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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Core principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intentional community</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF" title="مجتمع متعمد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجتمع متعمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommuna_(icma)" title="Kommuna (icma) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kommuna (icma)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Камуна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камуна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Камуна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камуна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Комуна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комуна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuna" title="Komuna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Komuna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_(societat)" title="Comuna (societat) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comuna (societat)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beabsichtigte_Gemeinschaft" title="Beabsichtigte Gemeinschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beabsichtigte Gemeinschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Συνειδητή κοινότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνειδητή κοινότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad_intencional" title="Comunidad intencional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad intencional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intenca_komunumo" title="Intenca komunumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Intenca komunumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="کمون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_intentionnelle" title="Communauté intentionnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communauté intentionnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_intencional" title="Comunidade intencional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunidade intencional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EB%8F%84%EC%A0%81_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4" title="의도적 공동체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의도적 공동체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קהילה רצונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קהילה רצונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitas_intentionalis" title="Communitas intentionalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Communitas intentionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="インテンショナル・コミュニティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インテンショナル・コミュニティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="هدفمنده ټولنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هدفمنده ټولنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_intencional" title="Comunidade intencional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunidade intencional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Идейная община – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Идейная община" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திட்டக் குமுகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திட்டக் குமுகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ідейні громади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідейні громади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80" title="意識社區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意識社區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2373919#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Planned, socially-cohesive, residential community</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Collective settlement", "Utopian society", and "Utopian experiment" redirect here. For the legal term, see <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">Settlement (litigation)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Utopian_Society" title="The Utopian Society">The Utopian Society</a>. For other uses of "Utopian experiment", see <a href="/wiki/Utopian_experiment_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Utopian experiment (disambiguation)">Utopian experiment (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Commune" and "Communal", see <a href="/wiki/Commune_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Commune (disambiguation)">Commune (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communal (disambiguation)">Communal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a>.</div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Housing" title="Category:Housing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">Living spaces</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg/50px-Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg/75px-Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg/100px-Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Main</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a>: <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">detached</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">semi-detached</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">terraced</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">Cottage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecohouse" title="Ecohouse">Ecohouse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Green_home" title="Green home">Green home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Housing project</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_outpost" title="Human outpost">Human outpost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I-house" title="I-house">I-house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">Tenement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Condominium" title="Condominium">Condominium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">Hostel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flophouse" title="Flophouse">Flophouse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shack" title="Shack">Shack</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordability</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Affordable housing in the United States">Affordability in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmental:</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental security</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Fair housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_building" title="Healthy building">Healthiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">Homelessness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_crisis" title="Housing crisis">Housing crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing discrimination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_stress" title="Housing stress">Housing stress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_inequality" title="Housing inequality">Housing inequality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Owner-occupancy" title="Owner-occupancy">Home ownership</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Ownership equity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Permit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">Rent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subprime_lending" title="Subprime lending">Subprime lending</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Subsidized housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable:</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">living</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_hotspot" title="Toxic hotspot">Toxic hotspot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">Vagrancy</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Housing subsidy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Re-Housing" title="Rapid Re-Housing">Rapid Re-Housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_appraisal" title="Real estate appraisal">Real estate appraisal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">Real estate bubble</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investing" title="Real estate investing">Real estate investing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">Rent regulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">Rent control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">Rent strike</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tenants_union" title="Tenants union">Tenants union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="YIMBY movement">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">Alternative lifestyle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_homes" title="Cottage homes">Cottage homes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">Group home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_house" title="Halfway house">Halfway house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">Homeless shelter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_community" title="Local community">Local community</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">Orphanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential care</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_home" title="Retirement home">Retirement home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supportive_housing" title="Supportive housing">Supportive housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supported_living" title="Supported living">Supported living</a></li></ul></div> <br /> <div style="float:left;"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/48px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/64px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></b></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Living_spaces" title="Template:Living spaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Living_spaces" title="Template talk:Living spaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Living_spaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Living spaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Utopias" title="Category:Utopias">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopias</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/120px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/180px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/240px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1427" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Mythical and religious</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(utopia)" title="Arcadia (utopia)">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Caesars" title="City of the Caesars">City of the Caesars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_cuckoo_land" title="Cloud cuckoo land">Cloud cuckoo land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockaigne" title="Cockaigne">Cockaigne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_gods_(Sumerian_paradise)" title="Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise)">Garden of the gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La" title="Shangri-La">Shangri-La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketumati" title="Ketumati">Ketumati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Opona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Opona">Opona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag_Mell" title="Mag Mell">Mag Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoroba" title="Mahoroba">Mahoroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzoramia" title="Mezzoramia">Mezzoramia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="New world order (Bahá'í)">Most Great Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_utopian_literature" title="List of utopian literature">List</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(book)" title="Utopia (book)">Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels </a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_literature" title="List of dystopian literature">Dystopian literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_city" title="Ideal city">Ideal city</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sforzinda" title="Sforzinda">Sforzinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantisocracy" title="Pantisocracy">Pantisocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Real utopian sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_for_Realists" title="Utopia for Realists">Utopia for Realists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_studies" title="Utopian studies">Utopian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">Escapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_harmony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Social harmony (disambiguation)">Social harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Cyber-utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Practice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_architecture" title="Utopian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HosPex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Open borders">Open borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Basic_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Basic Income">UBI</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intentional community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atarashiki-mura" title="Atarashiki-mura">Atarashiki-mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaxi_Village" title="Huaxi Village">Huaxi Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjie" title="Nanjie">Nanjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Communities by country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_utopian_communities" title="List of American utopian communities">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_utopian_communities" title="List of Finnish utopian communities">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_utopian_communities" title="List of German utopian communities">Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Association" title="Lindisfarne Association">Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Millennium_Project" title="The Millennium Project">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Future_Society" title="World Future Society">WSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">Zeitgeist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Utopia" title="Template:Utopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Utopia" title="Template talk:Utopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Utopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Utopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>intentional community</b> is a voluntary residential <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> designed to foster a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">social cohesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teamwork" title="Teamwork">teamwork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-communal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pitzer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitzer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mecalf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mecalf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members typically unite around shared values, beliefs, or a common vision, which may be <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, or simply focused on the practical benefits of cooperation and mutual support. While some groups emphasise shared <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, others are centred on enhancing <a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">social connections</a>, sharing resources, and creating meaningful relationships. </p><p>Although intentional communities are sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative lifestyles">alternative lifestyles</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">social experiments</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-communal_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some see them as a natural response to the isolation and fragmentation of modern housing, offering a return to the social bonds and collaborative spirit found in traditional <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> life.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_intentional_communities" title="List of intentional communities">The multitude of intentional communities</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> households, <a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">cohousing</a> communities, <a href="/wiki/Coliving" class="mw-redirect" title="Coliving">coliving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">ecovillages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retreat_(survivalism)" title="Retreat (survivalism)">survivalist retreats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashrams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperatives</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peckham_Bruderhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Peckham_Bruderhof.jpg/220px-Peckham_Bruderhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Peckham_Bruderhof.jpg/330px-Peckham_Bruderhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Peckham_Bruderhof.jpg/440px-Peckham_Bruderhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof Communities</a> live, eat, work and worship communally.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_-_Young_musicians_-_1250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Amsterdam_-_Young_musicians_-_1250.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Young_musicians_-_1250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Amsterdam_-_Young_musicians_-_1250.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_-_Young_musicians_-_1250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Amsterdam_-_Young_musicians_-_1250.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_-_Young_musicians_-_1250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Young musicians living in a shared community in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Ashram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_Ashram.jpg/220px-Traditional_Ashram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_Ashram.jpg/330px-Traditional_Ashram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_Ashram.jpg/440px-Traditional_Ashram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Traditional ashram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecovillage_%22Velyka_Rodyna%22_in_Troshcha_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ecovillage_%22Velyka_Rodyna%22_in_Troshcha_02.jpg/220px-Ecovillage_%22Velyka_Rodyna%22_in_Troshcha_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ecovillage_%22Velyka_Rodyna%22_in_Troshcha_02.jpg/330px-Ecovillage_%22Velyka_Rodyna%22_in_Troshcha_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ecovillage_%22Velyka_Rodyna%22_in_Troshcha_02.jpg/440px-Ecovillage_%22Velyka_Rodyna%22_in_Troshcha_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Ecovillage "Velyka Rodyna" in Troshcha (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_(%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)" class="extiw" title="uk:Троща (Вінницький район)">Троща</a></span>).</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ashrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrams">Ashrams</a> are likely the earliest intentional communities, founded around 1500 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasteries</a> appeared around 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-communalidea53_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communalidea53-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> founded an intellectual vegetarian commune in about 525 BCE in southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of modern intentional communities were formed across Europe, North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand out of the intellectual foment of <a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">utopianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intentional communities exhibit the utopian ambition to create a better, more sustainable world for living.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the term <b>utopian community</b> as a synonym for an intentional community might be considered to be of pejorative nature and many intentional communities do not consider themselves to be utopian.<sup id="cite_ref-communal_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the alternative term <b>commune</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered to be non-neutral or even linked to <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> politics or <a href="/wiki/Hippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippies">hippies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms_and_definitions">Synonyms and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synonyms and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additional terms referring to an intentional community can be <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">alternative lifestyle</a>, <b>intentional society</b>, <b>cooperative community</b>, <b>withdrawn community</b>, <b>enacted community</b>, <b>socialist colony</b>, <b>communistic society</b>, <b>collective settlement</b>, <b>communal society</b>, <b>commune</b>, <b>mutualistic community</b>, <b>communitarian experiment</b>, <b>experimental community</b>, <b>utopian experiment</b>, <b>practical utopia</b>, and <b>utopian society</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Authorship</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>B. Shenker</td> <td>1986</td> <td><i>"An intentional community is a relatively small group of people who have created a whole way of life for the attainment of a certain set of goals."</i><sup id="cite_ref-communal_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D. E. Pitzer</td> <td>1989</td> <td>Intentional communities are <i>"small, voluntary social units partly isolated from the general society in which members share an economic union and lifestyle in an attempt to implement, at least in part, their ideal ideological, religious, political, social, economic, and educational systems"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pitzer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitzer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G. Kozeny</td> <td>1996</td> <td><i>"An 'intentional community' is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose, working cooperatively to create a lifestyle that reflects their shared core values. The people may live together on a piece of rural land, in a suburban home, or in an urban neighborhood, and they may share a single residence or live in a cluster of dwellings."</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W. J. Metcalf</td> <td>2004</td> <td>An intentional community is <i>"[f]ive or more people, drawn from more than one family or kinship group, who have voluntarily come together for the purpose of ameliorating perceived social problems and inadequacies. They seek to live beyond the bounds of mainstream society by adopting a consciously devised and usually well thought-out social and cultural alternative. In the pursuit of their goals, they share significant aspects of their lives together. Participants are characterized by a "we-consciousness," seeing themselves as a continuing group, separate from and in many ways better than the society from which they emerged."</i><sup id="cite_ref-mecalf_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mecalf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variety">Variety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purposes of intentional communities vary and may be political, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, economic, or environmental.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to spiritual communities, <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> communities also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One common practice, particularly in spiritual communities, is <a href="/wiki/Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">communal meals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarian</a> values can be combined with other values.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Benjamin Zablocki</a> categorized communities this way:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Academic communities (see <a href="/wiki/Learning_community#Living-Learning_Communities" title="Learning community">Living-Learning Communities</a>)</li> <li>Alternative-family communities (see <a href="/wiki/Tenacious_Unicorn_Ranch" title="Tenacious Unicorn Ranch">Tenacious Unicorn Ranch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliving" class="mw-redirect" title="Coliving">Coliving</a> communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a> communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercultural">Countercultural</a> communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian communities">Egalitarian communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental">Experimental</a> communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">Political</a> communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">Psychological</a> communities (based on <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">gestalt</a> principles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_community" title="Therapeutic community">Rehabilitational communities</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Synanon" title="Synanon">Synanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Religious communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spiritual</a> communities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of Christian intentional communities want to emulate the practices of the earliest believers. Using the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> book of <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> (and, often, the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>) as a model, members of these communities strive to demonstrate their faith in a corporate context,<sup id="cite_ref-ic.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to live out the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, practicing compassion and hospitality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communities such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Simple_Way" title="The Simple Way">Simple Way</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutba_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutba House">Rutba House</a> would fall into this category. Despite strict membership criteria, these communities are open to visitors and not reclusive to the extent of some other intentional communities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey in the 1995 edition of the "<a href="/wiki/Communities_Directory" title="Communities Directory">Communities Directory</a>", published by the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_for_Intentional_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship for Intentional Community">Fellowship for Intentional Community</a> (FIC), reported that 54 percent of the communities choosing to list themselves were rural, 28 percent were urban, 10 percent had both rural and urban sites, and 8 percent did not specify.<sup id="cite_ref-ftc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common form of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> in intentional communities is <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> (64 percent), with decisions made by some form of <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a> or voting. A <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> structure governs 9 percent of communities, 11 percent are a combination of democratic and hierarchical structure, and 16 percent do not specify.<sup id="cite_ref-ftc_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Core_principles">Core principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Core principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central characteristics of communes, or core principles that define communes, have been expressed in various forms over the years. The Suffolk-born radical <a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a> (1820-1881), subsequently a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> minister, invented the term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/communitarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:communitarian">communitarian</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> in 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the 1970s, <i>The New Communes</i> author Ron E. Roberts classified communes as a subclass of a larger category of <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He listed three main characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>First, egalitarianism – communes specifically rejected hierarchy or graduations of social status as being necessary to social order.</li> <li>Second, human scale – members of some communes saw the scale of society as it was then organized as being too <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialized</a> (or factory sized) and therefore unsympathetic to human dimensions.</li> <li>Third, communes were consciously anti-<a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a>.</li></ul> <p>Twenty-five years later, Dr. Bill Metcalf, in his edited book <i>Shared Visions, Shared Lives</i>, defined communes as having the following core principles:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>the importance of the group as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> unit</li> <li>a "common purse"</li> <li>a collective household</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">group decision-making</a> in general and intimate affairs</li></ul> <p>Sharing everyday life and facilities, a commune is an idealized form of <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, being a new sort of <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary and secondary groups">"primary group"</a> (generally with fewer than 20 people, although there are examples of much larger communes). Commune members have emotional bonds to the whole group rather than to any sub-group,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the commune is experienced with emotions that go beyond just <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_collectivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social collectivity (page does not exist)">social collectivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_intentional_communities" title="List of intentional communities">List of intentional communities</a></div> <p>With the simple definition of a commune as an intentional community with 100% income sharing, the online directory of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_for_Intentional_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship for Intentional Community">Fellowship for Intentional Community</a> (FIC)<sup id="cite_ref-directory.ic.org_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory.ic.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists 222 communes worldwide (28 January 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-FICComunes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FICComunes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these are religious institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>. Others are based in <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophic">anthroposophic</a> philosophy, including <a href="/wiki/Camphill_Movement" title="Camphill Movement">Camphill</a> villages that provide support for the education, employment, and daily lives of adults and children with <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental health problems</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">special needs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cultures naturally practice communal or tribal living, and would not designate their way of life as a planned "commune" per se, though their living situation may have many characteristics of a commune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, many intentional communities started with the hippie movement and those searching for social alternatives to the nuclear family. One of the oldest continuously running communities is called "<a href="/wiki/Moora_Moora" title="Moora Moora">Moora Moora</a> Co-operative Community"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about 47 members (Oct 2021). Located at the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Toolebewong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Toolebewong">Mount Toolebewong</a>, 65 km east of Melbourne, Victoria at an altitude of 600–800 m, this community has been entirely off the electricity grid since its inception in 1974. Founding members still resident include Peter and Sandra Cock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhon_Bruderhof_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhon_Bruderhof_Building.jpg/220px-Rhon_Bruderhof_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhon_Bruderhof_Building.jpg/330px-Rhon_Bruderhof_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhon_Bruderhof_Building.jpg/440px-Rhon_Bruderhof_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>A building on the Rhön <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first wave of <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_utopian_communities" title="List of German utopian communities">utopian communities in Germany</a> began during a period of rapid urbanization between 1890 and 1930. About 100 intentional communities were started<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConti198466-149_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConti198466-149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but data is unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017132_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017132-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often pursued <a href="/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Freikörperkultur">nudism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic</a> agriculture, as well as various religious and political ideologies like <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">anabaptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">theosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. Historically, German emigrants were also influential in the creation of intentional communities in other countries, like the <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a> in the United States of America and <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutzim</a> in Israel. In the 1960s, there was a resurgence of communities calling themselves communes, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, without knowledge of or influence by previous movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017158_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017158-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of contemporary intentional communities define themselves as communes, and there is a network of political communes called "Kommuja"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about 40 member groups (May 2023). </p><p>In the German commune book, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das KommuneBuch</i></span>, communes are defined by Elisabeth Voß as communities which:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß199617–26_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß199617–26-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Live and work together</li> <li>Have a communal economy, i.e., common finances and common property (land, buildings, <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>)</li> <li>Have communal decision making – usually consensus decision making</li> <li>Try to reduce hierarchy and hierarchical structures</li> <li>Have communalization of housework, childcare and other communal tasks</li> <li>Have equality between women and men</li> <li>Have low <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprints</a> through sharing and saving resources</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_3560_Architecture_of_the_Golan_Heights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PikiWiki_3560_Architecture_of_the_Golan_Heights.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_3560_Architecture_of_the_Golan_Heights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PikiWiki_3560_Architecture_of_the_Golan_Heights.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_3560_Architecture_of_the_Golan_Heights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PikiWiki_3560_Architecture_of_the_Golan_Heights.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_3560_Architecture_of_the_Golan_Heights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>The communal dining hall in <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a> <a href="/wiki/Merom_Golan" title="Merom Golan">Merom Golan</a>, ca. 1968–1972</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutzim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, (sing., kibbutz) are examples of officially organized communes, the first of which were based on agriculture. Other Israeli communities are <a href="/wiki/Kvutza" title="Kvutza">Kvutza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_settlement" title="Community settlement">Yishuv Kehilati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshavim" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshavim">Moshavim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youth_village" title="Youth village">Kfar No'ar</a>. Today, there are dozens of urban communes growing in the cities of Israel, often called <a href="/wiki/Urban_kibbutz" title="Urban kibbutz">urban kibbutzim</a>. The urban kibbutzim are smaller and more <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the urban communes in Israel emphasize social change, education, and local involvement in the cities where they live. Some of the urban communes have members who are graduates of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">zionist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> youth movements, like <a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaOved_VeHaLomed" title="HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed">HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed</a>, <a href="/wiki/HaMahanot_HaOlim" title="HaMahanot HaOlim">HaMahanot HaOlim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatsair" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashomer Hatsair">Hashomer Hatsair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1831 John Vandeleur (a landlord) established a commune on his <a href="/wiki/Ralahine" title="Ralahine">Ralahine Estate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newmarket-on-Fergus" title="Newmarket-on-Fergus">Newmarket-on-Fergus</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>. Vandeleur asked Edward Thomas Craig, an English socialist, to formulate rules and regulations for the commune. It was set up with a population of 22 adult single men, 7 married women and their 7 husbands, 5 single women, 4 orphan boys and 5 children under the age of 9 years. No money was employed, only credit notes which could be used in the commune shop. All occupants were committed to a life with no alcohol, tobacco, snuff or gambling. All were required to work for 12 hours a day during the summer and from dawn to dusk in winter. The social experiment prospered for a time and 29 new members joined. However, in 1833 the experiment collapsed due to the gambling debts of John Vandeleur. The members of the commune met for the last time on 23 November 1833 and placed on record a declaration of "the contentment, peace and happiness they had experienced for two years under the arrangements introduced by Mr. Vandeleur and Mr. Craig and which through no fault of the Association was now at an end".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">imperial Russia</a>, the vast majority of Russian peasants held their land in communal ownership within a <a href="/wiki/Mir_(commune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir (commune)"><i>mir</i></a> community, which acted as a village government and a cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very widespread and influential pre-Soviet Russian tradition of monastic communities of both sexes could also be considered a form of communal living. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">end of communism in Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastic_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic communities">monastic communities</a> have again become more common, populous and, to a lesser degree, more influential in Russian society. Various patterns of Russian behavior — <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">toloka</i></span> (толока), <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">pomochi</i></span> (помочи), <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">artel</a></i></span> (артель) — are also based on communal ("мирские") traditions. </p><p>In the years immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">revolutions of 1917</a> <a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a> communities proliferated in Russia, but later they were eventually wiped out or stripped of their independence as <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivisation</a> and ideological purges got under way in the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Life_and_Labor_Commune" title="Life and Labor Commune">Life and Labor Commune</a>, relocated to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to avoid being liquidated. Several Tolstoyan leaders, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Dragunovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Dragunovsky (page does not exist)">Yakov Dragunovsky</a> (1886-1937), were put on trial and then sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> prison camps.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> founded the controversial Afrikaner-only town of <a href="/wiki/Orania" title="Orania">Orania</a>, with the goal of creating a stronghold for the Afrikaner minority group, the Afrikaans language and the Afrikaner culture.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2022, the population was 2,500. The town was experiencing rapid growth and the population had climbed by 55% from 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They favour a model of strict Afrikaner self-sufficiency and have their own currency, bank, local government and only employ Afrikaners.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Findhorn_wind_turbines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Findhorn_wind_turbines.jpg/220px-Findhorn_wind_turbines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Findhorn_wind_turbines.jpg/330px-Findhorn_wind_turbines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Findhorn_wind_turbines.jpg/440px-Findhorn_wind_turbines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The wind turbines at Findhorn make the Ecovillage a net exporter of electricity.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 19th century advocate and practitioner of communal living was the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a>, who founded a Communist Church before becoming a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> minister.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Simon_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="The Simon Community">The Simon Community</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is an example of social cooperation, made to ease <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">homelessness</a> within London. It provides food and religion and is staffed by homeless people and volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Simon_Community_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Simon_Community-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mildly nomadic, they run street "cafés" which distribute food to their known members and to the general public. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has three locations in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Glandwr,_Pembrokeshire" title="Glandwr, Pembrokeshire">Glandwr</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Crymych" title="Crymych">Crymych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, a co-op called <a href="/wiki/Lammas_Ecovillage" title="Lammas Ecovillage">Lammas Ecovillage</a> focuses on planning and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. Granted planning permission by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> in 2009, it has since created 9 holdings and is a central communal hub for its community.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Foundation" title="Findhorn Foundation">Findhorn Foundation</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Caddy" title="Peter Caddy">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Caddy" title="Eileen Caddy">Eileen Caddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Maclean" title="Dorothy Maclean">Dorothy Maclean</a> in 1962<sup id="cite_ref-Findhorn_Foundation_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findhorn_Foundation-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is prominent for its educational centre and experimental architectural community project based at The Park, in <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>, Scotland, near the village of <a href="/wiki/Findhorn" title="Findhorn">Findhorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-local_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Ecovillage" title="Findhorn Ecovillage">Findhorn Ecovillage</a> community at The Park, Findhorn, a village in Moray, Scotland, and at <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Hill" title="Cluny Hill">Cluny Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Forres" title="Forres">Forres</a>, now houses more than 400 people.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historic <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_commune" title="Agricultural commune">agricultural examples</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a> settlement on <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Hill" title="St George's Hill">St George's Hill</a>, Surrey during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clousden_Hill_Free_Communist_and_Co-operative_Colony" title="Clousden Hill Free Communist and Co-operative Colony">Clousden Hill Free Communist and Co-operative Colony</a> near <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> during the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a long history of <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_utopian_communities" title="List of American utopian communities">utopian communities in America</a> that led to the rise in the communes of the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> movement—the "<a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-to-the-land">back-to-the-land</a>" ventures of the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One commune that played a large role in the hippie movement was <a href="/wiki/Kaliflower_Commune" title="Kaliflower Commune">Kaliflower</a>, a utopian living cooperative that existed in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> between 1967 and 1973 built on values of <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jacobs_(journalist)" title="Andrew Jacobs (journalist)">Andrew Jacobs</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote that "after decades of contraction, the American commune movement has been expanding since the mid-1990s, spurred by the growth of settlements that seek to marry the utopian-minded commune of the 1960s with the American predilection for privacy and capital appreciation".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_2006-06-11_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_2006-06-11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_for_Intentional_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship for Intentional Community">Fellowship for Intentional Community</a> (FIC) is one of the main sources for listings of and more information about communes in the United States. </p><p>Although many American communes are short-lived, some have been in operation for over 50 years. The <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a> was established in the US in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-ic.org_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Twin_Oaks_Community,_Virginia" title="Twin Oaks Community, Virginia">Twin Oaks</a> in 1967<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Koinonia_Partners" title="Koinonia Partners">Koinonia Farm</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twin Oaks is a rare example of a non-religious commune surviving for longer than 30 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Catalonia">Anarchist Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning man">Burning man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Community_of_Universal_Brotherhood" title="Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood">Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood</a>, Canadian Community <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> (1900-1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_(documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (documentary)"><i>Commune</i> (documentary)</a>, a 2005 documentary about <a href="/wiki/Black_Bear_Ranch" title="Black Bear Ranch">Black Bear Ranch</a>, an intentional community located in Siskiyou County, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune of Paris">Commune of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">Community garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diggers_and_Dreamers" title="Diggers and Dreamers">Diggers and Dreamers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_City" title="Drop City">Drop City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian communities">Egalitarian communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido">Ejido</a>, a form of Mexican land distribution resembling a commune</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality colony">Equality colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_for_Intentional_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship for Intentional Community">Fellowship for Intentional Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Vermont" title="Free Vermont">Free Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, a time period in the 1950s and 1960s when the Chinese government created such communes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hramada" title="Hramada">Hramada</a>, a Belarusian commune assembly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutterite">Hutterite</a>, a Christian sect that lives in communal "colonies"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intentional_communities" title="List of intentional communities">List of intentional communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obshchina" title="Obshchina">Obshchina</a>, communes of the Russian Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_commune" title="People's commune">People's commune</a>, type of administrative level in China from 1958 – early 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanst%C3%A8re" title="Phalanstère">Phalanstère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Community" title="Renaissance Community">Renaissance Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_City,_California" title="Slab City, California">Slab City, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoyans">Tolstoyans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-field_system" title="Well-field system">Well-field system</a>, a Chinese land distribution system with common lands controlled by a village</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Brotherhood_Colonies" title="World Brotherhood Colonies">World Brotherhood Colonies</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>commune</i> is originally a French word appearing in the 12th century from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i><a class="external text" href="https://wiktionary.org/wiki/communis">communia</a></i>, meaning a large gathering of people sharing a common life; from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>communis</i>, things held in common.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-communal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-communal_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-communal_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-communal_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-communal_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShenker1986" class="citation book cs1">Shenker, Barry (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203832639/intentional-communities-routledge-revivals-barry-shenker"><i>Intentional Communities (Routledge Revivals) : Ideology and Alienation in Communal Societies</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203832639">10.4324/9780203832639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83263-9"><bdi>978-0-203-83263-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intentional+Communities+%28Routledge+Revivals%29+%3A+Ideology+and+Alienation+in+Communal+Societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203832639&rft.isbn=978-0-203-83263-9&rft.aulast=Shenker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203832639%2Fintentional-communities-routledge-revivals-barry-shenker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pitzer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pitzer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pitzer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitzer1989" class="citation journal cs1">Pitzer, D. E. (1989). "Developmental communalism: An alternative approach to communal studies". <i>Utopian Thought and Communal Experience</i>: 68–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utopian+Thought+and+Communal+Experience&rft.atitle=Developmental+communalism%3A+An+alternative+approach+to+communal+studies&rft.pages=68-76&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pitzer&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mecalf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mecalf_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mecalf_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2004" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William James (2004). <i>The Findhorn book of community living</i>. Forres, Scotland: Findhorn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844090327" title="Special:BookSources/9781844090327"><bdi>9781844090327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Findhorn+book+of+community+living&rft.place=Forres%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Findhorn+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781844090327&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2002" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, A. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturemagic.org/PDF/c3Communal20Economics.pdf"><i>Communal Economics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Economics.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturemagic.org%2FPDF%2Fc3Communal20Economics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Zach (31 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0160597620951945">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Not-so-silent Form of Activism": Intentional Community as Collective Action Reservoir"</a>. <i>Humanity & Society</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 509–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0160597620951945">10.1177/0160597620951945</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-5976">0160-5976</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225187879">225187879</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanity+%26+Society&rft.atitle=%22A+Not-so-silent+Form+of+Activism%22%3A+Intentional+Community+as+Collective+Action+Reservoir&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-532&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225187879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0160-5976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0160597620951945&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0160597620951945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201180215/https://www.cohousing.ca/about-cohousing/what-is-cohousing/">"What is Cohousing?"</a>. <i>Canadian Cohousing Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cohousing.ca/about-cohousing/what-is-cohousing/">the original</a> on 2022-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Cohousing+Network&rft.atitle=What+is+Cohousing%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cohousing.ca%2Fabout-cohousing%2Fwhat-is-cohousing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-communalidea53-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-communalidea53_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQozAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Communal Idea in the 21st Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. 28 September 2012. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23625-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23625-7"><bdi>978-90-04-23625-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communal+Idea+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23625-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQozAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metcalf-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2012" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalf, Bill (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26240431">"Utopian Struggle: Preconceptions and Realities of Intentional Communities"</a>. <i>RCC Perspectives</i> (8): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2190-5088">2190-5088</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26240431">26240431</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ChristLife&rft.atitle=Learning+from+the+Bruderhof%3A+An+Intentional+Christian+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristlife.org%2Fblog%2Flearning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ftc-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ftc_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ftc_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"<a href="/wiki/Fellowship_for_Intentional_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship for Intentional Community">Fellowship for Intentional Community</a>". <i>Communities Directory</i> (4th ed.). Missouri, USA.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9718264-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9718264-2-0"><bdi>0-9718264-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fellowship+for+Intentional+Community&rft.btitle=Communities+Directory&rft.place=Missouri%2C+USA.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9718264-2-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockwell1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Foster_Stockwell" title="Foster Stockwell">Stockwell, Foster</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam00stoc"><i>Encyclopedia of American Communes</i></a></span>. McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786404551" title="Special:BookSources/9780786404551"><bdi>9780786404551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Communes&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780786404551&rft.aulast=Stockwell&rft.aufirst=Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofam00stoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_communitarian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=communitarian">"communitarian"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=communitarian&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcommunitarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> - "A social banquet of the adherents of the Communist, or Communitarian school is expected to take place." <i>New Moral World</i>, 1 August 75/1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf1996" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William James, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTLaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Shared Visions, Shared Lives: Communal Living Around the Globe</i></a>. Findhorn Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781899171019" title="Special:BookSources/9781899171019"><bdi>9781899171019</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>Within a commune, the group is experienced with emotions beyond just social collectivity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Visions%2C+Shared+Lives%3A+Communal+Living+Around+the+Globe&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Findhorn+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781899171019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTLaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-directory.ic.org-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-directory.ic.org_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908071732/http://directory.ic.org/">"Welcome to the Intentional Communities Directory"</a>. <i>directory.ic.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.ic.org/">the original</a> on 8 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=directory.ic.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Intentional+Communities+Directory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.ic.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FICComunes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FICComunes_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328213634/https://www.ic.org/directory/communes/">"Commune Directory – List of Communes"</a>. <i>FIC Online Communities Directory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_for_Intentional_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship for Intentional Community">Fellowship for Intentional Community</a>. 28 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ic.org/directory/communes/">the original</a> on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>We use commune only when referring to communities that share their income and resources completely, or nearly so</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIC+Online+Communities+Directory&rft.atitle=Commune+Directory+%E2%80%93+List+of+Communes&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.org%2Fdirectory%2Fcommunes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131031050322/http://articles.philly.com/2013-10-05/news/42721660_1_camphill-soltane-disabilities-communities">"At Camphill Kimberton, crafting a different way to live"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2013-10-05/news/42721660_1_camphill-soltane-disabilities-communities">the original</a> on 2013-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=At+Camphill+Kimberton%2C+crafting+a+different+way+to+live&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2013-10-05%2Fnews%2F42721660_1_camphill-soltane-disabilities-communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mooramoora.org.au">"Moora Moora Co-operative Community"</a>. <i>arachnoid.net.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arachnoid.net.au&rft.atitle=Moora+Moora+Co-operative+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmooramoora.org.au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConti198466-149-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConti198466-149_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConti1984">Conti 1984</a>, p. 66-149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017132-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017132_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedemeyer-Kolwe2017">Wedemeyer-Kolwe 2017</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017158-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2017158_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedemeyer-Kolwe2017">Wedemeyer-Kolwe 2017</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommuja.de">"Kommuja-Netzwerk"</a>. <i>kommuja.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kommuja.de&rft.atitle=Kommuja-Netzwerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommuja.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß199617–26-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß199617–26_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoß1996">Voß 1996</a>, p. 17–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrox, James. "A Living Revolution: Anarchism in the Kibbutz Movement", pp. 87–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2007" class="citation journal cs1">Horrox, James (October 2007). "Rebuilding Israel's Utopia". <i>Zeek: A Jewish Journal of Thought and Culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeek%3A+A+Jewish+Journal+of+Thought+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Rebuilding+Israel%27s+Utopia&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/industrialcoope00pricgoog"><i>Industrial Co-operation, the Story of a Peaceful Revolution: Being the Account of the History, Theory, and Practice of the Co-operative Movement in Great Britain and Ireland: Prepared for the Co-operative Education Association</i></a>, Catherine Webb, Co-operative union, limited, 1907, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Энгельгардт, Александр, Письма из деревни, М., 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Морозов, Юрий, Пути России. М., 1992, т. 2, гл. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlotte_Alston2010" class="citation web cs1">Charlotte Alston (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/tolstoys-guiding-light">"Tolstoy's Guiding Light"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tolstoy%27s+Guiding+Light&rft.pub=History+Today&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Charlotte+Alston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Ftolstoys-guiding-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Chatfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Chatfield (page does not exist)">Charles Chatfield</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruzanna_Iliukhina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruzanna Iliukhina (page does not exist)">Ruzanna Iliukhina</a> <i>Peace/Mir: An Anthology of Historic Alternatives to War</i> Syracuse University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815626010" title="Special:BookSources/0815626010">0815626010</a>, (p.245, 249-250).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/orania-and-the-third-reinvention-of-the-afrikaner-">"Orania and the third reinvention of the Afrikaner - Carel Boshoff - DOCUMENTS"</a>. <i>Politicsweb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politicsweb&rft.atitle=Orania+and+the+third+reinvention+of+the+Afrikaner+-+Carel+Boshoff+-+DOCUMENTS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicsweb.co.za%2Fdocuments%2Forania-and-the-third-reinvention-of-the-afrikaner-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220615164734/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/afrikaners-flee-to-their-desert-eden-g8vbg8qc7">"Archive.ph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Archive.ph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fafrikaners-flee-to-their-desert-eden-g8vbg8qc7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/oct/24/an-indictment-of-south-africa-whites-only-town-orania-is-booming">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An indictment of South Africa': Whites-only town Orania is booming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27An+indictment+of+South+Africa%27%3A+Whites-only+town+Orania+is+booming&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2019%2Foct%2F24%2Fan-indictment-of-south-africa-whites-only-town-orania-is-booming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrahair1999" class="citation book cs1">Trahair, R.C.S (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utopiasutopiansh0000trah/page/27"><i>Utopias and Utopians: An Historical Dictionary</i></a>. Westport: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utopiasutopiansh0000trah/page/27">27–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29465-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29465-8"><bdi>0-313-29465-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopias+and+Utopians%3A+An+Historical+Dictionary&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-313-29465-8&rft.aulast=Trahair&rft.aufirst=R.C.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Futopiasutopiansh0000trah%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Simon_Community-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Simon_Community_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simoncommunity.org.uk/">"The Simon Community"</a>. The Simon Community. 2014-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span></span>. <q>We are a community of homeless people and volunteers living and working together in a spirit of love, acceptance, tolerance and understanding. We aim to reach out to support and campaign for people who are experiencing homelessness, and particularly those for whom no other provision exists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Simon+Community&rft.pub=The+Simon+Community&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simoncommunity.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615090413/https://www.diggersanddreamers.org.uk/communities/existing/south-east-england">"South East England | Diggers and Dreamers"</a>. <i>www.diggersanddreamers.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diggersanddreamers.org.uk/communities/existing/south-east-england">the original</a> on 2020-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.diggersanddreamers.org.uk&rft.atitle=South+East+England+%7C+Diggers+and+Dreamers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diggersanddreamers.org.uk%2Fcommunities%2Fexisting%2Fsouth-east-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangan2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Mangan" title="Lucy Mangan">Mangan, Lucy</a> (2019-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jul/25/inside-the-bruderhof-review-is-this-a-religious-stirring-i-feel">"Inside the Bruderhof review – is this a religious stirring I feel?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Bruderhof+review+%E2%80%93+is+this+a+religious+stirring+I+feel%3F&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2019%2Fjul%2F25%2Finside-the-bruderhof-review-is-this-a-religious-stirring-i-feel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lammas.org.uk/">"Lammas"</a>. Lammas. 2014-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span></span>. <q>The Lammas project has been created to pioneer an alternative model for living on the land. It empowers people to explore what it is to live a low-impact lifestyle. It demonstrates that alternatives are possible here and now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lammas&rft.pub=Lammas&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flammas.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findhorn_Foundation-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Findhorn_Foundation_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321075353/http://www.findhorn.org/aboutus/vision/history/#.UyuHWPl_uSo">"Findhorn Foundation – Findhorn Foundation History"</a>. Findhorn Foundation. 2014-03-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findhorn.org/aboutus/vision/history/#.UyuHWPl_uSo">the original</a> on 2014-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span></span>. <q>The Findhorn Community was begun in 1962 by Peter and Eileen Caddy and Dorothy Maclean.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Findhorn+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Findhorn+Foundation+History&rft.pub=Findhorn+Foundation&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findhorn.org%2Faboutus%2Fvision%2Fhistory%2F%23.UyuHWPl_uSo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-local_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local relations between the <a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Foundation" title="Findhorn Foundation">Findhorn Foundation</a> and the village of <a href="/wiki/Findhorn" title="Findhorn">Findhorn</a> have occasionally foundered over inconsiderate use of the word "Findhorn" to mean either the former or the Ecovillage. See, for example, Walker (1994), <a href="/wiki/Talk:Findhorn_Foundation" title="Talk:Findhorn Foundation">Talk:Findhorn Foundation</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Findhorn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Findhorn (disambiguation)">Findhorn (disambiguation)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerFournierReedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Martin; Fournier, Valerie; Reedy, Patrick (2007). <i>The Dictionary of Alternatives: Utopian and Organization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-333-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-333-8"><bdi>978-1-84277-333-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Alternatives%3A+Utopian+and+Organization&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-333-8&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Fournier%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Reedy%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diggerstrail.org.uk/st-george-s-hill/">"St George's Hill – Surrey Diggers Trail"</a>. <i>www.diggerstrail.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.diggerstrail.org.uk&rft.atitle=St+George%27s+Hill+%E2%80%93+Surrey+Diggers+Trail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diggerstrail.org.uk%2Fst-george-s-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2015" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Tony (2015-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/how-clousden-hill-communist-agricultural-10602306">"How Clousden Hill communist agricultural colony in Newcastle sought to change the world"</a>. <i>ChronicleLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChronicleLive&rft.atitle=How+Clousden+Hill+communist+agricultural+colony+in+Newcastle+sought+to+change+the+world&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fhow-clousden-hill-communist-agricultural-10602306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanter1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosabeth_Moss_Kanter" title="Rosabeth Moss Kanter">Kanter, Rosabeth Moss</a> (January 1, 1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commitmentcommun00kant"><i>Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commitmentcommun00kant/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-14576-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-14576-4"><bdi>978-0-674-14576-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commitment+and+Community%3A+Communes+and+Utopias+in+Sociological+Perspective&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1972-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-674-14576-4&rft.aulast=Kanter&rft.aufirst=Rosabeth+Moss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommitmentcommun00kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_2006-06-11-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_2006-06-11_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jacobs_(journalist)" title="Andrew Jacobs (journalist)">Jacobs, Andrew</a> (2006-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/weekinreview/11jacobs.html">"Extreme Makeover, Commune Edition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Extreme+Makeover%2C+Commune+Edition&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2006-06-11&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F11%2Fweekinreview%2F11jacobs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twinoaks.org/">"Twin Oaks Intentional Community"</a>. <i>www.twinoaks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.twinoaks.org&rft.atitle=Twin+Oaks+Intentional+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twinoaks.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koinoniafarm.org/brief-history/">"Brief History"</a>. <i>Koinonia Farm</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koinonia+Farm&rft.atitle=Brief+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koinoniafarm.org%2Fbrief-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConti1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Conti, Christoph (1984). <i>Abschied vom Bürgertum. Alternative Bewegungen in Deutschland von 1890 bis heute</i> (in German). Reinbeck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abschied+vom+B%C3%BCrgertum.+Alternative+Bewegungen+in+Deutschland+von+1890+bis+heute&rft.pub=Reinbeck&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Conti&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Curl, John (2007). Memories of Drop City, The First Hippie Commune of the 1960s and the Summer of Love, a memoir. iUniverse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-42343-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-42343-4">0-595-42343-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413150607/http://red-coral.net/DropCityIndex.html">Red-coral.net</a></li> <li>Curl, John (2009) <i>For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America</i>, PM Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-072-6">978-1-60486-072-6</a>.</li> <li>Fitzgerald, George R. (1971). Communes Their Goals, Hopes, Problems. New York: Paulist Press.</li> <li>Hall, John R. (1978). The Ways Out: Utopian Communal Groups in an Age of Babylon. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Horrox, James. (2009). <i>A Living Revolution: Anarchism in the Kibbutz Movement</i>. Oakland: AK Press.</li> <li>Margaret Hollenbach. (2004)<i>Lost and Found: My Life in a Group Marriage Commune</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-3463-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-3463-6">0-8263-3463-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Roberts" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Ron E. (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcommunescomin00robe"><i>The new communes: coming together in America</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780136124733" title="Special:BookSources/9780136124733"><bdi>9780136124733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+communes%3A+coming+together+in+America&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780136124733&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Ron+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcommunescomin00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosabeth_Moss_Kanter" title="Rosabeth Moss Kanter">Kanter, Rosabeth Moss</a>. (1972) <i>Commitment and community: communes and utopias in sociological perspective.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-14575-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-14575-5">0-674-14575-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosabeth_Moss_Kanter" title="Rosabeth Moss Kanter">Kanter, Rosabeth Moss</a>. (1973) <i>Communes: creating and managing the collective life.</i> New York, Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-043476-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-043476-7">0-06-043476-7</a></li> <li>Lattin, Don. (2003, March 2) Twilight of Hippiedom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/">The San Francisco Chronicle</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2008</li> <li>Lauber, John. (1963, June). Hawthorne's Shaker Tales [Electronic version]. Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 18, 82–86.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Metcalf" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Bill; Metcalf, William James (1996). <i>Shared visions, shared lives: communal living around the globe</i>. Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Findhorn" title="Findhorn">Findhorn</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899171-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-899171-01-0"><bdi>1-899171-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+visions%2C+shared+lives%3A+communal+living+around+the+globe&rft.place=Scotland&rft.pub=Findhorn+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-899171-01-0&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Meunier, Rachel. (1994, December 17). Communal Living in the Late 60s and Early 70s. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322055129/http://www.thefarm.org/lifestyle/cmnl.html">thefarm.org</a></li> <li>Miller, Timothy. (1997) "Assault on Eden: A Memoir of Communal Life in the Early '70s", <i>Utopian Studies</i>, Vol. 8, 1997.</li> <li>Roberts, Ron E. (1971). The New Communes Coming Together in America. New Jersey: Prentice Hall inc.</li> <li>Van Deusen, David. (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112013716/http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=2008green-mountain-communes"><i>Green Mountain Communes: The Making of a Peoples’ Vermont</i></a>, Catamount Tavern News Service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Veysey" title="Laurence Veysey">Veysey, Laurence R.</a> (1978) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communal_Experience:_Anarchist_and_Mystical_Communities_in_Twentieth_Century_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth Century America">The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth Century America</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoß1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Voß, Elisabeth (1996). "Was ist eine Kommune?" [What is a commune?]. <i>Das KommuneBuch</i> [<i>The Commune Book</i>] (in German). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89533-162-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-89533-162-7"><bdi>3-89533-162-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Was+ist+eine+Kommune%3F&rft.btitle=Das+KommuneBuch&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Verlag+Die+Werkstatt&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-89533-162-7&rft.aulast=Vo%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedemeyer-Kolwe2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wedemeyer-Kolwe, Bernd (2017). <i>Aufbruch: Die Lebensreform in Deutschland</i> (in German). Darmstadt: Philipp von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-5067-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-5067-9"><bdi>978-3-8053-5067-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aufbruch%3A+Die+Lebensreform+in+Deutschland&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Philipp+von+Zabern&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-5067-9&rft.aulast=Wedemeyer-Kolwe&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wild, Paul H. (1966 March). Teaching Utopia [Electronic version]. The English Journal, Vol. 55, No. 3, 335–37, 339.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Zablocki, Benjamin</a>. (1980, 1971) <i>The Joyful Community: An Account of the Bruderhof: A Communal Movement Now in Its Third Generation</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1971, reissued 1980), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97749-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97749-8">0-226-97749-8</a>. (The 1980 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog" title="Whole Earth Catalog">Whole Earth Catalog</a> called this book "the best and most useful book on communes that's been written".)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Zablocki, Benjamin</a>. (1980) <i>Alienation and Charisma: A Study of Contemporary American Communes</i> (The Free Press, 1980), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-935780-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-935780-2">0-02-935780-2</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Leafe_Christian" title="Diana Leafe Christian">Christian, Diana Leafe</a> (2003). <i>Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities</i>. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550923162" title="Special:BookSources/9781550923162"><bdi>9781550923162</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232159819">232159819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+life+together%3A+practical+tools+to+grow+ecovillages+and+intentional+communities&rft.place=Gabriola+Island%2C+BC&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232159819&rft.isbn=9781550923162&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=Diana+Leafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntentional+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Curl, John (2007) <i>Memories of Drop City, the First Hippie Commune of the 1960s and the Summer of Love: a memoir</i>. iUniverse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-42343-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-42343-4">0-595-42343-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosabeth_Moss_Kanter" title="Rosabeth Moss Kanter">Kanter, Rosabeth Moss</a> (1972) <i>Commitment and Community: communes and utopias in sociological perspective.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-14575-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-14575-5">0-674-14575-5</a></li> <li>McLaughlin, C. and Davidson, G. (1990) <i>Builders of the Dawn: community lifestyles in a changing world</i>. Book Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913990-68-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-913990-68-X">0-913990-68-X</a></li> <li>Lupton, Robert C. (1997) <i>Return Flight: Community Development Through Reneighboring our Cities</i>, Atlanta, Georgia:FCS Urban Ministries.</li> <li>Moore, Charles E. <i>Called to Community: The Life Jesus Wants for His People</i>. <a href="/wiki/Plough_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Plough Publishing House">Plough Publishing House</a>, 2016.</li> <li>"Intentional Community." <i>Plough</i>, Plough Publishing, www.plough.com/en/topics/community/intentional-community.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/t-magazine/intentional-communities.html?action=click&module=Editors%20Picks&pgtype=Homepage">Mariani, Mike: <i>The New Generation of Self-Created Utopias</i></a>, The New York Times, January 16, 2020</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentional_community&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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href="http://www.eurotopia.de">eurotopia European Directory of Communities and Ecovillages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407101106/http://wiki.ic.org/wiki/Main_Page">Intentional Communities Wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.ic.org/records/communes.php">List of Communes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908071732/http://directory.ic.org/">Archived</a> 2011-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.ic.org">Communities Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908071732/http://directory.ic.org/">Archived</a> 2011-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.cultureunplugged.org/">Intentional Community For Media and Spirituality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130918112407/http://community.cultureunplugged.org/">Archived</a> 2013-09-18 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diggersanddreamers.org.uk/">Diggers & Dreamers UK directory & Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/19/style/BUSHWICK09192010.html">The Twitter Age Embraces Communal Living</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communa.org.il/">International Communes Desk</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Co-operatives" title="Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Co-operatives" title="Template talk:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-owned_company" title="Agent-owned company">Agent-owned company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sharing_economy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sharing_economy" title="Template:Sharing economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sharing_economy" title="Template talk:Sharing economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sharing_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sharing economy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sharing_economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Social_peer-to-peer_processes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_banking" title="Peer-to-peer banking">Peer-to-peer banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_carsharing" title="Peer-to-peer carsharing">Peer-to-peer carsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending" title="Peer-to-peer lending">Peer-to-peer lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Peer-to-peer ridesharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borrowing_center" title="Borrowing center">Borrowing center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-living" title="Co-living">Co-living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_crowdfunding_services" title="Comparison of crowdfunding services">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_sharing" title="Flight sharing">Flight sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_sharing" title="Garden sharing">Garden sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_economy" title="Gig economy">Gig economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gig_economy_companies" title="List of gig economy companies">List of companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_exchange" title="Home exchange">Home exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">Homestay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_economy" title="Platform economy">Platform economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-sided_market" title="Two-sided market">Two-sided market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlaBlaCar" title="BlaBlaCar">BlaBlaCar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drivers_Cooperative" title="The Drivers Cooperative">Co-Op Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingly_(company)" title="Wingly (company)">Wingly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CouchSurfing" title="CouchSurfing">CouchSurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachgeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachgeber">Dachgeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpX" title="HelpX">HelpX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeExchange.com" title="HomeExchange.com">HomeExchange.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_Club" title="Hospitality Club">Hospitality Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasporta_Servo" title="Pasporta Servo">Pasporta Servo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servas_International" title="Servas International">Servas International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Showers" title="Warm Showers">Warm Showers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swap and renting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">The Freecycle Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetbank" title="Streetbank">Streetbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olio_(app)" title="Olio (app)">Olio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war 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