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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Personhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Personhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Person</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann" title="Mann – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mann" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5" title="شخص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شخص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A8%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%90" title="ܦܪܨܘܦܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܨܘܦܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona" title="Persona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Persona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99xs" title="Şəxs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəxs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ব্যক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2-j%C3%AEn" title="Kò-jîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kò-jîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Асоба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асоба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Личност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Личност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona" title="Persona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Persona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Харкамлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Харкамлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoba" title="Osoba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osoba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person" title="Person – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Person" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فلان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فلان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person" title="Person – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Person" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isik" title="Isik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona" title="Persona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Persona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persono" title="Persono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Persono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertsona" title="Pertsona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pertsona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5" title="شخص – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شخص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individuel" title="Individuel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Individuel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoa" title="Persoa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Persoa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B2%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="인격체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인격체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Անձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="व्यक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoba" title="Osoba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osoba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persono" title="Persono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Persono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao" title="Tao – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribadi" title="Pribadi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pribadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona" title="Persona – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Persona" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_(filosofia)" title="Persona (filosofia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Persona (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პიროვნება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიროვნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0" title="Тұлға – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұлға" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafsi" title="Nafsi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nafsi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инсан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инсан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona" title="Persona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Persona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoun_(Droit)" title="Persoun (Droit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Persoun (Droit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmenyb%C4%97" title="Asmenybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asmenybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzoe%C3%ABn" title="Perzoeën – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Perzoeën" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/prenu" title="prenu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="prenu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Личност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Личност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="व्यक्ती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यक्ती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="မၞိဟ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မၞိဟ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamata" title="Tamata – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tamata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individu_(persoon)" title="Individu (persoon) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Individu (persoon)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="व्यक्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="व्यक्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93" title="人間 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8rsonne" title="Pèrsonne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pèrsonne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaxs" title="Shaxs – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shaxs" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoba" title="Osoba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osoba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessoa_(filosofia)" title="Pessoa (filosofia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pessoa (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoan%C4%83" title="Persoană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Persoană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Личность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Личность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personi" title="Personi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Personi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirsuna" title="Pirsuna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pirsuna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedinec" title="Jedinec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jedinec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qof" title="Qof – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qof" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Особа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Особа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoba" title="Osoba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osoba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkil%C3%B6" title="Henkilö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henkilö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkatao" title="Pagkatao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkatao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Шәхес – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәхес" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5" title="บุคคล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บุคคล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81" title="Шахс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шахс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%27%C3%AAstane" title="Vo'êstane – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vo'êstane" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9Fi" title="Kişi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kişi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8B-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Амы-бот – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Амы-бот" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Особа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Особа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5" title="شخص – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شخص" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_nh%C3%A2n" title="Cá nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="个人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="个人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פערזאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פערזאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="個人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="個人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="個人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="個人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215627#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerson"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerson"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Person&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Person&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215627" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Living being regarded as an individual</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For human people, see <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Person_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Person (disambiguation)">Person (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>person</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>people</b> or <b>persons</b>, depending on context) is a being who has certain capacities or attributes such as <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a>, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Legal_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal obligation">legal responsibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defining features of <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a> and, consequently, what makes a person count as a person, differ widely among cultures and contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Judge_Rules_Pablo_Escobar's_'Cocaine_Hippos'_Should_Have_Legal_Rights_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Judge_Rules_Pablo_Escobar's_'Cocaine_Hippos'_Should_Have_Legal_Rights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the question of personhood, of what makes a being count as a person to begin with, there are further questions about <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a>: both about what makes any particular person that particular person instead of another, and about what makes a person at one time the same person as they were or will be at another time despite any intervening changes. </p><p>The plural form "people" is often used to refer to an entire <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> (as in "a people"), and this was the original meaning of the word; it subsequently acquired its use as a plural form of person. The plural form "persons" is often used in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal</a> writing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personhood">Personhood</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Klee_WI_(In_Memoriam)_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Paul_Klee_WI_%28In_Memoriam%29_1938.jpg/220px-Paul_Klee_WI_%28In_Memoriam%29_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Paul_Klee_WI_%28In_Memoriam%29_1938.jpg/330px-Paul_Klee_WI_%28In_Memoriam%29_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Paul_Klee_WI_%28In_Memoriam%29_1938.jpg/440px-Paul_Klee_WI_%28In_Memoriam%29_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>An abstract painting of a person by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>. The concept of a person can be very challenging to define.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The criteria for being a person... are designed to capture those attributes which are the subject of our most humane concern with ourselves and the source of what we regard as most important and most problematical in our lives.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Harry G. Frankfurt</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Personhood is the status of being a person. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, and is closely tied to legal and <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>. According to common worldwide general legal practice, only a <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural person</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> has <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>, protections, <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(law)" title="Privilege (law)">privileges</a>, responsibilities, and <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">legal liability</a>. Personhood continues to be a topic of international debate, and has been questioned during the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and the fight for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, in debates about <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">fetal rights</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> advocacy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Judge_Rules_Pablo_Escobar's_'Cocaine_Hippos'_Should_Have_Legal_Rights_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Judge_Rules_Pablo_Escobar's_'Cocaine_Hippos'_Should_Have_Legal_Rights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various debates have focused on questions about the personhood of different classes of entities. Historically, the personhood of women, and slaves has been a catalyst of social upheaval. In most societies today, postnatal humans are defined as persons. Likewise, certain legal entities such as <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> are legally defined as persons.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some people believe that other groups should be included; depending on the theory, the category of "person" may be taken to include or not pre-natal humans or such <a href="/wiki/Non_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Non human">non-human</a> entities as <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligences" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial intelligences">artificial intelligences</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_identity">Personal identity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MontreGousset001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/220px-MontreGousset001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/330px-MontreGousset001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/440px-MontreGousset001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>What does it take for individuals to persist from moment to moment – or in other words, for the same individual to exist at different moments?</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a></div> <p>Personal identity is the <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">unique identity</a> of persons through time. That is to say, the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a person at one time and a person at another time can be said to be the <i>same</i> person, persisting through time. In the modern <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, this concept of personal identity is sometimes referred to as the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:diachronic">diachronic</a></i> problem of personal identity. The <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:synchronic">synchronic</a></i> problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. </p><p>Identity is an issue for both <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A key question in continental philosophy is in what sense we can maintain the modern conception of identity, while realizing many of our prior assumptions about the world are incorrect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Proposed solutions to the problem of personal identity include continuity of the physical body, continuity of an immaterial <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, continuity of consciousness or <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">bundle theory</a> of self,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuity of personality after the death of the physical body,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proposals that there are actually no persons or selves who persist over time at all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_concept">Development of the concept</h2></div> <p>In ancient Rome, the word <i><a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">persona</a></i> (Latin) or <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">prosopon</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">πρόσωπον</span></span>; Ancient Greek) originally referred to the masks worn by actors on stage. The various masks represented the various "personae" in the stage play.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEnc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEnc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of person was further developed during the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> debates of the 4th and 5th centuries in contrast to the word nature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the theological debates, some philosophical tools (concepts) were needed so that the debates could be held on common basis to all theological schools. The purpose of the debate was to establish the relation, similarities and differences between the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λóγος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Lógos</i></span>/<i>Verbum</i>) and God. The philosophical concept of person arose, taking the word "<a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">prosopon</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πρόσωπον</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">prósōpon</i></span>) from the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek theatre</a>. Therefore, the logos (the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λóγος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Lógos</i></span>/<i>Verbum</i>), which was identified with the Christ, was defined as a "person" of God. This concept was applied later to the Holy Ghost, the angels and to all human beings. Trinitarianism holds that God has three persons. </p><p>Since then, a number of important changes to the word's meaning and use have taken place, and attempts have been made to redefine the word with varying degrees of adoption and influence. According to Jörg Noller, at least six approaches can be distinguished: </p> <ol><li>"The ontological definition of the person as "an individual substance of a rational nature" (<a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>).</li> <li>The self-consciousness-based definition of the person as a being that "can conceive itself as itself" (<a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>).</li> <li>The moral-philosophical definition of the person as "an end in itself" (<a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>). In current analytical debate, the focus has shifted to the relationship between bodily <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> and person.</li> <li>The theory of <a href="/wiki/Animalism_(philosophy)" title="Animalism (philosophy)">animalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eric_T._Olson_(philosopher)" title="Eric T. Olson (philosopher)">Eric T. Olson</a>) states that persons are essentially animals and that mental or psychological attributes play no role in their identity.</li> <li>Constitution theory (<a href="/wiki/Lynne_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynne Baker">Lynne Baker</a>), on the other hand, attempts to define the person as a natural and at the same time self-conscious being: the bodily organism constitutes the person without being identical to it. Rather, it forms with it a "unity without identity".</li> <li>[... Another idea] for conceiving the natural-rational unity of the person has emerged recently in the concept of the "person life" (Marya Schechtman)."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Other theories attribute personhood to those states that are viewed to possess intrinsic or universal value. <a href="/wiki/Value_theory" title="Value theory">Value theory</a> attempts to capture those states that are universally considered valuable by their nature, allowing one to assign the concept of personhood upon those states. For example, Chris Kelly argues that the value that is intuitively bestowed upon humans, their possessions, animals, and aspects of the natural environment is due to a value <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> known as "richness." Richness, Kelly argues, is a product of the "variety" and the "unity" within an entity or agent. According to Kelly, human beings and animals are morally valued and entitled to the status of persons because they are complex organisms whose multitude of psychological and biological components are generally unified towards a singular purpose in any moment, existing and operating with relative harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primus defines people exclusively as their desires, whereby desires are states which are sought for arbitrary or nil purpose(s). Primus views that desires, by definition, are each sought as ends in and of themselves and are logically the most precious (valuable) states that one can conceive. Primus distinguishes states of desire (or 'want') from states which are sought instrumentally, as a means to an end (on the basis of perceived 'need'). Primus' approach can thus be contrasted to <a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kant's</a> moral-philosophical definition of a person: whereas Kant's second formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Categorical_imperative" title="Categorical imperative">categorical imperative</a> states that rational beings must never be treated merely as a means to an end and that they must also always be treated as an end, Primus offers that the aspects that humans (and some animals) desire, and only those aspects, are ends, by definition.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_liberation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Animal liberation (disambiguation)">Animal liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">Being</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitis_deminutio" title="Capitis deminutio">Capitis deminutio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_personhood" title="Corporate personhood">Corporate personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_personhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ape personhood">Great Ape personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juridical_person" title="Juridical person">Juridical person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">Legal personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_person_in_French_law" title="Natural person in French law">Natural person in French law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Person (Catholic canon law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Personhood movement">Personhood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personoid" title="Personoid">Personoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">Theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Value Theory">Value Theory</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0169.xml">"Personhood – Anthropology"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Personhood+%E2%80%93+Anthropology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199766567%2Fobo-9780199766567-0169.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Craemer, Willy. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3349814">A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Personhood</a>". The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, vol. 61, no. 1, 1983, pp. 19–34..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Smith. 2003. Moral, Believing Animals: Human Personhood and Culture. Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrithers, Michael, Steven Collins, and Steven Lukes, eds. 1985. The category of the person: Anthropology, philosophy, history. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard A. Shweder/Edmund J. Bourne. 1982. Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally?, in: Anthony J. Marsella/Geoffrey M. White (eds), Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy, Dordrecht, S. 97-137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Judge_Rules_Pablo_Escobar's_'Cocaine_Hippos'_Should_Have_Legal_Rights-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Judge_Rules_Pablo_Escobar's_'Cocaine_Hippos'_Should_Have_Legal_Rights_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Judge_Rules_Pablo_Escobar's_'Cocaine_Hippos'_Should_Have_Legal_Rights_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026003345/https://time.com/6110343/pablo-escobar-cocaine-hippos-people/">"U.S. Judge Rules Pablo Escobar's 'Cocaine Hippos' Should Have Legal Rights"</a>. Time (magazine). October 25, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6110343/pablo-escobar-cocaine-hippos-people/">the original</a> on 26 Oct 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Judge+Rules+Pablo+Escobar%27s+%27Cocaine+Hippos%27+Should+Have+Legal+Rights&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6110343%2Fpablo-escobar-cocaine-hippos-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of non-human personhood, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Midgley, Mary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/midgley01.htm">"Persons and non-persons"</a>, in Peter Singer (ed.) <i>In Defense of Animals</i>. Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 52–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For corporations, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/politics/22scotus.html">"Justices, 5–4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, January 21, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefaroi, P. (2015). Humanistic Personology: A Humanistic-Ontological Theory of the Person & Personality. Applications in Therapy, Social Work, Education, Management and Art (Theatre). Charleston SC, US: CreateSpace.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Pike (1967). Hume's Bundle Theory of the Self: A Limited Defense, American Philosophical Quarterly 4 (2), pp. 159-165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of post-mortal personhood, see Roth, S. (2013) "Dying is only human. The case death makes for the immortality of the person". <i>Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry</i>, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 35–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2260793">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEnc-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CathEnc_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Geddes, Leonard William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Person"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Person">"Person" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <q>The Latin word persona was originally used to denote the mask worn by an actor. From this, it was applied to the role he assumed, and, finally, to any character on the stage of life, to any individual.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Person&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=Leonard+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thisleton NIGNTC commentary on 1 Corinthians "Thinkers in ancient times had a difficulty in expressing the notion of personality"; Barfield in History of English Words "Take, for instance, the word person...Its present meaning of an individual human being is largely due to the theologians who hit upon it when they were looking for some term that would enable them to assert the trinity of Godhead without admitting more than one 'substance'"; John Zizioulas in <i>Being as Communion</i>, 1985 New York: St Vladimirs Press p. 27 writes: "although the person and "personal identity" are widely discussed nowadays as a supreme ideal, nobody seems to recognize that historically as well as existentially the concept of the person is indissolubly bound up with theology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noller, Jörg (2019): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403">Person</a>. In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (Hg.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/oepn/index">Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie</a>. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403">https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Chris (2014-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1026681ar">"Value Monism, Richness, And Environmental Ethics"</a>. <i>Les ateliers de l'éthique</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1026681ar">10.7202/1026681ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1718-9977">1718-9977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145811343">145811343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+ateliers+de+l%27%C3%A9thique&rft.atitle=Value+Monism%2C+Richness%2C+And+Environmental+Ethics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145811343%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1718-9977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1026681ar&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1026681ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimus2020" class="citation journal cs1">Primus (2020-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.33774/coe-2020-h2d4k-v2">"Purism: Logic as the basis of Morality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33774%2Fcoe-2020-h2d4k-v2">10.33774/coe-2020-h2d4k-v2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243600050">243600050</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Purism%3A+Logic+as+the+basis+of+Morality&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33774%2Fcoe-2020-h2d4k-v2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243600050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Primus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.33774%2Fcoe-2020-h2d4k-v2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Johanna_de_Vogel" title="Cornelia Johanna de Vogel">Cornelia J. de Vogel</a> (1963). <i>The Concept of Personality in Greek and Christian Thought</i>. In Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy. Vol. 2. Edited by J. K. Ryan, Washington: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 20–</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Grant_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Grant (academic) (page does not exist)">Grant, Patrick</a>. <i>Personalism and the Politics of Culture</i>. New York: St Martin's Press 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/031216176X" title="Special:BookSources/031216176X">031216176X</a></li> <li>Grant, Patrick. <i>Spiritual Discourse and the Meaning of Persons</i>. New York: St Martin's Press 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/031212077X" title="Special:BookSources/031212077X">031212077X</a></li> <li>Grant, Patrick. <i>Literature and Personal Values</i>. London: MacMillan 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-349-22116-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-349-22116-3">1-349-22116-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukesCarrithersCollins1987" class="citation book cs1">Lukes, Steven; Carrithers, Michael; Collins, Steven, eds. (1987). <i>The Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27757-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27757-4"><bdi>0-521-27757-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Category+of+the+Person%3A+Anthropology%2C+Philosophy%2C+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-27757-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuccetti1968" class="citation book cs1">Puccetti, Roland (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personsstudyofpo0000pucc"><i>Persons: A Study of Possible Moral Agents in the Universe</i></a></span>. London: Macmillan and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persons%3A+A+Study+of+Possible+Moral+Agents+in+the+Universe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Puccetti&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonsstudyofpo0000pucc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stephens" title="William O. Stephens">Stephens, William O.</a> (2006). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/personreadingsin0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:personreadingsin0000unse">The Person: Readings in Human Nature</a></i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-184811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-184811-5">978-0-13-184811-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorfmacher2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Korfmacher, Carsten (May 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/person-i.htm">"Personal Identity"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-05-29&rft.aulast=Korfmacher&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fp%2Fperson-i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jörg Noller (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403">Person</a>. In: Thomas Kirchhoff (ed.): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403">https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403</a>.</li> <li>Eric T. Olson (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/identity-personal">"Personal Identity"</a>. In: Edward N. Zalta (ed.): The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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