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<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Parallel Lives</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حيوات موازية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيوات موازية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidas_semblants" title="Vidas semblants – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vidas semblants" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B8" title="প্যারালাল লাইভস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারালাল লাইভস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Успоредни животописи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Успоредни животописи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vides_paral%C2%B7leles" title="Vides paral·leles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vides paral·leles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotopisy_slavn%C3%BDch_%C5%98ek%C5%AF_a_%C5%98%C3%ADman%C5%AF" title="Životopisy slavných Řeků a Římanů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Životopisy slavných Řeků a Římanů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch#Parallelbiographien" title="Plutarch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Βίοι Παράλληλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίοι Παράλληλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidas_paralelas" title="Vidas paralelas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vidas paralelas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="حیات مردان نامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حیات مردان نامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vies_parall%C3%A8les" title="Vies parallèles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vies parallèles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioi_parall%C4%93lloi" title="Bioi parallēlloi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioi parallēlloi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%81%EC%9B%85%EC%A0%84" title="플루타르코스 영웅전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루타르코스 영웅전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Համեմատական կենսագրություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համեմատական կենսագրություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usporedni_%C5%BEivotopisi" title="Usporedni životopisi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Usporedni životopisi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioi_Paraleloi" title="Bioi Paraleloi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bioi Paraleloi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vite_parallele" title="Vite parallele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vite parallele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיי אישים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיי אישים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პარალელური ბიოგრაფიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარალელური ბიოგრაფიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85)" title="Салыстырмалы өмірнамалар (Плутарх) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Салыстырмалы өмірнамалар (Плутарх)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitae_parallelae" title="Vitae parallelae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitae parallelae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Напоредни животописи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Напоредни животописи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelle_levens" title="Parallelle levens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parallelle levens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%88%97%E4%BC%9D" title="対比列伝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対比列伝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livsskildringer_med_sammenligning" title="Livsskildringer med sammenligning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Livsskildringer med sammenligning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidas_Paralelas" title="Vidas Paralelas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vidas Paralelas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сравнительные жизнеописания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сравнительные жизнеописания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parallel Lives" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotopisy_sl%C3%A1vnych_Gr%C3%A9kov_a_Rimanov" title="Životopisy slávnych Grékov a Rimanov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Životopisy slávnych Grékov a Rimanov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usporedni_%C5%BEivoti" title="Usporedni životi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Usporedni životi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuluisien_miesten_el%C3%A4m%C3%A4kertoja" title="Kuuluisien miesten elämäkertoja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuluisien miesten elämäkertoja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mf%C3%B6rande_levnadsteckningar" title="Jämförande levnadsteckningar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jämförande levnadsteckningar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralel_Ya%C5%9Famlar" title="Paralel Yaşamlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paralel Yaşamlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Порівняльні життєписи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Порівняльні життєписи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di_c%C3%A1c_danh_nh%C3%A2n_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_v%C3%A0_La_M%C3%A3" title="Cuộc đời các danh nhân Hy Lạp và La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc đời các danh nhân Hy Lạp và La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%A0" title="希腊罗马名人传 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希腊罗马名人传" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biographies of famous Greeks and Romans by Plutarch</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parallel Lives (disambiguation)">Parallel Lives (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutarchs_LIVES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Plutarchs_LIVES.jpg/220px-Plutarchs_LIVES.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Plutarchs_LIVES.jpg/330px-Plutarchs_LIVES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Plutarchs_LIVES.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Engraving facing the title page of an 18th-century edition of Plutarch's <i>Lives</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Parallel Lives</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βίοι Παράλληλοι</span>, <i>Bíoi Parállēloi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Vītae Parallēlae</i>) is a series of 48 biographies of famous men written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> by the Greco-Roman philosopher, historian, and <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Delphi">Apollonian priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, probably at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Second century">second century</a>. The lives are arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving <i>Parallel Lives</i> comprises 23 pairs of biographies, each pair consisting of one <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> of similar destiny, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. It is a work of considerable importance, not only as a source of information about the individuals described, but also about the times in which they lived. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Parallel Lives</i> was Plutarch's second set of biographical works, following the Lives of the Roman Emperors from <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>. Of these, only the Lives of <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> survive.<sup id="cite_ref-NewCriterion_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewCriterion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he explains in the first paragraph of his <i>Life of Alexander</i>, Plutarch was not concerned with writing histories, but with exploring the influence of character, good or bad, on the lives and destinies of famous men. He wished to prove that the more distant past of Greece could show its men of action and achievement as well as the <a href="/wiki/Recency_bias" title="Recency bias">more recent</a> past of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch's interest was primarily <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> ("For it is not Histories that I am writing, but Lives."), although the work has significant <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> value as well. The <i>Lives</i> was published by Plutarch late in his life after his return to <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a> and, if one may judge from the long lists of authorities given, it must have taken many years to compile.<sup id="cite_ref-americana_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americana-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg/220px-Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg/330px-Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg/440px-Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Third Volume of a 1727 edition of <i>Plutarch's Lives</i>, printed by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Tonson" title="Jacob Tonson">Jacob Tonson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The chief manuscripts of the <i>Lives</i> date from the 10th and 11th centuries, and the first printed edition appeared in <a href="/wiki/Rome,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome, Italy">Rome</a> in 1470.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a>'s 1579 English translation was an important source-material for <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>. Jacob Tonson printed several editions of the <i>Lives</i> in English in the late 17th century, beginning with a five-volume set printed in 1688, with subsequent editions printed in 1693, 1702, 1716, and 1727.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The most generally accepted text is that of the minor edition of Carl Sintenis in the <i>Bibliotheca Teubneriana</i> (five volumes, Leipzig 1852–1855; reissued without much change in 1873–1875).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are annotated editions by I. C. Held, E. H. G. Leopold, Otto Siefert and Friedrich Blass and Carl Sintenis, all in German; and by Holden, in English.<sup id="cite_ref-americana_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americana-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the lives, those of <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a>, are lost,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of the remaining lives are truncated, contain obvious <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">lacunae</a> and/or have been tampered with by later writers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Plutarch's <i>Life of Alexander</i> is one of the few surviving <a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">secondary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sources">tertiary sources</a> about <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, and it includes anecdotes and descriptions of incidents that appear in no other source. Likewise, his portrait of <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, an early Roman king, contains unique information about the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Plutarch has been praised for the liveliness and warmth of his portrayals, and his moral earnestness and enthusiasm, and the <i>Lives</i> have attracted a large circle of readers throughout the ages.<sup id="cite_ref-americana_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americana-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s own works <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico"><i>de Bello Gallico</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">de Bello Civili</a></i>, the <i>Life of Caesar</i> is the main account of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s feats by ancient historians. Plutarch starts by telling of the audacity of Caesar and his refusal to dismiss <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Cinna" title="Lucius Cornelius Cinna">Cinna's</a> daughter, <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Cornelia (wife of Caesar)">Cornelia</a>. Other important parts are those containing his military deeds, accounts of battles and Caesar's capacity of inspiring the soldiers. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance Caesar's fame. Such a man, for instance, was Acilius, who, in the sea-fight at Massalia, boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel. Such a man, again, was Cassius Scaeva, who, in the battle at Dyrrhachium, had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades. Again, in Britain, when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost centurions, who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while Caesar in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the Barbarians had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. Caesar and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at Caesar's feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield. Again, in Africa, Scipio captured a ship of Caesar's in which Granius Petro, who had been appointed quaestor, was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers Scipio made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. Granius, however, remarking that it was the custom with Caesar's soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Life of Caesar</i>, XVI</cite></div></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies">Biographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plutarch structured his <i>Lives</i> by pairing lives of famous Greeks with those of famous Romans. After each pair of lives he generally writes out a comparison of the preceding biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below gives the list of the biographies. Its order follows the one found in the <i>Lamprias Catalogue</i>, the list of Plutarch's works made by his hypothetical son Lamprias.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table also features links to several English translations of Plutarch's <i>Lives</i> available online. In addition to these 48 <i>Parallel Lives</i>, Plutarch wrote four unpaired biographies that are not considered to be parts of the <i>Parallel Lives</i>, but can be included in the term <i>Plutarch's Lives</i>. The subjects of these four biographies are <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All dates are <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">№ </th> <th colspan="3">Greek </th> <th colspan="3">Roman </th> <th rowspan="2">Comparison </th></tr> <tr> <th>Life </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Translations </th> <th>Life </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Translations </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/theseus.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_THESEUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Theseus*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Thes.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/parallel_lives01_0810_librivox1/parallellives01_01_plutarchperrin.mp3"><b>LV</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> </td> <td><abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 771–717 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/romulus.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_ROMULUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/r_t_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#COMPARISON_THESEUS_ROMULUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Theseus%2BRomulus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_(lawgiver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus (lawgiver)">Lycurgus</a> </td> <td><abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 820 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lycurgus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_LYKURGUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lycurgus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a> </td> <td>715–673 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/numa_pom.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_NUMA"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/n_l_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_NUMA_WITH_LYKURGUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lycurgus+Numa*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 524–459 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/themisto.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_THEMISTOKLES"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Themistocles*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Them.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a> </td> <td>446–365 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/camillus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_CAMILLUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Camillus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> </td> <td>638–558 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/solon.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_SOLON"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Solon*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Sol.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Poplicola</a> </td> <td>d. 503 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/poplicol.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_POPLICOLA"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Publicola*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/p_s_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_SOLON_AND_POPLICOLA"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Solon%2BPublicola*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 495–429 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pericles.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_PERIKLES"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pericles*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Per.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius Maximus</a> </td> <td>275–203 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/fabius.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_FABIUS_MAXIMUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Fabius_Maximus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/fabius_p.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_PERIKLES_AND_FABIUS_MAXIMUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pericles%2BFabius_Maximus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> </td> <td>450–404 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/alcibiad.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_ALKIBIADES"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Alc.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a> </td> <td><abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 475 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/coriolan.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_CAIUS_MARCIUS_CORIOLANUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Coriolanus*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Cor.+1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/compared.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_ALKIBIADES_AND_CORIOLANUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades%2BCoriolanus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a> </td> <td>d. 362 </td> <td>Lost </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>236–183 or 185–129 </td> <td>Lost </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 402 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 318 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/phocion.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_PHOKION"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Phoc.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> </td> <td>95–46 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/cato_you.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_CATO"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">9–10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> </td> <td><abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 245 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/agis.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Agis*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> </td> <td>c. 164–133 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/tiberius.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Tiberius_Gracchus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/t_c_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Agis_and_Cleomenes+Gracchi*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a> </td> <td>d. 219 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/cleomene.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cleomenes*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a> </td> <td>154–121 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/gracchus.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caius_Gracchus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 411–337 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/timoleon.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_TIMOLEON"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Timoleon*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paullus</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 229–160 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/paulus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_AEMILIUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Aemilius*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/t_a_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/3/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_PAULUS_AEMILIUS_AND_TIMOLEON"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Timoleon%2BAemilius*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 362–316 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/eumenes.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_EUMENES"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Eumenes*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorius</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 123–72 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/sertoriu.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_SERTORIUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sertorius*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/s_e_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_SERTORIUS_AND_EUMENES"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Eumenes+Sertorius*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> </td> <td>530–468 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/aristide.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_ARISTEIDES"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Aristides*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Arist.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a> </td> <td>234–149 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/mar_cato.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_MARCUS_CATO"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Major*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_Aristides_AND_CATO"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Aristides%2BCato_Major*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> </td> <td>d. 364 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pelopida.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_PELOPIDAS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pelopidas*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a> </td> <td>268–208 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/marcellu.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_MARCELLUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Marcellus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/p_m_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#THE_COMPARISON_OF_PELOPIDAS_WITH_MARCELLUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pelopidas%2BMarcellus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> </td> <td>d. 395 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_LYSANDER"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lysander*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Lys.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> </td> <td>138–78 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/sylla.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_SULLA"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sulla*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/l_s_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_LYSANDER_AND_SULLA"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lysander%2BSulla*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> </td> <td>319/318–272 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pyrrhus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_PYRRHUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pyrrhus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> </td> <td>157–86 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/c_marius.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_CAIUS_MARIUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Marius*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a> </td> <td>253–183 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/philopoe.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_PHILOPOEMEN"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Philopoemen*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Titus Flamininus</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 229–174 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/flaminin.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_TITUS_FLAMININUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Flamininus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/p_f_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_PHILOPOEMEN_AND_TITUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Philopoemen%2BFlamininus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a> </td> <td>470–413 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/nicias.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_NIKIAS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Nicias*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Nic.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 115–53 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/crassus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_CRASSUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/crasus_n.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_NIKIAS_AND_CRASSUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Nicias+Crassus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a> </td> <td>510–450 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/cimon.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_KIMON"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cimon*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Cim.+1.1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> </td> <td>118–57/56 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lucullus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_LUCULLUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/l_c_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_KIMON_AND_LUCULLUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cimon+Lucullus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a> </td> <td>408–354 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/dion.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Dion*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> </td> <td>85–42 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/m_brutus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Brutus*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Brut.+1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/d_brutus.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Dion%2BBrutus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 444 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 360 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/agesilus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_AGESILAUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Agesilaus*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> </td> <td>106–48 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pompey.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_POMPEIUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/p_a_comp.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#COMPARISON_OF_AGESILAUS_AND_POMPEIUS"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Agesilaus+Pompey*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> </td> <td>356–323 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/alexandr.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_ALEXANDER"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/home.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Alex.+1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">detailed article</a>) </td> <td>100–44 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/caesar.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/4/14140/14140-h/14140-h.htm#LIFE_OF_C_CAESAR"><b>G</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Caes.+1"><b>P</b>1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.03.0078&query=head%3D%232"><b>P</b>2</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_perseus"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lives#endnote_perseus">[1]</a></sup> </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> </td> <td>384–322 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/demosthe.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demosthenes*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> </td> <td>106–43 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/cicero.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/d_cicero.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demosthenes+Cicero*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a> </td> <td>d. 283 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/demetrus.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demetrius*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> </td> <td>83–30 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/antony.html"><b>(D)</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html"><b>L</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Ant.+1"><b>P</b></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/d_antony.html"><b>D</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demetrius+Antony*.html"><b>L</b></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <p>The two-volume edition of Dryden's translation contains the following biographies: Volume 1. Theseus, Romulus, Lycurgus, Numa, Solon, Publicola, Themistocles, Camillus, Pericles, Fabius, Alcibiades, Coriolanus, Timoleon, Aemilius Paulus, Pelopidas, Marcellus, Aristides, Cato the Elder, Philopoemen, Flamininus, Pyrrhus, Marius, Lysander, Sulla, Cimon, Lucullus, Nicias, Crassus. Volume 2. Sertorius, Eumenes, Agesilaus, Pompey, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Phocion, Cato the Younger, Agis, Cleomenes, Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus, Demosthenes, Cicero, Demetrius, Mark Antony, Dion, Marcus Brutus, Aratus, Artaxerxes II, Galba, Otho. </p> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_North"><b><a href="#ref_North">^</a></b></span> The Perseus project also contains a biography of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>, in North's translation, but not from Plutarch's <i>Parallel Lives</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.03.0078&query=head%3D%235"><b>P</b></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_order"><b><a href="#ref_order">^</a></b></span> Though the majority of the Parallel Lives were written with the Greek hero (or heroes) placed in the first position followed by the Roman hero, there are three sets of Lives where this order is reversed: <i>Aemilius Paulus/Timoleon</i>, <i>Coriolanus/Alcibiades</i> and <i>Sertorius/Eumenes</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_perseus"><b><a href="#ref_perseus">^</a></b></span> At the time of composing this table there appears some confusion in the internal linking of the Perseus project webpages, responsible for this split in two references.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the biographies in <i>Parallel Lives</i>, that of Antonius has been cited by multiple scholars as one of the masterpieces of the series.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham" title="George Wyndham">George Wyndham</a> wrote that the first rank consists of the biographies of Themistocles, Alcibiades, Marius, Cato the Elder, Alexander, Demetrius, Antonius, and Pompey.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter D'Epiro praised Plutarch's depiction of Alcibiades as "a masterpiece of characterization."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic <a href="/wiki/Philip_A._Stadter" title="Philip A. Stadter">Philip A. Stadter</a> singled out Pompey and Caesar as the greatest figures in the Roman biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a review of the 1859 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">A. H. Clough</a> translation, Plutarch's depictions of Antony, Coriolanus, Alcibiades, and the Cato the Elder were praised as deeply drawn. The reviewer found the sayings of Themistocles to be "snowy and splendid", those of Phocion to be "curt and sharp", and those of Cato "grave and shrewdly humorous".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rollyson" title="Carl Rollyson">Carl Rollyson</a> lauded the biography of Caesar as proof Plutarch is "loaded with perception" and stated that no biographer "has surpassed him in summing up the essence of a life – perhaps because no modern biographer has believed so intensely as Plutarch did in 'the soul of men'.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English translation (1770) of <a href="/wiki/John_Langhorne_(poet)" title="John Langhorne (poet)">John Langhorne</a> and William Langhorne noted that <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Amiot</a>, Abbe of Bellozane, published a French translation of the work during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> in the year 1558; and from that work it was translated into English, in the time of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. No other translation appeared until that of <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except for <a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes III</a> of Sparta, and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>, who are grouped together as a set of four.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Key to abbreviations:<p> <b>D</b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">Dryden</a> is famous for having lent his name as editor-in-chief to the first <i>complete</i> English translation of Plutarch's <i>Lives</i>. This 17th-century translation is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/">The MIT Internet Classics Archive</a>. These translations are linked with <b>D</b> in the table below; those marked <b>(D)</b> in parentheses are incomplete in the HTML version.</p><p> <b>G</b>: <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> contains several versions of 19th-century translations of these <i>Lives</i>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/p#a342">here</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14114">here</a>. The full text version (<a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">TXT</a>) of the revision of Dryden's translation by the English poet <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a> is available (via download) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/674">Gutenberg here</a>. These translations are linked with <b>G</b> in the table below.</p><p> <b>L</b>: <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a> has the translation by Bernadotte Perrin of part of the <i>Moralia</i> and all the <i>Lives</i>, published in the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> 1914–1926; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/home.html">here</a>. These translations are linked with <b>L</b> in the table below.</p><p> <b>LV</b>: <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> has many free public-domain audiobooks of the <i>Parallel Lives</i>, Volumes I, II, and III. These translations are linked with <b>LV</b> in the table below.</p><p> <b>P</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> has several of the <i>Lives</i>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html">here</a>. The <i>Lives</i> available on the Perseus website are in Greek and in the English translation by Bernadotte Perrin (see under L above), and/or in an abbreviated version of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a>'s translations. This edition concentrates on those of the <i>Lives</i> that <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> based plays on: North's translations of most of the Lives, based on the French version by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a>, preceded Dryden's translation mentioned above. These translations are linked with <b>P</b> in the table. </p></span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Romm (ed.), <i>Plutarch: Lives that Made Greek History</i>, Hackett Publishing, 2012, p. vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewCriterion-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewCriterion_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKimball" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116200602/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/19/dec00/plutarch.htm">"Plutarch & the issue of character"</a>. The New Criterion Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/19/dec00/plutarch.htm">the original</a> on 2006-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plutarch+%26+the+issue+of+character&rft.pub=The+New+Criterion+Online&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcriterion.com%2Farchive%2F19%2Fdec00%2Fplutarch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCutchen" class="citation web cs1">McCutchen, Wilmot H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205061217/http://e-classics.com/plutarch.htm">"Plutarch – His Life and Legacy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-classics.com/plutarch.htm">the original</a> on 2006-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plutarch+%E2%80%93+His+Life+and+Legacy&rft.aulast=McCutchen&rft.aufirst=Wilmot+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-classics.com%2Fplutarch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Life of Alexander</i> 1.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-americana-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-americana_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-americana_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-americana_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRines1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lives, Parallel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Lives,_Parallel">"Lives, Parallel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lives%2C+Parallel&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pade, Marianne. <i>The Reception of Plutarch's Lives in Fifteenth-Century Italy</i> Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/R/bo14317199.html">http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/R/bo14317199.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041214/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/R/bo14317199.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Translator's Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Introduction*.html"><i>The Parallel Lives</i></a> (Vol. I ed.). Loeb Classical Library Edition. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Parallel+Lives&rft.edition=Vol.+I&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library+Edition&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FIntroduction%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Plutarch's Moralia</i>, XV, edited and translated by F. H. Sandbach, Loeb Classical Library, 1987, pp. 3–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Herbert, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/291992">The Identity of Plutarch's Lost Scipio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713160054/https://www.jstor.org/stable/291992">Archived</a> 2019-07-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, Vol. 78, No. 1 (1957), pp. 83–88. Plutarch only gives the name "Scipio". Herbert favours Scipio Aemilianus as the topic of the lost Life; he notes that Scipio Africanus was the subject of another (lost) biography by Plutarch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eran Almagor, "The Aratus and the Artaxerxes", in Mark Beck (editor), <i>A Companion to Plutarch</i>, pp. 278, 279. The n°24 in the Lamprias catalogue was a pair of biographies of <a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes</a>, but they did not belong to the <i>Parallel Lives</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtxDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA699"><i>Shakespeare's Principal Plays</i></a>. Century Company. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Principal+Plays&rft.pub=Century+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtxDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStadter2002" class="citation book cs1">Stadter, Philip A., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_GJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159"><i>Plutarch and the Historical Tradition</i></a>. Routledge. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-91319-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-91319-2"><bdi>1-134-91319-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch+and+the+Historical+Tradition&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-134-91319-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_GJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1906" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR26"><i>Plutarch's Lives of Coriolanus, Caesar, Brutus, and Antonius: In North's Translation</i></a>. Translated by North, Thomas. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives+of+Coriolanus%2C+Caesar%2C+Brutus%2C+and+Antonius%3A+In+North%27s+Translation&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsQpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1895" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crXTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, Volume 1</i></a>. Translated by North, Thomas. D. Nutt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives+of+the+Noble+Grecians+and+Romans%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=D.+Nutt&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrXTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'Epiro2010" class="citation book cs1">D'Epiro, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>The Book of Firsts: 150 World-Changing People and Events from Caesar Augustus to the Internet</i></a>. Anchor Books. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38843-8"><bdi>978-0-307-38843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Firsts%3A+150+World-Changing+People+and+Events+from+Caesar+Augustus+to+the+Internet&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38843-8&rft.aulast=D%27Epiro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtaODQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriceSlootjes2014" class="citation book cs1">Brice, Lee L.; Slootjes, Daniëlle, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2KeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Aspects of Ancient Institutions and Geography: Studies in Honor of Richard J.A. Talbert</i></a>. BRILL. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004283725" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004283725"><bdi>978-9004283725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Ancient+Institutions+and+Geography%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Richard+J.A.+Talbert&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9004283725&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2KeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ffUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA246"><i>Quarterly Review</i></a>. J. Murray. 1861. pp. <span class="nowrap">246–</span>250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Review&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=J.+Murray.&rft.date=1861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ffUAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span> Note that this 1861 review mistakenly identifies the author as "A.W. Clough" (p.239) but this is a typo; the author is A.H. Clough</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRollyson2005" class="citation book cs1">Rollyson, Carl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=km73o8ukCDYC&pg=PA12"><i>Essays in Biography</i></a>. iUniverse. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34181-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34181-8"><bdi>978-0-595-34181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Biography&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-595-34181-8&rft.aulast=Rollyson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkm73o8ukCDYC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4t4NAAAAQAAJ"><i>Plutarch's Lives</i></a>. Edward and Charles Dilly. 1770.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.pub=Edward+and+Charles+Dilly&rft.date=1770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4t4NAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lives&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Parallel_Lives" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="el" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="s:el:Βίοι Παράλληλοι">Βίοι Παράλληλοι</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/home.html">University of Chicago English text of Plutarch's <i>Parallel Lives</i>.</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Parallel+Lives+of+the+Noble+Greeks+and+Romans&author=PLUTARCHUS&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Parallel Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plutarch" title="Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plutarch" title="Template talk:Plutarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_of_Plutarch155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus" title="On the Malice of Herodotus">On the Malice of Herodotus</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Marcius_Coriolanus" title="Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">life</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus" title="Lycurgus">Lycurgus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Flamininus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Poplicola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paulus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators and editors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Comparison extant</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Four unpaired <i>Lives</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842337#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2008" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842337#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2008" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842337#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134144648651463774909">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16158790509138850312">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/689154381051630292271">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4237905-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79031980">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008377s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008377s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001316535">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36088573">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX3383731">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90665114">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=177698">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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