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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Husserl's_conceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husserl's_conceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Husserl's conceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Husserl's_conceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logical_Investigations_(1900/1901)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_Investigations_(1900/1901)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span><i>Logical Investigations</i> (1900/1901)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_Investigations_(1900/1901)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideas_(1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas_(1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span><i>Ideas</i> (1913)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideas_(1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munich_phenomenology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munich_phenomenology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Munich phenomenology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munich_phenomenology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heidegger's_conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heidegger's_conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Heidegger's conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heidegger's_conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merleau-Ponty's_conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merleau-Ponty's_conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Merleau-Ponty's conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merleau-Ponty's_conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intentionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intentionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Intentionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intentionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intuition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intuition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Intuition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intuition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noesis_and_noema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noesis_and_noema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Noesis and noema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noesis_and_noema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empathy_and_intersubjectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empathy_and_intersubjectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Empathy and intersubjectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empathy_and_intersubjectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifeworld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifeworld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Lifeworld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifeworld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenomenology_and_empirical_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenomenology_and_empirical_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phenomenology and empirical science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenomenology_and_empirical_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenomenology (philosophy)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologie" title="Fenomenologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fenomenologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="علم الظواهر (فلسفة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الظواهر (فلسفة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologiya" title="Fenomenologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fenomenologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="রূপতত্ত্ব (দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রূপতত্ত্ব (দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фенаменалогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фенаменалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феноменология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Феноменология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologie" title="Fenomenologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fenomenologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffenomenoleg" title="Ffenomenoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffenomenoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6nomenologi" title="Fænomenologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fænomenologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie" title="Phänomenologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phänomenologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenoloogiline_filosoofia" title="Fenomenoloogiline filosoofia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fenomenoloogiline filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φαινομενολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαινομενολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenolog%C3%ADa_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Fenomenología (filosofía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fenomenología (filosofía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologio" title="Fenomenologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fenomenologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)" title="پدیدارشناسی (فلسفه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدیدارشناسی (فلسفه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(philosophie)" title="Phénoménologie (philosophie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phénoménologie (philosophie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feinim%C3%A9aneola%C3%ADocht_(feals%C3%BAnacht)" title="Feiniméaneolaíocht (fealsúnacht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feiniméaneolaíocht (fealsúnacht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenolox%C3%ADa" title="Fenomenoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fenomenoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EC%83%81%ED%95%99" title="현상학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현상학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆենոմենոլոգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆենոմենոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="घटनाविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घटनाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologija" title="Fenomenologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fenomenologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologio" title="Fenomenologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fenomenologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologi_(filsafat)" title="Fenomenologi (filsafat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fenomenologi (filsafat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrirb%C3%A6rafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Fyrirbærafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrirbærafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פנומנולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנומנולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologi_(filsafat)" title="Fénoménologi (filsafat) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fénoménologi (filsafat)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფენომენოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფენომენოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феноменология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Феноменология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феноменология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Феноменология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaenomenologia" title="Phaenomenologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phaenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenolo%C4%A3ija" title="Fenomenoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fenomenoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologija" title="Fenomenologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fenomenologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mluske_to_pijyske" title="mluske to pijyske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mluske to pijyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenol%C3%B3gia" title="Fenomenológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fenomenológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Феноменологија (филозофија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Феноменологија (филозофија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologie" title="Fenomenologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fenomenologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="現象学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現象学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fenomenologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fenomenologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologiya" title="Fenomenologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fenomenologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਰਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologiya" title="Fenomenologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fenomenologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologie" title="Fenomenologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fenomenologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феноменология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феноменология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologjia_(filozofi)" title="Fenomenologjia (filozofi) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fenomenologjia (filozofi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology" title="Phenomenology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phenomenology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenol%C3%B3gia" title="Fenomenológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fenomenológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologija" title="Fenomenologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fenomenologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دیاردەناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیاردەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Феноменологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феноменологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologija" title="Fenomenologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fenomenologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fenomenologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fenomenologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penomenolohiya_(pilosopiya)" title="Penomenolohiya (pilosopiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Penomenolohiya (pilosopiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தோற்றப்பாட்டியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோற்றப்பாட்டியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ปรากฏการณ์วิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรากฏการณ์วิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3_(%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0)" title="Падидоршиносӣ (фалсафа) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Падидоршиносӣ (фалсафа)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenoloji" title="Fenomenoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fenomenoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Феноменологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феноменологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hiện tượng học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiện tượng học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenolohiya_(filosofiya)" title="Fenomenolohiya (filosofiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fenomenolohiya (filosofiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="现象学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="现象学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="現象學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="現象學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Phenomenology (disambiguation)">Phenomenology (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/141px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/212px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/282px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2421" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidegger_2_(1960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg/143px-Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg/215px-Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg/286px-Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/166px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/249px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/332px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="873" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_Merleau-Ponty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty.jpg/118px-Maurice_Merleau-Ponty.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty.jpg/177px-Maurice_Merleau-Ponty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty.jpg/236px-Maurice_Merleau-Ponty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Phenomenology</b> is a philosophical study and movement largely associated with the early 20th century that seeks to <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">objectively</a> investigate the nature of subjective, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a> experience. It attempts to describe the universal features of consciousness while avoiding assumptions about the external world, aiming to describe <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a> as they appear to the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>, and to explore the meaning and significance of the <a href="/wiki/Lived_experience" title="Lived experience">lived experiences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach, while philosophical, has found many applications in <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative research</a> across different scientific disciplines, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, but also in fields as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Health_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sciences">health sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(architecture)" title="Phenomenology (architecture)">architecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeamon2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeamon2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECilesiz2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECilesiz2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among many others. The application of phenomenology in these fields aims to gain a deeper understanding of subjective experience, rather than focusing on <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behavior</a>. </p><p>Phenomenology is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">phenomenalism</a>, which reduces <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental states</a> and physical objects to complexes of <a href="/wiki/Sensation_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation (psychology)">sensations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisette2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisette2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a>, which treats <a href="/wiki/Logical_truth" title="Logical truth">logical truths</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> principles as the products of human psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental phenomenology">transcendental phenomenology</a>, as outlined by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, aims to arrive at an objective understanding of the world via the discovery of universal logical structures in human subjective experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are important differences in the ways that different branches of phenomenology approach <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>. For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, truths are contextually situated and dependent on the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Social context">social context</a> in which they emerge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other types include <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic phenomenology">genetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodied</a> phenomenology. All these different branches of phenomenology may be seen as representing different philosophies despite sharing the common foundational approach of phenomenological inquiry; that is, investigating things just as they appear, independent of any particular theoretical framework.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahavi2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahavi2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>phenomenology</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> φαινόμενον, <i>phainómenon</i> ("that which appears") and λόγος, <i>lógos</i> ("study"). It entered the English language around the turn of the 18th century and first appeared in direct connection to Husserl's philosophy in a 1907 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review" title="The Philosophical Review">The Philosophical Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In philosophy, "phenomenology" refers to the tradition inaugurated by Edmund Husserl at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023Introduction_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023Introduction-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, however, had been used in different senses in other philosophy texts since the 18th century. These include those by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (1728–1777), <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804), <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a> (1770–1831), and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a> (1848–1936), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinelli201523–43_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinelli201523–43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20006–7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20006–7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was, however, the usage of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a> (and, as he later acknowledged, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisette2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisette2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that would prove definitive for Husserl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Brentano, Husserl took the conviction that philosophy must commit itself to <i>description</i> of what is "given in direct 'self-evidence'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20007–8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20007–8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to Brentano's phenomenological project was his theory of <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>, which he developed from his reading of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the phenomenological tradition, "the central structure of an experience is its intentionality, it being directed <i>towards</i> something, as it is an experience <i>of</i> or <i>about</i> some object."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_emphasis_added_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_emphasis_added-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, on this theory, every intentional act is implicitly accompanied by a secondary, pre-reflective awareness of the act as one's own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20008–9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20008–9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phenomenology proceeds systematically, but it does not attempt to study consciousness from the perspective of clinical psychology or neurology. Instead, it seeks to determine the essential properties and structures of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenonSinhaSreekantan2014172_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenonSinhaSreekantan2014172-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenomenology is not a matter of individual introspection: <i>a subjective account of experience</i>, which is the topic of psychology, must be distinguished from <i>an account of subjective experience</i>, which is the topic of phenomenology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its topic is not "mental states", but "worldly things considered in a certain way".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phenomenology is a direct reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a> of Husserl's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970part_III,_§57_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970part_III,_§57-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes as its point of departure the question of how objectivity is possible at all when the experience of the world and its objects is thoroughly subjective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202125_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202125-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So far from being a form of subjectivism, phenomenologists argue that the scientific ideal of a purely objective third-person is a fantasy and falsity. The perspective and presuppositions of the scientist must be articulated and taken into account in the design of the experiment and the interpretation of its results. Inasmuch as phenomenology is able to accomplish this, it can help to improve the quality of empirical scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2021chapter_2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2021chapter_2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the field's internal diversity, <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Gallagher" title="Shaun Gallagher">Shaun Gallagher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Zahavi" title="Dan Zahavi">Dan Zahavi</a> argue that the phenomenological method is composed of four basic steps: the époche, the phenomenological reduction, the eidetic variation, and intersubjective corroboration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202130_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202130-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <i>époche</i> is Husserl's term for the procedure by which the phenomenologist endeavors to suspend commonsense and theoretical assumptions about reality (what he terms the <b>natural attitude</b>) in order to attend only to what is directly given in experience. This is not a skeptical move; reality is never in doubt. The purpose is to see it more closely as it truly is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202124–25_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202124–25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying insight is that objects are "experienced and disclosed in the ways they are, thanks to the way consciousness is structured."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>phenomenological reduction</i> is closely linked to the époche. The aim of the reduction is to analyze the correlations between what is given in experience and specific structures of subjectivity shaping and enabling this givenness. This "leads back" (Latin: <i>re-ducere</i>) to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126–27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126–27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Eidetic variation</i> is the process of imaginatively stripping away the properties of things to determine what is essential to them, that is, what are the characteristics without which a thing would not be the thing that it is (<i>Eidos</i> is <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s Greek word for the essence of a thing). Significantly for the phenomenological researcher, eidetic variation can be practiced on acts of consciousness themselves to help clarify, for instance, the structure of perception or memory. Husserl openly acknowledges that the essences uncovered by this method include various degrees of vagueness and also that such analyses are defeasible. He contends, however, that this does not undermine the value of the method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202128–29_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202128–29-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Intersubjective corroboration</i> is simply the sharing of one's results with the larger research community. This allows for comparisons that help to sort out what is idiosyncratic to the individual from what might be essential to the structure of experience as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202129–30_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202129–30-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Natanson" title="Maurice Natanson">Maurice Natanson</a>, "The radicality of the phenomenological method is both continuous and discontinuous with philosophy's general effort to subject experience to fundamental, critical scrutiny: to take nothing for granted and to show the warranty for what we claim to know."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatanson197363_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatanson197363-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Husserl the suspension of belief in what is ordinarily taken for granted or inferred by conjecture diminishes the power of what is customarily embraced as objective reality. In the words of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Rüdiger Safranski</a>, "[Husserl's and his followers'] great ambition was to disregard anything that had until then been thought or said about consciousness or the world [while] on the lookout for a new way of letting the things [they investigated] approach them, without covering them up with what they already knew."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESafranski199872_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafranski199872-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edmund Husserl "set the phenomenological agenda" for even those who did not strictly adhere to his teachings, such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, to name just the foremost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_§1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_§1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each thinker has "different conceptions of phenomenology, different methods, and different results."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Husserl's_conceptions"><span id="Husserl.27s_conceptions"></span>Husserl's conceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Husserl's conceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg/220px-Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg/330px-Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Edmund Husserl in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Husserl derived many important concepts central to phenomenology from the works and lectures of his teachers, the philosophers and psychologists <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollinger1999_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinger1999-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important element of phenomenology that Husserl borrowed from Brentano is <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a> (often described as "aboutness" or "directedness"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the notion that consciousness is always consciousness <i>of</i> something. The object of consciousness is called the <i>intentional object</i>, and this object is constituted for consciousness in many different ways, through, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">signification</a>, and so forth. Throughout these different intentionalities, though they have different structures and different ways of being "about" the object, an object is still constituted as the identical object; consciousness is directed at the same intentional object in direct perception as it is in the immediately-following retention of this object and the eventual remembering of it. </p><p>As envisioned by Husserl, phenomenology is a method of philosophical inquiry that rejects the rationalist bias that has dominated Western thought since <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in favor of a method of reflective attentiveness that discloses the individual's "lived experience."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970240_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970240-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loosely rooted in an epistemological device called <a href="/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9" title="Epoché">epoché</a>, Husserl's method entails the suspension of judgment while relying on the intuitive grasp of knowledge, free of presuppositions and intellectualizing. Sometimes depicted as the "science of experience," the phenomenological method, rooted in intentionality, represents an alternative to the representational theory of consciousness. That theory holds that reality cannot be grasped directly because it is available only through perceptions of reality that are representations in the mind. In Husserl's own words: </p> <blockquote><p>experience is not an opening through which a world, existing prior to all experience, shines into a room of consciousness; it is not a mere taking of something alien to consciousness into consciousness... Experience is the performance in which for me, the experiencer, experienced being "is there", and is there <i>as what</i> it is, with the whole content and the mode of being that experience itself, by the performance going on in its intentionality, attributes to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1969§94_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1969§94-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In effect, he counters that consciousness is not "in" the mind; rather, consciousness is conscious of something other than itself (the intentional object), regardless of whether the object is a physical thing or just a figment of the imagination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logical_Investigations_(1900/1901)"><span id="Logical_Investigations_.281900.2F1901.29"></span><i>Logical Investigations</i> (1900/1901)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Logical Investigations (1900/1901)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Logical_Investigations_(Husserl)" title="Logical Investigations (Husserl)">Logical Investigations</a></i>, under the influence of Brentano, Husserl describes his position as "<a href="/wiki/Descriptive_psychology_(Brentano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive psychology (Brentano)">descriptive psychology</a>." Husserl analyzes the intentional structures of <b>mental acts</b> and how they are directed at both real and ideal objects. The first volume of the <i>Logical Investigations</i>, the <i>Prolegomena to Pure Logic</i>, begins with a critique of <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a>, that is, the attempt to subsume the <i>a priori</i> validity of the laws of logic under psychology. Husserl establishes a separate field for research in logic, philosophy, and phenomenology, independently from the empirical sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahaviStjernfelt2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahaviStjernfelt2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohanty1977_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohanty1977-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<b>Pre-reflective self-consciousness</b>" is <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Gallagher" title="Shaun Gallagher">Shaun Gallagher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Zahavi" title="Dan Zahavi">Dan Zahavi</a>'s term for Husserl's (1900/1901) idea that <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a> always involves a self-appearance or self-manifestation prior to <a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">self-reflection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2023_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one point of nearly unanimous agreement among phenomenologists: "a minimal form of self-consciousness is a constant structural feature of conscious experience. Experience happens for the experiencing subject in an immediate way and as part of this immediacy, it is implicitly marked as <i>my</i> experience."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202150_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202150-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ideas_(1913)"><span id="Ideas_.281913.29"></span><i>Ideas</i> (1913)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideas (1913)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1913, Husserl published <i>Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology</i>. In this work, he presents phenomenology as a form of "<a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealism</a>". Although Husserl claimed to have always been a transcendental idealist, this was not how many of his admirers had interpreted the <i>Logical Investigations</i>, and some were alienated as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This work introduced distinctions between the act of consciousness (<i><a href="/wiki/Noesis_(phenomenology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noesis (phenomenology)">noesis</a></i>) and the phenomena at which it is directed (the <i><a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">noemata</a></i>). <i>Noetic</i> refers to the intentional act of consciousness (believing, willing, etc.). <i>Noematic</i> refers to the object or content (noema), which appears in the noetic acts (the believed, wanted, hated, loved, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.c_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.c-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is observed is not the object as it is in itself, but how and inasmuch it is given in the intentional acts. Knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essences</a> would only be possible by "<a href="/wiki/Bracketing_(phenomenology)" title="Bracketing (phenomenology)">bracketing</a>" all assumptions about the existence of an external world and the inessential (subjective) aspects of how the object is concretely given to us. This <i>phenomenological reduction</i> is the second stage of Husserl's procedure of <a href="/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9" title="Epoché">epoché</a>. That which is essential is then determined by the imaginative work of <i>eidetic variation</i>, which is a method for clarifying the features of a thing without which it would not be what it is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202123–30_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202123–30-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Husserl concentrated more on the ideal, essential structures of consciousness. As he wanted to exclude any hypothesis on the existence of external objects, he introduced the method of phenomenological reduction to eliminate them. What was left over was the pure <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendental</a> ego, as opposed to the concrete empirical ego. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental phenomenology">Transcendental phenomenology</a></b> is the study of the essential structures that are left in pure consciousness: this amounts in practice to the study of the noemata and the relations among them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Munich_phenomenology">Munich phenomenology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Munich phenomenology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Munich_phenomenology" title="Munich phenomenology">Munich phenomenology</a></div> <p>Some phenomenologists were critical of the new theories espoused in <i>Ideas</i>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_phenomenology" title="Munich phenomenology">Munich group</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a>, distanced themselves from Husserl's new transcendental phenomenology. Their theoretical allegiance was to the earlier, realist phenomenology of the first edition of <i>Logical Investigations</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heidegger's_conception"><span id="Heidegger.27s_conception"></span>Heidegger's conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heidegger's conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messkirch_Heidegger-Haus_Tafel_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Messkirch_Heidegger-Haus_Tafel_detail.jpg/150px-Messkirch_Heidegger-Haus_Tafel_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Messkirch_Heidegger-Haus_Tafel_detail.jpg/225px-Messkirch_Heidegger-Haus_Tafel_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Messkirch_Heidegger-Haus_Tafel_detail.jpg/300px-Messkirch_Heidegger-Haus_Tafel_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messkirch" class="mw-redirect" title="Messkirch">Messkirch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Martin Heidegger modified Husserl's conception of phenomenology because of what Heidegger perceived as Husserl's subjectivist tendencies. Whereas Husserl conceived humans as having been constituted by states of consciousness, Heidegger countered that consciousness is peripheral to the primacy of one's existence, for which he introduces <a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a> as a technical term, which cannot be reduced to a mode of consciousness. From this angle, one's state of mind is an "effect" rather than a determinant of existence, including those aspects of existence of which one is not conscious. By shifting the center of gravity to existence in what he calls <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_ontology" title="Fundamental ontology">fundamental ontology</a>, Heidegger altered the subsequent direction of phenomenology. </p><p>According to Heidegger, philosophy was more fundamental than science itself. According to him, science is only one way of knowing the world with no special access to truth. Furthermore, the scientific mindset itself is built on a much more "primordial" foundation of practical, everyday knowledge. This emphasis on the fundamental status of a person's pre-cognitive, practical orientation in the world, sometimes called "know-how", would be adopted by both Sartre and Merleau-Ponty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.d_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.d-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While for Husserl, in the epoché, being appeared only as a correlate of consciousness, for Heidegger the pre-conscious grasp of being is the starting point. For this reason, he replaces Husserl's concept of intentionality with the notion of <i>comportment</i>, which is presented as "more primitive" than the "conceptually structured" acts analyzed by Husserl. Paradigmatic examples of comportment can be found in the unreflective <i>dealing</i> with <i>equipment</i> that presents itself as simply "ready-to-hand" in what Heidegger calls the normally <i>circumspect</i> mode of engagement within the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.d_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.d-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Husserl, all concrete determinations of the empirical ego would have to be abstracted in order to attain pure consciousness. By contrast, Heidegger claims that "the possibilities and destinies of philosophy are bound up with man's existence, and thus with temporality and with historicality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidegger1975Introduction_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidegger1975Introduction-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, all experience must be seen as shaped by social context, which for Heidegger joins phenomenology with philosophical <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Husserl charged Heidegger with raising the question of ontology but failing to answer it, instead switching the topic to Dasein. That is neither ontology nor phenomenology, according to Husserl, but merely abstract anthropology. </p><p>While <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> and other early works are clearly engaged with Husserlian issues, Heidegger's later philosophy has little relation to the problems and methods of classical phenomenology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merleau-Ponty's_conception"><span id="Merleau-Ponty.27s_conception"></span>Merleau-Ponty's conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Merleau-Ponty's conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></div> <p>Maurice Merleau-Ponty develops his distinctive mode of phenomenology by drawing, in particular, upon Husserl's unpublished writings, Heidegger's analysis of being-in-the-world, <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestalt theory">Gestalt theory</a>, and other contemporary psychology research. In his most famous work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Perception" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phenomenology of Perception">The Phenomenology of Perception</a></i>, Merleau-Ponty critiques empiricist and intellectualist accounts to chart a "third way" that avoids their metaphysical assumptions about an objective, pre-given world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToadvine2023§3._''Phenomenology_of_Perception''_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToadvine2023§3._''Phenomenology_of_Perception''-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central contentions of this work are that the body is the locus of engagement with the world, and that the body's modes of engagement are more fundamental than what phenomenology describes as consequent acts of objectification. Merleau-Ponty reinterprets concepts like intentionality, the phenomenological reduction, and the eidetic method to capture our inherence in the perceived world, that is, our embodied coexistence with things through a kind of reciprocal exchange. According to Merleau-Ponty, perception discloses a meaningful world that can never be completely determined, but which nevertheless aims at truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToadvine2023§3._''Phenomenology_of_Perception''_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToadvine2023§3._''Phenomenology_of_Perception''-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Varieties_of_phenomenology"></span> </p><p>Some scholars have differentiated phenomenology into these seven types:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Transcendental constitutive phenomenology</b> studies how objects are constituted in <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental consciousness</a>, setting aside questions of any relation to the natural world.</li> <li><b>Naturalistic constitutive phenomenology</b> studies how consciousness constitutes things in the world of nature, assuming with the natural attitude that consciousness is part of nature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">Existential phenomenology</a> studies concrete human existence, including human experience of free choice and/or action in concrete situations.</li> <li><b>Generative historicist phenomenology</b> studies how meaning—as found in human experience—is generated in historical processes of collective experience over time.</li> <li><b>Genetic phenomenology</b> studies the emergence (or genesis) of meanings of things within the stream of experience.</li> <li><b>Hermeneutical phenomenology</b> (sometimes <b>hermeneutic phenomenology</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaelbers201177_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaelbers201177-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studies <a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">interpretive</a> structures of experience. This approach was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">early</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETymieniecka2014246_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETymieniecka2014246-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realistic_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Realistic phenomenology">Realistic phenomenology</a> (sometimes <i>realist phenomenology</i>) studies the structure of consciousness and intentionality as "it occurs in a real world that is largely external to consciousness and not somehow brought into being by consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The contrast between "constitutive phenomenology" (sometimes <b>static phenomenology</b> or <b>descriptive phenomenology</b>) and "genetic phenomenology" (sometimes <b>phenomenology of genesis</b>) is due to Husserl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelton2003261_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelton2003261-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholarship also recognizes the existence of the following varieties: <a href="/wiki/Kehre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kehre">late</a> Heidegger's <b>transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2013§3.1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2013§3.1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodied phenomenology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensenMoran2014292_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensenMoran2014292-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow201321_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow201321-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004192_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004192-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Henry" title="Michel Henry">Michel Henry</a>'s <b>material phenomenology</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2008_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alva_No%C3%AB" title="Alva Noë">Alva Noë</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy#Contemporary_analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic phenomenology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ReganMyinNoë2004103–14_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ReganMyinNoë2004103–14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a>'s <b>linguistic phenomenology</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerdini2019_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerdini2019-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowther2013161_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowther2013161-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intentionality">Intentionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intentionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></div> <p>Intentionality refers to the notion that consciousness is always the consciousness <i>of</i> something. The word itself should not be confused with the "ordinary" use of the word intentional, but should rather be taken as playing on the etymological roots of the word. Originally, intention referred to a "stretching out" ("in tension," from Latin <i>intendere</i>), and in this context it refers to consciousness "stretching out" towards its object. However, one should be careful with this image: there is not some consciousness first that, subsequently, stretches out to its object; rather, consciousness <i>occurs as</i> the simultaneity of a conscious act and its object. </p><p>Intentionality is often summed up as "<a href="/wiki/Aboutness" title="Aboutness">aboutness</a>." Whether this <i>something</i> that consciousness is about is in direct perception or in fantasy is inconsequential to the concept of intentionality itself; whatever consciousness is directed at, <i>that</i> is what consciousness is conscious of. This means that the object of consciousness does not <i>have</i> to be a <i>physical</i> object apprehended in <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>: it can just as well be a fantasy or a memory. Consequently, these "structures" of consciousness, such as perception, memory, fantasy, and so forth, are called <i>intentionalities</i>. </p><p>The term "intentionality" originated with the <a href="/wiki/Scholastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastics">Scholastics</a> in the medieval period and was resurrected by Brentano who in turn influenced Husserl's conception of phenomenology, who refined the term and made it the cornerstone of his theory of consciousness. The meaning of the term is complex and depends entirely on how it is conceived by a given philosopher. The term should not be confused with "intention" or the psychoanalytic conception of unconscious "motive" or "gain". </p><p>Significantly, "intentionality is not a relation, but rather an intrinsic feature of intentional acts." This is because there are no independent relata. It is (at least in the first place) a matter of indifference to the phenomenologist whether the intentional object has any existence independent of the act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.b_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.b-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intuition">Intuition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Intuition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a> in phenomenology refers to cases where the intentional object is directly present to the intentionality at play; if the intention is "filled" by the direct apprehension of the object, one has an intuited object. Having a cup of coffee in front of oneself, for instance, seeing it, feeling it, or even imagining it – these are all filled intentions, and the object is then <i>intuited</i>. The same goes for the apprehension of mathematical formulae or a number. If one does not have the object as referred to directly, the object is not intuited, but still intended, but then <i>emptily</i>. Examples of empty intentions can be signitive intentions – intentions that only <i>imply</i> or <i>refer to</i> their objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpear2021_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpear2021-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence">Evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In everyday language, the word <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> is used to signify a special sort of relation between a state of affairs and a proposition: State A is evidence for the proposition "A is true." In phenomenology, however, the concept of evidence is meant to signify the "subjective achievement of truth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999159–60_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999159–60-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not an attempt to reduce the objective sort of evidence to subjective "opinion," but rather an attempt to describe the structure of having something present in intuition with the addition of having it present as <i>intelligible</i>: "Evidence is the successful presentation of an intelligible object, the successful presentation of something whose truth becomes manifest in the evidencing itself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999160–61_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999160–61-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Ideas</i>, Husserl presents as the "Principle of All Principles" that, "every originary presentive intuition is a legitimizing source of cognition, that everything originally (so to speak, in its 'personal' actuality) offered to us in 'intuition' is to be accepted simply as what it is presented as being, but also only within the limits in which it is presented there." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1982§24_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1982§24-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in this realm of phenomenological givenness, Husserl claims, that the search begins for "indubitable evidence that will ultimately serve as the foundation for every scientific discipline."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.b_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.b-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noesis_and_noema">Noesis and noema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Noesis and noema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">Noema</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a> introduced a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory</a> and <b>noetic consciousness</b>: the former describes <a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">presentations</a> of sensory objects or <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitions</a>, while the latter describes the <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a> of <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETassone2012307_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETassone2012307-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Husserl's phenomenology, this pair of terms, derived from the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">nous</a></i> (mind) designate respectively the real content, <b>noesis</b>, and the ideal content, <a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">noema</a>, of an intentional act (an act of consciousness). The noesis is the part of the act that gives it a particular sense or character (as in judging or perceiving something, loving or hating it, accepting or rejecting it, etc.). This is real in the sense that it is actually part of what takes place in the consciousness of the subject of the act. The noesis is always correlated with a noema. For Husserl, the full noema is a complex ideal structure comprising at least a noematic sense and a noematic core. The correct interpretation of what Husserl meant by the noema has long been controversial, but the noematic sense is generally understood as the ideal meaning of the act. For instance, if A loves B, loving is a real part of A's conscious activity – noesis – but gets its sense from the general concept of loving, which has an abstract or ideal meaning, as "loving" has a meaning in the English language independently of what an individual means by the word when they use it. The noematic core as the act's referent or object <i>as it is meant in the act</i>. One element of controversy is whether this noematic object is the same as the actual object of the act (assuming it exists) or is some kind of ideal object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2007304–11_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007304–11-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empathy_and_intersubjectivity">Empathy and intersubjectivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Empathy and intersubjectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Special:EditPage/Phenomenology (philosophy)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Phenomenology%22+philosophy">"Phenomenology" philosophy</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Phenomenology%22+philosophy+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Phenomenology%22+philosophy&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Phenomenology%22+philosophy+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Phenomenology%22+philosophy">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Phenomenology%22+philosophy&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></div> <p>In phenomenology, <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> refers to the experience of one's own body <i>as</i> another. While people often identify others with their physical bodies, this type of phenomenology requires that they focus on the <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a> of the other, as well as the intersubjective engagement with them. In Husserl's original account, this was done by a sort of <a href="/wiki/Apperception" title="Apperception">apperception</a> built on the experiences of one's own lived body. The <b>lived body</b> is one's own body as experienced by oneself, <i>as</i> oneself. One's own body manifests itself mainly as one's possibilities of acting in the world. It is what lets oneself reach out and grab something, for instance, but it also, and more importantly, allows for the possibility of changing one's point of view. This helps to differentiate one thing from another by the experience of moving around it, seeing new aspects of it (often referred to as making the absent present and the present absent), and still retaining the notion that this is the same thing that one saw other aspects of just a moment ago (it is identical). One's body is also experienced as a duality, both as object (one's ability to touch one's own hand) and as one's own subjectivity (one's experience of being touched). </p><p>The experience of one's own body as one's own subjectivity is then applied to the experience of another's body, which, through apperception, is constituted as another subjectivity. One can thus recognise the Other's intentions, emotions, etc. This experience of empathy is important in the phenomenological account of <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a>. In phenomenology, intersubjectivity constitutes objectivity (i.e., what one experiences as objective is experienced as being intersubjectively available – available to all other subjects. This does not imply that objectivity is reduced to subjectivity nor does it imply a relativist position, cf. for instance <a href="/wiki/Intersubjective_verifiability" title="Intersubjective verifiability">intersubjective verifiability</a>). </p><p>In the experience of intersubjectivity, one also experiences oneself as being a subject among other subjects, and one experiences oneself as existing objectively <i>for</i> these <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Others</a>; one experiences oneself as the noema of Others' noeses, or as a subject in another's empathic experience. As such, one experiences oneself as objectively existing subjectivity. Intersubjectivity is also a part in the constitution of one's lifeworld, especially as "homeworld." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifeworld">Lifeworld</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lifeworld"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lifeworld" title="Lifeworld">Lifeworld</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lifeworld" title="Lifeworld">lifeworld</a> (German: <i>Lebenswelt</i>) is the "world" each one of us <i>lives</i> in. One could call it the "background" or "horizon" of all experience, and it is that on which each object stands out as itself (as different) and with the meaning it can only hold for us. According to Husserl, the lifeworld is both personal and <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjective</a> (it is then called a "homeworld"), and, as such, it avoids the threat of <a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2022§9._Empathy,_intersubjectivity_and_lifeworld;_ethics_and_value_theory_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2022§9._Empathy,_intersubjectivity_and_lifeworld;_ethics_and_value_theory-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phenomenology_and_empirical_science">Phenomenology and empirical science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phenomenology and empirical science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phenomenological analysis of objects is notably different from traditional science. However, several frameworks do phenomenology with an empirical orientation or aim to unite it with the natural sciences or with <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>. </p><p>For a classical critical point of view, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> argues for the wholesale uselessness of phenomenology considering <i>phenomena</i> as <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a>, which cannot be the object of scientific research or do not exist in the first place. Liliana Albertazzi counters such arguments by pointing out that empirical research on phenomena has been successfully carried out employing modern methodology. Human experience can be investigated by <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Brain_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain scanning">brain scanning</a> techniques. For example, ample research on color perception suggests that people with normal color vision see colors similarly and not each in their own way. Thus, it is possible to universalize phenomena of subjective experience on an empirical scientific basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi20181993_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi20181993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early twenty-first century, phenomenology has increasingly engaged with cognitive science and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>. Some approaches to the naturalization of phenomenology reduce consciousness to the physical-neuronal level and are therefore not widely acknowledged as representing phenomenology. These include the frameworks of <a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">neurophenomenology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognitive_science" title="Embodied cognitive science">embodied constructivism</a>, and the cognitive neuroscience of phenomenology. Other likewise controversial approaches aim to explain life-world experience on a <a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological sociology">sociological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> basis despite phenomenology being mostly considered descriptive rather than explanatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi2018_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi2018-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_School" title="Geneva School">Geneva School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">Heterophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenography" title="Phenomenography">Phenomenography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_of_religion" title="Phenomenology of religion">Phenomenology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">Vertiginous question</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSokolowski1999">Sokolowski 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidsen2011">Davidsen 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeamon2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeamon2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeamon2018">Seamon 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECilesiz2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECilesiz2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCilesiz2011">Cilesiz 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisette2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisette2011_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisette2011_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisette2011">Fisette 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1988">Davidson 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahavi2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahavi2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZahavi2018">Zahavi 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OED</i>, 3rd ed. Accessed 27 July 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023Introduction-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023Introduction_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinelli201523–43-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinelli201523–43_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinelli2015">Martinelli 2015</a>, pp. 23–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20006–7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20006–7_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2000">Moran 2000</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, §3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2000">Moran 2000</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20007–8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20007–8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2000">Moran 2000</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20008_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2000">Moran 2000</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_emphasis_added-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_emphasis_added_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, Introduction, emphasis added.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20008–9-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran20008–9_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2000">Moran 2000</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenonSinhaSreekantan2014172-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenonSinhaSreekantan2014172_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenonSinhaSreekantan2014">Menon, Sinha & Sreekantan 2014</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202121_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.a-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.a_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §2.a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970part_III,_§57-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970part_III,_§57_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHusserl1970">Husserl 1970</a>, part III, §57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202125-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202125_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2021chapter_2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2021chapter_2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202130-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202130_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202124–25-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202124–25_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126–27-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202126–27_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202128–29-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202128–29_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202129–30-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202129–30_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatanson197363-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatanson197363_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatanson1973">Natanson 1973</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESafranski199872-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESafranski199872_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSafranski1998">Safranski 1998</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§1_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_§1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022Introduction,_§1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, Introduction, §1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§4_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§4_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, §4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinger1999-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollinger1999_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollinger1999">Rollinger 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970240-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1970240_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHusserl1970">Husserl 1970</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1969§94-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1969§94_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHusserl1969">Husserl 1969</a>, §94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahaviStjernfelt2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahaviStjernfelt2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZahaviStjernfelt2002">Zahavi & Stjernfelt 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohanty1977-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohanty1977_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohanty1977">Mohanty 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2023-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi2023_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2023">Gallagher & Zahavi 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202150-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202150_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.c-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.c_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §3.c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202123–30-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherZahavi202123–30_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherZahavi2021">Gallagher & Zahavi 2021</a>, pp. 23–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.d-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.d_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §2.d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.d-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.d_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §3.d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidegger1975Introduction-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidegger1975Introduction_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidegger1975">Heidegger 1975</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022§2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022§2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>, §2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToadvine2023§3._''Phenomenology_of_Perception''-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToadvine2023§3._''Phenomenology_of_Perception''_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToadvine2023§3._''Phenomenology_of_Perception''_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToadvine2023">Toadvine 2023</a>, §3. <i>Phenomenology of Perception</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaelbers201177-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaelbers201177_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaelbers2011">Waelbers 2011</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2008-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2008_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams2008">Adams 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETymieniecka2014246-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETymieniecka2014246_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTymieniecka2014">Tymieniecka 2014</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2022-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2022_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2022">Smith 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelton2003261-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelton2003261_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelton2003">Welton 2003</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2013§3.1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2013§3.1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler2013">Wheeler 2013</a>, §3.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensenMoran2014292-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensenMoran2014292_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJensenMoran2014">Jensen & Moran 2014</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow201321-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow201321_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLow2013">Low 2013</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004192-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004192_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2004">Reynolds 2004</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2008-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2008_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry2008">Henry 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ReganMyinNoë2004103–14-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ReganMyinNoë2004103–14_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'ReganMyinNoë2004">O'Regan, Myin & Noë 2004</a>, pp. 103–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuemer2005">Huemer 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerdini2019-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerdini2019_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerdini2019">Berdini 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowther2013161-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowther2013161_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowther2013">Crowther 2013</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.b-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§3.b_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §3.b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpear2021-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpear2021_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpear2021">Spear 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999159–60-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999159–60_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSokolowski1999">Sokolowski 1999</a>, pp. 159–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999160–61-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolowski1999160–61_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSokolowski1999">Sokolowski 1999</a>, pp. 160–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl1982§24-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusserl1982§24_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHusserl1982">Husserl 1982</a>, §24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.b-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023§2.b_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, §2.b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETassone2012307-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETassone2012307_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTassone2012">Tassone 2012</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007304–11-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2007304–11_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>, pp. 304–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2022§9._Empathy,_intersubjectivity_and_lifeworld;_ethics_and_value_theory-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2022§9._Empathy,_intersubjectivity_and_lifeworld;_ethics_and_value_theory_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeyer2022">Beyer 2022</a>, §9. Empathy, intersubjectivity and lifeworld; ethics and value theory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi20181993-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi20181993_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertazzi2018">Albertazzi 2018</a>, p. 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi2018-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertazzi2018_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertazzi2018">Albertazzi 2018</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams2008" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Suzi (2008). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Heidegger&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fheidegger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhenomenology+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahavi2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Zahavi" title="Dan Zahavi">Zahavi, Dan</a> (2018). <i>Phenomenology: The Basics</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315441580" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315441580"><bdi>978-1315441580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phenomenology%3A+The+Basics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1315441580&rft.aulast=Zahavi&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhenomenology+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahaviStjernfelt2002" class="citation book cs1">Zahavi, Dan; Stjernfelt, Frederik, eds. (2002). <i>One Hundred Years of Phenomenology: Husserl's 'Logical Investigations' Revisited</i>. Kluwer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Phenomenology%3A+Husserl%27s+%27Logical+Investigations%27+Revisited&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhenomenology+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology (philosophy)</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/phenomenology_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/phenomenology (philosophy)"><i>phenomenology (philosophy)</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li>At the <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/cognitive-phenomenology/">Cognitive Phenomenology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/husserl/">Edmund Husserl (1859–1938)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/huss-int/">Edmund Husserl: Intentionality and Intentional Content</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/husspemb/">Edmund Husserl: Phenomenology of Embodiment</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/eth-phen/">Ethics and Phenomenology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/fanon/">Frantz Fanon (1925–1961)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/heidegge/">Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/merleau/">Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/met-phen/">Metaphor and Phenomenology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/phen-psy/">Phenomenological Psychology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/phenomsc/">Phenomenology and Natural Science</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/phe-time/">Phenomenology and Time-Consciousness</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/phenom/">Phenomenology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/">Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/phen-red/">The Phenomenological Reduction</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></li> <li>At the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schutz/">Alfred Schutz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/">Edmund Husserl</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/">Martin Heidegger</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/merleau-ponty/">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/michel-henry/">Michel Henry</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-phenomenology/">Moral Phenomenology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenal-intentionality/">Phenomenal Intentionality</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-phil-race/#PhenRaceRaci">Phenomenologies of Race and Racism</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/">Phenomenology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauvoir/">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology-mg/">The Phenomenology of the Munich and Göttingen Circles</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></li> <li>At the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/">History of Women Philosophers and Scientists</a></i>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/women-in-early-phenomenology/">Women in Early Phenomenology</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/conrad-martius-hedwig-1888-1966/">Hedwig Conrad-Martius</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/stein-edith-1891-1942/">Edith Stein</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/walther-gerda-1897-1977/">Gerda Walther</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/other-women-phenomenologists/">Other Women Phenomenologists</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmund_Husserl" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmund_Husserl" title="Template:Edmund Husserl"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmund_Husserl" title="Template talk:Edmund Husserl"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmund_Husserl" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmund Husserl"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmund_Husserl" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic">Philosophy of Arithmetic</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logical_Investigations_(Husserl)" title="Logical Investigations (Husserl)">Logical Investigations</a></i> (1900–1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Cartesian Meditations</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_European_Sciences_and_Transcendental_Phenomenology" title="The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology">The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</a></i> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracketing_(phenomenology)" title="Bracketing (phenomenology)">Bracketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidetic_reduction" title="Eidetic reduction">Eidetic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeworld" title="Lifeworld">Lifeworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">Noema</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husserliana" title="Husserliana">Husserliana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speech_and_Phenomena" title="Speech and Phenomena">Speech and Phenomena</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Derrida_and_Husserl:_The_Basic_Problem_of_Phenomenology" title="Derrida and Husserl: The Basic Problem of Phenomenology">Derrida and Husserl: The Basic Problem of Phenomenology</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_mind" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template talk:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_mind" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Tyler Burge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Cameron Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis (philosopher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_No%C3%AB" title="Alva Noë">Alva Noë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Representational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophy of mind">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_topics" title="Template talk:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Branches" title="Outline of philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Amerindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consciousness" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consciousness" title="Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consciousness" title="Template talk:Consciousness"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consciousness" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Shaughnessy_(philosopher)" title="Brian O'Shaughnessy (philosopher)">Brian O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Strong" title="Charles Augustus Strong">Charles Augustus Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Peacocke" title="Christopher Peacocke">Christopher Peacocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Papineau" title="David Papineau">David Papineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">George Henry Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Rey" title="Georges Rey">Georges Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)" title="Joseph Levine (philosopher)">Joseph Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Frankish" title="Keith Frankish">Keith Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Sayre" title="Kenneth M. Sayre">Kenneth M. Sayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Goff_(philosopher)" title="Philip Goff (philosopher)">Philip Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger" title="Thomas Metzinger">Thomas Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">William Kingdon Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lycan" title="William Lycan">William Lycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seager_(philosopher)" title="William Seager (philosopher)">William Seager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_D._Hoffman" title="Donald D. Hoffman">Donald D. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Seth" title="Anil Seth">Anil Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weiskrantz" title="Lawrence Weiskrantz">Lawrence Weiskrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gazzaniga" title="Michael Gazzaniga">Michael Gazzaniga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graziano" title="Michael Graziano">Michael Graziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilken" title="Patrick Wilken">Patrick Wilken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Stanislas Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Laureys" title="Steven Laureys">Steven Laureys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Singer" title="Wolf Singer">Wolf Singer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annaka_Harris" title="Annaka Harris">Annaka Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_monism" title="Anomalous monism">Anomalous monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-aspect_theory" title="Double-aspect theory">Double-aspect theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_monism" title="Reflexive monism">Reflexive monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionary_materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionary materialism">Revisionary materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_schema_theory" title="Attention schema theory">Attention schema theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness#The_Dynamic_Core_Hypothesis" title="A Universe of Consciousness">Dynamic core hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasio%27s_theory_of_consciousness" title="Damasio's theory of consciousness">Damasio's theory of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" title="Electromagnetic theories of consciousness">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workspace_theory" title="Global workspace theory">Global workspace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_theories_of_consciousness" title="Higher-order theories of consciousness">Higher-order theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">Holonomic brain theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_information_theory" title="Integrated information theory">Integrated information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_masking#Lamme's_recurrent_feedback_hypothesis_of_visual_awareness_and_masking" title="Visual masking">Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model" title="Multiple drafts model">Multiple drafts model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">Altered state of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">Attentional control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindsight" title="Blindsight">Blindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorders of consciousness">Disorders of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided consciousness">Divided consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_consciousness" title="Dual consciousness">Dual consciousness (split-brain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_gap" title="Explanatory gap">Explanatory gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppression" title="Flash suppression">Flash suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">Heterophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection_illusion" title="Introspection illusion">Introspection illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_argument" title="Knowledge argument">Knowledge argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">Locked-in syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_conscious_state" title="Minimally conscious state">Minimally conscious state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_consciousness" title="Primary consciousness">Primary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_(neural_circuitry)" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">Reentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(witness)" title="Sakshi (witness)">Sakshi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_consciousness" title="Secondary consciousness">Secondary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Sociology of human consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">Subconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_character_of_experience" title="Subjective character of experience">Subjective character of experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">Subjectivity and objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_masking" title="Visual masking">Visual masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness" title="A Universe of Consciousness">A Universe of Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" title="Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness" title="Cosmic Consciousness">Cosmic Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_the_Self_Controls_Its_Brain" title="How the Self Controls Its Brain">How the Self Controls Its Brain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Consciousness_Conference" title="Online Consciousness Conference">Online Consciousness Conference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(consciousness_journal)" title="Psyche (consciousness journal)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Astonishing_Hypothesis" title="The Astonishing Hypothesis">The Astonishing Hypothesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscious_Mind" title="The Conscious Mind">The Conscious Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Science_of_Consciousness" title="The Science of Consciousness">The Science of Consciousness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Consciousness" title="Understanding Consciousness">Understanding Consciousness</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat%3F" title="What Is It Like to Be a Bat?">What Is It Like to Be a Bat?</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wider_than_the_Sky" title="Wider than the Sky">Wider than the Sky</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Consciousness" title="Category:Consciousness">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Consciousness" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Consciousness">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" 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