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class="panel-body collapse ming-share" id="share"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Citation%20from%20American%20Elements&body=Courtesy%20of%20American%20Elements:%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Email <span class="share-icon mail-16"></span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=via%20%40AmericanElement%3A%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Tweet<span class="share-icon twitter-16"></span></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Facebook<span class="share-icon facebook-16"></span></a></div></div><div class="follow-us" data-parent="#ming"> Follow Us <div id="social"><a class="ming-link social twitter" href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content">   <div class="banner">  <h1 class="short">Chromium</h1> <span class="element-item2 transition metal" aria-hidden="true"><span class="symbol2">Cr</span><span class="number">24</span><span class="weight">51.9961</span></span>  </div>   <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li><a href="#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Chromium</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#products" id="tab2" role="tab" aria-controls="products" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Products</a></li> <li><a href="#properties" id="tab3" role="tab" aria-controls="properties" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#safety" id="tab4" role="tab" aria-controls="safety" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" id="tab5" role="tab" aria-controls="isotopes" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Chromium</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/chromium-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Chromium Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /><p>When French chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin first received a sample of Siberian red lead in 1797, the mineral--known today as crocoite--had been in use as a pigment for over three decades, but its chemical composition had remained a subject of dispute. Vauquelin resolved the debate when he was able to isolate a new metallic element, chromium, from the sample, a discovery he reported in the scientific literature the following year. The process he used to isolate <a href="chromium-metal-7440-47-3">pure chromium metal</a> had produced a variety of vibrantly colored solutions and compounds, and it was due to this that Vauquelin’s colleagues had suggested the element be named from <em>chroma</em>, Greek for “color”. Vauquelin went on to detect traces of chromium in precious gems such as rubies and emeralds, and to hypothesize correctly that chromium gave these gems their brilliant colors.</p> <p>The earliest uses of chromium exploited its compounds. <a href="lead-chromate-7758-97-6">Lead chromate</a>, the main compound in crocoite, was used to produce a pigment called “chrome yellow”, a color well known due to its widespread use for school buses in the United States and postal vehicles in some European countries. Use of actual lead chromate has declined significantly due to toxicity concerns, but the color is still used, replicated using less toxic alternatives. Viridian, a green pigment produced from <a href="chromium-oxide-powder-1308-38-9">chromium(III) oxide</a>, is not toxic and is still used widely in <a href="ceramics.html">ceramics</a> and glassware. Other chromium(III) compounds have been used in tanning since the early 19th century, as a reaction between chromium and the collagen fibers stabilizes leather. </p> <p>Chromium compounds continue to find applications in industry. A number of chemical processes use chromium-containing catalysts including the production of polyethylene, the most common form of plastic. Chromium <a href="chemicals.html">salts</a> are used in wood preservatives, and chromium provides color to synthetic rubies and emeralds. The first laser was built using a synthetic ruby. Both chromite and <a href="chromium-iii-oxide-1308-38-9">chromium(III) oxide</a> can withstand high temperatures, and are frequently used as refractory materials such as brick molds and foundry sands. <a href="chromium-iv-oxide-12018-01-8">Chromium (IV) oxide</a> is magnetic, and is used to manufacture the magnetic tape used in audio cassettes. <p>The vast majority of chromium is used in <a href="metallurgy.html">metalworking</a> , either as a component of alloys or in various types of surface treatments. Chromium strengthens and imparts corrosion resistance to alloys. High-speed tool steels include small percentages of chromium for added strength, while higher percentages of chromium produce stainless steel. Additionally, <a href="ni.html">nickel</a>-based <a href="alloys.html">superalloys</a> derive increased strength from the inclusion of chromium; these alloys are frequently found in devices such as jet engines that require materials to be stable and strong at very high temperatures. Chromium can be applied to metal surfaces via electroplating, and such surface treatments can provide wear resistance and, because chromium can be polished to an appealing silvery sheen, decoration. Additionally, chromic acid is used in chromate conversion <a href="pigments-coatings.html">coating</a>, which produces a distinctive yellow finish on metal surfaces that may be used for corrosion inhibition or as a primer for further coatings. Anodization of <a href="al.html">aluminum</a> is yet another finishing process that utilizes chromic acid, though it does not produce a chromium-containing coating. </p> <p>Unfortunately, chromium(VI), known commonly as hexavalent chromium, is now known to be a potent carcinogen. Hexavalent chromium ions wreak havoc in the body because they are strong oxidizing agents that are easily transported into cells, where they cause significant damage to DNA and proteins. Many industrial processes that involve chromium, including chrome plating and chromium conversion coating, usually use hexavalent forms of chromium, and therefore the contamination of groundwater with hexavalent chromium from industrial waste is a major environmental problem. Alternative processes using trivalent chromium, which does not present the same toxicity concerns, are under investigation, as use and disposal of hexavalent chromium is now highly regulated.</p> <p>Chromium is mined as chromite, an <a href="iron-chromate-10294-52-7">iron chromium oxide</a> mineral. This ore can be processed either to <a href="chromium-metal-7440-47-3">pure chromium metal</a> or to <a href="ferro-chromium">ferrochrome</a>, an iron-chrome alloy used primarily in the production of <a href="stainless-steel-foil">stainless steel</a>. Chromium can also be recovered from scrap, and recycled metal accounts for almost a third of chromium used annually.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#compound-products"><span class="panel-title">Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="compound-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-chromate-7788-98-9">Ammonium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-chromium-iii-sulfate-dodecahydrate-10022-47-6">Ammonium Chromium(III) Sulfate Dodecahydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-dichromate-7789-09-5">Ammonium Dichromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="barium-chromate-v-12345-14-1">Barium(V) Chromate Ba<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="barium-chromate-10294-40-3">Barium(VI) Chromate BaCrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li class="product"><a href="barium-dichromate-dihydrate-10031-16-0">Barium Dichromate Dihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="bismuth-chromate-37235-82-8">Bismuth Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="bismuth-iii-dichromate-53421-37-7">Bismuth(III) Dichromate </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="bismuth-oxychromate-64399-14-0">Bismuth Oxychromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cadmium-chromate-10294-40-3">Cadmium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="calcium-chromate-13765-19-0">Calcium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="calcium-dichromate-14307-33-6">Calcium Dichromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="calcium-lanthanum-chromite">Calcium Lanthanum Chromite</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cerium-chromate">Cerium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cesium-chromate-13454-78-9">Cesium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cesium-dichromate-13530-67-1">Cesium Dichromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-acetate-1066-30-4">Chromium Acetate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-acetate-solution-1066-30-4">Chromium Acetate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-iii-acetate-hydroxide-39430-51-8">Chromium(III) Acetate Hydroxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="chromium-aluminum-carbide-12179-41-8">Chromium Aluminum Carbide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-iii-boride-12006-79-0">Chromium Boride CrB</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-diboride-12007-16-8">Chromium Diboride CrB<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="dichromium-boride-12006-80-3">Chromium Boride Cr<sub>2</sub>B</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-triboride-12007-38-4">Chromium Boride Cr<sub>5</sub>B<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-ii-bromide-10049-25-9">Chromium Bromide CrBr<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-iii-bromide-10031-25-1">Chromium Bromide CrBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-iii-bromide-hexahydrate-13478-06-3">Chromium(III) Bromide Hexahydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="chromium-carbide-cr2c-12069-41-9">Chromium Carbide Cr<sub>2</sub>C</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-carbide-12012-35-0">Chromium Carbide Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-carbide-cr7c3-12075-40-0">Chromium Carbide Cr<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-carbide-cr23c6-12105-81-6">Chromium Carbide Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-carbide-powder-12012-35-0">Chromium Carbide Powder</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-carbonate-51142-19-9">Chromium Carbonate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a 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Tetrahydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-hydroxide-1308-14-1">Chromium Hydroxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-hydroxy-nitrate-12158-37-1">Chromium Hydroxy Nitrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-ii-iodide-13478-28-9">Chromium(II) Iodide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-iii-iodide-13569-75-0">Chromium(III) Iodide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-nitrate-7789-02-8">Chromium Nitrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-nitrate-solution-7789-02-8">Chromium Nitrate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-nitride-24094-93-7">Chromium Nitride CrN</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="dichromium-nitride-12053-27-9">Chromium Nitride Cr<sub>2</sub>N</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-oxalate-814-90-4">Chromium Oxalate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-iii-oxide-1308-38-9">Chromium(III) Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a 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href="chromium-silicon-monoxide-56488-64-3">Chromium Silicon Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="chromium-stearate-3843-17-2">Chromium Stearate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-sulfate-10101-53-8">Chromium Sulfate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-sulfate-basic-12336-95-7">Chromium Sulfate Basic</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-sulfate-hydrate-15244-38-9">Chromium Sulfate Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-sulfate-solution-10101-53-8">Chromium Sulfate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-trioxide-1333-82-0">Chromium Trioxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="chromium-tris-dihydrogen-phosphate-27096-04-4">Chromium tris(dihydrogen phosphate)</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromyl-chloride-14977-61-8">Chromyl Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-ii-chromate-13455-25-9">Cobalt(II) Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-chromate-12016-69-2">Cobalt Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="copper-chromate-13548-42-0">Copper Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="copper-chromite-12053-18-8">Copper Chromite</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="copper-chromite-barium-promoted-12053-18-8">Copper Chromite, Barium Promoted</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="calcium-doped-lanthanum-chromite-paste">Doped Lanthanum Chromite Paste</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="iron-chromate-10294-52-7">Iron Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="iron-chromite-1308-31-2">Iron Chromite</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lanthanum-chromite-12017-94-6">Lanthanum Chromite</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lanthanum-strontium-chromite">Lanthanum Strontium Chromite</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-chromite">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Chromite</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-chromite-paste">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Chromite Paste</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lead-chromate-7758-97-6">Lead Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lead-chromate-oxide-18454-12-1">Lead Chromate Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lithium-chromate-14307-35-8">Lithium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lithium-chromate-hydrate-7789-01-7">Lithium Chromate Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="magnesium-chromate-13423-61-5">Magnesium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="magnesium-chromate-hydrate-23371-94-0">Magnesium Chromate Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="magnesium-dichromate-14104-85-9">Magnesium Dichromate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="manganese-chromate-55392-76-2">Manganese Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="mercury-i-chromate-13465-34-4">Mercury(I) Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="mercury-ii-chromate-13444-75-2">Mercury(II) Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="nickel-chromate-14721-18-7">Nickel Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-chromite-12018-18-7">Nickel Chromite</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="niobium-chromide-12018-17-6">Niobium Chromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="pentazinc-chromate-octahydroxide-49663-84-5">Pentazinc Chromate Octahydroxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="pigment-yellow-34-1344-37-2">Pigment Yellow 34</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-chlorochromate-16037-50-6">Potassium Chlorochromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-chromate-7789-00-6">Potassium Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-chromate-solution-7789-00-6">Potassium Chromate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-chromium-iii-oxalate-trihydrate-15275-09-9">Potassium Chromium(III) Oxalate Trihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-hexacyanochromate-iii-13601-11-1">Potassium Hexacyanochromate(III)</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-trioxalatochromate-14217-01-7">Potassium 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href="chromium-specimen-7440-47-3">Chromium Specimens</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-spheres-7440-47-3">Chromium Spheres</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-spring-7440-47-3">Chromium Spring</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-strip-7440-47-3">Chromium Strip</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-tape-7440-47-3">Chromium Tape</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-tube-7440-47-3">Chromium Tube</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-wafer-7440-47-3">Chromium Wafer</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chromium-wire-7440-47-3">Chromium Wire</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ultra-thin-chromium-nanoscale-foil-7440-47-3">Ultra Thin Chromium Foil</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#alloy-products"><span class="panel-title">Alloys</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div 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src="chromium-oxide.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) Powder" width="114" height="144" class="image-left"></a> Chromium's hardness and high resistance to corrosion make it ideal for alloying and steel producing applications. Steel can be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by the addition of chromium, forming stainless steel. <a href="chromium-sputtering-target-7440-47-3"><img src="chromium-sputtering-target.png" alt="High Purity (99.99%) Chromium (Cr) Sputtering Target" width="103" height="94" class="image-right"></a>When chromium is added to <a href="optical-materials.html">glass</a> or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green color. Chromium is available as <a href="metals.html">metal</a> and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to <a href="Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm">ultra-high purity</a>). Elemental or metallic forms include <a href="chromium-pellets-7440-47-3">pellets</a>, <a href="chromium-rod-7440-47-3">rod</a>, <a href="chromium-wire-7440-47-3">wire</a> and <a href="chromium-granules-7440-47-3">granules</a> for evaporation source material purposes. Chromium <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanoparticles and nanopowders</a> are also available. Chromium oxides are available in <a href="chromium-oxide-powder-1308-38-9">powder</a> and dense <a href="chromium-oxide-pellets-1308-38-9">pellet</a> form for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications.<a href="oxides.html"> Oxides</a> tend to be insoluble. <a href="chromium-iii-fluoride-7788-97-8">Chromium fluoride</a> is another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Chromium is also available in soluble forms including <a href="chromium-ii-chloride-10049-05-5">chlorides</a>, <a href="chromium-nitrate-7789-02-8">nitrates</a> and <a href="chromium-acetate-1066-30-4">acetates</a>. These compounds can be manufactured as <a href="solutions">solutions</a> at specified stoichiometries.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Chromium Properties</h2> <p><img src="chromium-block.png" alt="Chromium(Cr) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbol" class="image-left" /><strong>Chromium</strong> is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. <img src="chromium-bohr.jpg" alt="Chromium Bohr Model" class="image-right" width="200px" />The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup>. The chromium atom has a radius of 128.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-47-3, <img src="elemental-chromium.png" alt="Elemental Chromium" width="89" height="87" class="image-left" />chromium has a lustrous steel-gray appearance. Chromium is the hardest metal element in the periodic table. The most common source of chromium is chromite ore (FeCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). Chromium was first discovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in 1797. Due to its various colorful compounds, chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color.</p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>Cr</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>51.9961</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>transition metal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>6, 4, d</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>silvery metallic/ silver-gray</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Chrom, Cromo, Krom, Crômio</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>1907 °C, 3465 °F, 2180 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>2671 °C, 4840 °F, 2944 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>7.19 g/cm<sup>3</sup>; @ 20 °C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>6.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>7.19 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>7140 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>0.46 kJ/kg/K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="36" id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>15.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>341.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>394.51</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>93.9 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>(25 °C) 4.9 µm·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>(20 °C) 125 nΩ·m</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>282 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>23.35 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>279 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>115 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>160 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>0.21</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>8.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>1060 MN m-2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>1120 MN m-2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>(20 °C) 5940 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.66</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.66</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.56</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>2.34</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>28</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>128 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>2.06</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>139±5 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>1.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>200 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2 (strongly acidic oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>body-centered cubic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>AFM</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>64.237</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>652.87 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1590.64 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>2987.21 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7440-47-3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-157-5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>MFCD00010944</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Cr]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Cr</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>23976</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>22412</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td>4120 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>7180 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>4060 ppm </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.6</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.071</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>140000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>55000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>20000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>400</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.02</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>3100000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>1200000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>30</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>15000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>400</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1797</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1798)</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Chromium</h2> <p>Although <a href="chromium-metal-7440-47-3">chromium metal</a> is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Safety data for Chromium and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Chromium. </p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#signalword" >Signal Word </a></th> <td>Warning</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#hazardstatements" >Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>H400</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html#hazardcodes" >Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#riskcodes" >Risk Codes </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#safetyprecautions" >Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#rtecs" >RTECS Number </a></th> <td>GB4200000</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#transportation" >Transport Information</a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#wgk" >WGK Germany </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html" >Globally Harmonized System of <br /> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td><a href="hazard-codes.html#environment"><img src="environment.png" alt="Environment-Hazardous to the aquatic environment " width="42" height="42" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table><div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion4"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading panel-heading-sds activate-panel active-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sds"><span class="panel-title">Review and Print SDS for Chromium Metal</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div> <div id="sds" class="panel-body collapse in row"> <div class="view view-sds-pane view-id-sds_pane view-display-id-block sds-content view-dom-id-e5e13abaf115fdf8cd0a26d9495faada"> <div class="view-header"> <div class="link-container"> <span class="print_pdf"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/printpdf/chromium-metal-7440-47-3/sds" title="Display a PDF version of this page." class="print-pdf" rel="nofollow">Create Printable PDF</a></span></div> <h2 class="centered">SAFETY DATA SHEET</h2> <div id="sds-date"> <div><strong>Date Created:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> <div><strong>Date Revised:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <hr><h3>SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p><strong>Product Name:</strong> Chromium Metal</p> <p><strong>Product Number:</strong> All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. CR-M-02, CR-M-03, CR-M-04, CR-M-05 </p> <p><strong>CAS #:</strong> 7440-47-3 </p> <p><strong>Relevant identified uses of the substance: </strong> Scientific research and development </p> <p>Supplier details:<br /> American Elements<br /> 1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000<br /> Los Angeles, CA 90024<br /> Tel: +1 310-208-0551<br /> Fax: +1 310-208-0351<br /> <br /> Emergency telephone number:<br /> Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300<br /> International +1 703-527-3887</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p>Classification of the substance or mixture<br /> Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br /> The substance is not classified as hazardous to health or the environment according to the CLP regulation.<br /> Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/EC<br /> Not applicable<br /> Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:<br /> No information known.<br /> Hazards not otherwise classified<br /> No information known.<br /> Label elements<br /> Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br /> Not applicable<br /> Hazard pictograms<br /> Not applicable<br /> Signal word<br /> Not applicable<br /> Hazard statements<br /> Not applicable<br /> WHMIS classification<br /> Not controlled<br /> Classification system<br /> HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)<br /> (Hazardous Materials Identification System)<br /> HEALTH<br /> FIRE<br /> REACTIVITY<br /> 0 <br /> 0 <br /> 0 <br /> Health (acute effects) = 0<br /> Flammability = 0<br /> Physical Hazard = 0<br /> Other hazards<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> vPvB:<br /> Not applicable.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS</h3> <p>Chemical characterization: Substances<br /> CAS# Description:<br /> 7440-47-3 Chromium<br /> Identification number(s):<br /> EC number: 231-157-5</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES</h3> <p>Description of first aid measures<br /> General information No special measures required.<br /> After inhalation Seek medical treatment in case of complaints.<br /> After skin contact Generally the product does not irritate the skin.<br /> After eye contact<br /> Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.<br /> After swallowing If symptoms persist consult doctor.<br /> Information for doctor<br /> Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES </h3> <p>Extinguishing media<br /> Suitable extinguishing agents Special powder for metal fires. Do not use water.<br /> For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents Water<br /> Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture<br /> In case of fire, the following can be released:<br /> Toxic metal oxide fume<br /> Advice for firefighters<br /> Protective equipment: No special measures required.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES </h3> <p>Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Not required.<br /> Environmental precautions:<br /> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br /> Methods and material for containment and cleaning up: Pick up mechanically.<br /> Reference to other sections<br /> See Section 7 for information on safe handling<br /> See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.<br /> See Section 13 for disposal information.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE </h3> <p>Handling<br /> Precautions for safe handling<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.<br /> Information about protection against explosions and fires:<br /> No special measures required.<br /> Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities<br /> Storage<br /> Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:<br /> No special requirements.<br /> Information about storage in one common storage facility:<br /> No information known.<br /> Further information about storage conditions:<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.<br /> Specific end use(s)<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION </h3> <p>Additional information about design of technical systems:<br /> No further data; see section 7.<br /> Control parameters<br /> Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:<br /> 7440-47-3 Chromium (100.0%)<br /> PEL (USA) Long-term value: 1* 0.5** mg/m³<br /> *metal;**inorganic compds., as Cr<br /> REL (USA) Long-term value: 0.5* mg/m³<br /> *metal+inorg.compds.as Cr;See Pocket Guide App. C<br /> TLV (USA) Long-term value: 0.5 mg/m³<br /> EL (Canada) Short-term value: C 0.1*** ppm<br /> Long-term value: 0.5* 0.01** 0.025*** mg/m³<br /> IARC1,ACGIH A1;*metal, i<br /> norg.**insol.;**water-sol.<br /> EV (Canada) Long-term value: 0.05 mg/m³<br /> Additional information:<br /> No data<br /> Exposure controls<br /> Personal protective equipment<br /> General protective and hygienic measures<br /> The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.<br /> Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.<br /> Breathing equipment:<br /> Not required.<br /> Protection of hands:<br /> Not required.<br /> Penetration time of glove material (in minutes)<br /> Not determined<br /> Eye protection:<br /> Safety glasses<br /> Body protection:<br /> Protective work clothing.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES</h3> <p>Information on basic physical and chemical properties<br /> General Information<br /> Appearance:<br /> Form: Solid in various forms<br /> Color: Grey<br /> Odor: Odorless<br /> Odor threshold: Not determined.<br /> pH-value: Not applicable.<br /> Change in condition<br /> Melting point/Melting range: 1907 °C (3465 °F)<br /> Boiling point/Boiling range: 2671 °C (4840 °F)<br /> Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined<br /> Flammability (solid, gaseous)<br /> Not determined.<br /> Ignition temperature: Not determined<br /> Decomposition temperature: Not determined<br /> Auto igniting: Not determined.<br /> Danger of explosion: Not determined.<br /> Explosion limits:<br /> Lower: Not determined<br /> Upper: Not determined<br /> Vapor pressure at 20 °C (68 °F): 0 hPa<br /> Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 7.19 g/cm³ (60.001 lbs/gal)<br /> Bulk density at 20 °C (68 °F): 3300 kg/m³<br /> Relative density<br /> Not determined.<br /> Vapor density<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Evaporation rate<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Solubility in / Miscibility with Water: Insoluble<br /> Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.<br /> Viscosity:<br /> dynamic: Not applicable.<br /> kinematic: Not applicable.<br /> Other information<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY </h3> <p>Reactivity<br /> No information known<br /> Chemical stability<br /> Stable under recommended storage conditions.<br /> Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:<br /> Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.<br /> Possibility of hazardous reactions<br /> No dangerous reactions known<br /> Conditions to avoid<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Incompatible materials:<br /> No information known.<br /> Hazardous decomposition products:<br /> Toxic metal oxide fume</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Information on toxicological effects<br /> Acute toxicity:<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains acute toxicity data for components in this product.<br /> LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:<br /> No data<br /> Skin irritation or corrosion:<br /> Generally the product does not irritate the skin.<br /> Eye irritation or corrosion:<br /> May cause irritation<br /> Sensitization:<br /> No sensitizing effects known.<br /> Germ cell mutagenicity:<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains mutation data for this substance.<br /> Carcinogenicity:<br /> IARC-3: Not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans.<br /> ACGIH A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen: Inadequate data on which to classify the agent in terms of its carcinogenicity in humans and/or animals.<br /> (inhalation) EPA-A: human carcinogen: sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies to support a causal association between exposure and cancer.<br /> (inhalation) EPA-K: Known human carcinogens.<br /> (oral) EPA-D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity: inadequate human and animal<br /> evidence of carcinogenicity or no data are available.<br /> (oral) EPA-CBD: Carginogenic potential cannot be determined.<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains tumorigenic and/or carcinogenic and/or neoplastic data for this substance.<br /> Reproductive toxicity:<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains reproductive data for this substance.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Aspiration hazard:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Subacute to chronic toxicity:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Additional toxicological information:<br /> To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Toxicity<br /> Aquatic toxicity:<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Persistence and degradability<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Bioaccumulative potential<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Mobility in soil<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Additional ecological information:<br /> General notes:<br /> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br /> Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities to reach ground water, water course or sewage system.<br /> Avoid transfer into the environment.<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> vPvB:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Other adverse effects<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS </h3> <p>Waste treatment methods<br /> Recommendation<br /> Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.<br /> Uncleaned packagings:<br /> Recommendation:<br /> Disposal must be made according to official regulations.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION </h3> <p>UN-Number<br /> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> UN proper shipping name<br /> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> Transport hazard class(es)<br /> DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Class<br /> Not applicable<br /> Packing group<br /> DOT, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> Environmental hazards:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Special precautions for user<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Transport/Additional information:<br /> DOT<br /> Marine Pollutant (DOT):<br /> No</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION </h3> <p>Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture<br /> National regulations<br /> All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.<br /> All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).<br /> SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)<br /> 7440-47-3 Chromium<br /> California Proposition 65<br /> Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Information about limitation of use:<br /> For use only by technically qualified individuals.<br /> Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations<br /> Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006.<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> REACH - Pre-registered substances<br /> Substance is listed.<br /> Chemical safety assessment:<br /> A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.</p> <hr><h3>16. OTHER INFORMATION</h3> <p>Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Chromium Isotopes</h2> <p>Naturally occurring chromium (Cr) has four stable isotopes; <sup>50</sup>Cr, <sup>52</sup>Cr, <sup>53</sup>Cr, and <sup>54</sup>Cr. <sup>52</sup>Cr is the most abundant (83.79%). <sup>50</sup>Cr decays by ß<sup>+</sup>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>50</sup>Ti with a half-life of (more than) 1.8x10<sup>17</sup> years.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>42</sup>Cr</th> <td>42.00643(32)#</td> <td>14(3) ms [13(+4-2) ms]</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>42</sup>V; ß<sup>+</sup> + 2p to <sup>40</sup>Ti</td> <td>(3/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>306.79</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>43</sup>Cr</th> <td>42.99771(24)#</td> <td>21.6(7) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>43</sup>V; ß<sup>+</sup> + p to <sup>42</sup>Ti; ß<sup>+</sup> + 2p to <sup>41</sup>Sc; ß<sup>+</sup> + a to <sup>39</sup>Sc</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>323.25</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>44</sup>Cr</th> <td>43.98555(5)#</td> <td>54(4) ms [53(+4-3) ms]</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>44</sup>V; ß<sup>+</sup> + p to <sup>43</sup>Ti</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>342.51</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>45</sup>Cr</th> <td>44.97964(54)</td> <td>50(6) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>45</sup>V; ß<sup>+</sup> + p to <sup>44</sup>Ti</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>356.18</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>46</sup>Cr</th> <td>45.968359(21)</td> <td>0.26(6) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>46</sup>V</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>374.5</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>47</sup>Cr</th> <td>46.962900(15)</td> <td>500(15) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>47</sup>V</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>388.17</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>48</sup>Cr</th> <td>47.954032(8)</td> <td>21.56(3) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>48</sup>V</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>403.7</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>49</sup>Cr</th> <td>48.9513357(26)</td> <td>42.3(1) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>49</sup>V</td> <td>0+</td> <td>0.476</td> <td>414.58</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>50</sup>Cr</th> <td>49.9460442(11)</td> <td>Observationally Stable</td> <td>-</td> <td>7/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>403.7</td> <td>4.345</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>51</sup>Cr</th> <td>50.9447674(11)</td> <td>27.7025(24) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>51</sup>V</td> <td>0+</td> <td>-0.934</td> <td>414.58</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>52</sup>Cr</th> <td>51.9405075(8)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>427.31</td> <td>83.789</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>53</sup>Cr</th> <td>52.9406494(8)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>-0.47454</td> <td>437.26</td> <td>9.501</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>54</sup>Cr</th> <td>53.9388804(8)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>449.06</td> <td>2.365</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>55</sup>Cr</th> <td>54.9408397(8)</td> <td>3.497(3) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>55</sup>Mn</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>457.14</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>56</sup>Cr</th> <td>55.9406531(20)</td> <td>5.94(10) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>56</sup>Mn</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>467.08</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>57</sup>Cr</th> <td>56.943613(2)</td> <td>21.1(10) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>57</sup>Mn</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>486.66</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>58</sup>Cr</th> <td>57.94435(22)</td> <td>7.0(3) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>58</sup>Mn</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>493.81</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>59</sup>Cr</th> <td>58.94859(26)</td> <td>460(50) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>59</sup>Mn</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>498.16</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>60</sup>Cr</th> <td>59.95008(23)</td> <td>560(60) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>60</sup>Mn</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>504.37</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>61</sup>Cr</th> <td>60.95472(27)</td> <td>261(15) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>61</sup>Mn; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>60</sup>Mn</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>508.73</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>62</sup>Cr</th> <td>61.95661(36)</td> <td>199(9) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>62</sup>Mn; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>61</sup>Mn</td> <td>(1/2-)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>514.94</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>63</sup>Cr</th> <td>62.96186(32)#</td> <td>129(2) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>63</sup>Mn; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>62</sup>Mn</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>518.36</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>64</sup>Cr</th> <td>63.96441(43)#</td> <td>43(1) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>64</sup>Mn</td> <td>(1/2-)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>523.65</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>65</sup>Cr</th> <td>64.97016(54)#</td> <td>27(3) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>65</sup>Mn</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>526.14</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>66</sup>Cr</th> <td>65.97338(64)#</td> <td>10(6) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>66</sup>Mn</td> <td>1/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>531.42</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>67</sup>Cr</th> <td>66.97955(75)#</td> <td>10# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>67</sup>Mn</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>533.91</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); 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