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searchaux" style="display:none">1985 killing of protestors in the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island killings">Negros Island killings</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Escalante massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_of_victims_of_the_Escalante_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Burial_of_victims_of_the_Escalante_massacre.jpg/220px-Burial_of_victims_of_the_Escalante_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Burial_of_victims_of_the_Escalante_massacre.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="268" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Victims of the massacre being placed in coffins</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Escalante,_Negros_Occidental" title="Escalante, Negros Occidental">Escalante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Friday, September 20, 1985 (UTC +8)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Demonstration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Small_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arm">Small arms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> forces</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Escalante massacre</b> was an incident on September 20, 1985, in <a href="/wiki/Escalante,_Negros_Occidental" title="Escalante, Negros Occidental">Escalante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where government <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> forces gunned down <a href="/wiki/Negrenses" title="Negrenses">civilians</a> engaged in a rally in commemoration of the 13th anniversary of the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">martial law</a>. It is also called <b>Escam</b> - <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "Escalante" and "massacre", and sometimes <b>Bloody Thursday</b>, though the massacre occurred on a Friday.<sup id="cite_ref-bulatlat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulatlat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Land reform in the Philippines">Land reform in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos#Martial_Law_and_the_New_Society" title="Ferdinand Marcos">declaration of martial law</a> on September 21, 1972, by President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> proved to be the dawning of darker days for the country. Although martial rule was lifted by Marcos on January 17, 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of habeas corpus">writ of habeas corpus</a> remained suspended. Citizens merely protesting the policies of the Marcos government risked <a href="/wiki/Arrest_without_warrant" title="Arrest without warrant">arrest without warrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention" title="Indefinite detention">indefinite detention</a>. </p><p>Escalante is a town in the province of Negros Occidental. It is 95 kilometers northeast of Bacolod City, the capital of the province. It was made into a city in 2001. </p><p>Negros Occidental is a province made prosperous by the sugar industry. Since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a>, it had exported sugar and sugar products. Large tracts of sugarcane plantations or haciendas were under the ownership of the elite, the hacienderos, who became extremely rich and powerful. Labor was often provided by live-in workers called <i>sacada</i>s who were frequently migrants from neighboring provinces. Poor, often severely exploited and powerless, these workers remain landless.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negros_and_the_Marcos_regime">Negros and the Marcos regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negros and the Marcos regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">Negros famine</a></div> <p>In the 1970s and 80s, the plummeting price of sugar in the world market triggered a severe socioeconomic crisis. As production slowed down, many plantation workers lost their jobs, resulting in widespread poverty. Children died from hunger and malnutrition. When the crony-controlled sugar industry imploded, the sacadas, and even a small number of enlightened landowners, said they had had enough. This triggered protest actions demanding agrarian reform and land distribution, fair wage, and improved government services. As a result, social tension was often high in the province. </p><p>The governor of Negros Occidental at that time was Armando Gustilo, a former member of the pre-martial law Congress. A landowner himself, he was also a known <a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">crony of then-president Ferdinand E. Marcos</a>. Gustilo reportedly formed a private army which, together with the military, terrorized the island in order to quell the growing dissent against the Marcos dictatorship. </p><p>Adding to the tension of the times was the proposed creation of the province of Negros del Norte from <a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a>. Citizens saw this as a <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">maneuver</a> by Marcos cronies in the northern portion of the province to consolidate more power. Negros del Norte was created from Negros Occidental on January 3, 1986, but its creation was later found to be unconstitutional and was abolished on August 18, 1986. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack">Attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 18, 1985, a crowd composed of sugar workers, farmers, fisherfolk, students, urban poor, professionals, and church people staged a noise protest in the town center. The crowd was estimated to number 5000. The next day, the protesters set up human barricades in front of the public market and at the entrance of the municipal plaza. On the morning of September 20, a police car approached the picket line and the protest leaders were invited to a negotiation conference at the municipal building that was about fifty meters from the barricades, which the leaders refused. </p><p>About mid-afternoon, fire trucks arrived and began to bombard the picket line with <a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">high-pressure water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a>. The crowd was surrounded by members of the Regional <a href="/wiki/Special_Action_Force" title="Special Action Force">Special Action Force</a> (RSAF) and the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Civilian_Home_Defense_Forces" title="Integrated Civilian Home Defense Forces">Civilian Home Defense Forces</a> (CHDF). When some protestors threw back the tear gas canisters into the empty plaza, the paramilitary forces, who would later allege that a few "trouble-makers" tried to grab their weapons, opened fire into the masses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1986_rally_against_the_Marcos_Dictatorship_in_which_protesters_hold_up_images_of_Escalante_Massacre_victims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1986_rally_against_the_Marcos_Dictatorship_in_which_protesters_hold_up_images_of_Escalante_Massacre_victims.jpg/250px-1986_rally_against_the_Marcos_Dictatorship_in_which_protesters_hold_up_images_of_Escalante_Massacre_victims.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1986_rally_against_the_Marcos_Dictatorship_in_which_protesters_hold_up_images_of_Escalante_Massacre_victims.jpg/375px-1986_rally_against_the_Marcos_Dictatorship_in_which_protesters_hold_up_images_of_Escalante_Massacre_victims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1986_rally_against_the_Marcos_Dictatorship_in_which_protesters_hold_up_images_of_Escalante_Massacre_victims.jpg/500px-1986_rally_against_the_Marcos_Dictatorship_in_which_protesters_hold_up_images_of_Escalante_Massacre_victims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>A rally in 1986 against the Marcos Dictatorship in which protesters hold images of the victims of Escalante Massacre</figcaption></figure> <p>Accounts of the number of casualties vary: between twenty and thirty dead,<sup id="cite_ref-bulatlat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulatlat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ils_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ils-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-psc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thirty wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-ils_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ils-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the crowd had dispersed, the site was cordoned off by the paramilitary units and onlookers were ordered to bring the wounded to hospitals in the town. The bodies were recovered from the rally site and in the sugarcane fields surrounding the location. Buildings and concrete walls nearby were riddled with bullet holes. </p><p>The government organized the Escalante Massacre Fact-Finding Commission chaired by <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Raul_M._Gonzalez" title="Raul M. Gonzalez">Raul M. Gonzalez</a> (as of 2007, the Secretary of the Department of Justice). The commission recommended that the government <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnify</a> the victims' next of kin, which was never done.<sup id="cite_ref-bulatlat_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulatlat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, three low-ranking policemen jailed for their alleged role in the <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> were released on parole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-2013.jpg/250px-BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-2013.jpg/375px-BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-2013.jpg/500px-BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3557" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at the <a href="/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Bantayog ng mga Bayani">Bantayog ng mga Bayani</a>, showing names of the victims under the heading <i>Escalante martyrs</i>, absent is the name of Juvelyn Jaravello.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Escalante martyrs have been memorialized in a number of ways, most notably through a monument in the plaza very near the spot where the victims were killed, and through the names of the martyrs being inscribed on the wall of remembrance at the <a href="/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Bantayog ng mga Bayani">Bantayog ng mga Bayani</a>. </p><p>The names of the Escalante martyrs inscribed on the wall of remembrance are as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>William Alegre</li> <li>Michael Dayanan</li> <li>Rodney Demegilio</li> <li>Rovena Franco</li> <li>Juvelyn Jaravello</li> <li>Alex Labatos</li> <li>Angelina Lape</li> <li>Norberto Locanilao</li> <li>Rodolfo Mahinay</li> <li>Rogelio Megallen Jr.</li> <li>Claro Monares</li> <li>Maria Luz Mondejar</li> <li>Rodolfo Montealto</li> <li>Aniano Ornopia</li> <li>Nenita Orot</li> <li>Edgardo Salili</li> <li>Ronilo Santa Ana</li> <li>Juanito Suarez Jr.</li> <li>Manuel Tan</li> <li>Caesar Tejones</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">List of massacres in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_EDSA_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 EDSA Revolution">1986 EDSA Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">Timeline of the Marcos Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sag-od_massacre" title="Sag-od massacre">Sag-od massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacong_Bridge_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacong Bridge massacre">Bacong Bridge massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malisbong_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Malisbong massacre">Malisbong massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island killings">Negros Island killings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagay_massacre" title="Sagay massacre">Sagay massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canlaon_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Canlaon massacre">Canlaon massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bulatlat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bulatlat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bulatlat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bulatlat_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOmbion" class="citation web cs1">Ombion, Karl G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bulatlat.com/news/4-33/4-33-escalante.html">"ON THE 32ND ANNIVERSARY OF MARTIAL RULE:19 Years After 'Bloody Thursday', Terror Still Stalks Escalante"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ON+THE+32ND+ANNIVERSARY+OF+MARTIAL+RULE%3A19+Years+After+%27Bloody+Thursday%27%2C+Terror+Still+Stalks+Escalante&rft.aulast=Ombion&rft.aufirst=Karl+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulatlat.com%2Fnews%2F4-33%2F4-33-escalante.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscalante+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bantayog.org/escalante-massacre/">"Escalante Massacre"</a>. 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Escalante+Massacre&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bantayog.org%2Fescalante-massacre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscalante+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ils-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ils_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ils_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Labour_Organization" class="citation web cs1">International Labour Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234028/http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/LSGetParasByCase.cfm?PARA=118&FILE=1353&hdroff=1&DISPLAY=BACKGROUND,CONCLUSION,INTRODUCTION,RECOMMENDATION#INTRODUCTION">"Committee on Freedom of Association Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/LSGetParasByCase.cfm?PARA=118&FILE=1353&hdroff=1&DISPLAY=BACKGROUND,CONCLUSION,INTRODUCTION,RECOMMENDATION#INTRODUCTION">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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No. 70748 October 21, 1985 LAURENTE C. ILAGAN vs. JUAN PONCE ENRILE"</a>. <i>The LawPhil Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Marcoses" title="Template:The Marcoses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Marcoses" title="Template talk:The Marcoses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Marcoses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Marcoses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_Philippines" title="First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines">10th First Lady of the Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Josefa Edralin & <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Marcos" title="Mariano Marcos">Mariano Marcos</a> and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imee_Marcos" title="Imee Marcos">Imee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Marcos-Araneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Marcos-Araneta">Irene</a> & <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Marcos" title="Aimee Marcos">Aimee</a> (children)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifico_Marcos" title="Pacifico Marcos">Pacifico Marcos</a>, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcos_Clark_Air_Base_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Marcos_Clark_Air_Base_cropped.jpg/120px-Marcos_Clark_Air_Base_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Marcos_Clark_Air_Base_cropped.jpg/180px-Marcos_Clark_Air_Base_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Marcos_Clark_Air_Base_cropped.jpg/240px-Marcos_Clark_Air_Base_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Law" title="University of the Philippines College of Law">U.P. College of Law</a> (Ferdinand)<br /><a href="/wiki/Divine_Word_University_of_Tacloban" title="Divine Word University of Tacloban">St. Paul's College of Tacloban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Women%27s_University" title="Philippine Women's University">Philippine Women's University</a> (Imelda)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Gamma_Mu" title="Pi Gamma Mu">Pi Gamma Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Military career of Ferdinand Marcos">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Ilocos Norte's 2nd congressional district">2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">President of the Senate of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">Kilusang Bagong Lipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality">Marcos propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />(1965–1986)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_by_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of executive orders by Ferdinand Marcos">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">Sabah claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Establishment of the MNLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tripoli_Agreement" title="1976 Tripoli Agreement">1976 Tripoli Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pata_Island_massacre" title="Pata Island massacre">Pata Island massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist armed conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_of_1971" title="Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971">1971 constitutional convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos#Bagong_Lipunan_(New_Society)" title="Ferdinand Marcos">New Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolex_12" title="Rolex 12">Rolex 12</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/09/24/presidential-decree-no-1-s-1972/">Integrated Reorganization Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1973 constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrilla_in_Manila" title="Thrilla in Manila">Thrilla in Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines#Tictapul" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Tictapul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalayaan,_Palawan#Presidential_Decree_1596" title="Kalayaan, Palawan">Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isang_Bansa,_Isang_Diwa" title="Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa">Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">Assassination of Ninoy Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines#Debt-driven_growth,_1970-1983" title="Economic history of the Philippines">1980s debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binondo_Central_Bank" title="Binondo Central Bank">Binondo Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">Negros famine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Escalante massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens%27_Movement_for_Free_Elections" title="National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections">NAMFREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leyte%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Leyte's 1st congressional district">1st district of Leyte (1995–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Bird" title="Operation Big Bird">Operation Big Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Burial of Ferdinand Marcos">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_North" title="Solid North">Solid North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_mansions" title="Marcos mansions">Marcos mansions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_jewels" title="Marcos jewels">Marcos jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_landholdings_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family">Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Japanese_ODA_scandal" title="Marcos Japanese ODA scandal">Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Levy_Fund_scam" title="Coco Levy Fund scam">Coco Levy Fund scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Roxas" title="Rogelio Roxas">Golden Buddha theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Controversy" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">BNPP kickbacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Military career of Ferdinand Marcos">Fake war claims and fake medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Cronies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edifice_complex" title="Edifice complex">Edifice complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfie_Anido" title="Alfie Anido">Death of Alfie Anido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovie_Beams" title="Dovie Beams">Affair with Dovie Beams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Murder of Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Film_Center#1981_construction_deaths" title="Manila Film Center">Manila Film Center disaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_general_election" title="1949 Philippine general election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1963 Philippine Senate election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_general_election" title="1965 Philippine general election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1967 Philippine Senate election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_general_election" title="1969 Philippine general election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1971 Philippine Senate election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1973 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">1973 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_Kabataang_Barangay_elections" title="1975 Philippine Kabataang Barangay elections">1975 (KB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_Sangguniang_Bayan_elections" title="1975 Philippine Sangguniang Bayan elections">1975 (SB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Philippine_martial_law_referendum_and_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1976 Philippine martial law referendum and constitutional plebiscite">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum" title="1977 Philippine presidential referendum">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Sangguniang_Pampook_elections" title="1979 Sangguniang Pampook elections">1979 (SP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Philippine_Kabataang_Barangay_elections" title="1980 Philippine Kabataang Barangay elections">1980 (KB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1981 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1981 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1982 Philippine barangay elections">1982 (B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984 parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1984 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1984 plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election" title="1992 Philippine general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election" title="1995 Philippine general election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election" title="1998 Philippine general election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election" title="2010 Philippine general election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election" title="2013 Philippine general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago 2016 presidential campaign">Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos_2022_presidential_campaign" title="Bongbong Marcos 2022 presidential campaign">Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iginuhit_ng_Tadhana_(The_Ferdinand_E._Marcos_Story)" title="Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)">Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kumander_Dante_(film)" title="Kumander Dante (film)">Kumander Dante</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life" title="A Dangerous Life">A Dangerous Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)" title="Batas Militar (1997 film)">Batas Militar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavit_(film)" title="Chavit (film)">Chavit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love" title="Here Lies Love">Here Lies Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(film)" title="The Kingmaker (film)">The Kingmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maid_in_Malaca%C3%B1ang" title="Maid in Malacañang">Maid in Malacañang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyr_or_Murderer" title="Martyr or Murderer">Martyr or Murderer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">← Diosdado Macapagal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Category:Ferdinand Marcos">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos_and_People_Power_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_EDSA" title="Template:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_EDSA" title="Template talk:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_EDSA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial EDSA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos_and_People_Power_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Batas Militar sa Pilipinas</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">Martial law in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal dictatorship">Conjugal dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">Communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">Sabah claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">1969 balance of payments crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agrarian_Reform" title="Department of Agrarian Reform">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diliman_Commune" title="Diliman Commune">Diliman Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_ambush_of_Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="1972 ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile">1972 Enrile ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Fourth_Republic_(1973)" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1973 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Sacred_Heart_Novitiate_raid" title="1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid">1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edifice_complex" title="Edifice complex">Construction of "edifice complex" projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz#Veneration" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">Assassination of Ninoy Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">Negros famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">Snap elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_People_Power_Revolution" title="Timeline of the People Power Revolution">Timeline of the People Power Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">Human rights <br />abuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torture_methods_used_by_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship">Torture methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_detainees_under_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship">Political detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines#Tictapul" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Tictapul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Murder of Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag" title="Macli-ing Dulag">Murder of Macli-ing Dulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daet_massacre" title="Daet massacre">Daet massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culasi#1981_Bacong_Bridge_Massacre" title="Culasi">Bacong Bridge massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Escandor" title="Juan Escandor">Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Murder of Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Escalante massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beew_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Beew massacre">Beew massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_mansions" title="Marcos mansions">Marcos mansions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_jewels" title="Marcos jewels">Marcos jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_landholdings_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family">Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Japanese_ODA_scandal" title="Marcos Japanese ODA scandal">Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Levy_Fund_scam" title="Coco Levy Fund scam">Coco Levy Fund scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Roxas" title="Rogelio Roxas">Golden Buddha theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Controversy" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">Bataan Nuclear Power Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Cronies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_family" title="Marcos family">Relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolex_12" title="Rolex 12">Rolex 12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danding_Cojuangco" title="Danding Cojuangco">Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Espino" title="Romeo Espino">Romeo Espino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Asistio" title="Boy Asistio">Macario Asistio Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Benedicto" title="Roberto Benedicto">Roberto Benedicto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Yao_Campos" title="Jose Yao Campos">José Yao Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elizalde" title="Manuel Elizalde">Manuel Elizalde Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Floirendo_Sr." title="Antonio Floirendo Sr.">Antonio Floirendo Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imee_Marcos" title="Imee Marcos">María Imelda "Imee" Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ongpin" title="Roberto Ongpin">Roberto Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Romualdez" title="Benjamin Romualdez">Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Santiago_Sr." title="Ignacio Santiago Sr.">Ignacio Santiago Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Silverio" title="Ricardo Silverio">Ricardo Silverio</a></li> <li>Florentino Sanico Solon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Tan" title="Lucio Tan">Lucio Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino" title="Arturo Tolentino">Arturo Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Y%C3%B1iguez" title="Nicanor Yñiguez">Nicanor Yñiguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet Technocrats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">Cesar Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onofre_Corpuz" title="Onofre Corpuz">Onofre Corpuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Fabella" title="Armand Fabella">Armand Fabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_C._Laya" title="Jaime C. Laya">Jaime C. Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placido_Mapa_Jr." title="Placido Mapa Jr.">Placido Mapa Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo" title="Carlos P. Romulo">Carlos P. Romulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_force_opposition_to_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Middle force opposition to the Marcos dictatorship">Mainstream opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Leaders</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butz_Aquino" title="Butz Aquino">Agapito "Butz" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cory Aquino">Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Roxas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry Roxas">Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovito_R._Salonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovito R. Salonga">Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Cardinal Jaime Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_M._Ta%C3%B1ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo M. Tañada">Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr.</a></li></ul> <p><b>Business sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Concepcion_Jr." title="Jose Concepcion Jr.">Jose S. Concepcion Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_M._Guevara,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.">Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geny_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Geny Lopez">Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ongpin" title="Jaime Ongpin">Jaime Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Yuchengco" title="Alfonso Yuchengco">Alfonso Yuchengco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintin Yuyitung">Quintin Yuyitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Yuyitung">Rizal Yuyitung</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Amatong" title="Jacobo Amatong">Jacobo Amatong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_Arroyo" title="Joker Arroyo">Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Climaco" title="Cesar Climaco">Cesar Climaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peping_Cojuangco" title="Peping Cojuangco">Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco" title="Tingting Cojuangco">Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Concepcion" title="Roberto Concepcion">Roberto Concepcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Fernan" title="Marcelo Fernan">Marcelo Fernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptali_Gonzales" title="Neptali Gonzales">Neptali Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_M._Gonzalez" title="Raul M. Gonzalez">Raul M. Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofisto_Guingona_Jr." title="Teofisto Guingona Jr.">Teofisto Guingona Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribomapil_Holganza_Sr." title="Ribomapil Holganza Sr.">Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelio_Javier" title="Evelio Javier">Evelio Javier</a></li> <li>Vicente Jayme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Estrada_Kalaw" title="Eva Estrada Kalaw">Eva Estrada Kalaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_B._Lingad" class="mw-redirect" title="José B. Lingad">José B. Lingad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Maceda" title="Ernesto Maceda">Ernesto Maceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Manglapus" title="Raul Manglapus">Raul Manglapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivo_Mijares" title="Primitivo Mijares">Primitivo Mijares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra_Jr." title="Ramon Mitra Jr.">Ramon Mitra Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Serge Osmeña">Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Padilla" title="Ambrosio Padilla">Ambrosio Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Mu%C3%B1oz-Palma" title="Cecilia Muñoz-Palma">Cecilia Muñoz-Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Paterno" title="Vicente Paterno">Vicente Paterno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr.">Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Quintero_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Quintero (diplomat)">Eduardo Quintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Duterte" title="Soledad Duterte">Soledad Roa Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soc_Rodrigo" title="Soc Rodrigo">Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.B.L._Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.L. Reyes">Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Saguisag" title="Rene Saguisag">Rene Saguisag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento" title="Abraham Sarmiento">Abraham Sarmiento Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigberto_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Wigberto Tañada">Wigberto Tañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee" title="Claudio Teehankee">Claudio Teehankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calixto_Zaldivar" title="Calixto Zaldivar">Calixto Zaldivar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_sector_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Religious sector resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Religious sector opposition</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Agatep" title="Zacarias Agatep">Zacarias Agatep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Bacani_Jr." title="Teodoro Bacani Jr.">Teodoro Bacani Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariani_Dimaranan" title="Mariani Dimaranan">Mariani Dimaranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Dizon" title="Joe Dizon">Joe Dizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_Favali" title="Tullio Favali">Tullio Favali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocencio_Ipong" class="mw-redirect" title="Inocencio Ipong">Inocencio Ipong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_Magalit" title="Isabelo Magalit">Isabelo Magalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_John_Mananzan" title="Mary John Mananzan">Mary John Mananzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violeta_Marcos" title="Violeta Marcos">Violeta Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifico_Ortiz" title="Pacifico Ortiz">Pacifico Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifico_Osorio" title="Magnifico Osorio">Magnifico Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Purugganan" title="Miguel Purugganan">Miguel Purugganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reuter" title="James Reuter">James Reuter</a></li> <li>Rudy Romano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Christine_Tan" title="Mary Christine Tan">Mary Christine Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Tayag" title="Carlos Tayag">Carlos Tayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vidal" title="Ricardo Vidal">Ricardo Vidal</a></li> <li>The Magnificent Seven (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Claver" title="Francisco Claver">Francisco Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_O._Escaler" title="Federico O. Escaler">Federico Escaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fortich" title="Antonio Fortich">Antonio Fortich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Xavier_Labayen" title="Julio Xavier Labayen">Julio Xavier Labayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Quevedo" title="Orlando Quevedo">Orlando Quevedo</a></li> <li>Felix Perez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Varela" title="Jesus Varela">Jesus Varela</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic and cultural <br />sector opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Academics and cultural workers</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Aguilar" title="Freddie Aguilar">Freddie Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APO_Hiking_Society" title="APO Hiking Society">APO Hiking Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danny_Javier" title="Danny Javier">Danny Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boboy_Garrovillo" title="Boboy Garrovillo">Boboy Garrovillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Paredes" title="Jim Paredes">Jim Paredes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lualhati_Bautista" title="Lualhati Bautista">Lualhati Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Brocka" title="Lino Brocka">Lino Brocka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Bernal" title="Ishmael Bernal">Ishmael Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Cabangon" title="Noel Cabangon">Noel Cabangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedicto_Cabrera" title="Benedicto Cabrera">Benedicto Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behn_Cervantes" title="Behn Cervantes">Behn Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilda_Cordero_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilda Cordero Fernando">Gilda Cordero Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Dalisay" class="mw-redirect" title="Butch Dalisay">Butch Dalisay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jerks" title="The Jerks">The Jerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Joaquin" title="Nick Joaquin">Nick Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inang_Laya" title="Inang Laya">Inang Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Lee" title="Ricky Lee">Ricky Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Celeste Legaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_P._Lopez" title="Salvador P. Lopez">Salvador P. Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_Lumbera" title="Bienvenido Lumbera">Bienvenido Lumbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Navarro" title="Leah Navarro">Leah Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Nemenzo_Jr." title="Francisco Nemenzo Jr.">Francisco Nemenzo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nepomuceno" title="Willie Nepomuceno">Willie Nepomuceno</a></li> <li>Bibeth Orteza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Z._Ortigas" title="Gaston Z. Ortigas">Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Prudente" title="Nemesio Prudente">Nemesio Prudente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlat_Tahimik" title="Kidlat Tahimik">Kidlat Tahimik</a></li> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">Student activists</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ang_Sinco" title="Edgar Ang Sinco">Edgar Ang Sinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bautista" title="Manuel Bautista">Manuel Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neri_Colmenares" title="Neri Colmenares">Neri Colmenares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliosa_Hilao" title="Liliosa Hilao">Liliosa Hilao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Engineering#Martial_law" title="University of the Philippines College of Engineering">Antonio Hilario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boni_Ilagan" title="Boni Ilagan">Bonifacio Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jopson" title="Edgar Jopson">Edgar Jopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Lamangan" title="Joel Lamangan">Joel Lamangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Araullo" title="Carol Araullo">Carol Pagaduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Palabay" title="Armando Palabay">Armando Palabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tish_Pascual-Ladlad" title="Tish Pascual-Ladlad">Tish Pascual-Ladlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Principe" title="Nestor Principe">Nestor Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Quimpo" title="Susan Quimpo">Susan Quimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento_Jr." title="Abraham Sarmiento Jr.">Abraham Sarmiento Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tagamolila" title="Antonio Tagamolila">Antonio Tagamolila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog_10" title="Southern Tagalog 10">Southern Tagalog 10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cristina_Catalla" title="Cristina Catalla">Cristina Catalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Faustino" title="Gerry Faustino">Gerardo Faustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizalina_Ilagan" title="Rizalina Ilagan">Rizalina Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Sales" title="Jessica Sales">Jessica Sales</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Agcaoili" title="Fidel Agcaoili">Fidel Agcaoili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrado_Balweg" title="Conrado Balweg">Conrado Balweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Barros" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorena Barros">Lorena Barros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Beltran" title="Crispin Beltran">Crispin Beltran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Corpus" title="Victor Corpus">Victor Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maita_Gomez" title="Maita Gomez">Maita Gomez</a></li> <li>Luis Jalandoni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filemon_Lagman" title="Filemon Lagman">Filemon Lagman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satur_Ocampo" title="Satur Ocampo">Satur Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Felixberto Olalia Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Rolando Olalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Tayag" title="Nilo Tayag">Nilo Tayag</a></li> <li>Crispin Tagamolila</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Tiamzon" title="Benito Tiamzon">Benito Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Tiamzon" title="Wilma Tiamzon">Wilma Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Zumel" title="Antonio Zumel">Antonio Zumel</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition in the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Prominent_officers_who_publicly_disagreed_with_Marcos" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Resistance during the Marcos administration years</a></b> <ul><li>Commodore <a href="/wiki/Ramon_A._Alcaraz" title="Ramon A. Alcaraz">Ramon A. Alcaraz</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Gillego" title="Bonifacio Gillego">Bonifacio Gillego</a></li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Morales" title="Rogelio Morales">Rogelio Morales</a>, PN</li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Danilo_Vizmanos" title="Danilo Vizmanos">Danilo Vizmanos</a>, PN</li> <li>Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Marcos_G._Soliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos G. Soliman">Marcos G. Soliman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Reform the Armed Forces Movement">Reform the Armed Forces Movement</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan</a></li> <li>Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr.</li> <li>BGen. <a href="/wiki/Jose_T._Almonte" title="Jose T. Almonte">Jose T. Almonte</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Batac" title="Victor Batac">Victor Batac</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Hector_Tarrazona" title="Hector Tarrazona">Hector Tarrazona</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bibit" title="Billy Bibit">Billy Bibit</a></li></ul> <p><b>Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution</b> </p> <ul><li>Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a></li> <li>Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano</li> <li>Col. Charles Hotchkiss</li> <li>Col. Antonio Sotelo</li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Biazon" title="Rodolfo Biazon">Rodolfo Biazon</a></li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Magalong" title="Benjamin Magalong">Benjamin Magalong</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship">Journalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Pro-Marcos</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cristobal" title="Adrian Cristobal">Adrian Cristobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Guevara" title="Jose Guevara">Jose "Joe" Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Nathanielsz" title="Ronnie Nathanielsz">Ronnie Nathanielsz</a></li> <p><b>Opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Apostol" title="Eugenia Apostol">Eugenia Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bueno" title="David Bueno">David Bueno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Burgos">Joe Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amando_Doronila" title="Amando Doronila">Amando Doronila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ceres_Doyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Ceres Doyo">Ma Ceres Doyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inday_Espina-Varona" title="Inday Espina-Varona">Inday Espina-Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chit_Estella" title="Chit Estella">Chit Estella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Go-Belmonte" title="Betty Go-Belmonte">Betty Go-Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letty_Jimenez_Magsanoc" title="Letty Jimenez Magsanoc">Letty Jimenez Magsanoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Lacaba" title="Pete Lacaba">Jose "Pete" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Sr." title="Teodoro Locsin Sr.">Teodoro Locsin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Malay" title="Armando Malay">Armando Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Nieva" title="Tony Nieva">Antonio "Tony" Nieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_G._Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon G. Rama">Napoleon G. Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_Roces" title="Chino Roces">Joaquin "Chino" Roces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximo_Soliven" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximo Soliven">Maximo Soliven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Mari_Velez" title="Jose Mari Velez">Jose Mari Velez</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American <br />interested parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Bosworth" title="Stephen W. Bosworth">Stephen W. Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Byroade" title="Henry A. Byroade">Henry A. Byroade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Habib">Philip Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)" title="George Hamilton (actor)">George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Manafort" title="Paul Manafort">Paul Manafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political coalitions</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Alliance of Makati Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines-United_States_relations#Military_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines-United States relations">Anti-Bases Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapito_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapito Aquino">August Twenty One Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagong_Alyansang_Makabayan" title="Bagong Alyansang Makabayan">Bagong Alyansang Makabayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Quezon#Legacy" title="Aurora Quezon">Concerned Women of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Legal_Assistance_Group" title="Free Legal Assistance Group">Free Legal Assistance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Women%27s_Party" title="Gabriela Women's Party">Gabriela Women's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Justice for Aquino, Justice for All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Aquino_Assassination" title="People Power Revolution">Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Factoran#Human_rights_advocacy_during_martial_law" title="Jun Factoran">Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Free_Philippines" title="Movement for a Free Philippines">Movement for a Free Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Concerned_Citizens_for_Civil_Liberties" title="Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties">Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_Free_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="National Movement for Free Elections">National Movement for Free Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Detainees_of_the_Philippines" title="Task Force Detainees of the Philippines">Task Force Detainees of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political parties</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">Partido Demokratiko Pilipino</a>–<a href="/wiki/LABAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LABAN">Lakas ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Democratic_Organization" title="United Nationalist Democratic Organization">United Nationalist Democratic Organization</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Aguinaldo" title="Camp Aguinaldo">Camp Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Crame" title="Camp Crame">Camp Crame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Filipino" title="Club Filipino">Club Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA" title="EDSA">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bonifacio" title="Fort Bonifacio">Fort Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Magsaysay" title="Fort Magsaysay">Fort Magsaysay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villamor_Air_Base" title="Villamor Air Base">Villamor Air Base</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_family#The_other_Marcoses" title="Marcos family">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Bird" title="Operation Big Bird">Operation Big Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendiola_massacre" title="Mendiola massacre">Mendiola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">Anti-Aquino coup attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_University_of_the_Philippines%E2%80%93Department_of_National_Defense_accord" title="1989 University of the Philippines–Department of National Defense accord">UP-DND accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Burial of Ferdinand Marcos">Burial of Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">Aquino Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)">Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agrarian_Reform_Program" title="Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program">Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_Good_Government" title="Presidential Commission on Good Government">Presidential Commission on Good Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Music during the Marcos dictatorship">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bagong_Pagsilang" title="Bagong Pagsilang">Bagong Pagsilang</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Handog_ng_Pilipino_sa_Mundo" title="Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo">Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magkaisa" title="Magkaisa">Magkaisa</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Saranggola ni Pepe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tatsulok" title="Tatsulok">Tatsulok</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree" title="Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree">Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Political Films <br />during the dictatorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iginuhit_ng_Tadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iginuhit ng Tadhana">Iginuhit ng Tadhana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakada_(film)" title="Sakada (film)">Sakada</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conjugal_Dictatorship_of_Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos" title="The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos">The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(novel)" title="Dekada '70 (novel)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Are_Smarter_Than_Others" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Are Smarter Than Others">Some Are Smarter Than Others</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subversive_Lives:_A_Family_Memoir_of_the_Marcos_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years">Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waltzing_with_a_Dictator" title="Waltzing with a Dictator">Waltzing with a Dictator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isang_Bansa,_Isang_Diwa" title="Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa">Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_ikauunlad_ng_bayan,_disiplina_ang_kailangan" title="Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan">Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_na!_Sobra_na!_Palitan_na!" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!">Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_again#Other_uses" title="Never again">Never again</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gestures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_sign#Specific_uses" title="V sign">V sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_sign" title="Laban sign">Laban sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and <br />historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Monument" title="People Power Monument">People Power Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_Shrine" title="EDSA Shrine">EDSA Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Bantayog ng mga Bayani">Bantayog ng mga Bayani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="List of individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani">individuals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ako_si_Ninoy" title="Ako si Ninoy">Ako si Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barber%27s_Tales" title="Barber's Tales">Barber's Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)" title="Batas Militar (1997 film)">Batas Militar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Jake" title="Citizen Jake">Citizen Jake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life" title="A Dangerous Life">A Dangerous Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(film)" title="Dekada '70 (film)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eskapo" title="Eskapo">Eskapo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_a_Filipino_Family" title="Evolution of a Filipino Family">Evolution of a Filipino Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Memory" title="Forbidden Memory">Forbidden Memory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_What_Is_Before" title="From What Is Before">From What Is Before</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imelda_(film)" title="Imelda (film)">Imelda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katips" title="Katips">Katips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(film)" title="The Kingmaker (film)">The Kingmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Journey_of_Ninoy" title="The Last Journey of Ninoy">The Last Journey of Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liway" title="Liway">Liway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loyalista:_The_Untold_Story_of_Imelda_Papin" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin">Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maid_in_Malaca%C3%B1ang" title="Maid in Malacañang">Maid in Malacañang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyr_or_Murderer" title="Martyr or Murderer">Martyr or Murderer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ML_(film)" title="ML (film)">ML</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oras_de_Peligro" title="Oras de Peligro">Oras de Peligro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisay_(film)" title="Pisay (film)">Pisay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rustling_of_Leaves:_Inside_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution">A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sa_Dulo_ng_Baril" title="Sa Dulo ng Baril">Sa Dulo ng Baril</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Devil" title="Season of the Devil">Season of the Devil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Is_Yellow_the_Middle_of_the_Rainbow%3F" title="Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?">Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love" title="Here Lies Love">Here Lies Love</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love_(musical)" title="Here Lies Love (musical)">musical</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya" title="Maalaala Mo Kaya">Maalaala Mo Kaya</a>: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kalapati" title="Kalapati">Kalapati</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Makinilya" title="Makinilya">Makinilya</a>")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voltes_V" title="Voltes V">Voltes V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disinformation and <br />distortionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&oldid=1218201398">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escalante_massacre&oldid=1218201398</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Escalante_massacre" title="Category:Escalante massacre">Escalante massacre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_1985" title="Category:Massacres in 1985">Massacres in 1985</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1985_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:1985 in the Philippines">1985 in the 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