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgovinfo.about.com%2Fod%2Fthepresidentandcabinet%2Fa%2Fprestrans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States#Powers_of_appointment" title="Powers of the president of the United States">Powers of the president of the United States#Powers of appointment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRI-2008/html/CRI-2008-PRESIDENTIAL-APPOINTMENTS.htm">"Presidential appointments"</a>. <i>Plum Book</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Pay+and+Compensation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgovinfo.about.com%2Fod%2Fthepresidentandcabinet%2Fa%2Fpresidentialpay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/a_succession.htm">"Presidential Line of Succession 1791-1947"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Line+of+Succession&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usconstitution.net%2Fconsttop_succ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1762.html">"Brazil's Presidential Line of Succession"</a>. <i>Brazil's Government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+Colombia&rft.atitle=Article+205&rft.date=1991-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitucioncolombia.com%2Ftitulo-7%2Fcapitulo-3%2Farticulo-205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii">"U.S. Constitution, Article II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Constitution%2C+Article+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticleii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/102">"3 USC § 15 - COUNTING ELECTORAL VOTES IN CONGRESS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3+USC+%C2%A7+15+-+COUNTING+ELECTORAL+VOTES+IN+CONGRESS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F3%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207012456/http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/presidentialpay.htm">"VP compensation"</a>. <i>POTUS salary and benefits</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/presidentialpay.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POTUS+salary+and+benefits&rft.atitle=VP+compensation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgovinfo.about.com%2Fod%2Fthepresidentandcabinet%2Fa%2Fpresidentialpay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203140930/https://www.thoughtco.com/salaries-and-benefits-of-congress-members-3322282">"Gov. salary"</a>. <i>u.s. salaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/uscongress/a/congresspay.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=u.s.+salaries&rft.atitle=Gov.+salary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgovinfo.about.com%2Fod%2Fuscongress%2Fa%2Fcongresspay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/magazine/le-salaire-des-politiques-et-des-elus/president-de-la-republique.shtml">Président de la République : 14 910 € bruts par mois</a>, Le Journal Du Net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeocheowtong.com/Salaries.html">"Singapore salary"</a>. <i>Singapore's salary compared Globally</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salaries+and+expenses&rft.atitle=green+book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcommons-information-office%2Fm06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2010" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Michael (11 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/pay-of-pms-advisers-is-revealed-and-one-of-them-earns-more-than-clegg-1997391.html">"Pay of PM"</a>. <i>salary of Deputy Prime Minister</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=salary+of+Deputy+Prime+Minister&rft.atitle=Pay+of+PM&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fpay-of-pms-advisers-is-revealed-and-one-of-them-earns-more-than-clegg-1997391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m06.pdf">"MP salary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Parliamentary members' salary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prime+Minister&rft.atitle=Italian+salary&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fitalian-mps-salaries-to-be-cut-after-143221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174754/https://www.news.com.au/money/money-matters/prime-minister-pollies-grab-rich-pay-rises/story-e6frfmd9-1225909630520">"Australian Pay increase"</a>. <i>salary increase</i>. 25 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/money/money-matters/prime-minister-pollies-grab-rich-pay-rises/story-e6frfmd9-1225909630520">the original</a> on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=salary+increase&rft.atitle=Australian+Pay+increase&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fmoney%2Fmoney-matters%2Fprime-minister-pollies-grab-rich-pay-rises%2Fstory-e6frfmd9-1225909630520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206215647/http://www.remtribunal.gov.au/determinationsReports/byYear/2011/Report%201%20of%202011.pdf">"annual salary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gov. salary</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remtribunal.gov.au/determinationsReports/byYear/2011/Report%201%20of%202011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.+salary&rft.atitle=annual+salary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remtribunal.gov.au%2FdeterminationsReports%2FbyYear%2F2011%2FReport%25201%2520of%25202011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122033245/http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=804&catid=22&subcatid=146">"Japanese Prime Minister"</a>. <i>Salary</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=804&catid=22&subcatid=146">the original</a> on 22 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salary&rft.atitle=Japanese+Prime+Minister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fjapan.php%3Fitemid%3D804%26catid%3D22%26subcatid%3D146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency&oldid=1255671811">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency&oldid=1255671811</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government" title="Category:Heads of government">Heads of government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state" title="Category:Heads of state">Heads of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Positions_of_authority" title="Category:Positions of authority">Positions of authority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies" title="Category:Presidencies">Presidencies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents" title="Category:Presidents">Presidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles" title="Category:Titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: requires URL">CS1 errors: requires URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 02:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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