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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The start of Filipino nationalism (1760s–1820s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_start_of_Filipino_nationalism_(1760s–1820s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_the_progress_during_the_period_(1760s–1820s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_the_progress_during_the_period_(1760s–1820s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effect of the progress during the period (1760s–1820s)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effect_of_the_progress_during_the_period_(1760s–1820s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effect of the progress during the period (1760s–1820s) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_the_progress_during_the_period_(1760s–1820s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularization_of_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularization_of_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Secularization of parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularization_of_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_progress_of_Filipino_nationalism_(1820s–1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_progress_of_Filipino_nationalism_(1820s–1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further progress of Filipino nationalism (1820s–1860)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_progress_of_Filipino_nationalism_(1820s–1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Propaganda_Movement_(1860–1872)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Propaganda_Movement_(1860–1872)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First Propaganda Movement (1860–1872)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Propaganda_Movement_(1860–1872)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Propaganda_Movement_(1872–1892)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Propaganda_Movement_(1872–1892)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Second Propaganda Movement (1872–1892)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Propaganda_Movement_(1872–1892)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-propaganda_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-propaganda_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-propaganda era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-propaganda_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-propaganda era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-propaganda_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippine_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Philippine Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_declaration_and_the_Philippine-American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_declaration_and_the_Philippine-American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Independence declaration and the Philippine-American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_declaration_and_the_Philippine-American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Insular_Government_and_the_Commonwealth_era_(1901–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Insular_Government_and_the_Commonwealth_era_(1901–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The Insular Government and the Commonwealth era (1901–1946)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Insular_Government_and_the_Commonwealth_era_(1901–1946)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Insular Government and the Commonwealth era (1901–1946) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Insular_Government_and_the_Commonwealth_era_(1901–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insular_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insular_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Insular Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insular_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Commonwealth era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_the_Second_Republic_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation_and_the_Second_Republic_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Japanese occupation and the Second Republic (1941–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_the_Second_Republic_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Republic_(1946–1972)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Republic_(1946–1972)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Third Republic (1946–1972)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_Republic_(1946–1972)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Third Republic (1946–1972) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Third_Republic_(1946–1972)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radical_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Radical nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_law_and_the_Fourth_Republic_(1972–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law_and_the_Fourth_Republic_(1972–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Martial law and the Fourth Republic (1972–1986)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Martial_law_and_the_Fourth_Republic_(1972–1986)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Martial law and the Fourth Republic (1972–1986) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Martial_law_and_the_Fourth_Republic_(1972–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_forms_in_the_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_forms_in_the_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Nationalist forms in the opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_forms_in_the_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcos_nationalist_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcos_nationalist_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Marcos nationalist propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcos_nationalist_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fifth_Republic_(1986–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fifth_Republic_(1986–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>The Fifth Republic (1986–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fifth_Republic_(1986–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Contemporary challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Socioeconomic challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnocentricity_and_regionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnocentricity_and_regionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Ethnocentricity and regionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnocentricity_and_regionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_mentality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_mentality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Colonial mentality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_mentality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonalismong_Pilipinhon" title="Nasyonalismong Pilipinhon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nasyonalismong Pilipinhon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme_philippin" title="Nationalisme philippin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalisme philippin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_filipino" title="Nacionalismo filipino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalismo filipino" data-language-autonym="Galego" 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href="/wiki/File:Aguinaldo%27s_Mansion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aguinaldo%27s_Mansion.jpg/248px-Aguinaldo%27s_Mansion.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aguinaldo%27s_Mansion.jpg/372px-Aguinaldo%27s_Mansion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aguinaldo%27s_Mansion.jpg/496px-Aguinaldo%27s_Mansion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4735" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_Shrine" title="Aguinaldo Shrine">Aguinaldo Shrine</a> built in 1845 is where <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> was declared on June 12, 1898.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Filipino nationalism</b> refers to the establishment and support of a <a href="/wiki/Political_identity" title="Political identity">political identity</a> associated with the modern <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in the Philippines. This gradually emerged from various political and armed movements throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>—but which has long been fragmented and inconsistent with contemporary definitions of such nationalism—as a consequence of more than three centuries of Spanish rule. These movements are characterized by the upsurge of <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialist">anti-colonialist</a> sentiments and ideals which peaked in the late 19th century led mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">ilustrado</a> or landed, educated elites, whether <i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Insulares" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulares">insulares</a></i>, or native (<i>Indio</i>). This served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> of 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern concept would later be fully actualized upon the inception of a Philippine state with its contemporary borders after being granted independence by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1898-1946)">United States</a> by the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years before the 11th century, the Philippines was divided into numerous principalities known as barangays, a name derived from Malayan boats called <a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">balangays</a>. These small political units were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah">rajahs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1565, European colonization began in earnest when Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> arrived from Mexico and formed the first European settlements in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, founding the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>. Beginning with just five ships and five hundred men accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian monks</a>, and further strengthened in 1567 by two hundred soldiers, he was able to repel competing Portuguese colonizers and to create the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the Archipelago. In 1571, the Spanish occupied the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Maynila">Maynila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tondo">Tondo</a> and established <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> as the capital of the Captaincy General of the Philippines and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin,_Nick_1988_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin,_Nick_1988-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Spanish colonization united the Philippine archipelago into a single political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> has been the dominant island since the era of Spanish colonialism and played an important role in the national movement. While predominantly Christian, the southern islands (<a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>) have a significant Muslim population since the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">having been established</a> by traders and missionaries from several <a href="/wiki/Sultan#Southeast_&_East_Asia" title="Sultan">sultanates</a> in the wider <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, along the routes that follow <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>'s coast.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_start_of_Filipino_nationalism_(1760s–1820s)"><span id="The_start_of_Filipino_nationalism_.281760s.E2.80.931820s.29"></span>The start of Filipino nationalism (1760s–1820s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The start of Filipino nationalism (1760s–1820s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Filipino" originally referred to the Spanish criollos of the Philippines. During their 333-year rule of the Philippines, the Spanish rulers referred the natives as <i>indios</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also during the colonial era, the Spaniards born in the Philippines, who were more known as <i>insulares</i>, <i>criollos,</i> or <i>Creoles</i>, were also called "Filipinos." Spanish-born Spaniards or mainland Spaniards residing in the Philippines were referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></i>. Those of mixed ancestry were referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Mestizo">Mestizos</a></i>. The Creoles, despite being regarded by the <i>Peninsulares</i> as inferior to them, had enjoyed various government and church positions, and composed the majority of the government bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sense of national consciousness came from the Creoles, who now regard themselves as "Filipino". It was brought to its advent by three major factors: 1) economy, 2) education and 3) secularization of parishes. These factors contributed to the birth of the Filipino Nationalism. The opening of the Philippines to the international or world trade, the rise of the middle class, and the influx of Liberal ideas from Europe were only a few examples of how the Philippines developed into a stable country. "The first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the decades of the 1880s and the 1890s, with a reform or propaganda movement, conducted both in Spain and in the Philippines, for the purpose of "propagandizing" Philippine conditions in the hopes that desired changes in the social, political and economic life of the Filipinos would come about through peaceful means."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_the_progress_during_the_period_(1760s–1820s)"><span id="Effect_of_the_progress_during_the_period_.281760s.E2.80.931820s.29"></span>Effect of the progress during the period (1760s–1820s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effect of the progress during the period (1760s–1820s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest signs of the effect to Filipino Nationalism by the developments mentioned could be seen in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Varela" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Rodríguez Varela">Luis Rodríguez Varela</a>, a Creole educated in liberal France and highly exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. Knighted under the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Carlos III</a>, Varela was perhaps the only Philippine Creole who was actually part of <a href="/wiki/Nobility#European_nobility" title="Nobility">European nobility</a>. The court <a href="/wiki/Gazette" title="Gazette">gazette</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> announced that he was to become a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Conde</a> and from that point on proudly called himself <i>El Conde Filipino</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He championed the rights of Filipinos in the islands and slowly made the term applicable to anyone born in the Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/400px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/600px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/800px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>The Manila-Acapulco <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> started in 1568 and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleets</a> (white) and its eastwards rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a> routes of 1498–1640 (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>The decline of <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Galleon trade</a> between <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> was caused by the arrival of the ship <i>Buen Consejo</i> in 1765. The <i>Buen Consejo</i> took the shorter route<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> via <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast controlled by Portugal. The journey through the Cape of Good Hope takes three months from Spain to the Philippines, whereas the journey of the galleon trade takes five months. The event proved that Portugal was already past its prime in controlling the route via the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, which was already under Dutch control as early as 1652. Shorter journeys to and from Spain brought faster trade and quicker spread of ideas from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the growing sense of economic insecurity in the later years of the 18th century led the Creoles to turn their attention to agricultural production. The Creoles gradually changed from a very government-dependent class into capital-driven entrepreneurs. Their turning of attention towards guilded soil caused the rise of the large private <i><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a></i>. Various government and church positions were transferred to the roles of the <i>Peninsulares</i> who were characterized mostly in the 19th century Philippine history as corrupt bureaucrats. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas,_1st_Count_of_the_Conquest_of_Batanes_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="José Basco y Vargas, 1st Count of the Conquest of Batanes Islands">Jose Basco</a>, the 44th governor-general of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1780s, two institutions were established in order to enhance the economic capacity of the Philippines. These were the <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Econ%C3%B3mica_de_los_Amigos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País">Economic Societies of Friends of the Country</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_the_Philippines" title="Royal Company of the Philippines">Royal Company of the Philippines</a>. The former, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas,_1st_Count_of_the_Conquest_of_Batanes_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="José Basco y Vargas, 1st Count of the Conquest of Batanes Islands">Jose Basco</a> in 1780, was composed of leading men in business, industry and profession, the society was tasked to explore and exploit the natural resources of the archipelago. It offered local and foreign scholarships, besides training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design. It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths and gold beaters guild and the construction of the first papermill in the Philippines in 1825. The latter, created by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Carlos III</a> on March 10, 1785, was granted exclusive monopoly of bringing to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>; Chinese and Indian goods and shipping them directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. It was stiffly objected by the Dutch and English who saw it as a direct attack on their trade of Asian goods. It was also vehemently opposed by the traders of the Galleon trade who saw it as competition.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the administration of Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Jose_Raon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Raon">Jose Raon</a>, a royal order from Spain, which stated that every village or barrio must have a school and a teacher, was implemented. The implementation of the order expanded the reach of basic education during the Spanish era. Also, during the 18th century, modern agricultural tools made many people leave farming for pursuing academic and intellectual courses. After the arrival of <i>Buen Consejo</i>, the Philippines had more direct contact to Europe and the ideas circulating. Thus, the Philippines was influenced by the principles during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and radical changes during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularization_of_parishes">Secularization of parishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secularization of parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_III_of_Spain_high_resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Charles_III_of_Spain_high_resolution.jpg/170px-Charles_III_of_Spain_high_resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Charles_III_of_Spain_high_resolution.jpg/255px-Charles_III_of_Spain_high_resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Charles_III_of_Spain_high_resolution.jpg/340px-Charles_III_of_Spain_high_resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>, 1761</figcaption></figure> <p>By royal decree on February 27, 1767, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Carlos III</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Jesuits to be expelled from Spain</a>, and from all her colonies. The decree reached the Philippines in early 1768, wherein Governor-General Raon tried to do the Jesuits a favor by delaying the implementation of the royal order in exchange of bribes. This gave the Jesuit priests to hide all of their possessions and destroy documents that could be held against them, which were supposed to be confiscated. The first batch of Jesuits, numbered 64, left Manila only by May 17, 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event caused Raon to face prosecution from the next Governor-General, as ordered by the King of Spain. Raon died before the judgment for him was laid.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expulsion of Jesuit priests from the country resulted to a shortage of priests in the parishes. This prompted the current Manila archbishop, Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa, to launch his favorite project: secularization of Philippine parishes. Sancho reasoned out that priests were only sent to facilitate missions to areas that are not yet much Christianized. Native priests must be ordained to facilitate the parishes since the Philippines was already a Christian country. Sancho recruited every Indio he got to become priests. There was even a joke at the time that there were no one to man the galleons anymore, since Sancho had made them all priests. The secularization partly failed because many members of the newly formed native clergy soiled the parishes with their ignorance, sloth, and the like. One achievement of Sancho's secularization project was the establishment of a school for native boys who aspire to become priests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_progress_of_Filipino_nationalism_(1820s–1860)"><span id="Further_progress_of_Filipino_nationalism_.281820s.E2.80.931860.29"></span>Further progress of Filipino nationalism (1820s–1860)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further progress of Filipino nationalism (1820s–1860)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this stage, the Creoles slowly introduced their own reforms. Parishes began to have native priests at the time of Archbishop Sancho. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was given representation in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Cortes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Cortes">Spanish Cortes</a> three times (last time was from 1836 to 1837).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on June 1, 1823, a Creole revolt broke out in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a>-blood Creole captain <a href="/wiki/Andres_Novales" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Novales">Andres Novales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nick_Joaquin,_A_Question_of_Heroes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nick_Joaquin,_A_Question_of_Heroes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolt, caused by an order from Spain that declared military officers commissioned in the Peninsula (Spain) should outrank all those appointed in the Colonies, saw <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> cheering with Novales's cry of "<i>Viva la Independencia</i>" (English: <span lang="en">Long Live Independence</span>). The revolt prompted the government to deport Varela together with other Creoles [allegedly known as <i>Los Hijos del País</i> (English: <span lang="en">The Children of the Country</span>)], after being associated with the Creole reformists. The Novales Revolt would soon be followed by another Creole plot of secession known as the <a href="/wiki/Palmero_Conspiracy" title="Palmero Conspiracy">Palmero Conspiracy</a>, which was caused by the replacement of Creole public officials, especially provincial governors, with Peninsulars. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Galleon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spanish_Galleon.jpg/170px-Spanish_Galleon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spanish_Galleon.jpg/255px-Spanish_Galleon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Spanish_Galleon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Painting of a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> during <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila-Acapulco Trade</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Economic developments also did a part in making up the shape of Filipino Nationalism. Before the opening of Manila to foreign trade, the Spanish authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the colony and engaging in business.<sup id="cite_ref-zaide_1957_63_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaide_1957_63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1823, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ricafort_Palacin_y_Abarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca">Mariano Ricafort</a> promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting the provinces for purposes of trade. However, by the royal decree of September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were abolished and the port of Manila was opened to trade.<sup id="cite_ref-diaz_arenas_1838_4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaz_arenas_1838_4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after opening Manila to world trade, the Spanish merchants began to lose their commercial supremacy in the Philippines. In 1834, restrictions against foreign traders were relaxed when Manila became an open port. By the end of 1859, there were 15 foreign firms in Manila: seven of which were British, three American, two French, two Swiss and one German.<sup id="cite_ref-diaz_arenas_1838_4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaz_arenas_1838_4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to <a href="/wiki/Sinibaldo_de_Mas" title="Sinibaldo de Mas">Sinibaldo de Mas</a>' recommendations, more ports were opened by Spain to world trade. The ports of <a href="/wiki/Sual,_Pangasinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sual, Pangasinan">Sual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> were opened in 1855. <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a> was opened in 1860, <a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a> in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-bowring_1859_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowring_1859-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Japan that rushed into modernization and national transformation during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the Philippines and its people saw that the Spanish and its government is not as invincible as it was two centuries before. The Indios and the Creoles became more influenced by foreign ideas of liberalism as the Philippines became more open to foreigners. Foreigners who visited the Philippines had noticed the speed of the circulation of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>. Songs about liberty and equality were also being sung at the time. Some Spanish who foresaw a "fast verging" Indio takeover of the archipelago began to send money out of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Propaganda_Movement_(1860–1872)"><span id="First_Propaganda_Movement_.281860.E2.80.931872.29"></span>First Propaganda Movement (1860–1872)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First Propaganda Movement (1860–1872)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_burgos_PG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jose_burgos_PG.jpg/170px-Jose_burgos_PG.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jose_burgos_PG.jpg/255px-Jose_burgos_PG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Jose_burgos_PG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Padre José Apolonio Burgos</figcaption></figure> <p>Varela would then retire from politics but his nationalism was carried on by another Creole, one <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pel%C3%A1ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Peláez">Pedro Peláez</a>, who campaigned for the rights of Filipino priests (Creoles, Mestizos and Indios) and pressed for secularization of Philippine parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reasoned out the same point Sancho had, friars are for missions on areas that are still pagan. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Latin American revolutions</a> and decline of <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> influence in Spain resulted in the increase of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">regular clergy</a> (Peninsular friars) in the Philippines. Filipino priests (Creoles, Mestizos and Indios) were being replaced by Spanish friars (<i>Peninsulares</i>) and Peláez demanded explanation as to the legality of replacing a <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular</a> with regulars—which is in contradiction to the <i><a href="/wiki/Exponi_nobis" title="Exponi nobis">Exponi nobis</a></i>. Peláez brought the case to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> and almost succeeded if not for an earthquake that cut his career short. The earthquake struck on June 3, 1863, during the feast of Corpus Christi. The ideology would be carried by his more militant disciple, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Burgos" title="José Burgos">José Burgos</a>. </p><p>Demonstrations became a norm in Manila during the 1860s. One of the first of a series of demonstrations was during the transfer of the remains of former Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Anda_y_Salazar" title="Simón de Anda y Salazar">Simón de Anda y Salazar</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> after the 1863 earthquake. Anda was a hero for the natives because he fought friar power during his term, and he established a separate government in Bacolor during the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a>. On the day of the transfer, a young Indio priest approached the coffin and laid a laurel wreath dedicated by "<i>The Secular Clergy of the Philippines</i>" to Don Simón de Anda. Then, a young Indio student went to the coffin and offered a crown of flowers. Lastly, a number of <i>gobernadorcillos</i> went to do their own salutations for Don Simón de Anda. Since none of those acts were in the program, the Spanish saw that it was a secretly planned demonstration. Though no one told who the mastermind was, there were rumors that it was Padre Burgos.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstrations got more frequent and more influential during the liberal regime of Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Torre_y_Nava_Cerrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada">Carlos María de la Torre</a> (1869–1871). Only two weeks after the arrival of de la Torre as Governor-General, Burgos and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera led a demonstration at the Plaza de Santa Potenciana. Among the demonstrators were Jose Icaza, Jaime Baldovino Gorospe, Jacobo Zobel, Ignacio Rocha, Manuel Genato and Maximo Paterno. The demo cry was "<i>Viva Filipinas para los Filipinos!</i>". In November 1870, a student movement, denounced as a riot or <i>motin</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> formed a committee to demand reforms on the school and its curricula. It later announced support of Philippine autonomy and recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain. The committee was headed by Felipe Buencamino.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,_My_Manila_pp_97-100_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,_My_Manila_pp_97-100-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Maria_de_la_Torre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carlos_Maria_de_la_Torre.jpg/220px-Carlos_Maria_de_la_Torre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Carlos_Maria_de_la_Torre.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Torre_y_Nava_Cerrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada">Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada</a>, the 91st Governor-General of the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period, a secret society of reformists met in a cistern under a well at the house of Father <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomez_(priest)" title="Mariano Gomez (priest)">Mariano Gomez</a>. The society, headed by Jose Maria Basa, worked mainly on a Madrid journal called the <i>Eco de Filipinas</i> (not to be confused with the <i><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_C._Regalado" title="Iñigo C. Regalado">El Eco de Filipinas</a></i> that was published much later, in September 1890). The journal exposed problems in the Philippines and pressed on reforms that they seek for the country. Among the members were Burgos, Maximo Paterno, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Rianzares_Bautista" title="Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista">Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista</a>, and Father Agustin Mendoza. It served as a precursor to <i><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></i>. However, Burgos died after the infamous <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">Cavite Mutiny</a>, which was pinned on Burgos as his attempt to start a Creole Revolution and make himself president of the Philippines or <i>Rey Indio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of José Burgos, and the other alleged conspirators, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomez_(priest)" title="Mariano Gomez (priest)">Mariano Gomez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Zamora" title="Jacinto Zamora">Jacinto Zamora</a> on February 17, 1872, seemingly ended the entire Creole movement. Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Rafael_de_Izquierdo_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutiérrez">Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutiérrez</a> unleashed his reign of terror in order to prevent the spread of the Creole ideology—Filipino nationalism. </p><p>Another event in history created an impact on Filipino nationalism during this period. Before 1869, the route through the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> proved to be a shortest available journey to Europe by Indios and Creoles alike. The journey takes 3 months travel by sea. On November 17, 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> opened after 10 years of construction work. At its advent, the journey from the Philippines to Spain was further reduced to one month. This allowed a much faster spread of European ideology and an increase of Filipino presence in Europe itself. The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a> would later benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> for the shorter route it provided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Propaganda_Movement_(1872–1892)"><span id="Second_Propaganda_Movement_.281872.E2.80.931892.29"></span>Second Propaganda Movement (1872–1892)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second Propaganda Movement (1872–1892)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="second_propaganda_movement"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilustrados_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/300px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/450px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/600px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Filipino expatriates in Europe formed the Propaganda Movement. Photographed in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain in 1890.</figcaption></figure> <p>The events of 1872 however invited the other colored section of the <i>Ilustrados</i> (intellectually enlightened class), the growing middle-class natives, to at least do something to preserve the Creole ideals. Seeing the impossibility of a revolution against Izquierdo and the Governor-General's brutal reign convinced the <i><a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">Ilustrados</a></i> to get out of the Philippines and continue propaganda in Europe. This massive propaganda upheaval from 1872 to 1892 is now known as the Second <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through their writings and orations, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> sounded the trumpets of Filipino nationalism and brought it to the level of the masses. The propagandists mainly aimed for representation of the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a>, secularization of the clergy, legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality, among others. Their main work was the newspaper called <i><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></i> (Solidarity), which was first published at <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> on December 13, 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-Solidaridad_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solidaridad-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rizal, the foremost figure of the propagandists, created the <i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i> (published 1887) and <i><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i> (published 1891). It rode the increasing anti-Spanish (anti-<i>Peninsulares</i>) sentiments in the islands and pushed the people towards revolution, rather than discourage them that a revolution was not the solution for independence. </p><p>The Filipino identity that emerged was based around the idea of unity among the lowland Catholic population that was integrated into the Spanish system, not yet encompassing the Moros in the south and the tribal people who lived in the mountainous interior.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-propaganda_era">Post-propaganda era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-propaganda era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By July 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines and established a progressive organization he called the <i>La Liga Filipina</i> (The Philippine League).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the organization collapsed after Rizal's arrest and deportation to Dapitan on July 7. At the same day, a Philippine revolutionary society was founded by <i>Ilustrados</i> led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladislao_Diwa" title="Ladislao Diwa">Ladislao Diwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz" title="Valentín Díaz">Valentín Díaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main aim of the organization, named <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, was to win Philippine independence through a revolution and establish a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of the Katipunan signaled the end of peaceful propaganda for reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Revolution">Philippine Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philippine Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_Flag_Original.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philippines_Flag_Original.svg/220px-Philippines_Flag_Original.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philippines_Flag_Original.svg/330px-Philippines_Flag_Original.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philippines_Flag_Original.svg/440px-Philippines_Flag_Original.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Original flag of the Philippines, as conceived by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Katipunan reached an overwhelming membership and attracted almost the lowly of the Filipino class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In June 1896, Bonifacio sent an emissary to Dapitan to reach Rizal's support, but the latter refused for an armed revolution. On August 19, 1896, Katipunan was discovered by a Spanish friar which started the Philippine Revolution. </p><p>The revolution flared up initially into the eight provinces of <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, a member of the Katipunan, spread an armed resistance through <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a> region where he liberated Cavite towns little by little. Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus Assembly</a> in December 1896 and <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a> in March 1897. Aguinaldo was elected in absentia as President of an insurgent revolutionary government by the Tejeros convention. Bonifacio, acting as Supremo of the Katipunan, declared the convention proceedings void and attempted to reassert leadership of the revolution. In late April Aguinaldo fully assumed presidential office after consolidating his position with revolutionary leaders. Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who stood trial on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo. Bonifacio was convicted in a rigged trial by a kangaroo court composed of Aguinaldo loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonifacio was subsequently executed. </p><p>In December 1897, Aguinaldo agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> with the Spanish colonial government. Aguinaldo and his revolutionary leadership were exiled to Hong Kong. However, not all of the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement. One, General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Makabulos" title="Francisco Makabulos">Francisco Makabulos</a>, established a <a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_(Philippines)" title="Central Executive Committee (Philippines)">Central Executive Committee</a> to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Interim_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Interim government">interim government</a> until a more suitable one was created. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_declaration_and_the_Philippine-American_War">Independence declaration and the Philippine-American War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Independence declaration and the Philippine-American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malolos_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/220px-Malolos_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/330px-Malolos_congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/440px-Malolos_congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Revolutionaries gather during the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, as conflicts continued in the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a>, having been sent to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban revolution</a>, exploded and sank in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> harbor. This event precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Commodore <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a> defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila, a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> squadron, led by Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Diederichs" title="Otto von Diederichs">Otto von Diederichs</a>, arrived in Manila and engaged in maneuvers which Dewey, seeing this as obstruction of his blockade, offered war—after which the Germans backed down.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19, 1898, via transport provided by Dewey. By the time U.S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon, except for the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">declared the independence</a> of the Philippines in <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Kawit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> under Asia's first democratic constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a>, an insurgency against Spanish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-pinas_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinas-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain and the United States sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. In the treaty, Spain <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">ceded</a> the Philippines, along with <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, to the United States. Cession of the Philippines involved payment by the U.S. of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>20,000,000.00.<sup id="cite_ref-uslc-14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslc-14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. President McKinley described the acquisition of the Philippines as "... a gift from the gods", saying that since "they were unfit for self-government, ... there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in spite of the Philippines having been already Christianized by the Spanish over the course of several centuries. </p><p>Filipino forces under Aguinaldo as President of the insurgent <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a> resisted the U.S. occupation, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> (1899–1913). The poorly-equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat, but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare. <a href="/wiki/Malolos_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos City">Malolos</a>, the revolutionary capital, was captured on March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government escaped however, establishing a new capital at <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro,_Nueva_Ecija" title="San Isidro, Nueva Ecija">San Isidro, Nueva Ecija</a>. On June 5, 1899, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a>, Aguinaldo's most capable military commander, was killed by Aguinaldo's guards in an apparent assassination while visiting <a href="/wiki/Cabanatuan" title="Cabanatuan">Cabanatuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a> to meet with Aguinaldo.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army on November 13 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key general, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>, was killed on December 2, 1899, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tirad_Pass" title="Battle of Tirad Pass">Battle of Tirad Pass</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a> action to delay the Americans while Aguinaldo made good his escape through the mountains. </p><p>Aguinaldo was captured at <a href="/wiki/Palanan,_Isabela" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanan, Isabela">Palanan, Isabela</a> on March 23, 1901, and was brought to Manila. Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war. However, sporadic insurgent resistance to American rule continued in various parts of the Philippines, notably insurgencies such as the Irreconcilables and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a>, until 1913. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Insular_Government_and_the_Commonwealth_era_(1901–1946)"><span id="The_Insular_Government_and_the_Commonwealth_era_.281901.E2.80.931946.29"></span>The Insular Government and the Commonwealth era (1901–1946)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Insular Government and the Commonwealth era (1901–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insular_Government">Insular Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Insular Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/220px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/330px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/440px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> addressing the audience at the First Philippine Assembly in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Grand_Opera_House" title="Manila Grand Opera House">Manila Grand Opera House</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government">Insular Government</a></div> <p>The 1902 <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act</a> was a constitution for the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government">Insular Government</a>, as the U.S. civil administration was known. This was a form of territorial government that reported to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Bureau of Insular Affairs">Bureau of Insular Affairs</a>. The act provided for a governor general appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house. It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. </p><p>Two years after completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a> was convened in 1907 as the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a>, with the Philippine Commission as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence. </p><p>Philippine nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quezon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Quezon">Manuel Quezon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands. The Jones bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law, officially the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Autonomy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Autonomy Act">Philippine Autonomy Act</a> but popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a>, served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines. Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment of a stable government. The law maintained the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of the Philippines">Governor General of the Philippines</a>, appointed by the President of the United States, but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower house); it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) with an elected senate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence efforts. The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919. The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a>. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, in his 1921 farewell message to Congress, certified that the Filipino people had performed the condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence, declaring that, this having been done, the duty of the U.S. is to grant Philippine independence.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the first independence mission, public funding of such missions was ruled illegal. Subsequent independence missions in 1922, 1923, 1930, 1931 1932, and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions. Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress, which passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Bill on December 30, 1932. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the <a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Hawes%E2%80%93Cutting_Act" title="Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act">Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act</a> became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Senate">Philippine Senate</a> to ratify the law. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Quezon</a> urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a> of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act except in minor details. The Tydings–McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_era">Commonwealth era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commonwealth era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth,_23_March_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg/220px-Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg/330px-Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg/440px-Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><i>March 23, 1935</i>: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: <a href="/wiki/George_H._Dern" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Dern">George H. Dern</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a <a href="/wiki/1935_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a>, for a 10-year <i>"transitional period"</i> as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> before the granting of <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">Philippine independence</a>. On May 5, 1934, the Philippines legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates. Governor General <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> designated July 10 as the election date, and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30. The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935, approved by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> on March 23, and ratified by popular vote on May 14. </p><p>On September 17, 1935, <a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">presidential elections</a> were held. Candidates included former president <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Iglesia Filipina Independiente</a></i> leader <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Aglipay" title="Gregorio Aglipay">Gregorio Aglipay</a>, and others. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a> were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively. The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Legislative_Building_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Legislative Building (Manila)">Legislative Building</a> in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_occupation_and_the_Second_Republic_(1941–1945)"><span id="Japanese_occupation_and_the_Second_Republic_.281941.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Japanese occupation and the Second Republic (1941–1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation and the Second Republic (1941–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> launched a surprise <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Philippines (1942)">attack</a> on the Clark Air Base in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Aerial bombardment, which destroyed most of the American aircraft in the islands, was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> and to the island of <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a> at the entrance to Manila Bay. On January 2, 1942, General MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila, an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a> to prevent its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_P._Laurel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/170px-Jose_P._Laurel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/255px-Jose_P._Laurel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/340px-Jose_P._Laurel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José Paciano Laurel</a> was the only president of the Second Philippine Republic.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Philippine Executive Commission was established in 1942 with <a href="/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a> as its first chairman. The PEC was created as the temporary care-taker government of the Greater <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> area and eventually of the whole Philippines during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#World_War_II_and_Japanese_occupation" title="History of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the country</a> during World War II. On May 6, 1943, Japanese Premier <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> during a visit to the Philippines pledged to establish the Republic of the Philippines. This pledge of Tojo prompted the <i>"<a href="/wiki/KALIBAPI" title="KALIBAPI">KALIBAPI</a>,"</i> to call for a convention on June 19, 1943, and twenty of its members were elected to form the Preparatory Commission for Independence. The commission tasked to draft a constitution for the Philippine Republic and elected head was <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a>. The Preparatory Commission presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943, and three days later, the <i>"KALIBAPI"</i> general assembly ratified the draft Constitution. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Japanese-sponsored establishment of the Republic of the Philippines</a> was proclaimed on October 14, 1943, with José P. Laurel being sworn in as president.<sup id="cite_ref-josep_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josep-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, a <i>"Pact of Alliance"</i> was signed between the new Philippine Republic and the Japanese government that was ratified two days later by the National Assembly. The Philippine Republic was immediately recognized by Japan, and in the succeeding days by Germany, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and Italy while neutral Spain sent its "greetings." </p><p>In October 1944, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, the overall commander of American forces in the Pacific, had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">retaking of the Philippines</a>, landing with <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon's death. The battles entailed long fierce fighting; some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945. The Second Republic was dissolved earlier, on August 14. After their landing, Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Huk movement</a>, which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Republic_(1946–1972)"><span id="Third_Republic_.281946.E2.80.931972.29"></span>Third Republic (1946–1972)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Third Republic (1946–1972)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/220px--1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Proclamation of independence</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Carlos, America buried imperialism here today!</i></p></blockquote> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small> – General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Romulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Romulo">Carlos Romulo</a> at the recognition of the independence of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> <p>On July 4, 1946, representatives of the United States of America and of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> signed a Treaty of General Relations between the two governments. The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as of July 4, 1946, and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-UN254_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN254-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1946 to 1961, the Philippines observed <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Independence Day</a> on July 4. However, on May 12, 1962, President <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 proclaiming June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-bibingka-jun12_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibingka-jun12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">Philippine Republic Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RA4166_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA4166-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>But in the hearts of eighteen million Filipinos, the American flag now flies more triumphantly than ever.</i></p></blockquote> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small> – President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> addressing the crowd after the flag-raising ceremony on July 4, 1946<sup id="cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> <p>Despite eventual success of Filipinos to claim political and social independence, a new type of colonialism rose in the country. It is known as <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>. Neocolonialism is defined as the practice of using economic, linguistic, and cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control. Since most of the country was ravaged by the Second World War, the Philippines depended mainly on the United States to restore her industries and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan,_1987_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan,_1987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country only began to build local industries to reduce economic dependence on foreign nations during the term of President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan,_1987_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan,_1987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalism in the real sense remained stuck up in a false Filipinistic posture.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan,_1987_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan,_1987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of governmental efforts to enforce nationalistic policies began with former President <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a> sworn into office wearing the <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a>, a first by any Philippine president. It was fervently followed by the nationalist program <i>"Filipino First Policy"</i> of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_nationalism">Radical nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radical nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon</i>) guerillas continued the revolutionary struggle to establish a Communist government in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan,_1987_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan,_1987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalism in the real sense remained stuck up in a false Filipinistic posture.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan,_1987_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan,_1987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radical wing of the nationalists, led by peasant leader <a href="/wiki/Luis_Taruc" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a>, renamed themselves as the <i>Hukbong Magpalaya ng Bayan</i> (English: Army to Liberate the People). At its heyday, the Huk movement commanded an estimated 170,000 armed troops with a base of at least two million civilian supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-everything2.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everything2.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a>, which was then the Secretary of National Defense during the Quirino administration, was instrumental in halting the Communist movement. </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a> co-founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Kabataang_Makabayan" title="Kabataang Makabayan">Kabataang Makabayan</a></i> (Patriotic Youth) with Nilo S. Tayag. This organization rallied the Filipino youth against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, against the Marcos presidency, and corrupt politicians. On December 26, 1968, he formed and chaired the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> (CPP), an organization within the Communist Party founded on <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Marxist–Leninist-Mao Zedong Thought</a>, stemming from his own experiences as a youth leader and a labor and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> activist. This is known as the "First Great Rectification" movement where Sison and other radical youths criticized the existing Party's leadership and failure. The reformed CPP included Maoism within the political line as well as the struggle for a National Democratic Revolution in two-stages, consisting of a protracted <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">people's war</a> as its first part to be followed by a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> revolution. </p><p>Radical nationalism in the Philippines emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> under Bonifacio as unfinished and henceforth continued, under working class leadership. Writers such as Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato Constantino advocated patriotism by means of revisiting Filipino history in a Filipino perspective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martial_law_and_the_Fourth_Republic_(1972–1986)"><span id="Martial_law_and_the_Fourth_Republic_.281972.E2.80.931986.29"></span>Martial law and the Fourth Republic (1972–1986)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Martial law and the Fourth Republic (1972–1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos">Economy of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Third Philippine Republic established in 1946 after World War II ended with the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a> shortly before what was supposed to be the end of his last allowable term under the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 22, 1972, then-Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a> was reportedly ambushed by communists in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a>, killing his driver but leaving him unscathed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (November 2021)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Filipino_nationalism#undue" title="Talk:Filipino nationalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The Enrile ambush was widely believed to have been faked.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination attempt, the growing threat of the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>, and citizen unrest, were used by Marcos as justification to declare <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a>, which he signed on September 17 (postdated to September 21), the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-Mijares,_1976_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mijares,_1976-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ruling_by_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruling by decree">Ruling by decree</a>, Marcos suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus and dissolved other <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, padlocked Congress and universities, and arrested student activists and opposition leaders, including senators <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">Jose W. Diokno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uslc-28_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslc-28-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos was a period marked by massive government corruption, cronyism, economic recession, and gross violations of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_forms_in_the_opposition">Nationalist forms in the opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nationalist forms in the opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media reports of the time just before the declaration of Martial Law classified the various Nationalist civil society groups opposing Marcos into two categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Passionate_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passionate-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daroy1988_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daroy1988-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "moderates", which included church groups, civil libertarians, and nationalist politicians, were those who wanted to create change through political reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Passionate_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passionate-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "radicals", including a number of labor and student groups, wanted broader, more systemic political reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Passionate_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passionate-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GazetteHistoryProtest_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteHistoryProtest-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Marcos' actions during that time radicalized many otherwise "moderate" opposition members, with key incidents including: "First Quarter Storm" protests of 1970; the February 1971 <a href="/wiki/Diliman_Commune" title="Diliman Commune">Diliman Commune</a>; the August 1971 suspension of the writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda" title="Plaza Miranda">Plaza Miranda</a> bombing; the September 1972 <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">declaration of martial law</a>; the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Macli-ing_Dulag" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Macli-ing Dulag">murder of Macli-ing Dulag</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Aureus_1985_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aureus_1985-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the August 1983 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">assassination of Ninoy Aquino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GazetteHistoryProtest_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteHistoryProtest-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcos_nationalist_propaganda">Marcos nationalist propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Marcos nationalist propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marcos developed a <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality</a> as a way of holding on to power for a further 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Root2016ThreeAsianDictators_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Root2016ThreeAsianDictators-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner1990DilemmaofLegitimacy_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner1990DilemmaofLegitimacy-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Marcos' rationalizations for the declaration of martial law were the linked ideologies of the "bagong lipunan" ("new society")<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: "66"">: "66" </span></sup> and of "constitutional authoritarianism,"<sup id="cite_ref-NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming there was a need to "reform society"<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: "66"">: "66" </span></sup> by placing it under the control of a "benevolent dictator" in a "constitutional authority" which could guide the undisciplined populace through a period of chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: "29"">: "29" </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeltranChingkawShadowsofTyrrany_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeltranChingkawShadowsofTyrrany-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcos supported the ideology of "constitutional authoritarianism" with various exercises in social engineering, united under the banner of the "bagong lipunan."<sup id="cite_ref-OnyebadiMusicAsAPlatform_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnyebadiMusicAsAPlatform-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> The Philippine education system underwent a major period of restructuring in after the declaration of Martial Law in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-Maca2018EducationLaborExport_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maca2018EducationLaborExport-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the teaching of civics and history was reoriented<sup id="cite_ref-Maca2018EducationLaborExport_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maca2018EducationLaborExport-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that it would reflect values which supported the Bagong Lipunan and its ideology of constitutional authoritarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PalgraveNewHistoryofSEA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalgraveNewHistoryofSEA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 414">: 414 </span></sup> His administration also took control of the mass media to silence public criticism<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced an array of propaganda materials – including speeches, books, lectures, slogans, and numerous propaganda songs – to promote it.<sup id="cite_ref-OnyebadiMusicAsAPlatform_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnyebadiMusicAsAPlatform-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EsquireBagongSilangSong_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EsquireBagongSilangSong-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marcos cast a propaganda image himself as King, and of his wife Imelda as Queen,<sup id="cite_ref-BarumaNYBookReviewMotherFilipinas_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarumaNYBookReviewMotherFilipinas-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the vein of early Philippine <a href="/wiki/Barangay_(early_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barangay (early history)">Barangay settlements</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Maharlika" title="Maharlika">Maharlika</a> warrior class,<sup id="cite_ref-morrow2009_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrow2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bethge_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethge-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quimpo_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quimpo-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the mythological adam and eve figures of "Malakas and Maganda."<sup id="cite_ref-Star31YearsMalakasMaganda_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star31YearsMalakasMaganda-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EsquireMalakasMaganda_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EsquireMalakasMaganda-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To support this, Marcos and Imelda spent a big part of the government budget on grandiose construction projects, a propaganda technique eventually labelled the Marcoses' "<a href="/wiki/Edifice_complex" title="Edifice complex">edifice complex</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-theEdificeComplex_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theEdificeComplex-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gma7edifice_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gma7edifice-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lico2003_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lico2003-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included "designer hospitals" meant to project the administration's "state of the art" status, and cultural edifices such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Center" title="National Arts Center">National Arts Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Center of the Philippines complex">Cultural Center of the Philippines complex</a>, which cast the Marcoses as patrons of the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Manapat1991_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manapat1991-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first years of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">martial law</a> saw an increase in military hardware and personnel in the Philippines, as well as a short-lived boost in agricultural productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mijares,_1976_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mijares,_1976-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By encouraging the use of recently invented "miracle" rice variant <a href="/wiki/IR8" title="IR8">IR8</a> the administration was able to raise rice production (which increased 42% in 8 years),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to decrease dependence on food importation during the early years of Martial Law, although the gains collapsed in the 1980s when the farm credit system under Marcos' <a href="/wiki/Masagana_99" title="Masagana 99">Masagana 99</a> program ran out of money<sup id="cite_ref-Esguerra1980_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esguerra1980-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after having become a vehicle of political patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To help finance his administration's projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1993-p10_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1993-p10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, proving that the country was not yet fully independent economically. The Philippines' external debt rose from $360 million (US) in 1962 to $28.3 billion in 1986, making the Philippines one of the most indebted countries in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1993-p10_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1993-p10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Fifth_Republic_(1986–present)"><span id="The_Fifth_Republic_.281986.E2.80.93present.29"></span>The Fifth Republic (1986–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Fifth Republic (1986–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From February 22–25, 1986, many demonstrations against Marcos took place on a long stretch of <a href="/wiki/Epifanio_de_los_Santos_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifanio de los Santos Avenue">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue</a>. The event, known as the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>, involved many famous figures such as Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Sin</a>, Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a> and Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a>. Finally, on February 25, the Marcos family was transported by U.S. Air Force HH-3E rescue helicopters to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> to <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles City</a>, Pampanga, about 83 kilometers north of Manila, before boarding <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> DC-9 Medivac and C-141B planes bound for Andersen Air Force Base in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and finally to Hickam Air Force Base in Hawaii where Marcos arrived on February 26. Many people around the world rejoiced and congratulated Filipinos they knew. <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> succeeded as president of the Philippines. </p><p>In 1986, Aquino adopted <a href="/wiki/Original_Pilipino_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Pilipino Music">Original Pilipino Music</a> (OPM, defined as "any musical composition created by a Filipino, whether the lyrics be in Pilipino, English or in any other language or dialect") by requiring hourly broadcasts of OPM songs on all radio programs having musical formats in order to conserve, promote and popularize the nation's historical and cultural heritage and resources, as well as artistic creations, and to give patronage to arts and letters.<sup id="cite_ref-EO255_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO255-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singers like <a href="/wiki/Regine_Velasquez" title="Regine Velasquez">Regine Velasquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Santiago" title="Randy Santiago">Randy Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogie_Alcasid" title="Ogie Alcasid">Ogie Alcasid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Valenciano" title="Gary Valenciano">Gary Valenciano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manilyn_Reynes" title="Manilyn Reynes">Manilyn Reynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Cruz" title="Donna Cruz">Donna Cruz</a> and others are contributed to the President's implementation of Filipino music over the airwaves. Stations like <a href="/wiki/DWRR-FM" title="DWRR-FM">DZOO-FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DWLS" title="DWLS">DWLS</a>, etc., are adopted hourly OPMs effectively after the implementation. Aquino also encouraged the tourism sector to boost the national economy. Under her six-year term, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Philippines)" title="Department of Tourism (Philippines)">Department of Tourism</a> launched a program called <i>The Philippines: Fiesta Islands of Asia</i> in 1989, offers <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> visits in the country to show their natural wonders, to protect their indigenous peoples, to preserve heritage sites and to contribute historical importance. In 1987, then President Corazon C. Aquino penned Executive Order No. 118 creating the Presidential Commission on Culture and Arts. Five years later, in 1992, this presidential directive was enacted into law—Republic Act 7356, creating the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a> (NCCA). </p><p>On June 12, 1998, the nation celebrated its centennial year of independence from Spain. The celebrations were held simultaneously nationwide by then President <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> and Filipino communities worldwide. A commission was established for the said event, the National Centennial Commission headed by former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador Laurel</a> presided all events around the country. One of the major projects of the commission was the Expo Pilipino, a grand showcase of the Philippines' growth as a nation for the last 100 years, in the Clark Special Economic Zone (formerly <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a>) in Angeles City, Pampanga. </p><p>During his term, President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> ordered to the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_Commission" title="National Telecommunications Commission">National Telecommunications Commission</a> (NTC) to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a>-based radio format known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">masa</a></i>—named for his icon term <i>Masa</i> (or Masses).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All radio stations adopted the <i>masa</i> format in 1998.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many stations continued to use the <i>masa</i> format after President Estrada left the presidency in 2001 because the <i>masa</i> format resonated with listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some in the radio industry decry the effects <i>masa</i> formatting has had.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 14, 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> directed the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)" title="Department of Transportation (Philippines)">Department of Transportation and Communications</a> (DOTC) and the NTC to fully implement <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_255_1987.html">Executive Order No. 255</a>, issued on July 25, 1987, by former Philippines President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>, requiring all radio stations to broadcast a minimum of four <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">original Filipino musical compositions</a> in every clock hour of programs with a musical format.<sup id="cite_ref-aquinowantsmoreoffilipinomusiconradio_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquinowantsmoreoffilipinomusiconradio-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 4, 2010, Philippine TV network <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> released its 2010–2011 Christmas Station ID <i>Ngayong Pasko Magniningning Ang Pilipino</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Filipinos will Shine this Christmas</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), with the station ID features the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Philippine flag</a>, montages relating to the Philippine nationalism and patriotism such as the <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_pride" title="Pinoy pride">Pinoy pride</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines#Symbolism" title="Flag of the Philippines">flag's sun</a> being used as the parol or star making it an octagram or eight-sided star.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 13, 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a></i>, the oldest English language newspaper in the Philippines, published an editorial titled "Unpatriotic editing and reporting," taking the Filipino journalistic community to task for their reporting of what it described as "confrontation between our Philippine Navy and 'law enforcement' ships of the People's Republic of China" in the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>. The editorial opined that Philippine reports should state that <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">disputed territories</a> are Philippine territory, and characterized those who refer to disputed territories as "being claimed by the Philippines" as "unpatriotic writers and editors".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 14, 2013, <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Store" title="National Book Store">National Book Store</a>, the Philippines' largest bookstore chain, has withdrawn Chinese-made globes, which reflect China's <a href="/wiki/Nine-dotted_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine-dotted line">nine-dotted line</a> encompassing the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, from its shelves. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Department of Foreign Affairs</a> spokesman Raul Hernandez said in a statement that, <span class="nowrap">"[National</span> Bookstore] has taken a patriotic position to proactively support the Philippine government in advancing Philippine foreign policy objectives." He said the decision to pull out the globes came after a dialogue with the bookstore management, which claimed they were unaware of the “misinformation” contained in the educational materials.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_challenges">Contemporary challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contemporary challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_challenges">Socioeconomic challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty in the Philippines</a></div> <p>According to Paul David Cruz from the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>, corruption in every sector is making the Philippines not to be proud of. He also made mention of the inequality in getting jobs abroad for ordinary citizens, unlike in Malaysia or Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...I also don’t care if you’re going to burst into song about why you’re proud to be Pinoy despite everything. Please drop the pretentiousness. You are either from a privileged background with your safety nets to catch you when the crap hits the fan, or far worse, a person who’s deluding himself into thinking everything’s fine...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paul David Cruz, <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnocentricity_and_regionalism">Ethnocentricity and regionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ethnocentricity and regionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lisandro E. Claudio from <a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a> expressed that the term "Filipino" is not a race.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationalism is a dynamic and evolving concept, and the Philippines is no exception. The idea of a Philippine nation was imposed by colonial powers, particularly during the Spanish period, which was most severe in Luzon. This led to a Tagalog-based Philippine revolution. Despite the diversity of languages and cultures in the Philippines, Tagalog-oriented nationalism has been a dominant force.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kathleen Weekley, author on socio-political challenges in the Philippines, argued that the country should focus on a radical democratic agenda that recognizes the importance of the state and addresses social cleavages. Weekley further added that the Philippines is a multicultural state with diversed set of cultures. Having nationalism based on <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> will be "impossible" for the nation to unite.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_mentality">Colonial mentality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colonial mentality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></div> <p>According to Filipino historian <a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a>, cultural imperialism has hindered nation-building in the Philippines, leading to a loss of historical continuity and a Filipino sense of collective becoming. The emphasis on modernity and progress, often influenced by Western ideas, has contributed to a "colonial mentality" that perpetuates feelings of inferiority and blind acceptance of American superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manila,My_Manila-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,My_Manila_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoaqs,_Nick1990" class="citation book cs1">Joaqs, Nick (1990). <i>Manila,My Manila</i>. Vira-Reyes, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manila%2CMy+Manila&rft.pub=Vira-Reyes%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Joaqs%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. "Chapter 3: Precolonial Philippines" (Published by Rex Bookstore; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlansky1999" class="citation book cs1">Kurlansky, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5gQgAACAAJ"><i>The Basque history of the world</i></a>. Walker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1349-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1349-0"><bdi>978-0-8027-1349-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basque+history+of+the+world&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1349-0&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW5gQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joaquin,_Nick_1988-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin,_Nick_1988_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin1988" class="citation book cs1">Joaquin, Nick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NS1vAAAAMAAJ"><i>Culture and history: occasional notes on the process of Philippine becoming</i></a>. Solar Pub. Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-17-0633-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-17-0633-3"><bdi>978-971-17-0633-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+history%3A+occasional+notes+on+the+process+of+Philippine+becoming&rft.pub=Solar+Pub.+Corp.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-971-17-0633-3&rft.aulast=Joaquin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNS1vAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerb" class="citation book cs1">Herb, Guntram H. <i>Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism%3A+A+Global+Historical+Overview&rft.pages=1239&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.aulast=Herb&rft.aufirst=Guntram+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyeca2012" class="citation web cs1">Royeca, Jon E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonroyeca.blogspot.com/2012/11/sino-ang-mga-orihinal-na-pilipino.html">"Jon E. Royeca: Sino ang mga Orihinal na Pilipino?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jon+E.+Royeca%3A+Sino+ang+mga+Orihinal+na+Pilipino%3F&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Royeca&rft.aufirst=Jon+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonroyeca.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F11%2Fsino-ang-mga-orihinal-na-pilipino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renato Constantino, <i>The Philippines: A Past Revisited</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical-research/history-of-the-philippine-revolution/">"History of the Philippine Revolution"</a>. Philippine National Commission for Culture and the Arts. April 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.pub=Philippine+National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fsubcommissions%2Fsubcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch%2Fhistorical-research%2Fhistory-of-the-philippine-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Solidarity</i>, vol. 2, Solidaridad Publishing House, p. 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Solidaridad+Publishing+House&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span>, "The charter of the Royal Philippine Company was promulgated on March 10, 1785 to last for 25 years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phjesuits.org/who-we-are/jesuits-in-the-philippines">"Jesuits in the Philippines"</a>. 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U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+%E2%80%93+The+Malolos+Constitution+and+the+Treaty+of+Paris&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fphilippines%2F14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/McKinleyphilreasons.htm">"President McKinley gives his reasons for the U.S. to keep the Philippines"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+McKinley+gives+his+reasons+for+the+U.S.+to+keep+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2FMcKinleyphilreasons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Ayon kay Damon L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C"><i>The Philippines</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-675-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-675-2"><bdi>1-85109-675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85109-675-2&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Ayon+kay+Damon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Z-n_kDTxf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro A.</a> (1990) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/222"><i>History of the Filipino People</i></a> (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6"><bdi>971-8711-06-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Garotech+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-8711-06-6&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilipin00teod%2Fpage%2F222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1994" class="citation book cs1">Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). <i>The Philippines: A Unique Nation</i>. All-Nations Publishing Co. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4"><bdi>971-642-071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=All-Nations+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-642-071-4&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_McAllister_Linn" title="Brian McAllister Linn">Linn, Brian McAllister</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ"><i>The Philippine War, 1899–1902</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1225-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian+McAllister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSJGPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wong Kwok Chu, "The Jones Bills 1912–16: A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence", <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i> 1982 13(2): 252–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoselito_Guianan_Chan1916" class="citation web cs1">Joselito Guianan Chan (August 29, 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/joneslaw.htm">"Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 (Jones Law)"</a>. Chanrobles.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Autonomy+Act+of+1916+%28Jones+Law%29&rft.pub=Chanrobles.com&rft.date=1916-08-29&rft.au=Joselito+Guianan+Chan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Fjoneslaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw2007" class="citation book cs1">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (2007) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_62j7vjAqsC"><i>The Present Government of the Philippines</i></a>. Oriental commercial. pp. 144–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4636-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4636-5"><bdi>978-1-4067-4636-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Present+Government+of+the+Philippines&rft.pages=144-146&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-4636-5&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_62j7vjAqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span> (Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly lists author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro A.</a> (1990) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/392"><i>History of the Filipino People</i></a> (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/392">392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6"><bdi>971-8711-06-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=392&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Garotech+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-8711-06-6&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilipin00teod%2Fpage%2F392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josep-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-josep_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203090703/http://www.angelfire.com/al4/al_den/laurel.htm">"Jose P. Laurel"</a>. Angelfire. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/al4/al_den/laurel.htm">the original</a> on December 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jose+P.+Laurel&rft.pub=Angelfire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fal4%2Fal_den%2Flaurel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGo2011" class="citation book cs1">Go, Julian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kKOfAEUH9oC"><i>Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kKOfAEUH9oC&dq=">"Carlos, &pg=PA105 +America+buried+imperialism+here+today!" 105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60078-2"><bdi>978-1-107-60078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Empire%3A+The+British+and+American+Empires%2C+1688+to+the+Present&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kKOfAEUH9oC%26dq%3D%22Carlos%2C+%26pg%3DPA105+%2BAmerica%2Bburied%2Bimperialism%2Bhere%2Btoday%21%22+105&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60078-2&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kKOfAEUH9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN254-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN254_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf"><i>TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, United Nations, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TREATY+OF+GENERAL+RELATIONS+BETWEEN+THE+UNITED+STATES+OF+AMERICA+AND+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+THE+PHILIPPINES.+SIGNED+AT+MANILA%2C+ON+4+JULY+1946&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funtreaty.un.org%2Funts%2F1_60000%2F1%2F6%2F00000254.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibingka-jun12-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bibingka-jun12_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiosdado_Macapagal" class="citation cs2">Diosdado Macapagal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512212522/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm"><i>Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day</i></a>, Philippine History Group of Los Angeles, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm">the original</a> on May 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+No.+28+Declaring+June+12+as+Philippine+Independence+Day&rft.pub=Philippine+History+Group+of+Los+Angeles&rft.au=Diosdado+Macapagal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibingka.com%2Fphg%2Fdocuments%2Fjun12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_S._Satorre_Jr." class="citation cs2">Manuel S. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prescarlosgarcia.org/policy/">the original</a> on March 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+First+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prescarlosgarcia.org%2Fpolicy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-everything2.com-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-everything2.com_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/title/Hukbalahap">"Hukbalahap"</a>. Everything2.com. April 8, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a> <a href="/wiki/UP_National_College_of_Public_Administration_and_Governance" title="UP National College of Public Administration and Governance">School of Public Administration</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9718567012" title="Special:BookSources/978-9718567012"><bdi>978-9718567012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictatorship+%26+martial+law+%3A+Philippine+authoritarianism+in+1972&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Diliman+School+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-9718567012&rft.aulast=Brillantes&rft.aufirst=Alex+B.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles2016" class="citation book cs1">Robles, Raissa Espinosa- (2016). <i>Marcos martial law: never again</i>. 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Quezon City: Filipinos for A Better Philippines, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786219544313" title="Special:BookSources/9786219544313"><bdi>9786219544313</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952277519">952277519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcos+martial+law%3A+never+again&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Filipinos+for+A+Better+Philippines%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952277519&rft.isbn=9786219544313&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Raissa+Espinosa-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/284836/true-or-false-was-1972-enrile-ambush-faked">"True or false: Was 1972 Enrile ambush faked?"</a>. <i>Inquirer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+barangay+in+Marcos%27+%22new+society%22&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.aulast=Pante&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Flife%2Fculture%2F2018%2F09%2F21%2Fmarcos-barangay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morrow2009-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morrow2009_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2009" class="citation news cs1">Morrow, Paul (January 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/251-maharlika-and-the-ancient-class-system.html">"Maharlika and the ancient class system"</a>. <i>Pilipino Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090119200349/http://pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/251-maharlika-and-the-ancient-class-system.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pilipino+Express&rft.atitle=Maharlika+and+the+ancient+class+system&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilipino-express.com%2Fhistory-a-culture%2Fin-other-words%2F251-maharlika-and-the-ancient-class-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bethge-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bethge_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Bethge" class="citation web cs1">Wolfgang Bethge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insights-philippines.de/philippIIeng.htm">"King Philipp II and the Philippines"</a>. Literary Bridge Philippines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Philipp+II+and+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Literary+Bridge+Philippines&rft.au=Wolfgang+Bethge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insights-philippines.de%2FphilippIIeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quimpo-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quimpo_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Gilbert_Quimpo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nathan Gilbert Quimpo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2003/V17n3/ColonialName.htm">"Colonial Name, Colonial Mentality and Ethnocentrism"</a>. <i>Kasama</i>. <b>17</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kasama&rft.atitle=Colonial+Name%2C+Colonial+Mentality+and+Ethnocentrism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Nathan+Gilbert+Quimpo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpcabrisbane.org%2FKasama%2F2003%2FV17n3%2FColonialName.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Star31YearsMalakasMaganda-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Star31YearsMalakasMaganda_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdel" class="citation news cs1">Adel, Rosette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/malakas-at-maganda">"The art of deception – 31 years of amnesia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+art+of+deception+%E2%80%93+31+years+of+amnesia&rft.aulast=Adel&rft.aufirst=Rosette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewslab.philstar.com%2F31-years-of-amnesia%2Fmalakas-at-maganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EsquireMalakasMaganda-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EsquireMalakasMaganda_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumayao2018" class="citation news cs1">Sumayao, Marco (September 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/marcos-malakas-maganda-a2239-20180924-lfrm">"Painting the Marcos Myth with Ferdinand as Malakas, Imelda as Maganda"</a>. <i>Esquire Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire+Philippines&rft.atitle=Painting+the+Marcos+Myth+with+Ferdinand+as+Malakas%2C+Imelda+as+Maganda&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.aulast=Sumayao&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Fculture%2Flifestyle%2Fmarcos-malakas-maganda-a2239-20180924-lfrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theEdificeComplex-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theEdificeComplex_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudjic2015" class="citation book cs1">Sudjic, Deyan (November 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkMWqPgjvFIC&q=ferdinand+marcos+edifice+complex&pg=PT139"><i>The Edifice Complex: How the Rich and Powerful Shape the World</i></a>. The Penguin Press HC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-068-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-068-7"><bdi>978-1-59420-068-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edifice+Complex%3A+How+the+Rich+and+Powerful+Shape+the+World&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press+HC&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-068-7&rft.aulast=Sudjic&rft.aufirst=Deyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkMWqPgjvFIC%26q%3Dferdinand%2Bmarcos%2Bedifice%2Bcomplex%26pg%3DPT139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gma7edifice-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gma7edifice_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapeñaArquiza2012" class="citation news cs1">Lapeña, Carmela G.; Arquiza, Yasmin D. (September 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/274389/lifestyle/healthandwellness/masagana-99-nutribun-and-imelda-s-edifice-complex-of-hospitals">"Masagana 99, Nutribun, and Imelda's 'edifice complex' of hospitals"</a>. <i>GMA News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News&rft.atitle=Masagana+99%2C+Nutribun%2C+and+Imelda%27s+%27edifice+complex%27+of+hospitals&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft.aulast=Lape%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Carmela+G.&rft.au=Arquiza%2C+Yasmin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F274389%2Flifestyle%2Fhealthandwellness%2Fmasagana-99-nutribun-and-imelda-s-edifice-complex-of-hospitals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lico2003-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lico2003_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lico, Gerard (2003). Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. University of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manapat1991-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manapat1991_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManapat1991" class="citation book cs1">Manapat, Ricardo (1991). <i>Some are smarter than others : the history of Marcos' crony capitalism</i>. Aletheia Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9719128700" title="Special:BookSources/978-9719128700"><bdi>978-9719128700</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28428684">28428684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+are+smarter+than+others+%3A+the+history+of+Marcos%27+crony+capitalism&rft.pub=Aletheia+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28428684&rft.isbn=978-9719128700&rft.aulast=Manapat&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1980/07/28/ferdinand-e-marcos-fifteenth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-28-1980/">"Fifteenth SONA; July 1980"</a>. Gov.ph. July 28, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifteenth+SONA%3B+July+1980&rft.pub=Gov.ph&rft.date=1980-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1980%2F07%2F28%2Fferdinand-e-marcos-fifteenth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-28-1980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esguerra1980-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esguerra1980_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsguerra1980" class="citation journal cs1">Esguerra, E.F. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XB8310418">"Some notes on the Masagana 99 [rice] program and small farmer access to credit [Philippines]"</a>. <i>Philippine Sociological Review (Philippines)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Sociological+Review+%28Philippines%29&rft.atitle=Some+notes+on+the+Masagana+99+%5Brice%5D+program+and+small+farmer+access+to+credit+%5BPhilippines%5D&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Esguerra&rft.aufirst=E.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagris.fao.org%2Fagris-search%2Fsearch.do%3FrecordID%3DXB8310418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, Jamie S. (January 2, 2016). "Why the Philippines Chooses to Import Rice". <i>Critical Asian Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 100–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14672715.2015.1129184">10.1080/14672715.2015.1129184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2715">1467-2715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155783676">155783676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+the+Philippines+Chooses+to+Import+Rice&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-122&rft.date=2016-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155783676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-2715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14672715.2015.1129184&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Jamie+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyesAriateDel_Mundo" class="citation news cs1">Reyes, Miguel Paolo P.; Ariate, Joel F. Jr.; Del Mundo, Lara Vinda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head – UP researchers"</a>. Vera Files. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524143622/https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Success%27+of+Masagana+99+all+in+Imee%27s+head+%E2%80%93+UP+researchers&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Paolo+P.&rft.au=Ariate%2C+Joel+F.+Jr.&rft.au=Del+Mundo%2C+Lara+Vinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verafiles.org%2Farticles%2Fsuccess-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadem2015" class="citation web cs1">Tadem, Eduardo C. (September 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/88150/marcoses-should-apologize-to-filipino-farmers">"Marcoses should apologize to Filipino farmers"</a>. <i>Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inquirer&rft.atitle=Marcoses+should+apologize+to+Filipino+farmers&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft.aulast=Tadem&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F88150%2Fmarcoses-should-apologize-to-filipino-farmers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-1993-p10-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1993-p10_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1993-p10_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce,_James_K.1993" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, James K. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAL5Dx5SWy4C&pg=PA10"><i>The political economy of growth and impoverishment in the Marcos era</i></a>. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-096-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-096-8"><bdi>978-971-550-096-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+economy+of+growth+and+impoverishment+in+the+Marcos+era&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-971-550-096-8&rft.au=Boyce%2C+James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAL5Dx5SWy4C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchcroft,_Paul_David1998" class="citation book cs1">Hutchcroft, Paul David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqlmT6BsFoQC"><i>Booty capitalism: the politics of banking in the Philippines</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3428-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-3428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Booty+capitalism%3A+the+politics+of+banking+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3428-0&rft.au=Hutchcroft%2C+Paul+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqlmT6BsFoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EO255-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EO255_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_255_1987.html">"Executive Order No. 255"</a>. The LawPhil Project - Lawphil.net. July 25, 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+No.+255&rft.pub=The+LawPhil+Project+-+Lawphil.net&rft.date=1987-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawphil.net%2Fexecutive%2Fexecord%2Feo1987%2Feo_255_1987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radioonlinenow.com/tag/masa-radio-station/">"18 Truths About Drastic Changes on Mainstream Radio"</a>. radioonlinenow.com. February 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18+Truths+About+Drastic+Changes+on+Mainstream+Radio&rft.pub=radioonlinenow.com&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradioonlinenow.com%2Ftag%2Fmasa-radio-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinoyexchange.com/forums/showthread.php?t=479138">"Radio nowadays is like a drug, addicting but with no good effects – Sgt. Pepper"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+nowadays+is+like+a+drug%2C+addicting+but+with+no+good+effects+%E2%80%93+Sgt.+Pepper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinoyexchange.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D479138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span> (requoted with permission)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aquinowantsmoreoffilipinomusiconradio-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aquinowantsmoreoffilipinomusiconradio_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/272301/noynoy-calls-hourly-play-original-pilipino-music-over-all-radio-stations">"Aquino wants more of Filipino music on radio"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i>. May 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Aquino+wants+more+of+Filipino+music+on+radio&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Farticles%2F272301%2Fnoynoy-calls-hourly-play-original-pilipino-music-over-all-radio-stations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADlpShMemeo"><i>ABS-CBN Christmas Station ID 2010 "Ngayong Pasko Magniningning Ang Pilipino"</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN Entertainment</a>. November 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABS-CBN+Christmas+Station+ID+2010+%22Ngayong+Pasko+Magniningning+Ang+Pilipino%22&rft.pub=ABS-CBN+Entertainment&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DADlpShMemeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415043032/http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/opinion/110-editorials/20957-unpatriotic-editing-and-reporting">"Unpatriotic editing and reporting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a></i>. April 13, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/opinion/110-editorials/20957-unpatriotic-editing-and-reporting">the original</a> on April 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Unpatriotic+editing+and+reporting&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2Findex.php%2Fopinion%2F110-editorials%2F20957-unpatriotic-editing-and-reporting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainier_Allan_Ronda2013" class="citation news cs1">Rainier Allan Ronda (February 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/02/15/909016/bookstore-pulls-out-china-made-globes">"Bookstore pulls out China-made globes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Bookstore+pulls+out+China-made+globes&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.au=Rainier+Allan+Ronda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2013%2F02%2F15%2F909016%2Fbookstore-pulls-out-china-made-globes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFat_Reyes2013" class="citation news cs1">Fat Reyes (February 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/64415/national-bookstore-pulls-out-chinese-made-globes">"National Bookstore pulls out Chinese-made globes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=National+Bookstore+pulls+out+Chinese-made+globes&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.au=Fat+Reyes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F64415%2Fnational-bookstore-pulls-out-chinese-made-globes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2020" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, Paul David (August 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/132791/so-what-if-i-dont-want-to-be-a-filipino-anymore">"So what if I don't want to be a Filipino anymore?"</a>. <i>INQUIRER.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INQUIRER.net&rft.atitle=So+what+if+I+don%27t+want+to+be+a+Filipino+anymore%3F&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Paul+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F132791%2Fso-what-if-i-dont-want-to-be-a-filipino-anymore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloria2015" class="citation web cs1">Gloria, Glenda (July 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/99216-filipino-race-open-letter-sionil-jose/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Filipino' is not a race: Another open letter to F. Sionil Jose"</a>. <i>RAPPLER</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAPPLER&rft.atitle=%27Filipino%27+is+not+a+race%3A+Another+open+letter+to+F.+Sionil+Jose&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.aulast=Gloria&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fvoices%2Fthought-leaders%2F99216-filipino-race-open-letter-sionil-jose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Porter, Christopher James (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/69j3t8mk"><i>Language, Tagalog Regionalism, and Filipino Nationalism: How a Language-Centered Tagalog Regionalism Helped to Develop a Philippine Nationalism</i></a> (Thesis). UC Riverside.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Language%2C+Tagalog+Regionalism%2C+and+Filipino+Nationalism%3A+How+a+Language-Centered+Tagalog+Regionalism+Helped+to+Develop+a+Philippine+Nationalism&rft.inst=UC+Riverside&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Christopher+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F69j3t8mk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekley1998" class="citation journal cs1">Weekley, Kathleen (June 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/policyandsociety/article/15/1/1/6428238">"Whither Nationalism in the Philippines? The Political Challenge of the Globalising Age"</a>. <i>Policy and Society</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10349952.1998.11876676">10.1080/10349952.1998.11876676</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1449-4035">1449-4035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+and+Society&rft.atitle=Whither+Nationalism+in+the+Philippines%3F+The+Political+Challenge+of+the+Globalising+Age&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10349952.1998.11876676&rft.issn=1449-4035&rft.aulast=Weekley&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpolicyandsociety%2Farticle%2F15%2F1%2F1%2F6428238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulder2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mulder, Niels (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/186810341303200103">"Filipino Identity: The Haunting Question"</a>. <i>Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 55–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F186810341303200103">10.1177/186810341303200103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-1034">1868-1034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Current+Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Filipino+Identity%3A+The+Haunting+Question&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-80&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F186810341303200103&rft.issn=1868-1034&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F186810341303200103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_nationalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankoffWeekley2017" class="citation book cs1">Bankoff, Greg; Weekley, Kathleen (November 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Se1HDwAAQBAJ"><i>Post-Colonial National Identity in the Philippines: Celebrating the Centennial of Independence</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351742092" title="Special:BookSources/9781351742092"><bdi>9781351742092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Colonial+National+Identity+in+the+Philippines%3A+Celebrating+the+Centennial+of+Independence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.isbn=9781351742092&rft.aulast=Bankoff&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Weekley%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSe1HDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalonga2016" class="citation book cs1">Salonga, Aileen O. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4dyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">"Serving the World, Serving the Nation: Everyday Nationalism and English in Philippine Offshore Call Centres"</a>. In Mirchandani, Kiran; Poster, Winifred (eds.). <i>Borders in Service: Enactments of Nationhood in Transnational Call Centres</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487520595" title="Special:BookSources/9781487520595"><bdi>9781487520595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serving+the+World%2C+Serving+the+Nation%3A+Everyday+Nationalism+and+English+in+Philippine+Offshore+Call+Centres&rft.btitle=Borders+in+Service%3A+Enactments+of+Nationhood+in+Transnational+Call+Centres&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781487520595&rft.aulast=Salonga&rft.aufirst=Aileen+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4dyDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos_and_People_Power_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_EDSA" title="Template:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_EDSA" title="Template talk:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_EDSA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos_and_People_Power_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Batas Militar sa Pilipinas</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">Martial law in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal dictatorship">Conjugal dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">Communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">Sabah claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">1969 balance of payments crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agrarian_Reform" title="Department of Agrarian Reform">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diliman_Commune" title="Diliman Commune">Diliman Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filipino nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_ambush_of_Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="1972 ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile">1972 Enrile ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Fourth_Republic_(1973)" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1973 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Sacred_Heart_Novitiate_raid" title="1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid">1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edifice_complex" title="Edifice complex">Construction of "edifice complex" projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz#Veneration" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">Assassination of Ninoy Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">Negros famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">Snap elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_People_Power_Revolution" title="Timeline of the People Power Revolution">Timeline of the People Power Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">Human rights <br />abuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torture_methods_used_by_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship">Torture methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_detainees_under_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship">Political detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines#Tictapul" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Tictapul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Murder of Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag" title="Macli-ing Dulag">Murder of Macli-ing Dulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daet_massacre" title="Daet massacre">Daet massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culasi#1981_Bacong_Bridge_Massacre" title="Culasi">Bacong Bridge massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Escandor" title="Juan Escandor">Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Murder of Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_massacre" title="Escalante massacre">Escalante massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beew_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Beew massacre">Beew massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_mansions" title="Marcos mansions">Marcos mansions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_jewels" title="Marcos jewels">Marcos jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_landholdings_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family">Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Japanese_ODA_scandal" title="Marcos Japanese ODA scandal">Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Levy_Fund_scam" title="Coco Levy Fund scam">Coco Levy Fund scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Roxas" title="Rogelio Roxas">Golden Buddha theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Controversy" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">Bataan Nuclear Power Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Cronies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_family" title="Marcos family">Relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolex_12" title="Rolex 12">Rolex 12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danding_Cojuangco" title="Danding Cojuangco">Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Espino" title="Romeo Espino">Romeo Espino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Asistio" title="Boy Asistio">Macario Asistio Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Benedicto" title="Roberto Benedicto">Roberto Benedicto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Yao_Campos" title="Jose Yao Campos">José Yao Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elizalde" title="Manuel Elizalde">Manuel Elizalde Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Floirendo_Sr." title="Antonio Floirendo Sr.">Antonio Floirendo Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imee_Marcos" title="Imee Marcos">María Imelda "Imee" Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ongpin" title="Roberto Ongpin">Roberto Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Romualdez" title="Benjamin Romualdez">Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Santiago_Sr." title="Ignacio Santiago Sr.">Ignacio Santiago Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Silverio" title="Ricardo Silverio">Ricardo Silverio</a></li> <li>Florentino Sanico Solon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Tan" title="Lucio Tan">Lucio Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino" title="Arturo Tolentino">Arturo Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Y%C3%B1iguez" title="Nicanor Yñiguez">Nicanor Yñiguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet Technocrats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">Cesar Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onofre_Corpuz" title="Onofre Corpuz">Onofre Corpuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Fabella" title="Armand Fabella">Armand Fabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_C._Laya" title="Jaime C. Laya">Jaime C. Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placido_Mapa_Jr." title="Placido Mapa Jr.">Placido Mapa Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo" title="Carlos P. Romulo">Carlos P. Romulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_force_opposition_to_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Middle force opposition to the Marcos dictatorship">Mainstream opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Leaders</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butz_Aquino" title="Butz Aquino">Agapito "Butz" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cory Aquino">Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Roxas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry Roxas">Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovito_R._Salonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovito R. Salonga">Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Cardinal Jaime Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_M._Ta%C3%B1ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo M. Tañada">Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr.</a></li></ul> <p><b>Business sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Concepcion_Jr." title="Jose Concepcion Jr.">Jose S. Concepcion Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_M._Guevara,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.">Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geny_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Geny Lopez">Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ongpin" title="Jaime Ongpin">Jaime Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Yuchengco" title="Alfonso Yuchengco">Alfonso Yuchengco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintin Yuyitung">Quintin Yuyitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Yuyitung">Rizal Yuyitung</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Amatong" title="Jacobo Amatong">Jacobo Amatong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_Arroyo" title="Joker Arroyo">Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Climaco" title="Cesar Climaco">Cesar Climaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peping_Cojuangco" title="Peping Cojuangco">Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco" title="Tingting Cojuangco">Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Concepcion" title="Roberto Concepcion">Roberto Concepcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Fernan" title="Marcelo Fernan">Marcelo Fernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptali_Gonzales" title="Neptali Gonzales">Neptali Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_M._Gonzalez" title="Raul M. Gonzalez">Raul M. Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofisto_Guingona_Jr." title="Teofisto Guingona Jr.">Teofisto Guingona Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribomapil_Holganza_Sr." title="Ribomapil Holganza Sr.">Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelio_Javier" title="Evelio Javier">Evelio Javier</a></li> <li>Vicente Jayme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Estrada_Kalaw" title="Eva Estrada Kalaw">Eva Estrada Kalaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_B._Lingad" class="mw-redirect" title="José B. Lingad">José B. Lingad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Maceda" title="Ernesto Maceda">Ernesto Maceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Manglapus" title="Raul Manglapus">Raul Manglapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivo_Mijares" title="Primitivo Mijares">Primitivo Mijares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra_Jr." title="Ramon Mitra Jr.">Ramon Mitra Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Serge Osmeña">Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Padilla" title="Ambrosio Padilla">Ambrosio Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Mu%C3%B1oz-Palma" title="Cecilia Muñoz-Palma">Cecilia Muñoz-Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Paterno" title="Vicente Paterno">Vicente Paterno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr.">Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Quintero_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Quintero (diplomat)">Eduardo Quintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Duterte" title="Soledad Duterte">Soledad Roa Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soc_Rodrigo" title="Soc Rodrigo">Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.B.L._Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.L. Reyes">Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Saguisag" title="Rene Saguisag">Rene Saguisag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento" title="Abraham Sarmiento">Abraham Sarmiento Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigberto_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Wigberto Tañada">Wigberto Tañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee" title="Claudio Teehankee">Claudio Teehankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calixto_Zaldivar" title="Calixto Zaldivar">Calixto Zaldivar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_sector_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Religious sector resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Religious sector opposition</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Agatep" title="Zacarias Agatep">Zacarias Agatep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Bacani_Jr." title="Teodoro Bacani Jr.">Teodoro Bacani Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariani_Dimaranan" title="Mariani Dimaranan">Mariani Dimaranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Dizon" title="Joe Dizon">Joe Dizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_Favali" title="Tullio Favali">Tullio Favali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocencio_Ipong" class="mw-redirect" title="Inocencio Ipong">Inocencio Ipong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_Magalit" title="Isabelo Magalit">Isabelo Magalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_John_Mananzan" title="Mary John Mananzan">Mary John Mananzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violeta_Marcos" title="Violeta Marcos">Violeta Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifico_Ortiz" title="Pacifico Ortiz">Pacifico Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifico_Osorio" title="Magnifico Osorio">Magnifico Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Purugganan" title="Miguel Purugganan">Miguel Purugganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reuter" title="James Reuter">James Reuter</a></li> <li>Rudy Romano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Christine_Tan" title="Mary Christine Tan">Mary Christine Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Tayag" title="Carlos Tayag">Carlos Tayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vidal" title="Ricardo Vidal">Ricardo Vidal</a></li> <li>The Magnificent Seven (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Claver" title="Francisco Claver">Francisco Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_O._Escaler" title="Federico O. Escaler">Federico Escaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fortich" title="Antonio Fortich">Antonio Fortich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Xavier_Labayen" title="Julio Xavier Labayen">Julio Xavier Labayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Quevedo" title="Orlando Quevedo">Orlando Quevedo</a></li> <li>Felix Perez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Varela" title="Jesus Varela">Jesus Varela</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic and cultural <br />sector opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Academics and cultural workers</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Aguilar" title="Freddie Aguilar">Freddie Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APO_Hiking_Society" title="APO Hiking Society">APO Hiking Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danny_Javier" title="Danny Javier">Danny Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boboy_Garrovillo" title="Boboy Garrovillo">Boboy Garrovillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Paredes" title="Jim Paredes">Jim Paredes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lualhati_Bautista" title="Lualhati Bautista">Lualhati Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Brocka" title="Lino Brocka">Lino Brocka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Bernal" title="Ishmael Bernal">Ishmael Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Cabangon" title="Noel Cabangon">Noel Cabangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedicto_Cabrera" title="Benedicto Cabrera">Benedicto Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behn_Cervantes" title="Behn Cervantes">Behn Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilda_Cordero_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilda Cordero Fernando">Gilda Cordero Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Dalisay" class="mw-redirect" title="Butch Dalisay">Butch Dalisay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jerks" title="The Jerks">The Jerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Joaquin" title="Nick Joaquin">Nick Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inang_Laya" title="Inang Laya">Inang Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Lee" title="Ricky Lee">Ricky Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Celeste Legaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_P._Lopez" title="Salvador P. Lopez">Salvador P. Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_Lumbera" title="Bienvenido Lumbera">Bienvenido Lumbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Navarro" title="Leah Navarro">Leah Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Nemenzo_Jr." title="Francisco Nemenzo Jr.">Francisco Nemenzo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nepomuceno" title="Willie Nepomuceno">Willie Nepomuceno</a></li> <li>Bibeth Orteza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Z._Ortigas" title="Gaston Z. Ortigas">Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Prudente" title="Nemesio Prudente">Nemesio Prudente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlat_Tahimik" title="Kidlat Tahimik">Kidlat Tahimik</a></li> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">Student activists</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ang_Sinco" title="Edgar Ang Sinco">Edgar Ang Sinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bautista" title="Manuel Bautista">Manuel Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neri_Colmenares" title="Neri Colmenares">Neri Colmenares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliosa_Hilao" title="Liliosa Hilao">Liliosa Hilao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Engineering#Martial_law" title="University of the Philippines College of Engineering">Antonio Hilario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boni_Ilagan" title="Boni Ilagan">Bonifacio Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jopson" title="Edgar Jopson">Edgar Jopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Lamangan" title="Joel Lamangan">Joel Lamangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Araullo" title="Carol Araullo">Carol Pagaduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Palabay" title="Armando Palabay">Armando Palabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tish_Pascual-Ladlad" title="Tish Pascual-Ladlad">Tish Pascual-Ladlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Principe" title="Nestor Principe">Nestor Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Quimpo" title="Susan Quimpo">Susan Quimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento_Jr." title="Abraham Sarmiento Jr.">Abraham Sarmiento Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tagamolila" title="Antonio Tagamolila">Antonio Tagamolila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog_10" title="Southern Tagalog 10">Southern Tagalog 10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cristina_Catalla" title="Cristina Catalla">Cristina Catalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Faustino" title="Gerry Faustino">Gerardo Faustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizalina_Ilagan" title="Rizalina Ilagan">Rizalina Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Sales" title="Jessica Sales">Jessica Sales</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Agcaoili" title="Fidel Agcaoili">Fidel Agcaoili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrado_Balweg" title="Conrado Balweg">Conrado Balweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Barros" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorena Barros">Lorena Barros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Beltran" title="Crispin Beltran">Crispin Beltran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Corpus" title="Victor Corpus">Victor Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maita_Gomez" title="Maita Gomez">Maita Gomez</a></li> <li>Luis Jalandoni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filemon_Lagman" title="Filemon Lagman">Filemon Lagman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satur_Ocampo" title="Satur Ocampo">Satur Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Felixberto Olalia Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Rolando Olalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Tayag" title="Nilo Tayag">Nilo Tayag</a></li> <li>Crispin Tagamolila</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Tiamzon" title="Benito Tiamzon">Benito Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Tiamzon" title="Wilma Tiamzon">Wilma Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Zumel" title="Antonio Zumel">Antonio Zumel</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition in the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Prominent_officers_who_publicly_disagreed_with_Marcos" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Resistance during the Marcos administration years</a></b> <ul><li>Commodore <a href="/wiki/Ramon_A._Alcaraz" title="Ramon A. Alcaraz">Ramon A. Alcaraz</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Gillego" title="Bonifacio Gillego">Bonifacio Gillego</a></li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Morales" title="Rogelio Morales">Rogelio Morales</a>, PN</li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Danilo_Vizmanos" title="Danilo Vizmanos">Danilo Vizmanos</a>, PN</li> <li>Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Marcos_G._Soliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos G. Soliman">Marcos G. Soliman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Reform the Armed Forces Movement">Reform the Armed Forces Movement</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan</a></li> <li>Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr.</li> <li>BGen. <a href="/wiki/Jose_T._Almonte" title="Jose T. Almonte">Jose T. Almonte</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Batac" title="Victor Batac">Victor Batac</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Hector_Tarrazona" title="Hector Tarrazona">Hector Tarrazona</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bibit" title="Billy Bibit">Billy Bibit</a></li></ul> <p><b>Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution</b> </p> <ul><li>Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a></li> <li>Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano</li> <li>Col. Charles Hotchkiss</li> <li>Col. Antonio Sotelo</li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Biazon" title="Rodolfo Biazon">Rodolfo Biazon</a></li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Magalong" title="Benjamin Magalong">Benjamin Magalong</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship">Journalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Pro-Marcos</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cristobal" title="Adrian Cristobal">Adrian Cristobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Guevara" title="Jose Guevara">Jose "Joe" Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Nathanielsz" title="Ronnie Nathanielsz">Ronnie Nathanielsz</a></li> <p><b>Opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Apostol" title="Eugenia Apostol">Eugenia Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bueno" title="David Bueno">David Bueno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Burgos">Joe Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amando_Doronila" title="Amando Doronila">Amando Doronila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ceres_Doyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Ceres Doyo">Ma Ceres Doyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inday_Espina-Varona" title="Inday Espina-Varona">Inday Espina-Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chit_Estella" title="Chit Estella">Chit Estella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Go-Belmonte" title="Betty Go-Belmonte">Betty Go-Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letty_Jimenez_Magsanoc" title="Letty Jimenez Magsanoc">Letty Jimenez Magsanoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Lacaba" title="Pete Lacaba">Jose "Pete" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Sr." title="Teodoro Locsin Sr.">Teodoro Locsin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Malay" title="Armando Malay">Armando Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Nieva" title="Tony Nieva">Antonio "Tony" Nieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_G._Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon G. Rama">Napoleon G. Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_Roces" title="Chino Roces">Joaquin "Chino" Roces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximo_Soliven" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximo Soliven">Maximo Soliven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Mari_Velez" title="Jose Mari Velez">Jose Mari Velez</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American <br />interested parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Bosworth" title="Stephen W. Bosworth">Stephen W. Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Byroade" title="Henry A. Byroade">Henry A. Byroade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Habib">Philip Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)" title="George Hamilton (actor)">George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Manafort" title="Paul Manafort">Paul Manafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political coalitions</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Alliance of Makati Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines-United_States_relations#Military_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines-United States relations">Anti-Bases Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapito_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapito Aquino">August Twenty One Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagong_Alyansang_Makabayan" title="Bagong Alyansang Makabayan">Bagong Alyansang Makabayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Quezon#Legacy" title="Aurora Quezon">Concerned Women of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Legal_Assistance_Group" title="Free Legal Assistance Group">Free Legal Assistance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Women%27s_Party" title="Gabriela Women's Party">Gabriela Women's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Justice for Aquino, Justice for All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Aquino_Assassination" title="People Power Revolution">Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Factoran#Human_rights_advocacy_during_martial_law" title="Jun Factoran">Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Free_Philippines" title="Movement for a Free Philippines">Movement for a Free Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Concerned_Citizens_for_Civil_Liberties" title="Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties">Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_Free_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="National Movement for Free Elections">National Movement for Free Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Detainees_of_the_Philippines" title="Task Force Detainees of the Philippines">Task Force Detainees of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political parties</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">Partido Demokratiko Pilipino</a>–<a href="/wiki/LABAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LABAN">Lakas ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Democratic_Organization" title="United Nationalist Democratic Organization">United Nationalist Democratic Organization</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Aguinaldo" title="Camp Aguinaldo">Camp Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Crame" title="Camp Crame">Camp Crame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Filipino" title="Club Filipino">Club Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA" title="EDSA">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bonifacio" title="Fort Bonifacio">Fort Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Magsaysay" title="Fort Magsaysay">Fort Magsaysay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villamor_Air_Base" title="Villamor Air Base">Villamor Air Base</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_family#The_other_Marcoses" title="Marcos family">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Bird" title="Operation Big Bird">Operation Big Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendiola_massacre" title="Mendiola massacre">Mendiola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">Anti-Aquino coup attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_University_of_the_Philippines%E2%80%93Department_of_National_Defense_accord" title="1989 University of the Philippines–Department of National Defense accord">UP-DND accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Burial of Ferdinand Marcos">Burial of Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">Aquino Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)">Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agrarian_Reform_Program" title="Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program">Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_Good_Government" title="Presidential Commission on Good Government">Presidential Commission on Good Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Music during the Marcos dictatorship">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bagong_Pagsilang" title="Bagong Pagsilang">Bagong Pagsilang</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Handog_ng_Pilipino_sa_Mundo" title="Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo">Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magkaisa" title="Magkaisa">Magkaisa</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Saranggola ni Pepe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tatsulok" title="Tatsulok">Tatsulok</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree" title="Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree">Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Political Films <br />during the dictatorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iginuhit_ng_Tadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iginuhit ng Tadhana">Iginuhit ng Tadhana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakada_(film)" title="Sakada (film)">Sakada</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conjugal_Dictatorship_of_Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos" title="The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos">The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(novel)" title="Dekada '70 (novel)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Are_Smarter_Than_Others" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Are Smarter Than Others">Some Are Smarter Than Others</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subversive_Lives:_A_Family_Memoir_of_the_Marcos_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years">Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waltzing_with_a_Dictator" title="Waltzing with a Dictator">Waltzing with a Dictator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isang_Bansa,_Isang_Diwa" title="Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa">Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_ikauunlad_ng_bayan,_disiplina_ang_kailangan" title="Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan">Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_na!_Sobra_na!_Palitan_na!" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!">Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_again#Other_uses" title="Never again">Never again</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gestures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_sign#Specific_uses" title="V sign">V sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_sign" title="Laban sign">Laban sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and <br />historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Monument" title="People Power Monument">People Power Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_Shrine" title="EDSA Shrine">EDSA Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Bantayog ng mga Bayani">Bantayog ng mga Bayani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="List of individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani">individuals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ako_si_Ninoy" title="Ako si Ninoy">Ako si Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barber%27s_Tales" title="Barber's Tales">Barber's Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)" title="Batas Militar (1997 film)">Batas Militar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Jake" title="Citizen Jake">Citizen Jake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life" title="A Dangerous Life">A Dangerous Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(film)" title="Dekada '70 (film)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eskapo" title="Eskapo">Eskapo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_a_Filipino_Family" title="Evolution of a Filipino Family">Evolution of a Filipino Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Memory" title="Forbidden Memory">Forbidden Memory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_What_Is_Before" title="From What Is Before">From What Is Before</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imelda_(film)" title="Imelda (film)">Imelda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katips" title="Katips">Katips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(film)" title="The Kingmaker (film)">The Kingmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Journey_of_Ninoy" title="The Last Journey of Ninoy">The Last Journey of Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liway" title="Liway">Liway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loyalista:_The_Untold_Story_of_Imelda_Papin" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin">Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maid_in_Malaca%C3%B1ang" title="Maid in Malacañang">Maid in Malacañang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyr_or_Murderer" title="Martyr or Murderer">Martyr or Murderer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ML_(film)" title="ML (film)">ML</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oras_de_Peligro" title="Oras de Peligro">Oras de Peligro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisay_(film)" title="Pisay (film)">Pisay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rustling_of_Leaves:_Inside_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution">A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sa_Dulo_ng_Baril" title="Sa Dulo ng Baril">Sa Dulo ng Baril</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Devil" title="Season of the Devil">Season of the Devil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Is_Yellow_the_Middle_of_the_Rainbow%3F" title="Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?">Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love" title="Here Lies Love">Here Lies Love</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love_(musical)" title="Here Lies Love (musical)">musical</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya" title="Maalaala Mo Kaya">Maalaala Mo Kaya</a>: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kalapati" title="Kalapati">Kalapati</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Makinilya" title="Makinilya">Makinilya</a>")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voltes_V" title="Voltes V">Voltes V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disinformation and <br />distortionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div 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