Hydrogen Storage | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®

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Barium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/be.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Beryllium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bi.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bismuth <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Boron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bromine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bromine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cadmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ca.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Calcium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cc.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Carbon <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ce.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cerium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cs.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cesium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chlorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chlorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cr.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chromium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/co.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cobalt <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Copper <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dysprosium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/er.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Erbium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/eu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Europium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fluorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fluorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/gd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gadolinium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ga.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gallium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ge.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Germanium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/au.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gold <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/hf.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hafnium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ho.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Holmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/in.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ii.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iodine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ir.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iridium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fe.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/la.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lanthanum <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lead <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/li.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lithium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/products-by-element" class="tbm-link level-3"> More… <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Form <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-18" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/2d-materials" class="tbm-link level-3"> 2D Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloys <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloy Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramic-fibers" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramic Fibers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chemicals & Salts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/foams.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Foams <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> High Purity Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isotopes.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Isotopes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metal Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/mxenes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Mxenes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/organometallics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Organometallics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/oxides.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Oxides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pure Metals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/rare-earths.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Rare Earths <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/semiconductors.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Semiconductors <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solutions" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solutions <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group active active-trail" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title active-trail" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Application <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-30" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> 3D Printing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> Additive Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alternative Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Battery Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Bio-Medical.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Biomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/catalysts" class="tbm-link level-3"> Catalysts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dental-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dental Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/electronics-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Electronics Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fuel-cell-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fuel Cell Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fusion-energy" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fusion Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Glass Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Green Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 active active-trail" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Hydrogen-Storage.html" class="tbm-link level-3 active-trail"> Hydrogen Storage <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Laser Crystals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> Life Sciences <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metallurgy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metallurgy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanotechnology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Optical Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Photovoltaics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pigments-coatings.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pigments & Coatings <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metal-plating" class="tbm-link level-3"> Plating <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-and-development.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Research & Development <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solar Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/space-industry.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Space Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sputtering-targets.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Sputtering Targets <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Supercapacitor Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/thin-film-evaporation-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Thin Film Deposition <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/water-treatment-chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Water Treatment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/weather-modification" class="tbm-link level-3"> Weather Modification <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Life Science Products <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-37" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> All Life Science <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alcohols" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alcohols <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aldehydes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aldehydes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alkanes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alkanes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amides" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amino-acids-derivatives" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amino Acids & Derivatives <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aromatics" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aromatics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aryls" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aryls <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/azetidines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Azetidines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzimidazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzimidazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div 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href="/toolbox.html">TOOLBOX</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="header" class="header" role="banner"> <div class="section layout-container clearfix"> </div> </header> <div class="highlighted"> <aside class="layout-container section clearfix" role="complementary"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="page-layout-main-wrapper layout-container clearfix"> <div id="main" class="layout-main clearfix container-fluid"> <main id="content" class="column main-content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div id="block-ae-theme-gratis-ae-subtheme-system-main"> <article data-history-node-id="358473" class="elements"> <div class="element-main"> <div class="elements__banner "> <img src=/images/2024-10/hydrogen-storage-banner.jpg /> </div> <h1 class="elements__banner__title medium"> <span>Hydrogen Storage</span> </h1> </div> <div class="elements__content"> <div class="ae-tabs redirect-page"> <div class="ae-tabs-headers"> <a href="#hydrogen-storage-technology" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="hydrogen-storage-technology"> Hydrogen Storage Technology </a> <a href="#products" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="products"> Products </a> </div> <div class="ae-tabs-content"> <div class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--tabs paragraph--view-mode--default"> Hydrogen Storage Technology <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">Hydrogen Storage Technologies</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"><p><img class="image-right" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/content/hydrogen-fuel-cell-car.jpg" alt="Car powered by hydrogen fuel cell" width="225" height="150"></p><p>Though <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/hh.html">hydrogen</a> shows a great promise as a next-generation fuel, developing hydrogen storage systems remains a major barrier to transitioning to a hydrogen economy. While hydrogen storage <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/alloys.html">alloys</a> already available for use in <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell-materials.html">fuel cells</a> and <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Battery-Technology.html">batteries</a> remain an important area of development, a major current area of focus is hydrogen storage solutions for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Systems for this application must be able to store sufficient hydrogen for a conventional driving range of at least 300 miles, while adhering to demanding constraints in terms of weight, volume, operating conditions, efficiency, safety, and cost. Refueling time and durability of the systems additionally remain areas of focus, as currently available technologies require excessive refueling time and have a limited number of lifetime refuel cycles.</p><p>Current methods for storing hydrogen can roughly be divided into physical methods (compressed gas or liquid hydrogen), chemical methods, which which generated hydrogen via a chemical reaction, and absorptive methods</p><section><h3>Compressed Gas and Cryogenic Liquid Storage</h3><p>The traditional way of transporting hydrogen for use as fuel in a vehicle involves cooling or compressing it and storing in specially designed tanks. These are the most mature hydrogen storage methods, but have significant drawbacks. Both compression and cooling have energy costs that make hydrogen fuel usage less efficient overall. Additionally, tanks must be either insulated to maintain low temperatures or specially built to contain pressurized gas--design features which add weight, volume, and substantial cost. Finally, neither cooling nor compression alone are capable of storing hydrogen at sufficient density to meet long-term goals necessary to make hydrogen vehicles plausible replacements for traditional cars. Recently, cryo-compressed hydrogen storage tanks have been developed that use both cooling and pressurization to compact the gas, and this does allow sufficient amounts of gas to be stored on board a vehicle to meet range requirements, but these systems require both insulation and pressure resistance, and therefore come with the design and cost disadvantages of each.</p><p>Additionally, specially designed tanks may improve the properties of cryogenic and pressurized hydrogen storage. In one example of this, glass capillary arrays are installed in larger pressure resistant vessel made from steel. This technology was developed by a team of Russian, German and Israeli scientists to provide storage and controlled release of hydrogen in mobile applications and achieved the US Department of Energy's 2010 targets for on-board hydrogen storage systems. The glass capillaries are closed by melting at one end and closing the other end with an alloy after adding hydrogen to the steel vessel. The system is pressure resistant up to pressures of more than 1500 bar. Issues with this technology include the fact that even minor defects in the glass structures like bubbles, cracks or grooves strongly increase stress peaks and therefore decrease the pressure resistance.</p><p>In the short term, compressed gas tanks will continue to be used despite their shortcomings because the technology is already commercially viable. Research is being conducted to further lower the costs of the materials used in manufacturing high-pressure gas vessels, particularly <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/carbon-fiber-7440-44-0">carbon fiber</a>. In the medium term, cryo-compressed tanks or other novel cold/compressed hydrogen tank designs may come into use as well. However, it is generally considered that some type of materials-based hydrogen storage must become viable in order to meet long-term hydrogen storage goals, especially as the energy necessary to cool or compress hydrogen will always negatively impact the energy efficiency of systems using hydrogen tanks.</p></section><section><h3>Chemical Storage</h3><p>Chemical hydrogen storage technologies are those in which hydrogen is generated through a chemical reaction. The reaction may be induced through heating, passage through a <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/catalysts">catalyst</a>-containing reactor, or combining the carrier chemical with other reactants to induce hydrolysis. These reactions typically leave behind hydrogen-depleted carrier compounds which must be removed from the vehicle for off-board rehydrogenation.</p><h4>Carbohydrate</h4><p>Carbohydrate (Polymeric C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) is the most abundant renewable bioresource available. Carbohydrate presents high hydrogen storage densities as a liquid with lower pressurization and cryogenic constraints. It can also be stored as in solid form. In 2007, biochemical engineers from the <a href="https://vt.edu/">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a> and chemists and biologists from the <a href="https://www.ornl.gov/">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> announced a method of producing high-yield pure hydrogen from starch and water. The emerging cell-free synthetic biology technology (cell-free synthetic pathway biotransformation) has allowed hydrogen production by use of renewable carbohydrate as a high-density hydrogen carrier and energy source. Renewable carbohydrate can be isolated from plant biomass or could be produced from a combination of solar electricity/hydrogen and carbon dioxide fixation mediated by high-efficiency artificial photosynthesis mediated by cell-free synthetic pathway biotransformation (SyPaB).</p><h4>Formic Acid</h4><p>Formic Acid has been used as a hydrogen storage material since 2006 when researchers of <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/en/">Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne</a> first confirmed that the catalytic decomposition of formic acid provides efficient release of hydrogen. Its decomposition yields CO-free hydrogen, while the co-produced carbon dioxide can be hydrogenated back to formic acid, which makes hydrogen suitable for <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell-materials.html">fuel cell</a> applications. Carbon monoxide-free hydrogen has been generated in a very wide pressure range (1-600 bar). Initially this process was designed using <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ru.html">ruthenium</a>-based catalysts, but recent progress has been made on producing other, less expensive and/or higher performing catalysts. One such catalyst reported is a <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/co.html">cobalt</a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/au.html">gold</a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pd.html">palladium</a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/alloys.html">nanoalloy</a> on a <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/cc.html">carbon</a> support, while another was consisted of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bb.html">boron</a>-doped <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pd.html">palladium</a>. Formic acid contains 53 g/L hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, equivalent to 4.3 wt% hydrogen. Pure formic acid is a liquid with a flash point of 69 °C (cf. gasoline -40 °C, ethanol 13 °C). 85% formic acid is not inflammable.</p><h4>Amine Boranes</h4><p><img class="image-left" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/ammonium-borane.png" alt="Ammonia Borane" width="119" height="122"></p><p><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ammonia-borane-13774-81-7">Ammonia borane</a> and many of its derivatives have been studied comprehensively as hydrogen carriers. Molecular complexes containing protic and hydridic hydrogen such as ammonia borane provide between 8 to 16 weight % hydrogen at acceptable temperatures and meet many important targets including fast kinetics of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, thermal stability, and safe handling. Challenges with these materials include the presence of volatile impurities and the formation of solids at working temperatures. A number of approaches to alleviate these issues have been considered. Embedding ammonia-borane nanoparticles in a porous scaffold or in hollow nanoparticles allows for greater control over hydrogen release kinetics and selectivity. Another approach being taken is to add some <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/cc.html">carbon</a> to the <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nitrogen.html">nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bb.html">boron</a>, and hydrogen carriers in hopes of producing materials that remain in liquid phase and have desirable thermodynamic properties.</p><h4>Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers</h4><p>Liquid organic hydrogen carriers are organic compounds that can be reversibly hydrogenated and dehydrogenated in the presence of a catalyst. The dehydrogenated forms of these compounds are generally polycyclic aromatics, and when hydrogen is absorbed the double bonds are replaced with hydrogens. This technology is particularly attractive due to the ease of storage and transport of liquid fuels and their high storage capacity for hydrogen--currently 7-8 weight %. Unfortunately, the dehydrogenation reaction is strongly endothermic, requiring significant heat input to release hydrogen for use. Ongoing research also seeks to optimize catalysts use for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, as currently typical catalysts require significant quantities of precious metals such as <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pd.html">palladium</a> and <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pt.htm">platinum</a>, and some require unfeasible operating temperatures to achieve practical kinetics. Additionally, the energy conversion efficiency of the dehydration reaction requires further improvement. The major advantage presented by liquid organic hydrogen carriers is that they could be stored and transported similarly to fossil fuels, and therefore could make use of existing infrastructure.</p></section><section><h3>Metal Hydrides</h3><h4>Conventional Hydrides</h4><p>Like the technologies usually termed “chemical hydrogen storage”, metal hydrides store hydrogen by forming chemical bonds between hydrogen and the storage material (chemisorption); however, bonds in most metal hydrides are weaker than those in chemical hydrogen storage, so these materials are typically placed in their own category. Some <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Hydrides.html">metal hydrides</a> are solids which can be turned into pellets, while others are easy-to-fuel liquids at ambient temperature and pressure. These materials generally have good energy density by volume, though their energy density by weight is often inferior to the top hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrides chosen for storage applications provide low reactivity (high safety) and high hydrogen storage densities. An ideal hydride for fuel cell applications would be able to operate in a range of 1-10 atm and 25-120 degrees celsius while also exhibiting high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities.</p><p>The difficulties of using hydrides and related compounds for hydrogen storage are related to the conditions required for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, and the kinetics and reversibility of these processes. Hydrogen is released from or absorbed into hydride materials through the manipulation of temperature or pressure. Compounds in which hydrogen is tightly bound typically require very high temperatures for hydrogen release, while compounds with weaker binding typically require high pressure to induce and sometimes to maintain storage of hydrogen in the material. Multiple avenues to develop ideal kinetics, reversibility, and equilibrium pressures for hydrogen storage in hydrides have been investigated. Destabilized hydride systems typically use an alloy of two hydrides with disparate properties to produce a single storage material with desirable attributes. Another approach involves the nanoconfinement of metal hydrides within nano-sized molecular scaffolds. <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/carbon-aerogel-7440-44-0">Carbon aerogels</a> with nanometer pore sizes have been used for this strategy, and additionally hybrid systems which embed hydrides within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are adsorptive hydrogen storage materials, are under investigation.</p><p>Currently transition metal-based AB2-type alloys and <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/rare-earths.html">rare earth</a>-based AB5-type alloys are the only metal-based hydrogen storage materials that have been developed to the point of mass production and commercialization, and these are found in devices such as <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Battery-Technology.html">batteries</a>, air conditioners, and heat pumps. Hydrides with both the capacity and the operational parameters required for fully hydrogen-fueled vehicles have yet to be developed.</p><h4>Complex Hydrides</h4><p>In addition to conventional metal hydrides, proposed hydrides for use in a hydrogen economy include complex metal hydrides, which contain a group I or II metal along with either <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/al.html">aluminium</a> (alanates) or <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bb.html">boron</a> (borohydrides), as well as some metal amides and imides, including <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-amide-7782-89-0">LiNH<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-amide-7782-92-5">NaNH<sub>2</sub></a>, Mg(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, LiMgN and Ca(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, have also been investigated for use in metal-based hydrogen storage systems. Complex hydrides typically have higher hydrogen bonding strength than conventional metal hydrides, but still less than is typical in chemical hydrogen storage. Complex metal hydrides have the potential for higher gravimetric hydrogen capacities, but actual materials with appropriate properties for use in vehicles are not yet available. Systems using amides and imides have been shown to be particularly sensitive to <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/oxygen.html">oxygen</a> and water impurities at the parts per million level, which would require that the hydrogen to be be stored in extremely <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm">high purity materials</a>.</p></section><section><h3>Adsorptive Hydrogen Storage</h3><p>Adsorptive hydrogen storage utilizes porous or nanostructured materials with the ability to reversibly adsorb hydrogen. Unlike in hydride or chemical hydrogen storage technologies, where hydrogen chemically binds to the storage material forming new compounds (chemisorption), in adsorptive hydrogen storage the hydrogen is bound to the storage material through only weak van der Waals forces (physisorption). The difference in binding strength means that adsorptive technologies have the advantage of faster adsorption/desorption kinetics and full reversibility of the process. The disadvantage of adsorptive technologies is that they often have lower hydrogen storage capacities than chemisorption-based storage systems. Hydrogen is generally added to and removed from adsorptive storage materials through the manipulation of temperature and pressure. Metal-organic frameworks are perhaps the most developed of these technologies, but recent progress in <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanotechnology</a> and micro/mesoporous materials is producing a wide array of exciting new materials.</p><h4>Metal-Organic Frameworks</h4><p>Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of ultrahigh-porosity crystalline materials with enormous internal surface areas, tunable pore sizes, and adjustable internal surface properties, have recently emerged as some of the most promising hydrogen storage materials. Research interests on hydrogen storage in MOFs have been growing since 2003 when the first MOF-based hydrogen storage was introduced. Typically these materials require low temperatures for significant hydrogen absorption, sometimes along with increased pressures. MOFs with the ability to hold hydrogen at room temperature are under investigation, but have yet to reach the capacities possible with lower temperatures. Currently, MOFs materials operating at 77K and high pressures have shown total hydrogen capacities from 6-15% by weight, which is sufficient to meet US DOE fuel cell vehicle targets. However, lower pressures and higher temperatures are required for light-duty fuel cell vehicles, and at room temperature MOFs have only shown about 1% hydrogen capacity by weight. Ongoing attempts to optimize MOFs for hydrogen storage have used a variety of techniques, including the incorporation of guest metal ions, altering the organic components of the MOFs, or introducing <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/platinum-nanoparticles-7440-06-4">platinum</a> or <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/palladium-nanoparticles-7440-05-3">palladium nanoparticles</a> into the pores of the MOF framework. Additionally, MOFs are of interest for use in hybrid systems, where chemisorption-based storage materials are embedded within the matrix of a material that exhibits physisorption.</p><h4>Clathrates</h4><p><img class="image-right" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/clathrate-hydrate.jpg" alt="Clathrate Hydrate" height="158" width="182"></p><p>Clathrate hydrates are crystalline water-based solids that resemble ice, in which small molecules such as hydrogen can become trapped inside cages of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. In initial studies, this type of storage appeared impractical due to the extreme pressures and temperatures required to store significant quantities of hydrogen. In recent years, the use of various “promoter” compounds such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) has seen some success, but the resultant materials currently lack the storage capacity necessary for practical use, and the kinetics of clathrate hydrate formation remain far from ideal. Research into novel promoter compounds, as well as the use of hybrid technologies which would embed clathrates into supportive adsorptive media, is ongoing.</p><h4>Nanostructured Carbon</h4><p><img class="image-left" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/graphene-layers.jpg" alt="Graphene Layers for Hydrogen Storage" width="114" height="164">Carbon nanostructures are a major area of interest within <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanotechnology</a>, and a variety of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/tunable-nanoporous-carbon-7440-44-0">carbon nanomaterials</a> have been considered as potential hydrogen storage media. <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/monolayer-graphene">Graphene</a>, a two-dimensional compound consisting of an atom-thick layer of interconnected carbon molecules, can be induced to adsorb hydrogen, and will release it again upon heating to 450 degrees celsius. In some carefully designed configurations in which graphene layers are spaced a few angstroms apart, this technology could meet storage density goals while operating at moderate pressures. Alternately, sheets of graphene can be induced to fold into small enclosed structures, and some have proposed using this property to produce small cages in which to store hydrogen. <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/carbon-nanotubes-7440-44-0">Carbon nanotubes</a> (CNTs) have additionally been investigated as hydrogen storage materials. Alone, CNTs do not have sufficient hydrogen storage capacity to be practical, but they can be either doped with nanoparticles of other elements or compounds, or joined into novel nanostructures which have the capacity to store hydrogen. One such nanostructure, termed Super Diamond by its designers, has been shown to have a 22% gravimetric capacity at 77K and 8% at room temperature. Carbon nanotubes have also been included in nanocomposite storage materials, providing structural stability and enhancing storage capacity. None of these technologies is mature enough for practical use, but carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage remain an active area of research.</p></section><section><h3>Other Avenues of Hydrogen Storage Research</h3><p class="condense">The problem of hydrogen storage is one of the greatest barriers to building a hydrogen economy, and beyond the technologies described in detail here, a number of novel solutions to this problem are under investigation. These projects include investigations of:</p><ul class="content-list"><li>hybrid storage technologies that combine physical and chemical adsorptive materials</li><li>hydrogen solubility in nano-confined liquids</li><li>additional novel adsorptive materials<ul><li>hollow microspheres</li><li>adsorptive nanofibers</li><li>hydrogen-adsorbing polymers</li><li>bulk metallic glass</li></ul></li></ul></section></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--tabs paragraph--view-mode--default"> Products <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <p class><strong>Below is only a limited selection of the full catalog of Hydrogen Storage products that American Elements manufactures. If you do not see a material you're looking for listed, please </strong><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi"><strong>search the website</strong></a><strong> or contact </strong><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/mailto%3Acustomerservice%40americanelements.com"><strong>customerservice@americanelements.com</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p><p><br> </p> </div> <div class="multiple-accordions paragraph paragraph--type--multiple-accordions paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="multiple-accordions__title"></h2> <div class="multiple-accordions__cta"></div> <div class="multiple-accordions__accordions"><div class="accordion-wrapper"> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347872">Alloys</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347872"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-alloys"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lanthanum-nickel-12196-72-4">Lanthanum Nickel Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lanthanum-nickel-cobalt-alloy-130469-99-7">Lanthanum Nickel Cobalt Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-nickel-cobalt-alloy-sputtering-target">Magnesium Nickel Cobalt Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/mischmetal-nickel-alloy-54426-34-5">Mischmetal Nickel Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nickel-calcium-alloy-77980-80-4">Nickel Calcium Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nickel-magnesium-cerium-alloy">Nickel Magnesium Cerium Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nickel-yttrium-alloy">Nickel Yttrium Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-manganese-alloy-220316-38-1">Titanium Manganese Alloy </a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/yttrium-nickel-alloy-12333-67-4">Yttrium Nickel Alloy</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/zirconium-scandium-iron-alloy">Zirconium Scandium Iron Alloy</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347873">Boranes & Borohydrides</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347873"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-borohydrides"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/aluminum-borohydride-16962-07-5">Aluminum Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ammonia-borane-13774-81-7">Ammonia Borane</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ammonia-boranecarboxylic-acid-74861-59-9">Ammonia-Borane Carboxylic Acid </a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/beryllium-borohydride-17440-85-6">Beryllium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/borane-ammonia-complex-13774-81-7">Borane Ammonia Complex</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/borane-dimethylamine-complex-74-94-2">Borane Dimethylamine Complex</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/borane-ethylenediamine-complex-15165-88-5">Borane Ethylenediamine Complex</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/borane-triethylamine-complex-1722-26-5">Borane Triethylamine Complex</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/calcium-borohydride-17068-95-0">Calcium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/calcium-borohydride-magnesium-hydride">Calcium Borohydride/Magnesium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/decaborane-17702-41-9">Decaborane</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-ammonia-borane-99144-67-9">Lithium Ammonia Borane</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-borohydride-16949-15-8">Lithium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-borohydride-solution-16949-15-8">Lithium Borohydride Solution 2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-borohydride-aluminum">Lithium Borohydride/Aluminum</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-borohydride-magnesium-hydride">Lithium Borohydride/Magnesium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-borohydride-magnesium-hydride-tin">Lithium Borohydride/Magnesium Hydride/Tin</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-borohydride-16903-37-0">Magnesium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-borohydride-dimethylsulfide-complex">Magnesium Borohydride Dimethylsulfide Complex</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/manganese-borohydride">Manganese Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/potassium-borohydride-13762-51-1">Potassium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/potassium-triethylborohydride-solution-22560-21-0">Potassium Triethylborohydride Solution</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/scandium-borohydride-12007-34-0">Scandium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-16940-66-2">Sodium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-caplets-16940-66-2">Sodium Borohydride Caplets</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-granules-16940-66-2">Sodium Borohydride Granules</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-on-alumina">Sodium Borohydride on Alumina</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-pellets-16940-66-2">Sodium Borohydride Pellets</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-powder-16940-66-2">Sodium Borohydride Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-solution-16940-66-2">Sodium Borohydride Solutions (multiple formulations available)</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borohydride-magnesium-hydride">Sodium Borohydride/Magnesium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-borohydride">Titanium Borohydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/triethylborane-97-94-9">Triethylborane</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/triethylborane-solution-97-94-9">Triethylborane Solution</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/triphenylborane-960-71-4">Triphenylborane</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/zirconium-borohydride-12370-59-1">Zirconium Borohydride</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347874">Carbon Forms</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347874"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-carbon"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/aluminum-carbon-nanotubes">Aluminum Carbon Nanotubes</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/carbon-black-nanopowder-1333-86-4">Carbon Black Nanopowder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/carbon-nanoparticles-7440-44-0">Carbon Nanoparticles</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/carbon-nanotubes-7440-44-0">Carbon Nanotubes</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/double-walled-carbon-nanotubes-308068-56-6">Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fullerene-nanotubes-multi-walled-99685-96-8">Fullerene Nanotubes, Multi-Walled</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fullerene-nanotubes-single-walled-99685-96-8">Fullerene Nanotubes, Single-Walled</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fullerene-powder-115383-22-7">Fullerene Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fullerene-soot">Fullerene Soot</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/buckeyballs-99685-96-8">Fullerene-C60 (Buckeyballs)</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/5-6-fullerene-c70-115383-22-7">Fullerene-C70</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fullerene-c76-142136-39-8">Fullerene-C76</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fullerene-c78-136316-32-0">Fullerene-C78</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fullerene-c84-135113-16-5">Fullerene-C84</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphene-7782-42-5">Graphene</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/3d-graphene-foam">Graphene Foam</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphene-nano-stars">Graphene Nano-stars</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphene-multilayer-graphene-nanoplatelets">Graphene Nanplatelets</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphene-oxide-thin-film">Graphene Oxide Thin Film</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphene-quantum-dots">Graphene Quantum Dots</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphite-nanofibers-7782-42-5">Graphite Nanofibers</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphite-nanopowder-7782-42-5">Graphite Nanopowder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphitic-carbon-nitride">Graphitic Carbon Nitride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphite-natural-flake-7782-42-5">Natural Flake Graphite</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-carbon-nanotubes">Magnesium Carbon Nanotubes</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphite-micronized-7782-42-5">Micronized Graphite</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/monolayer-graphene">Monolayer Graphene</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/tunable-nanoporous-carbon-7440-44-0">Nanoporous Carbon</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphite-natural-amorphous-7782-42-5">Natural Amorphous Graphite</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nickel-carbon-nanotubes">Nickel Carbon Nanotube</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyrolytic-graphite">Pyrolytic Graphite</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/reduced-graphene-oxide-powder-decorated-with-palladium-nanoparticles">Reduced Graphene Oxide Powder, decorated with Palladium Nanoparticles</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/graphite-spherical-7782-42-5">Spherical Graphite</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/tin-carbon-nanotubes">Tin Carbon Nanotube</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-carbon-nanotubes-12070-08-05">Titanium Carbon Nanotubes</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347875">Catalysts & Reagents</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347875"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-catalysts"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/1-3-diisopropylimidazolium-tetrafluoroborate-286014-34-4">1,3-Diisopropylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bis-1-5-cyclooctadiene-dirhodium-i-dichloride-12092-47-6">Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)dirhodium(I) Dichloride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bis-1-5-cyclooctadiene-nickel-0-1295-35-8">Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)  </a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bis-1-5-cyclooctadiene-diiridium-i-dichloride-12112-67-3">Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) Dichloride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/1-3-di-tert-butylimidazolinium-tetrafluoroborate-137581-21-6">Di-tert-butylimidazolinium Tetrafluoroborate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/iridium-black-7439-88-5">Iridium Black</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/iridium-powder-7439-88-5">Iridium Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/iridium-nanoparticles-7439-88-5">Iridium Nanoparticles</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/niobium-v-oxide-1313-96-8">Niobium(V) Oxide</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/palladium-nanoparticles-7440-05-3">Palladium Nanoparticles</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/palladium-powder-7440-05-3">Palladium Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/platinum-nanoparticles-7440-06-4">Platinum Nanoparticles</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/platinum-powder-7440-06-4">Platinum Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/rhodium-nanoparticles-nanopowder-7440-16-6">Rhodium Nanoparticles</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/rhodium-powder-7440-16-6">Rhodium Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ruthenium-chloride-14898-67-0">Ruthenium Chloride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ruthenium-chloride-solution-14898-67-0">Ruthenium Chloride Solution</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ruthenium-iii-chloride-trihydrate-13815-94-6">Ruthenium(III) Chloride Trihydrate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/scandium-chloride-anhydrous-10361-84-9">Scandium(III) Chloride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-iii-chloride-7705-07-9">Titanium(III) Chloride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-iv-chloride-7550-45-0">Titanium(IV) Chloride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-iv-ethoxide-3087-36-3">Titanium(IV) Ethoxide</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-iv-isopropoxide-546-68-9">Titanium(IV) Isopropoxide</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-iv-methoxide-992-92-7">Titanium(IV) Methoxide</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-iv-propoxide-3087-37-4">Titanium(IV) Propoxide</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/vanadium-bromide-vbr3-13470-26-3">Vanadium(III) Bromide</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/vanadium-iii-chloride-7718-98-1">Vanadium(III) Chloride</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347876">Deuterated Materials</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347876"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-deuterides"><ul class="grid2 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/zirconium-nickel-hydride-zirconium-nickel-deuteride">Zirconium Nickel Hydride/Zirconium Nickel Deuteride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-aluminum-deuteride-14128-54-2">Lithium Aluminum Deuteride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-borodeuteride-15246-28-3">Lithium Borodeuteride </a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-deuteride-13587-16-1">Lithium Deuteride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-triethylborodeuteride-74540-86-6">Lithium Triethylborodeuteride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-borodeuteride-15681-89-7">Sodium Borodeuteride</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347877">Magnesium</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347877"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-magnesium"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-boride-12007-25-9">Magnesium Boride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-carbon-nanotubes">Magnesium Carbon Nanotubes</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-chips-7439-95-4">Magnesium Chips</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-formate-557-39-1">Magnesium Formate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-formate-dihydrate-6150-82-9">Magnesium Formate Dihydrate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-granules-7439-95-4">Magnesium Granules</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-nanoparticles-7439-95-4">Magnesium Nanoparticles</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-plate-7439-95-4">Magnesium Plate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-powder-7439-95-4">Magnesium Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-ribbon-7439-95-4">Magnesium Ribbon</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-rod-7439-95-4">Magnesium Rod</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-turnings-7439-95-4">Magnesium Turnings</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347878">Metal Hydrides</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347878"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-metal-hydrides"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/calcium-hydride-7789-78-8">Calcium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lanthanum-nickel-hydride">Lanthanum Nickel Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-aluminum-hexahydride-16941-14-3">Lithium Aluminum Hexahydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-aluminum-hydride-16853-85-3">Lithium Aluminum Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-aluminum-hydride-16853-85-3">Lithium Aluminum Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-hydride-7580-67-8">Lithium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-hydride-7693-27-8">Magnesium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/potassium-hydride-7693-26-7">Potassium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/rubidium-hydride-13446-75-8">Rubidium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/scandium-iii-hydride-43238-07-9">Scandium(III) Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-aluminum-hydride-13770-96-2">Sodium Aluminum Hydride  </a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/titanium-hydride-7704-98-5">Titanium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/zirconium-hydride-7704-99-6">Zirconium Hydride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/zirconium-nickel-hydride">Zirconium Nickel Hydride</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347879">Nitrides & Amides</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347879"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-nitrides"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ammonia-anhydrous.html">Ammonia Anhydrous</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/calcium-nitride-12013-82-0">Calcium Nitride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-amide-7782-89-0">Lithium Amide</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-amide-powder-7782-89-0">Lithium Amide Powder</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lithium-nitride-26134-62-3">Lithium Nitride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/magnesium-nitride-12057-71-5">Magnesium Nitride</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-amide-7782-92-5">Sodium Amide</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--347880">Physisorption Materials & MOFs</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--347880"><div class="panel-body collapse row" id="hydrogen-storage-physisorption"><ul class="grid3 no-dot"><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/2-methylimidazole-zinc-salt-59061-53-9">2-Methylimidazole Zinc Salt (Basolite Z1200)</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/aluminum-terephthalate">Aluminum Terephthalate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bis-1-4-diazabicyclo-222-octane-tetra-copper-i-iodide-928170-42-7">Bis(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)tetra(copper(I) iodide)</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bis-n-n-dimethylpiperazine-tetra-copper-i-iodide-1401708-91-5">Bis(N,N'-dimethylpiperazine)tetra[copper(I) iodide]</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/cobalt-ii-oxo-pivalate-301663-94-5">Cobalt(II) Oxo Pivalate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/copper-benzene-1-3-5-tricarboxylate">Copper Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (Basolite C300)</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/hexamethylenetetramine-penta-copper-i-cyanide-1042093-98-0">(Hexamethylenetetramine)penta[copper(I) cyanide]</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/iron-1-3-5-benzenetricarboxylate-1195763-37-1">Iron 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (Basolite F300)</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/iron-iii-oxo-acetate-perchlorate-hydrate-75732-14-8">Iron(III) Oxo Acetate Perchlorate Hydrate</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/zirconium-1-4-dicarboxybenzene-mof-1072413-80-9">Zirconium 1,4-dicarboxybenzene MOF</a></li><li class="product"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/zirconium-iv-oxo-hydroxy-methacrylate-189028-53-3">Zirconium(IV) Oxo Hydroxy Methacrylate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns"> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__open">+ OPEN ALL</button> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__close">- CLOSE ALL</button> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div id="products-intro"><p>American Elements manufactures a comprehensive array of materials for hydrogen storage applications, including hydrogen storage alloys, carbon-based materials, and amine boranes.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="layout-container"> <div class="site-footer__top clearfix"> <div> <div id="block-sponsers-box2" class="Sponsers-box-block"> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div 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