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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribunate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribunate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tribunate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribunate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tribunate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tribunate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_tribunate_(123_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_tribunate_(123_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First tribunate (123 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_tribunate_(123_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_tribunate_(122_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_tribunate_(122_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second tribunate (122 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_tribunate_(122_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outbreak of violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaius Gracchus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="غايوس جراكوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غايوس جراكوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qay_Semproni_Qrakx" title="Qay Semproni Qrakx – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qay Semproni Qrakx" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Гай Гракх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гай Гракх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai_Semproni_Grac" title="Gai Semproni Grac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gai Semproni Grac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajus_Gracchus" title="Gajus Gracchus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gajus Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γάιος Σεμπρόνιος Γράκχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάιος Σεμπρόνιος Γράκχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Sempronio_Graco" title="Cayo Sempronio Graco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cayo Sempronio Graco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaio_Grako" title="Gaio Grako – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaio Grako" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3" title="گایوس گراکوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گایوس گراکوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Gracchus" title="Caius Gracchus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="가이우스 그라쿠스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가이우스 그라쿠스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D6%87_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տիբերիոս և Գայոս Գրակքոսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիբերիոս և Գայոս Գրակքոսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Grakho" title="Gaj Grakho – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gaj Grakho" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaio_Sempronio_Gracco" title="Gaio Sempronio Gracco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaio Sempronio Gracco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1" title="גאיוס סמפרוניוס גרקכוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאיוס סמפרוניוס גרקכוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გაიუს გრაკქუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაიუს გრაკქუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gaius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajus_Grakchas" title="Gajus Grakchas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gajus Grakchas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Gracchus" title="Caius Gracchus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ガイウス・グラックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガイウス・グラックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gaius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay" title="Gay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajusz_Grakchus" title="Gajusz Grakchus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gajusz Grakchus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caio_Graco" title="Caio Graco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caio Graco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Гай Семпроний Гракх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гай Семпроний Гракх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Sempronij_Grakh" title="Gaj Sempronij Grakh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gaj Sempronij Grakh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Гај Семпроније Грах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гај Семпроније Грах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Sempronije_Grakho" title="Gaj Sempronije Grakho – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gaj Sempronije Grakho" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gaius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gaius Gracchus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Sempronio_Graco" title="Cayo Sempronio Graco – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cayo Sempronio Graco" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman politician and reformer (c. 154 BC – 121 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gaius Sempronius Gracchus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Guillaume_-_the_Gracchi_(cropped)_Gaius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Eugene_Guillaume_-_the_Gracchi_%28cropped%29_Gaius.jpg/220px-Eugene_Guillaume_-_the_Gracchi_%28cropped%29_Gaius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Eugene_Guillaume_-_the_Gracchi_%28cropped%29_Gaius.jpg/330px-Eugene_Guillaume_-_the_Gracchi_%28cropped%29_Gaius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Eugene_Guillaume_-_the_Gracchi_%28cropped%29_Gaius.jpg/440px-Eugene_Guillaume_-_the_Gracchi_%28cropped%29_Gaius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1590" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A bust of Gaius from a 19th century commemorative sculpture of the <a href="/wiki/Gracchi_brothers" title="Gracchi brothers">Gracchi brothers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Guillaume">Eugène Guillaume</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 154 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">121 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Roman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Politician and soldier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Office</th><td class="infobox-data title"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>III vir agris dandis assignandis</i> (133–121 BC)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">Plebeian tribune</a> (123–122 BC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Licinia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_177_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 BC)">Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(mother_of_the_Gracchi)" title="Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)">Cornelia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sempronia_(sister_of_the_Gracchi)" title="Sempronia (sister of the Gracchi)">Sempronia</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> (grandfather)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a> (134–32 BC)</li><li>Roman pacification of Sardinia (126–24 BC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gaius Sempronius Gracchus</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 154 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 121 BC) was a reformist <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Roman</a> politician and soldier who lived during the 2nd century BC. He is most famous for his tribunate for the years 123 and 122 BC, in which he proposed a wide set of laws, including laws to establish colonies outside of Italy, engage in further land reform, reform the judicial system and system for provincial assignments, and create a subsidised grain supply for Rome. </p><p>The year after his tribunate, his political enemies used political unrest – which he and his political allies had caused – as an excuse to <a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">declare martial law</a> and march on his supporters, leading to his death. After his death, his political allies were purged in a series of trials, but most of his legislation was undisturbed. </p><p>His brother was the reformer <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</a>. Both, known together as the <a href="/wiki/Gracchi_brothers" title="Gracchi brothers">Gracchi brothers</a>, were the sons of the <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_177_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 BC)">Gracchus</a> who was consul in 177 and 163 BC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaius Gracchus was born into a very well-connected political family. His father, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_177_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 BC)">Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</a>, was a very successful politician of the 2nd century BC: he served in the consulships for 177<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951397_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951397-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 163 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951440_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951440-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> in 169.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951423_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951423-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had celebrated two triumphs during the 170s, one for the victorious establishment of a twenty-year-long peace in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016112_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His mother was <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(mother_of_the_Gracchi)" title="Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)">Cornelia</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>, a noble woman who was a major influence on the Gracchi. As a widow, after the elder Gracchus' death, she refused the marriage proposal of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy VIII">Ptolemy VIII</a>, the king of Egypt, preferring to devote her life to the upbringing of her sons.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius' elder brother, had through his marriage aligned the family with the Claudii Pulchri, despite his maternal connections to the Cornelii Scipiones, as the two families had a historic rivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988454_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988454-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be supposed, however, that both the Gracchi brothers would have come into contact with powerful members of both families.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg/330px-Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg/500px-Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg/600px-Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Gaius addressing the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council"><i>concilium plebis</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaius Gracchus served in the Roman army under Scipio Aemilianus during the final campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a> in 133 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have held the military tribunate during his service there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951491Broughton1986188,_noting_no_evidence_for_a_military_tribunate_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951491Broughton1986188,_noting_no_evidence_for_a_military_tribunate-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his elder brother Tiberius' tribunate, he started his political career<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with election as a commissioner in the Gracchan land commission to distribute public land to poor families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988466–67_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988466–67-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 126 BC, he supported <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fulvius_Flaccus_(consul_125_BC)" title="Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 125 BC)">Marcus Fulvius Flaccus</a>' political programme. While in Rome, he opposed a proposed tribunician law to prohibit non-citizens from settling in Roman towns and evict those who had done so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951508_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951508-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then was elected as <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> and assigned to the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> to fight the rebels there under consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Orestes_(consul_126_BC)" title="Lucius Aurelius Orestes (consul 126 BC)">Lucius Aurelius Orestes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951508_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951508-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a harsh winter, Gracchus was successful in procuring supplies from the Sardinians for the hard-pressed Roman troops.<sup id="cite_ref-bates1986_252_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bates1986_252-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orestes' command in Sardinia was prorogued for a second time, extending it to the point where Gaius wanted to leave to continue his career. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> reports, probably based on Gracchus' own statements, that the reason for his commander's prorogation was because the senate wanted to keep him away from Rome, an allegation which is "patently absurd":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reason for the prorogation was almost certainly because Orestes' campaign was not complete and Orestes wanted to win his triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160–61_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160–61-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gracchus, regardless, quit Sardinia and returned to the city early, without the permission of his commander.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his return, he was also interrogated by the censors on why he had quit his post:<sup id="cite_ref-bates1986_252_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bates1986_252-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response, he pleaded that he had already served longer than most, that he had a right to return after one year, and that his good character and services were more than sufficient: in effect, he "pleaded his right to be released as justification for releasing himself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983162–63_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983162–63-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later accused of aiding in an Italian revolt at <a href="/wiki/Fregellae" title="Fregellae">Fregellae</a> that had occurred in 125 BC, but was successful in rebutting the charges; well known to the people, he stood for election as tribune and won.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard201127_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard201127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribunate">Tribunate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tribunate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaius was elected as one of the <a href="/wiki/Tribunes_of_the_plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunes of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a> for 123 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He embarked on an aggressive legislative programme immediately, aiming very broadly to appeal to many interest groups along with a "rousing style of public speaking that made him the greatest [Roman orator] between <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the censor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaius also changed how speeches were delivered from the <a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">rostra</a>. Formerly, when a speaker delivered a speech in the forum, he turned his face to the right in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">curia</a>, the senate house, and the <a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">comitium</a>. Instead, Gaius would turn his face to the left, toward the direction of the Forum proper, effectively turning his back on the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrick2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrick2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_tribunate_(123_BC)"><span id="First_tribunate_.28123_BC.29"></span>First tribunate (123 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First tribunate (123 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his first year, as one of the tribunes for 123 BC, he proposed two initial measures: (1) a bill to prohibit any magistrate deposed by the people from standing again for office and (2) a law to reaffirm appeal to the people in capital cases which made transgressing magistrates liable for prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first bill was withdrawn at the request of his mother, Cornelia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts with capital punishment, not set up by the people, were now declared illegal <i>ex post facto</i>, which saw the former consul for 132 BC, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Popillius_Laenas" title="Publius Popillius Laenas">Publius Popillius Laenas</a>, driven into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard201128_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard201128-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then proposed a grain law establishing a maximum price of six and a third <i><a href="/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)" title="As (Roman coin)">asses</a></i> for a <i>modius</i> (about 8.7 litres), of grain and re-enacted Tiberius' law on agricultural land redistribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsidised grain would be bought when prices were low and stored in public granaries; the price itself was "probably a little below the price fetched by wheat immediately after the harvest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199479_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199479-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus#Lex_agraria" title="Tiberius Gracchus">elder brother's <i>lex agraria</i></a> had been successful: Gracchan boundary stones are found all over southern Italy, and suggest distribution of some 1.3 million <a href="/wiki/Jugerum" title="Jugerum">jugera</a> (or 3,268 square kilometres) of land, accommodating somewhere between 70 and 130 thousand settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010252–54_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010252–54-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contents of Gaius' further land reform are less clear: "the sources are rather vague about the agrarian activities of Gaius".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mommsen asserted that he revitalised the commission by transferring to it jurisdiction over land disputes from the consuls, but of this there is no explicit evidence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The new law did clarify which land could be redistributed, however, and after his first year as tribune there are boundary stones (<i>cippi</i>) showing that he was successful in redistributing land around Apulia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also probably carried laws authorising new Roman colonies at Scolacium and Tarentum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His novel policy of establishing colonies outside of Italy made him "apparently the first to realise that the amount of land in Italy was insufficient to provide for all inhabitants of the peninsula".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242–3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242–3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislative programme also included a law, the <i>lex militaris</i>, to provide soldiers' clothing from the public treasury and prohibit conscription of men below the age of seventeen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich1983318_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1983318-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the conscription age limit had already previously been law, "it is commonly said that Gracchus [included] this provision because [of] recent cases of persons below the minimum age being conscripted"; but this is rejected as implausible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich1983319_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1983319-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law more likely simply restated the conditions of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich1983319_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1983319-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was followed by a law to establish farming tithes in Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "which in effect handed [the people of the province] over to the large corporations of tax farmers", to shore up support among the <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further bill to incorporate either 300 or 600 equestrians into the senate was probably ineffectual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also proposed a law, the <i>lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus</i>, for the senate to assign consular provinces before elections to the consulship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015260_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015260-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made such senatorial assignments immune from tribunician veto; Ernst Badian notes "this law shows how far he was from being a 'democrat<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the <i>lex de provinciis consularibus</i> was to prevent sitting consuls from using their positions in the electoral <i>comitia</i> to influence provincial assignments improperly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015260_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015260-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, his reforms were addressing major issues in administration. At the same time, he was a "proud aristocrat" and left the senate in charge of directing policy and its execution by magistrates, under more stringent checks by the people and anti-corruption laws. The ultimate result of his laws, however, was to set up the equestrian <i>publicani</i> as "a new exploiting class, not restrained by a tradition of service or accountability at law"; these consequences did not become clear for a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further legislation included some laws establishing new customs duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the elections of 123 BC, according to Plutarch, Gaius did not stand for election at all; rather, the tribes elected him spontaneously, with the election ratified by the presiding magistrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199482_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199482-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-election might not have suited his plans – Gaius was needed in Africa to supervise construction of a colony at Carthage – but he was returned to the tribunate with friends: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fulvius_Flaccus_(consul_125_BC)" title="Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 125 BC)">Marcus Fulvius Flaccus</a> would be one of this tribunician colleagues and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fannius" title="Gaius Fannius">Gaius Fannius</a> would be consul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199482_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199482-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_tribunate_(122_BC)"><span id="Second_tribunate_.28122_BC.29"></span>Second tribunate (122 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second tribunate (122 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Either after re-election to a second tribunate or during the second tribunate itself, he passed a law to transfer the jury pool in corruption courts (<i>quaestio de repetundis</i>) to the equestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517–8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517–8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law, however, "merely reallocated influence from one section of the elite to another"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017149_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017149-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "did not 'democratise' [the <i>repetundae</i> court], merely hand[ing] control to non-senatorial members of the elite".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017115_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017115-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law also substantially changed Roman criminal procedure by allowing the allies to prosecute (both directly and through an intermediary) ex-magistrates for corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199481_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199481-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulty of finding enough land in Italy for resettlement – as taking land from the Italian allies was politically impossible as it would have "wrought serious damage to their interests" – led Gaius and his allies to pursue both Italian and foreign colonisation programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010243_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010243-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ally of Gaius Gracchus, Gaius Rubrius, as part of the Gracchan programme, successfully carried a law to establish a colony at Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the other tribunes in this year, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Livius_Drusus_(consul)" title="Marcus Livius Drusus (consul)">Marcus Livius Drusus</a>, countered Gaius and Rubrius' programme by proposing twelve colonies of three thousand needy families each, with allotments of land free from rent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drusus' proposals passed also, but "came to nothing";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201483_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201483-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regardless, the passage led to establishment of a series of three-man boards to manage the various colonisation programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supposedly, these proposals from Livius Drusus were brought at the prompting of the senate, which sought to find someone else to rival Gracchus' popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199483-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaius also proposed, in probably two citizenship bills, giving citizenship to the Latins and Latin rights to Italian allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaius' rationale may have been related to the land reform measures: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It may be that Gaius Gracchus, aware in hindsight of the problems which had arisen when the commission had wanted to take ager publicus away from the allies, tried to represent Tiberius' intentions as designed to benefit Italy in general, instead of the Roman citizens only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010251_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010251-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first bill, to give citizenship to the Latins, was vetoed by Drusus, and the second bill on Latin rights for the Italians may have also given them full citizenship rights; but, although Fannius was an ally of Gracchus, he opposed the second bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951520_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951520-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drusus countered Gaius' Italian citizenship bill with a much less extensive bill to exempt them from <a href="/wiki/Scourging" class="mw-redirect" title="Scourging">scourging</a>, which passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fannius, for his part, was able to mobilise opposition to extending citizenship by convincing the people that extending citizenship would require them to share their privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201483_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201483-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fragment of Fannius' speech survives: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I suppose you imagine that, if you give citizenship to the Latins, you will still have a place in the assembly in which you are standing, and will participate in the games and festivals. Don't you realise that they will swamp everything?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199483-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The issue persisted through the end of the year to the consular elections, when Fannius promulgated an edict expelling Italians from Rome, which was opposed by an edict of Gaius' which allegedly promised tribunician protection for any Italians who remained (but was, in the event unfulfilled).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199483-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also proposed a bill to have the centuries (the Roman voting blocs) vote in a random order rather than in traditional order in which the richest centuries voted first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would not have changed the overweighting of the rich in the Roman <i>comitia</i>, but would have ensured "the chances of those who drew their support from the poorer citizens would not be prejudiced". There is, however, no evidence that this bill passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199480_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199480-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his second tribunate, he left the city – perhaps sanctioned by the senate – to supervise the foundation of the colony at Carthage, which supposedly was plagued with bad omens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199483-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citizenship bills' failure, however, revealed his waning popularity, and he was defeated when he stood for re-election to a third consecutive tribunate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_violence">Outbreak of violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outbreak of violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the new year, some of Gaius' and his allies' legislative programme came under attack. One of the tribunes for 121 BC, Minucius Rufus, wished to repeal the <i>lex Rubria</i> authorising the construction of the colony at Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an attendant jeered at Gracchus and his entourage during a sacrifice and was stabbed to death with styluses, the consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Opimius" title="Lucius Opimius">Lucius Opimius</a> summoned a meeting of the senate, which Gracchus and his ally – Marcus Fulvius Flaccus – did not attend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the senate meeting, the senate moved the <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">senatus consultum ultimum</a></i> and urged Opimius to attack Gracchus and his allies. In response, Gracchus and Flaccus armed their followers and seized the temple of Diana on the Aventine hill. Opimius called out the militia, along with some Cretan mercenary archers, and ordered the two to submit themselves to the judgement of the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, Opimius marched into the Aventine with his forces, offering a bounty, promising Gaius' head's weight in gold. Flaccus and his sons were killed, Gracchus was either killed or committed suicide after fleeing across the river Tiber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The claimant of the bounty removed the brain and substituted it with molten lead to increase the weight before claiming the reward.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Gaius_Gracchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Gaius_Gracchus.jpg/300px-Death_of_Gaius_Gracchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Gaius_Gracchus.jpg/450px-Death_of_Gaius_Gracchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Gaius_Gracchus.jpg/600px-Death_of_Gaius_Gracchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Death of Gaius Gracchus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Topino-Lebrun" title="François Topino-Lebrun">François Topino-Lebrun</a>, 1792.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of Gaius' death, a judicial inquiry was established to try Gracchan supporters. Apparently, "many were executed after a brief investigation without the formalities of trial",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an extensive purge reportedly of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017169_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017169-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch also reports that Gaius, Flaccus, and others' estates were confiscated, along with the dowry of his widow, Licinia; Plutarch, however, is likely wrong in this matter; it is more likely that only their houses were demolished, with their estates passing thence to their heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opimius was not entirely unreflective of his actions. Following the strife, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Opimius] performed a ritual purification of the city (<i>lustrum</i>) that acknowledged the pollution caused by the shedding of blood inside the community’s sacred boundary. He then built an imposing new temple of the goddess Concord (Concordia) at the northwest end of the Forum adjacent to the senate house. The honoring of this deity clearly represented a pious hope for a return to a renewed sense of political harmony within the civic community... Care, thought, and expense were not spared in Opimius' efforts to bring acceptable closure to political strife and civil conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201087_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201087-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many in Rome, however, did not share his religious pretensions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201087_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201087-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Plutarch, one night an inscription was carved that read "A work of mad discord produces a temple of Concord."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events of this year also spilled into the next year. When Opimius gave up his consulship, he was prosecuted by Publius Decius – one of the plebeian tribunes for 120 BC – on charges of violating the <i>lex Sempronia</i> which Gaius had passed that prohibited the execution of Roman citizens without appeal to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951524_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951524-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opimius, however, was able to successfully defend himself by pointing to the <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">senatus consultum ultimum</a></i> and claiming that his opponents did not deserve treatment akin to that of Roman citizens; his successful defence enabled such senatorial decrees to be used as "carte blanche for the most brutal reprisals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484–85_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484–85-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of force itself, furthermore, set a precedent "suggest[ing] violence as the logical and more effective alternative to political engagement, negotiation, and compromise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201087_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201087-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaius' legislation, however, mostly survived, revealing again that "it was no longer a specific issue that mattered so much as the urgent necessity to triumph over rivals".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the African colonies law was repealed, a new agrarian law continued distribution of territories around Carthage to the poor, and colonial schemes in Italy survived with minor changes. The matter of citizenship for the Italians, however, was not reintroduced for some thirty years. As a whole, "the aristocracy's reaction resembled that of a general dealing with a mutiny, who accedes to most of the demands but executes the ringleaders to preserve discipline".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199485_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199485-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overseas colonial projects also did not end: just a few years later, a bill was carried in defiance of the senate establishing a colony at Narbonne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199486_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199486-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only in 111 BC, some ten years later, was the Gracchan land commission disestablished by <a href="/wiki/Lex_agraria_(111_BC)" title="Lex agraria (111 BC)">another <i>lex agraria</i></a> (sometimes called the <i>lex Thoria</i> but attribution is disputed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010271_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010271-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), not because of plutocratic influence, but because the job of distributing public lands was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All public land distributed or otherwise confirmed under the Gracchan land reform laws was confirmed and fully privatised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010274_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010274-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point, practically the only remaining <i>ager publicus</i> was common pastureland or land under long-term leases, land which could not be distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010278_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010278-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaius Gracchus' subsidised grain law also survived past this death. It was repealed only in the last decade of the century, by a Marcus Octavius who was tribune some time between 122 and 104,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952596_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952596-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was quickly revived by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Appuleius Saturninus">Lucius Appuleius Saturninus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199483-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 27. Year implied: "Gaius Gracchus... had served on the land commission since 133 when he was only twenty-one years old".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951397-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951397_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951440-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951440_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951423-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951423_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016112-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016112_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2016">Goldsworthy 2016</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAstinBadian2015" class="citation web cs1">Astin, Alan E; Badian, Ernst (2015-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1829">"Cornelia (1), mother of Tiberius Gracchus (3) and Gaius Gracchus"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1829">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1829</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Classics&rft.atitle=Cornelia+%281%29%2C+mother+of+Tiberius+Gracchus+%283%29+and+Gaius+Gracchus&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1829&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Astin&rft.aufirst=Alan+E&rft.au=Badian%2C+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-1829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988454-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988454_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunt1988">Brunt 1988</a>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian2014">Badian 2014</a>, para 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951491Broughton1986188,_noting_no_evidence_for_a_military_tribunate-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951491Broughton1986188,_noting_no_evidence_for_a_military_tribunate_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 491; <a href="#CITEREFBroughton1986">Broughton 1986</a>, p. 188, noting no evidence for a military tribunate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201482_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2014">von Ungern-Sternberg 2014</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988466–67-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1988466–67_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunt1988">Brunt 1988</a>, pp. 466–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951508-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951508_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951508_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bates1986_252-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bates1986_252_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bates1986_252_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBates1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bates, Richard L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/986827">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Rex in Senatu": A Political Biography of M. Aemilius Scaurus"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>130</b> (3): 252. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/986827">986827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=%22Rex+in+Senatu%22%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+M.+Aemilius+Scaurus&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=252&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F986827%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F986827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian1983">Badian 1983</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160–61-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983160–61_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian1983">Badian 1983</a>, pp. 160–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian1983">Badian 1983</a>, p. 161. "That such permission was required is obvious... His desertion (to give it its proper designation) was bound to have a serious effect on the whole war".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983162–63-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983162–63_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian1983">Badian 1983</a>, pp. 162–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard201127-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard201127_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951513_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 166. "Gaius Gracchus has been considered the most influential and accomplished Latin orator between Cato the Censor and Cicero".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredrick2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fredrick2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorbeill2002" class="citation book cs1">Corbeill, Antony (3 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmVd4I2qvhwC&pg=PA198">"Political movement"</a>. In Fredrick, David (ed.). <i>The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body</i>. JHU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">198–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6961-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-6961-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+movement&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Gaze%3A+Vision%2C+Power%2C+and+the+Body&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6961-7&rft.aulast=Corbeill&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmVd4I2qvhwC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard201128-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard201128_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951514_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199479-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199479_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010252–54-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010252–54_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, pp. 252–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242–3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010242–3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, pp. 242–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1983318-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich1983318_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRich1983">Rich 1983</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1983319-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich1983319_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich1983319_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRich1983">Rich 1983</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015260-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015260_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015260_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2014para_2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian2014">Badian 2014</a>, para 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199482-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199482_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199482_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517–8-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517–8_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, pp. 517–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017149-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017149_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouritsen2017">Mouritsen 2017</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017115-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017115_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouritsen2017">Mouritsen 2017</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199481-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199481_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010243-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010243_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951517_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201483-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201483_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg201483_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2014">von Ungern-Sternberg 2014</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951518_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199483-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199483_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010251-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010251_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951520-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951520_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199480-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199480_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 521. Broughton reports that the full name might be Marcus Minucius Rufus but marks this with a question mark, as it is unclear. This Minucius Rufus may, it also is unclear, be the one which served in the consulship of 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 520. Corroborating, but in extremely condensed form.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwynn2012">Gwynn 2012</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017169-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouritsen2017169_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouritsen2017">Mouritsen 2017</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTellegen-Couperus2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tellegen-Couperus, O.E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01440362208539628">"The Role of the Judge in the Formulary Procedure"</a>. <i>The Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440362208539628">10.1080/01440362208539628</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0365">0144-0365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147565216">147565216</a>. <q>One cannot escape the impression that Plutarch chiefly included this point of the confiscation of both properties to amplify the dramatic effect of his story rather than for reasons of verisimilitude... All in all, it would seem justified to conclude that neither Gaius Gracchus's estate nor Licinia's dowry were confiscated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Judge+in+the+Formulary+Procedure&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147565216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0144-0365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440362208539628&rft.aulast=Tellegen-Couperus&rft.aufirst=O.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01440362208539628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadin1913" class="citation journal cs1">Radin, Max (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F359806">"The Wife of Gaius Gracchus and Her Dowry"</a>. <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">354–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F359806">10.1086/359806</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162391001">162391001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Wife+of+Gaius+Gracchus+and+Her+Dowry&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162391001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F359806&rft.aulast=Radin&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F359806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201087-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201087_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201087_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201087_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlin2010" class="citation book cs1">Orlin, Eric (2010-08-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731558.001.0001/acprof-9780199731558"><i>Foreign Cults in Rome</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199731558.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731558.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973155-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973155-8"><bdi>978-0-19-973155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Cults+in+Rome&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199731558.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973155-8&rft.aulast=Orlin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199731558.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199731558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span> Quoting Plut. <i>CG</i> 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951524-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951524_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199484–85-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199484–85_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2017" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Mike (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972386931"><i>The storm before the storm: the beginning of the end of the Roman republic</i></a> (1st ed.). New York. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-721-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-721-6"><bdi>978-1-61039-721-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972386931">972386931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+storm+before+the+storm%3A+the+beginning+of+the+end+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972386931&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-721-6&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F972386931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199485-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199485_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199486-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199486_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010271-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010271_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1994">Lintott 1994</a>, p. 87. Lintott explicitly rejects Appian's view that the <i>lex Thoria</i> was a betrayal of the Gracchan land reforms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010274-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010274_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010278-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselaar2010278_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselaar2010">Roselaar 2010</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952596-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952596_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1952">Broughton 1952</a>, p. 596.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadian1983" class="citation journal cs1">Badian, Ernst (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/294289">"The Silence of Norbanus"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>104</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F294289">10.2307/294289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/294289">294289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Silence+of+Norbanus&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F294289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F294289&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F294289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadian2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Badian, Ernst (2014). "Gracchus, Gaius (Gaius Sempronius Gracchus)". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <i>The Oxford companion to classical civilization</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-177848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-177848-3"><bdi>978-0-19-177848-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900444999">900444999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gracchus%2C+Gaius+%28Gaius+Sempronius+Gracchus%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+classical+civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900444999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-177848-3&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1951" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1951). <i>Magistrates of the Roman Republic</i>. Vol. 1. American Philological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magistrates+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Robert+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon</a> (1952). <i>The magistrates of the Roman republic</i>. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magistrates+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Robert+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon</a> (1986). <i>The magistrates of the Roman republic</i>. Vol. 3. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magistrates+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Robert+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunt1988" class="citation book cs1">Brunt, PA (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/799090262"><i>The fall of the Roman republic and related essays</i></a>. Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814849-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814849-6"><bdi>0-19-814849-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/799090262">799090262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+the+Roman+republic+and+related+essays&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F799090262&rft.isbn=0-19-814849-6&rft.aulast=Brunt&rft.aufirst=PA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F799090262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2015" class="citation book cs1">Drogula, Fred K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905949529"><i>Commanders & command in the Roman Republic and Early Empire</i></a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2314-6"><bdi>978-1-4696-2314-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905949529">905949529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanders+%26+command+in+the+Roman+Republic+and+Early+Empire&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905949529&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2314-6&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F905949529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlower2010" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Harriet I. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480"><i>Roman republics</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14043-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14043-8"><bdi>978-0-691-14043-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480">301798480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+republics&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F301798480&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14043-8&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Harriet+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F301798480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2016" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/936322646"><i>In the name of Rome: the men who won the Roman Empire</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22183-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22183-1"><bdi>978-0-300-22183-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936322646">936322646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+name+of+Rome%3A+the+men+who+won+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936322646&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22183-1&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F936322646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLintott1994" class="citation book cs1">Lintott, Andrew (1994). "Political history, 146–95 BC". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-ancient-history/1045FF4F56B492EAE08E750319AE0E0C"><i>The Cambridge ancient history</i></a>. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8"><bdi>0-521-85073-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/121060">121060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+history%2C+146%E2%80%9395+BC&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F121060&rft.isbn=0-521-85073-8&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-ancient-history%2F1045FF4F56B492EAE08E750319AE0E0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMouritsen2017" class="citation book cs1">Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stYcDgAAQBAJ"><i>Politics in the Roman Republic</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107031883" title="Special:BookSources/9781107031883"><bdi>9781107031883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107031883&rft.aulast=Mouritsen&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstYcDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRich1983" class="citation journal cs1">Rich, J. W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435854">"The Supposed Roman Manpower Shortage of the Later Second Century B.C."</a> <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435854">4435854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=The+Supposed+Roman+Manpower+Shortage+of+the+Later+Second+Century+B.C.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4435854%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4435854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoselaar2010" class="citation book cs1">Roselaar, Saskia T. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/520714519"><i>Public land in the Roman Republic : a social and economic history of ager publicus in Italy, 396-89 BC</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957723-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957723-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/520714519">520714519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+land+in+the+Roman+Republic+%3A+a+social+and+economic+history+of+ager+publicus+in+Italy%2C+396-89+BC&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F520714519&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957723-1&rft.aulast=Roselaar&rft.aufirst=Saskia+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F520714519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScullard2011" class="citation book cs1">Scullard, HH (2011) [1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/672031526"><i>From the Gracchi to Nero: a history of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68</i></a> (4th ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84478-6"><bdi>978-0-203-84478-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/672031526">672031526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Gracchi+to+Nero%3A+a+history+of+Rome+from+133+BC+to+AD+68&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F672031526&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84478-6&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=HH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F672031526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2014" class="citation book cs1">von Ungern-Sternberg, Jurgen (2014). "The Crisis of the Republic". In Flower, Harriet (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66942-0"><bdi>978-1-107-66942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+of+the+Republic&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-66942-0&rft.aulast=von+Ungern-Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGwynn2012" class="citation book cs1">Gwynn, David M. (2012). <i>The Roman Republic: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959511-2"><bdi>978-0-19-959511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Republic%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959511-2&rft.aulast=Gwynn&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Gracchus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/1598">C. Sempronius (47) Ti. f. P. n. Gracchus</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk">Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1921" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (1921) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Caius Gracchus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caius_Gracchus*.html"><i>Parallel Lives</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 10. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Caius+Gracchus&rft.btitle=Parallel+Lives&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FCaius_Gracchus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Gracchus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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