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[o]" accesskey="o"> Meld aan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering">leer meer</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Bydraes</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eienskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Eienskappe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eienskappe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Eienskappe subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Eienskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Struktuur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voortplanting_en_ontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voortplanting_en_ontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Voortplanting en ontwikkeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voortplanting_en_ontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vermyding_van_inteling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vermyding_van_inteling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Vermyding van inteling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vermyding_van_inteling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kos-_en_energiebronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kos-_en_energiebronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Kos- en energiebronne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kos-_en_energiebronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oorsprong_en_fossielrekord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oorsprong_en_fossielrekord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Oorsprong en fossielrekord </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oorsprong_en_fossielrekord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groepe_diere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groepe_diere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Groepe diere </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groepe_diere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Groepe diere subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Groepe_diere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diere_sonder_bilaterale_simmetrie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diere_sonder_bilaterale_simmetrie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Diere sonder bilaterale simmetrie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diere_sonder_bilaterale_simmetrie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diere_met_bilaterale_simmetrie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diere_met_bilaterale_simmetrie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Diere met bilaterale simmetrie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diere_met_bilaterale_simmetrie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deuterostomia_en_Protostomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuterostomia_en_Protostomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Deuterostomia en Protostomia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuterostomia_en_Protostomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecdysozoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecdysozoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Ecdysozoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecdysozoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lophotrochozoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lophotrochozoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Lophotrochozoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lophotrochozoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Getal_bestaande_spesies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Getal_bestaande_spesies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Getal bestaande spesies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Getal_bestaande_spesies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kladogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kladogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Kladogram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kladogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sien ook </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Verwysings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliografie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Eksterne skakels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Wissel die inhoudsopgawe </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dier</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 251 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-251" aria-hidden="true" > 251 tale </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D4%A5%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B" title="Аԥстәы – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аԥстәы" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meulatang" title="Meulatang – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meulatang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere" title="Tiere – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor" title="Deor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Deor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܝܘܬܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্ৰাণী – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesis" title="Awesis – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Awesis" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyvanlar" title="Heyvanlar – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heyvanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حئیوان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حئیوان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайуандар – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хайуандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buron" title="Buron – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Buron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viecha" title="Viecha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Viecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%93" title="Gīvē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9wan" title="Héwan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Héwan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जानवर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जानवर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animol" title="Animol – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Animol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bagan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্রাণী – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྲོག་ཆགས་ – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loen" title="Loen – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амитан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амитан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananap" title="Mananap – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mananap" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9D%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hova" title="Hova – Cheyennees" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hova" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyennees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1" title="گیانلەبەر – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیانلەبەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%93%AF%E1%90%A2%E1%91%AD%E1%90%A4" title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9" title="Živočichové – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Živočichové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чĕрчунсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕрчунсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anifail" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93" title="སེམས་ཅན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སེམས་ཅན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3" title="Lã – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lã" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%8E%CE%BF" title="Ζώο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζώο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestoj" title="Bestoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bestoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomad" title="Loomad – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جانوران – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جانوران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4imet" title="Eläimet – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4j%C3%A4q" title="Eläjäq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eläjäq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu" title="Manumanu – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tye" title="Bétye – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bétye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarten" title="Diarten – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Diarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%B2" title="頭牲 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="頭牲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beathach" title="Beathach – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beathach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animais" title="Animais – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Animais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymba" title="Mymba – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mymba" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" title="પ્રાણી – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C3%BCtkana" title="Mürütkana – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mürütkana" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlin" title="Kanlin – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kanlin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baagh" title="Baagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Baagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabba" title="Dabba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dabba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Thung-vu̍t – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatok" title="Állatok – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կենդանիներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelu" title="Jelu – Ibanees" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jelu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1run" title="Niġrun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niġrun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalo" title="Animalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Animalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%95%90%E1%94%AA%E1%91%A6" title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/danlu" title="danlu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="danlu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato_k%C3%A9wan" title="Sato kéwan – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sato kéwan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცხოველები – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხოველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywanlar" title="Haywanlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Haywanlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3ersiw" title="Aɣersiw – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣersiw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B" title="Kpɩnɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyam" title="Nyam – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nyam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibulu" title="Kibulu – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibulu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жануарлар – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жануарлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="동물 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пода – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Пода" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="جانوَر – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جانوَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dier" title="Dier – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dier" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyval" title="Enyval – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Enyval" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жаныбар – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаныбар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ierer%C3%A4ich" title="Déiereräich – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Déiereräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%8F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хӏайван – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хӏайван" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гьайванар – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьайванар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieste" title="Bieste – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestia" title="Bestia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bestia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ສັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyv%C5%ABnai" title="Gyvūnai – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeivin%C4%ABki" title="Dzeivinīki – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dzeivinīki" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieki" title="Dzīvnieki – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewan" title="Kewan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kewan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biby" title="Biby – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Янлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Янлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ജന്തു – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജന്തു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амьтан – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьтан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annimal" title="Annimal – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Annimal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="သတ္တဝါ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ракшат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ракшат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="حیوون – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حیوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerter" title="Deerter – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Deerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जनावर – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनावर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurif%C3%B6" title="Aurifö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Aurifö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dieren (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anim%C3%A2" title="Animâ – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Animâ" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaldeehii" title="Naaldeehii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaldeehii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bineelda" title="Bineelda – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bineelda" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Цæрæгойтæ – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæрæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਜੰਤੂ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedier" title="Gedier – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gedier" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zwierzęta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جانور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جانور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ژوي – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasho" title="Vasho – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vasho" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Animalia" title="Regnul Animalia – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Animalia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalu" title="Animalu – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Animalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Animalia" title="Regnum Animalia – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regnum Animalia" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Животные – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Животные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Быдла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Быдла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamaswa" title="Inyamaswa – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyamaswa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="जन्तवः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जन्तवः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Харамай – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харамай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armali" title="Armali – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Armali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amudr" title="Amudr – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amudr" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BB%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="සත්තු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8D%C3%ADchy" title="Živočíchy – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živočíchy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivali" title="Živali – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elleekodde" title="Elleekodde – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Elleekodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhuka" title="Mhuka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhuka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayawaan" title="Xayawaan – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xayawaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafsh%C3%ABt" title="Kafshët – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kafshët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Животиње – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животиње" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meti" title="Meti – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Meti" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silwane" title="Silwane – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Silwane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierte" title="Dierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato" title="Sato – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sato" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djur" title="Djur – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnyama" title="Mnyama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnyama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zwiyrzynta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/aadupen" title="aadupen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="aadupen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="விலங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qsinu" title="qsinu – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qsinu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="జంతువు – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జంతువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷонварон – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷонварон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="สัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%BDwanlar" title="Haýwanlar – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Haýwanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99jvonon" title="Həjvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həjvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumanu" title="Monumanu – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Monumanu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abus" title="Abus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Abus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvan" title="Hayvan – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiharhi" title="Swiharhi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Swiharhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайваннар – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хайваннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyama" title="Vinyama – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vinyama" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmoa" title="Mmoa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmoa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھايۋانات – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھايۋانات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тварини – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тварини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیوانات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیوانات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvonlar" title="Hayvonlar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayvonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phukha" title="Phukha – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Phukha" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivatad" title="Živatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Živatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Động vật – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAesten_(ryk)" title="Bêesten (ryk) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bêesten (ryk)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim" title="Nim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse" title="Biesse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab" title="Rab – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rab" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilwanyana" title="Isilwanyana – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isilwanyana" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩხოლარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხოლარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko" title="Ẹranko – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz" title="Doenghduz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%AAsten" title="Beêsten – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Tōng-bu̍t – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izilwane" title="Izilwane – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izilwane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q729#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dier" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c">Bladsy</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Dier" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Afrikaans </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dier">Lees</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v">Wysig</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e">Wysig bron</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h">Wys geskiedenis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Gereedskap </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Aangestuur vanaf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Animalia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210) ; color:var(--color-base)">Diere <div style="font-size: 85%;">Tydperk: Cryogenium – <a href="/wiki/Holoseen" title="Holoseen">tans</a>, 670–0 m. jaar gelede <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.46153846154px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,214,123); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Precambrian">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.553846153846px; width:18.175384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambrian">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:54.729230769231px; width:15.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.824615384615px; width:9.3753846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:79.2px; width:19.224615384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.424615384615px; width:20.375384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.8px; width:16.246153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:135.04615384615px; width:17.396923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:152.44307692308px; width:18.310769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.75384615385px; width:27.076923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.83076923077px; width:14.374461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:-6.7692307692308px; width:226.76923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:-6.7692307692308px; width:226.76923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:-5.7692307692308px; width:224.76923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Animal_diversity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Animal_diversity.png/220px-Animal_diversity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Animal_diversity.png/330px-Animal_diversity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Animal_diversity.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="518" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210) ; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wetenskaplike_klassifikasie" title="Wetenskaplike klassifikasie">Wetenskaplike klassifikasie</a> <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Taksonomie/Animalia" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-destructive.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-destructive.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-destructive.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domein: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukarioot" title="Eukarioot">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(geen rang): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(geen rang): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(geen rang): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(geen rang): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(geen rang): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koninkryk: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" class="mw-redirect" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210) ; color:var(--color-base)">Onderkoninkryke </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <a href="#Groepe_diere">Sien teks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210) ; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sinoniem_(taksonomie)" title="Sinoniem (taksonomie)">Sinonieme</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Metazoa</li> <li>Choanoblastaea</li> <li>Gastrobionta</li> <li>Zooaea</li> <li>Euanimalia</li> <li>Animalae</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Diere behoort tot Animalia, een van vyf (of soms ses) <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_(biologie)" title="Koninkryk (biologie)">biologiese koninkryke</a>. Dit word ook Metazoa genoem. Diere is oor die algemeen veelsellige, <a href="/wiki/Eukarioot" title="Eukarioot">eukariotiese</a> organismes wat ander organismes eet vir voeding. Die meeste diere kan in die een of ander stadium van hul lewe onafhanklik en spontaan beweeg. Diere bestaan reeds van die <a href="/wiki/Prekambrium" title="Prekambrium">Prekambrium</a> (PreЄ) af, maar die meeste bekende dierefilums het tydens die <a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Kambriese ontploffing</a>, sowat 542 miljoen jaar gelede, in die <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">fossielrekord</a> verskyn. Diere kan oor die algemeen in <a href="/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes">gewerweldes</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ongewerweldes" title="Ongewerweldes">ongewerweldes</a> verdeel word. Gewerweldes het ’n ruggraat en maak minder as 5% van alle dierespesies uit. Dit sluit in <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">visse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amfibie" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfibie">amfibieë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptiel" title="Reptiel">reptiele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël">voëls</a> en <a href="/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier">soogdiere</a>. Die res is ongewerweldes; hulle het nie ’n ruggraat nie. Dit sluit in <a href="/wiki/Weekdier" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekdier">weekdiere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mossel" title="Mossel">mossels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oester" title="Oester">oesters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seekat" title="Seekat">seekatte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylinkvis" title="Pylinkvis">pylinkvisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slak" title="Slak">slakke</a>); <a href="/wiki/Geleedpotiges" title="Geleedpotiges">geleedpotiges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Insek" title="Insek">insekte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinnekop" title="Spinnekop">spinnekoppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skerpioen" title="Skerpioen">skerpioene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krap" title="Krap">krappe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreef" class="mw-disambig" title="Kreef">krewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnaal" title="Garnaal">garnale</a>); <a href="/wiki/Ringwurm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringwurm">ringwurms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erdwurm" title="Erdwurm">erdwurms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloedsuier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloedsuier">bloedsuiers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rondewurm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondewurm">rondewurms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platwurm" title="Platwurm">platwurms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neteldier" title="Neteldier">neteldiere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jellievis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jellievis">jellievisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seeanemoon" title="Seeanemoon">seeanemone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koraal" title="Koraal">korale</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ribkwal" title="Ribkwal">ribkwalle</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sponsdier" title="Sponsdier">sponsdiere</a>. Die studie van diere word <a href="/wiki/Dierkunde" title="Dierkunde">dierkunde</a> of soölogie genoem. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die naam "Animalia" kom van die <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latynse</a> animalis, wat beteken "het asem", "het ’n siel" of "lewende wese".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaanse</a> woord "dier" sluit oor die algemeen <a href="/wiki/Mens" title="Mens">mense</a> uit – gewoonlik word soogdiere en ander gewerweldes bedoel. Die <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologiese</a> definisie verwys na alle lede van die koninkryk Animalia – so uiteenlopend soos sponse, jellievisse, insekte en mense.<a href="#cite_note-americanheritage_animal-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis_van_klassifikasie">Geskiedenis van klassifikasie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis van klassifikasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis van klassifikasie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/270px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/360px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> is bekend as die vader van moderne <a href="/wiki/Taksonomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Taksonomie">taksonomie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> het die lewende wêreld in diere en <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plante</a> verdeel, en <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> het die eerste hiëragiese klassifikasie ingestel.<a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-4">[4]</a> In Linnaeus se oorspronklike skema was diere een van drie koninkryke, en dit is verdeel in Vermes, <a href="/wiki/Insecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecta">Insecta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">Pisces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a>. Sedertdien is die laaste vier verenig onder die filum <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a>. In 1874 het <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> die diereryk in twee subkoninkryke verdeel: Metazoa (meerselliges) en Protozoa (eenselliges).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Die Protozoa is later na die koninkryk <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> geskuif, en Metazoa word nou beskou as ’n <a href="/wiki/Sinoniem" title="Sinoniem">sinoniem</a> vir Animalia.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eienskappe">Eienskappe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Eienskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Eienskappe">wysig bron</a>]</div> Diere het verskeie eienskappe wat hulle van ander lewensvorme onderskei. Hulle is eukarioties en meersellig,<a href="#cite_note-NationalZoo-7">[7]</a> wat hulle onderskei van <a href="/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie">bakterieë</a> en die meeste <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>-organismes. Hulle is heterotrofies (verorber ander organismes vir voeding)<a href="#cite_note-Windows-8">[8]</a> en verteer kos gewoonlik in ’n interne kamer, wat hulle onderskei van plante en <a href="/wiki/Alg" title="Alg">alge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Hulle verskil ook van plante, alge en <a href="/wiki/Swam" title="Swam">swamme</a> deurdat hulle nie rigiede selwande het nie.<a href="#cite_note-AnimalCells-10">[10]</a> Alle diere is beweeglik,<a href="#cite_note-Concepts-11">[11]</a>al is dit net in sekere lewenstadiums. By die meeste gaan <a href="/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio">embrio's</a> deur ’n <a href="/wiki/Blastula" title="Blastula">blastulastadium</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> (’n kiemblasiestadium wanneer die embrio die vorm het van 'n sfeer waarvan die wand uit een sellaag bestaan),<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> ’n eienskap wat eie aan diere is. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktuur">Struktuur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Struktuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Struktuur">wysig bron</a>]</div> Met ’n paar uitsonderings, soos die sponse, het diere liggame wat uit verskillende soorte weefsel bestaan. Dit sluit in <a href="/wiki/Spier" title="Spier">spiere</a>, wat kan saamtrek en beweging beheer, en <a href="/wiki/Senuwee" title="Senuwee">senuwees</a>, wat seine stuur en verwerk. Daar is ook gewoonlik ’n interne <a href="/wiki/Spysverteringstelsel" title="Spysverteringstelsel">spysverteringskamer</a> met een of twee openinge.<a href="#cite_note-scienceperspectives10-14">[14]</a> Alle diere het eukariotiese selle, omring deur ’n kenmerkende ekstrasellulêre matriks, wat bestaan uit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollageen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kollageen (bladsy bestaan nie)">kollageen</a> en elastiese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukoprote%C3%AFen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukoproteïen (bladsy bestaan nie)">glukoproteïene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Dit kan verkalk wees om strukture soos skulpe, bene en sponsnaalde te vorm.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Tydens ontwikkeling vorm dit ’n relatief buigbare raamwerk<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> waarop selle kan rondbeweeg en reorganiseer kan word, en dit maak ingewikkelde strukture moontlik. In teenstelling hiermee het ander meersellige organismes, soos plante en swamme, selle wat op plek gehou word deur selwande, en hulle ontwikkel so deur progressiewe groei.<a href="#cite_note-scienceperspectives10-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voortplanting_en_ontwikkeling">Voortplanting en ontwikkeling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Voortplanting en ontwikkeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voortplanting en ontwikkeling">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Monachoides_vicinus_dart_lateral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monachoides_vicinus_dart_lateral.jpg/220px-Monachoides_vicinus_dart_lateral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monachoides_vicinus_dart_lateral.jpg/330px-Monachoides_vicinus_dart_lateral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monachoides_vicinus_dart_lateral.jpg/440px-Monachoides_vicinus_dart_lateral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Sommige spesies landslakke gebruik "liefdespyltjies" as ’n vorm van <a href="/wiki/Seksuele_seleksie" title="Seksuele seleksie">seksuele seleksie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> Byna alle diere is gewikkel in die een of ander vorm van <a href="/wiki/Voortplanting" title="Voortplanting">seksuele voortplanting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Hulle vervaardig <a href="/wiki/Plo%C3%AFdie" title="Ploïdie">haploïede</a> <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gamete</a> deur <a href="/wiki/Meiose" title="Meiose">meiose</a>. Die kleiner, beweeglike gamete is <a href="/wiki/Spermsel" title="Spermsel">spermselle</a> en die groter, onbeweeglike gamete is <a href="/wiki/Eier_(biologie)" title="Eier (biologie)">eierselle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Hulle smelt saam en vorm <a href="/wiki/Sigoot" title="Sigoot">sigote</a>, wat in nuwe individue ontwikkel.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Baie diere kan ook aseksueel voortplant.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Dit kan geskied deur middel van <a href="/wiki/Partenogenese" title="Partenogenese">partenogenese</a>, waar bevrugte eierselle geproduseer word sonder paring, knopvorming of verdeling.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/200px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/300px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/400px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption>Manlike <a href="/wiki/Sjimpansee" title="Sjimpansee">sjimpansees</a> bly dikwels in die gemeenskap waarin hulle gebore word, terwyl wyfies by ander groepe aansluit.</figcaption></figure> ’n Sigoot ontwikkel aanvanklik in ’n hol sfeer, wat ’n <a href="/wiki/Blastula" title="Blastula">blastula</a> genoem word;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> dit ondergaan herrangskikking en differensiasie. In sponse swem blastulalarwes na ’n nuwe ligging en ontwikkel in ’n nuwe spons.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In die meeste ander groepe ondergaan die blastula ’n meer ingewikkelde herrangskikking.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Dit vorm eers ’n <a href="/wiki/Invaginasie" title="Invaginasie">invaginasie</a> en dan ’n <a href="/wiki/Gastrula" title="Gastrula">gastrula</a> met ’n spysverteringskamer en twee aparte <a href="/wiki/Kiemlaag" title="Kiemlaag">kiemlae</a> – ’n eksterne <a href="/wiki/Ektoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ektoderm">ektoderm</a> en ’n interne <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In die meeste gevalle ontwikkel daar ook ’n <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> tussenin.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Hierdie kiemlae differensieer dan om weefsel en organe te vorm.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vermyding_van_inteling">Vermyding van inteling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Vermyding van inteling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vermyding van inteling">wysig bron</a>]</div> By seksuele voortplanting lei inteling (met ’n nabye familielid) gewoonlik tot ’n afname in biologiese gehalte, soos die voorkoms van ’n vroeë dood by sekere spesies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7043080-30">[30]</a> Diere het verskeie maniere ontwikkel om inteling te vermy en uitkruising te bevorder.<a href="#cite_note-Pusey-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sjimpansee" title="Sjimpansee">Sjimpansees</a> gebruik byvoorbeeld verspreiding om te voorkom dat nabye familielede paar;<a href="#cite_note-Pusey-31">[31]</a> individuele diere versprei na verskillende groepe en weg van die groep waarin hulle gebore is. In verskeie spesies paar wyfies met verskillende mannetjies en bring dus kleintjies voort van ’n hoër genetiese gehalte. Dit gebeur veral by wyfies wat ’n paartjie gevorm het met ’n mannetjie van swak genetiese gehalte, soos ’n nabye familielid.<a href="#cite_note-Petrie-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kos-_en_energiebronne">Kos- en energiebronne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Kos- en energiebronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kos- en energiebronne">wysig bron</a>]</div> Diere is heterotrofies, wat beteken hulle eet ander organismes, direk of indirek.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Hulle word gewoonlik ook verder verdeel in groepe soos <a href="/wiki/Karnivoor" title="Karnivoor">karnivore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbivoor" title="Herbivoor">herbivore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnivoor" title="Omnivoor">omnivore</a> en <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasiete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Predasie" title="Predasie">Predasie</a> is ’n biologiese interaksie waar ’n roofdier (’n heteretroof wat jag) sy prooi (die organisme wat aangeval word) eet.<a href="#cite_note-Ecology-35">[35]</a> ’n Roofdier het dalk of dalk nie sy prooi doodgemaak voordat hy dit eet, maar die daad van predasie lei gewoonlik daartoe dat die prooi doodgemaak word.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Die ander belangrike kosbron is dooie organiese materiaal.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Dit is soms moeilik om tussen dié twee voedingsvorme te onderskei – soos wanneer ’n parasiet ’n gas-organisme eet en dan sy eiers daarop lê sodat sy kleintjies die verrottende karkas kan eet. Druk wat hulle op mekaar uitoefen, lei dikwels tot ’n <a href="/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie">evolusie</a>-resies tussen die jagter en prooi, en dit lei tot verskeie evolusie-aanpassings in albei.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Die meeste diere gebruik die <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Sonlig" title="Sonlig">sonlig</a> direk of indirek deur plante of plantvretende diere te eet. <a href="/wiki/Fotosintese" title="Fotosintese">Fotosintese</a> in plante omskep die energie van sonlig in chemiese energie in die vorm van eenvoudige suikers (byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Glukose" title="Glukose">glukose</a>). Hierdie suikers word dan gebruik as die boustene vir plantgroei.<a href="#cite_note-scienceperspectives10-14">[14]</a> Wanneer ’n dier die plante vreet, of diere vreet wat die plante gevreet het, verkry hulle hul energie daaruit. Die energie help die dier groei en gee hom die energie om te beweeg.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Diere wat naby hidrotermiese of koue bronne op die seebodem voorkom, is nie van die energie van sonlig afhanklik nie.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In plaas daarvan vorm chemosintetiese <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> en bakterieë die basis van die <a href="/wiki/Voedselketting" title="Voedselketting">voedselketting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oorsprong_en_fossielrekord">Oorsprong en fossielrekord</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Oorsprong en fossielrekord" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Oorsprong en fossielrekord">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg/220px-Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg/330px-Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg/440px-Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunkleosteus" title="Dunkleosteus">Dunkleosteus</a> was ’n 10 m lange <a href="/wiki/Voorgeskiedenis" title="Voorgeskiedenis">prehistoriese</a> <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">vis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> Daar word algemeen geglo diere het binne die groep <a href="/wiki/Eukariote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukariote">eukariote</a> met <a href="/wiki/Sweepdiertjie" title="Sweepdiertjie">sweephare</a> (flagella) ontstaan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Hul naaste bekende verwante wat steeds bestaan, is die <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellatea" title="Choanoflagellatea">Choanoflagellatea</a> (kraagsweepdiertjies) waarvan die morfologie ooreenstem met dié van die koanosiete (kraagselle) van sekere <a href="/wiki/Spons" class="mw-redirect" title="Spons">sponse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Molekulêre studies plaas diere in ’n supergroep genaamd <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a>, wat ook Choanoflagellatea, die swamme en ’n paar klein parasitiese protiste insluit.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Die naam kom van die ligging van die flagellum aan die agterkant van beweeglike selle, soos by die meeste diere se spermselle, terwyl ander eukariote se flagellum gewoonlik aan die voorkant is.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Die eerste <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">fossiele</a> wat dalk dié van diere is, is uit die <a href="/wiki/Proteroso%C3%AFkum" title="Proterosoïkum">Proterosoïese Eon</a> en het voorgekom in 665 miljoen jaar oue rotse<a href="#cite_note-roseMaloof-48">[48]</a> in die Trezona-formasie van Suid-<a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roseMaloof-48">[48]</a> Daar word geglo die fossiele was van vroeë sponsdiere. Die volgende moontlike dierefossiele was uit die einde van die <a href="/wiki/Prekambrium" title="Prekambrium">Prekambrium</a>, sowat 610 miljoen jaar gelede, en is bekend as die <a href="/wiki/Proteroso%C3%AFkum" title="Proterosoïkum">Ediacariese</a> biota.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Dit is egter moeilik om ’n verband te vind met latere fossiele. Sommige was dalk voorlopers van moderne filums, hulle kon aparte groepe gewees het of was dalk glad nie diere nie.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Die meeste bekende filums maak hul verskyning min of meer op dieselfde tyd in die <a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Kambrium</a>-periode, sowat 542 miljoen jaar gelede.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Dit is steeds onbekend of dié gebeurtenis, bekend as die Kambriese ontploffing, veroorsaak is deur ’n vinnige differensiasie tussen verskillende groepe en of dit was vanweë ’n verandering in toestande wat fossilering moontlik gemaak het. Sommige paleontoloë dink diere het lank voor die Kambriese ontploffing ontstaan, dalk reeds ’n miljard jaar gelede.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Spoorfossiele soos voetspore en gate uit die <a href="/wiki/Proteroso%C3%AFkum" title="Proterosoïkum">Tonium</a>-periode wat ontdek is, dui op die moontlike teenwoordigheid van tripoblastiese wurms (met drie kiemlae), omtrent so groot (sowat 5 mm breed) en kompleks soos erdwurms.<a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1998-53">[53]</a> Aan die begin van die Tonium sowat ’n miljard jaar gelede was daar ’n afname in die verskeidenheid van <a href="/wiki/Stromatoliet" title="Stromatoliet">stromatoliete</a>, wat dalk daarop dui dat weidiere hul verskyning gemaak het aangesien stromatoliet-verskeidenheid toegeneem het nadat weidiere uitgesterf het met die <a href="/wiki/Perm-Trias-uitwissing" title="Perm-Trias-uitwissing">Perm-Trias-</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Ordovisium-Siluur-uitwissing" title="Ordovisium-Siluur-uitwissing">Ordovisium-Siluur-uitwissing</a>. Dit het weer afgeneem kort nadat die weidierbevolking herstel het. Die ontdekking dat soortgelyke spore vandag geskep word deur die reusagtige, eensellige protis Gromia sphaerica, werp egter ’n skadu oor die vertolking van die fossiele as bewyse van ’n vroeë evolusie van diere.<a href="#cite_note-Matz2008-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC200811-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groepe_diere">Groepe diere</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Groepe diere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Groepe diere">wysig bron</a>]</div> Beide tradisionele morfologiese en moderne molekulêre <a href="/wiki/Filogenie" title="Filogenie">filogenetiese</a> ontledings dui op ’n groot <a href="/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie">evolusionêre</a> oorgang van diere sonder ’n bilaterale simmetrie (<a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> en <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a>) na dié wat wel bilateraal simmetries is (<a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>). Laasgenoemde word verder geklassifiseer in óf <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> (waarby die eerste opening van die spysverteringstelsel die <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> word en die tweede een die <a href="/wiki/Mond" title="Mond">mond</a>) óf <a href="/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> (waarby die mond eerste gevorm word). Die verwantskap tussen diere sonder ’n bilaterale simmetrie word betwis, maar alle diere met ’n bilaterale simmetrie vorm vermoedlik ’n <a href="/wiki/Monofileties" title="Monofileties">monofiletiese</a> groep. Die huidige begrip van die verwantskap tussen die groot groepe diere word deur die volgende <a href="/wiki/Klade" title="Klade">kladogram</a> opgesom:<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellatea" title="Choanoflagellatea">Choanoflagellatea</a><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cronoflagelado2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cronoflagelado2.svg/70px-Cronoflagelado2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cronoflagelado2.svg/105px-Cronoflagelado2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cronoflagelado2.svg/140px-Cronoflagelado2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="379" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">Animalia</td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mertensia_ovum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mertensia_ovum.png/70px-Mertensia_ovum.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mertensia_ovum.png/105px-Mertensia_ovum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mertensia_ovum.png/140px-Mertensia_ovum.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="485" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Medusae_of_world-vol03_fig360_Atolla_chuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medusae_of_world-vol03_fig360_Atolla_chuni.jpg/70px-Medusae_of_world-vol03_fig360_Atolla_chuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medusae_of_world-vol03_fig360_Atolla_chuni.jpg/105px-Medusae_of_world-vol03_fig360_Atolla_chuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medusae_of_world-vol03_fig360_Atolla_chuni.jpg/140px-Medusae_of_world-vol03_fig360_Atolla_chuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="263" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/70px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/105px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/140px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="676" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Acrodipsas_brisbanensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Acrodipsas_brisbanensis.jpg/70px-Acrodipsas_brisbanensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Acrodipsas_brisbanensis.jpg/105px-Acrodipsas_brisbanensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Acrodipsas_brisbanensis.jpg/140px-Acrodipsas_brisbanensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="247" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Loligo_forbesii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loligo_forbesii.jpg/70px-Loligo_forbesii.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loligo_forbesii.jpg/105px-Loligo_forbesii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loligo_forbesii.jpg/140px-Loligo_forbesii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1771" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diere_sonder_bilaterale_simmetrie">Diere sonder bilaterale simmetrie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Diere sonder bilaterale simmetrie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Diere sonder bilaterale simmetrie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Verskeie <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">dierefilums</a> word gekenmerk deur die afwesigheid van bilaterale simmetrie en daar word geglo hulle het vroeg in die evolusie uit ander diere ontwikkel. Die sponse (<a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>) het vermoedelik eerste ontwikkel en word beskou as die oudste dierefilum.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Hulle het nie die komplekse organisasie wat in die meeste ander filums aangetref word nie.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Hul selle is gedifferensieer, maar in die meeste gevalle nie in aparte soorte weefsel georganiseer nie.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Sponse neem gewoonlik voedingstowwe in deur water deur gaatjies in te trek.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> ’n Reeks studies van 2008 tot 2015 ondersteun egter die mening dat <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>, of die ribkwalle, die <a href="/wiki/Basale_klade" title="Basale klade">basale lyn</a> van diere is.<a href="#cite_note-class-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Dié bevinding is omstrede, want dit dui daarop dat sponse dalk nie so primitief is nie,<a href="#cite_note-class-61">[61]</a> en ander navorsers meen dit is ’n statistieke ongerymdheid.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/160px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/240px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/320px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>’n Oranje olifantoorspons, Agelas clathrodes, voor en twee korale, Iciligorgia schrammi en Plexaurella nutans, agter.</figcaption></figure> Filums soos Ctenophora en <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, wat <a href="/wiki/Seeanemone" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeanemone">seeanemone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korale" class="mw-redirect" title="Korale">korale</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jellievis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jellievis">jellievisse</a> insluit, is radiaal (straalsgewys) simmetries en het spysverteringskamers met een opening wat as mond én anus dien.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Albei het verskillende soorte weefsel, maar dit is nie in <a href="/wiki/Orgaan" title="Orgaan">organe</a> georganiseer nie.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Daar is net twee hoofkiemlae, die ektoderm en endoderm, met net verstrooide selle tussenin. Daarom word dié diere soms "diploblasties" genoem.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Daar word nou geglo die <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a>, mikroskopiese <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasiete</a> wat aanvanklik as Protozoa beskou is, het binne Cnidaria ontwikkel.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diere_met_bilaterale_simmetrie">Diere met bilaterale simmetrie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Diere met bilaterale simmetrie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Diere met bilaterale simmetrie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Alle ander diere vorm ’n monofiletiese groep wat Bilateria genoem word. Hulle is meestal bilateraal simmetries en het dikwels ’n gespesialseerde kop met voedings- en sintuiglike organe. Die liggaam is triploblasties – dit beteken al drie kiemlae is goed ontwikkel – en weefsel vorm afsonderlike organe. Die spysverteringskanaal het twee openinge, ’n mond en ’n anus, en daar is ’n interne holte bekend as ’n seloom (of <a href="/wiki/Buikholte" title="Buikholte">buikholte</a>) of pseudoseloom (skynbuikholte). Daar is uitsonderings op al hierdie eienskappe. <a href="/wiki/Geen" class="mw-redirect" title="Geen">Genetiese</a> studies het ons begrip van die verhouding tussen die diere in Bilateria aansienlik verander. Dit lyk of die meeste tot twee groot stambome behoort: Deuterostomia en Protostomia; laasgenoemde sluit in die Ecdysozoa en Lophotrochozoa. Die Chaetognatha is aanvanklik as Deuterostomia geklassifiseer, maar onlangse molekulêre studies het dié groep geëien as ’n basale Protostomia-lyn.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Daar is ook ’n paar klein groepe diere met bilaterale simmetrie met relatief kriptiese morfologie waarvan die verwantskap met ander diere nog nie baie duidelik is nie. So het onlangse molekulêre studies Acoelomorpha en Xenoturbella geëien as behorende tot ’n monofiletiese groep,<a href="#cite_note-Hejnol-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Philippe2011-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edgecombe_2011-74">[74]</a> maar daar is weinig ooreenstemming oor of die groep binne Deuterostomia ontwikkel het,<a href="#cite_note-Philippe2011-73">[73]</a> en of dit ’n sustergroep van alle ander diere met bilaterale simmetrie (Nephrozoa) verteenwoordig.<a href="#cite_note-Rouse_2016-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cannon_2016-76">[76]</a> Ander groepe met onsekere verwantskap sluit Rhombozoa en Orthonectida in. Een filum, Monoblastozoa, is in 1892 deur ’n wetenskaplike beskryf, maar tot dusver was daar geen verdere bewys dat dit bestaan nie.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deuterostomia_en_Protostomia">Deuterostomia en Protostomia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Deuterostomia en Protostomia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Deuterostomia en Protostomia">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Superbfairywrenscropped.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Superbfairywrenscropped.jpeg/220px-Superbfairywrenscropped.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Superbfairywrenscropped.jpeg/330px-Superbfairywrenscropped.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Superbfairywrenscropped.jpeg/440px-Superbfairywrenscropped.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Twee winterkoninkies van die spesie Malurus cyaneus.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> verskil in verskeie opsigte van <a href="/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a>. Diere van albei groepe het ’n volledige spysverteringstelsel. By laasgenoemde groep ontwikkel die eerste opening wat in die embrio verskyn, in die mond en die tweede opening in die anus. In eersgenoemde groep ontwikkel die openinge andersom.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> By die meeste Protostomia vul selle eenvoudig die binnekant van die <a href="/wiki/Gastrula" title="Gastrula">gastrula</a> in om die <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> te vorm, maar by Deuterostomia vorm dit deur die <a href="/wiki/Invaginasie" title="Invaginasie">invaginasie</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Deuterostomia-embrio's ondergaan radiale kliewing (verdeling) en Protostomia spirale kliewing.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Dit alles dui daarop dat Deuterostomia en Protostomia twee aparte, monofiletiese stambome is. Die belangrikste filums van Deuterostomia is <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Eersgenoemde is radiaal simmetries en uitsluitlik seediere, soos <a href="/wiki/Seester" title="Seester">seesterre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seekastaiings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seekastaiings">seekastaiings</a> en <a href="/wiki/Seekomkommer" title="Seekomkommer">seekomkommers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Chordata word deur die <a href="/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes">gewerweldes</a>, diere met rugstringe, oorheers.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Dit sluit in <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">visse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amfibie" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfibie">amfibieë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptiel" title="Reptiel">reptiele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël">voëls</a> en <a href="/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier">soogdiere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Deuterostomia sluit ook <a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a>, of die kraagdraers, in.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Hoewel hulle nie vandag juis volop is nie, behoort die belangrike fossiele <a href="/wiki/Graptoliet" class="mw-redirect" title="Graptoliet">graptoliete</a> dalk tot hierdie groep.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Ecdysozoa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ecdysozoa">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/330px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/440px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Geelvlerknaaldekokers, Sympetrum flaveolum.</figcaption></figure> Die <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> behoort tot Protostomia en is genoem na die algemene eienskap van groei deur vervelling.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Dit sluit die grootste dierefilum, die <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>, in en bevat <a href="/wiki/Insek" title="Insek">insekte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinnekop" title="Spinnekop">spinnekoppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krap" title="Krap">krappe</a>, ens. Al dié diere se liggaam is in herhalende segmente verdeel wat gewoonlik in pare voorkom. Twee kleiner filums, Onychophora en Tardigrada, is nabye verwante en deel dié eienskappe. Ecdysozoa sluit ook die <a href="/wiki/Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a>, of rondewurms, in wat dalk die tweede grootste dierefilum is. Rondewurms is meestal mikroskopies en kom voor in feitlik elke omgewing waar daar water is.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> ’n Paar is belangrike parasiete.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Kleiner filums wat aan hulle verwant is, is Nematomorpha, of die perdehaarwurms, Kinorhyncha, Priapulida en Loricifera. Hierdie groepe het ’n klein buikholte, wat ’n skynbuikholte genoem word. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/220px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/330px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/440px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Die wingerdslak Helix pomatia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Lophotrochozoa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Lophotrochozoa">wysig bron</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a>, wat binne die groep Protostomia ontwikkel het, sluit twee van die mees suksesvolle dierefilums in, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> en <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Eersgenoemde, wat die tweede grootste dierefilum is volgens spesies wat beskryf is, bevat diere soos <a href="/wiki/Slak" title="Slak">slakke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossel" title="Mossel">mossels</a> en <a href="/wiki/Pylinkvis" title="Pylinkvis">pylinkvisse</a>; laasgenoemde die gesegmenteerde wurms, soos erdwurms en <a href="/wiki/Bloedsuier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloedsuier">bloedsuiers</a>. Hierdie twee groepe is lank as nou verwant beskou omdat hulle soortgelyke larwes het, maar Annelida is as nader aan Arthropoda beskou omdat albei gesegmenteer is.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Nou word hulle beskou as die resultaat van saamlopende (maar onafhanklike) evolusie vanweë baie morfologiese en genetiese verskille tussen die twee filums.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Lophotrochozoa sluit ook Nemertea, of die snoerwurms, Sipuncula en verskeie filums in wat ’n sirkel tentakels met trilhare om die mond het.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platyzoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platyzoa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Platyzoa</a> sluit die filum <a href="/wiki/Platyhelminth" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminth">Platyhelminth</a>, of die platwurms, in.<a href="#cite_note-Gilson-96">[96]</a> Hulle is eers as van die mees primitiewe Bilateria beskou, maar dit lyk nou of hulle uit meer komplekse voorouers ontwikkel het.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Die groep bevat ’n paar parasiete, soos suigwurms and lintwurms.<a href="#cite_note-Gilson-96">[96]</a> Platwurms het nie ’n seloom of buikholte nie, nes hul naaste verwante, die mikroskopiese Gastrotricha.<a href="#cite_note-umodena-98">[98]</a> Die ander Platyzoa-filums is meestal mikroskopies en het skynbuikholtes. Die belangrikste groep is <a href="/wiki/Rotifera" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a>, of die raderdiertjies, wat algemeen in wateromgewings voorkom. Hulle sluit ook Acanthocephala, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa en moontlik Cycliophora in.<a href="#cite_note-IntroCyclio-99">[99]</a> Hierdie groepe het almal komplekse kake en behoort tot die filum Gnathifera. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Getal_bestaande_spesies">Getal bestaande spesies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Getal bestaande spesies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Getal bestaande spesies">wysig bron</a>]</div> Diere kan in die algemeen in twee breë groepe verdeel word: <a href="/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes">gewerweldes</a> (diere met ’n ruggraat) en <a href="/wiki/Ongewerweldes" title="Ongewerweldes">ongewerweldes</a> (sonder ’n ruggraat). Die helfte van alle gewerweldes wat beskryf is, is visse. Driekwart van alle ongewerweldes wat beskryf is, is insekte. Die volgende lys is van die bestaande spesies wat beskryf is vir elke groot subgroep van diere, soos beraam vir die <a href="/wiki/IUBN-rooilys" title="IUBN-rooilys">IUBN-rooilys van bedreigde spesies</a>, 2014.3.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-100">[100]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:AnimalsRelativeNumbers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AnimalsRelativeNumbers.png/280px-AnimalsRelativeNumbers.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AnimalsRelativeNumbers.png/420px-AnimalsRelativeNumbers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AnimalsRelativeNumbers.png/560px-AnimalsRelativeNumbers.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Die getal spesies volgens elke filum van die diereryk.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Groep </th> <th>Beeld </th> <th>Subgroep </th> <th>Geraamde getal spesies<a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-100">[100]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Gewerweldes </th> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg/140px-Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg/210px-Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg/280px-Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="2200" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">Visse</a> </td> <td align="right">32 900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/140px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/210px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/280px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amfibie" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfibie">Amfibieë</a> </td> <td align="right">7 302 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="florida box turtle facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/140px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/210px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/280px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptiel" title="Reptiel">Reptiele</a> </td> <td align="right">10 038 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Secretary_bird_(Sagittarius_serpentarius)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Secretary bird gliding to the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg/140px-Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg/210px-Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg/280px-Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël">Voëls</a> </td> <td align="right">10 425 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Squirrel_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing of squirrel facing right on branch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/140px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/210px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/280px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="1352" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier">Soogdiere</a> </td> <td align="right">5 513 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left; background:#ddf8f8;">Totale gewerwelde spesies: 66 178 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9">Ongewerweldes </th> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="wasp facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/140px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/210px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/280px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="984" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insek" title="Insek">Insekte</a> </td> <td align="right">1 000 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="snail in shell facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/140px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/210px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/280px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weekdier" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekdier">Weekdiere</a> </td> <td align="right">85 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tasmanian giant crab facing up with large left claw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg/140px-J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg/210px-J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg/280px-J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5654" data-file-height="3861" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skaaldier" title="Skaaldier">Skaaldiere</a> </td> <td align="right">47 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Table coral at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/140px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/210px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/280px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="330" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korale" class="mw-redirect" title="Korale">Korale</a> </td> <td align="right">2 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Spider.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="black spider" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Spider.svg/140px-Spider.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Spider.svg/210px-Spider.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Spider.svg/280px-Spider.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spinnekopagtiges" title="Spinnekopagtiges">Spinnekopagtiges</a> </td> <td align="right">102 248 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Aysheaia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing of Cambrian-aged soft-bodied, caterpillar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aysheaia.jpg/140px-Aysheaia.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aysheaia.jpg/210px-Aysheaia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aysheaia.jpg/280px-Aysheaia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="582" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluweelwurm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluweelwurm (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fluweelwurms</a> </td> <td align="right">165 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_(mangrove_horseshoe_crab).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="horse shoe crab on sand facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg/140px-Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg/210px-Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg/280px-Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1326" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koningkrap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koningkrap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koningkrappe</a> </td> <td align="right">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ander </td> <td align="right">68 658 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left; background:#ddf8f8;">Totale ongewerwelde spesies: 1 305 075 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Totale dierespesies: 1 371 253 </th></tr></tbody></table> Meer as 95% van alle dierespesies in die wêreld wat beskryf is, is ongewerweldes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kladogram">Kladogram</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Kladogram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kladogram">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die Metazoa (diere) is verwant aan die swamme (Fungi) en het uit dieselfde groep eensellige eukariote ontstaan: die Ophistokonta. 'n Vereenvoudigde kladogram sien so uit:<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta#Kladogram" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fly_agaric.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fly_agaric.svg/40px-Fly_agaric.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fly_agaric.svg/60px-Fly_agaric.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fly_agaric.svg/80px-Fly_agaric.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="425" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichthyospora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichthyospora (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ichthyospora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filasterea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filasterea (bladsy bestaan nie)">Filasterea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellatea#Kladogram" title="Choanoflagellatea">Choanoflagellatea</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cronoflagelado2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cronoflagelado2.svg/40px-Cronoflagelado2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cronoflagelado2.svg/60px-Cronoflagelado2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cronoflagelado2.svg/80px-Cronoflagelado2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="379" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">Animalia</td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mertensia_ovum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mertensia_ovum.png/40px-Mertensia_ovum.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mertensia_ovum.png/60px-Mertensia_ovum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mertensia_ovum.png/80px-Mertensia_ovum.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="485" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:FMIB_49348_Ventriculites_simplex,_Toulmin_Smith.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FMIB_49348_Ventriculites_simplex%2C_Toulmin_Smith.jpeg/40px-FMIB_49348_Ventriculites_simplex%2C_Toulmin_Smith.jpeg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FMIB_49348_Ventriculites_simplex%2C_Toulmin_Smith.jpeg/60px-FMIB_49348_Ventriculites_simplex%2C_Toulmin_Smith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FMIB_49348_Ventriculites_simplex%2C_Toulmin_Smith.jpeg/80px-FMIB_49348_Ventriculites_simplex%2C_Toulmin_Smith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="938" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Trichoplax_mic-trans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trichoplax_mic-trans.png/40px-Trichoplax_mic-trans.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trichoplax_mic-trans.png/60px-Trichoplax_mic-trans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trichoplax_mic-trans.png/80px-Trichoplax_mic-trans.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:201208_Hydra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/201208_Hydra.png/40px-201208_Hydra.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/201208_Hydra.png/60px-201208_Hydra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/201208_Hydra.png/80px-201208_Hydra.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="488" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-base, black); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, black);padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Kladogram" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Human.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/40px-Human.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/60px-Human.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/80px-Human.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1320" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook">wysig bron</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wetenskaplike_klassifikasie" title="Wetenskaplike klassifikasie">Biologiese klassifikasie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etologie" title="Etologie">Etologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groot_vyf" title="Groot vyf">Groot vyf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_vyf_diere" title="Klein vyf diere">Klein vyf diere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onmoontlike_vyf" title="Onmoontlike vyf">Onmoontlike vyf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCresswell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cresswell, Julia (2010). The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (2nd uitg.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-954793-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-954793-7"><bdi>978-0-19-954793-7</bdi></a>. <q>'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Word+Origins&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954793-7&rft.aulast=Cresswell&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-americanheritage_animal-2"><a href="#cite_ref-americanheritage_animal_2-0">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal"> "Animal". The American Heritage Dictionary (4de). (2006). Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=Animal&rft.source=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.edition=4de&rft.publisher=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2006">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCalisher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Calisher, CH (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080517">"Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet?"</a>. Croatian Medical Journal. 48 (2): 268–270. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080517">2080517</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17436393">17436393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Croatian+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Taxonomy%3A+what%27s+in+a+name%3F+Doesn%27t+a+rose+by+any+other+name+smell+as+sweet%3F&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268-270&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2080517%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17436393&rft.aulast=Calisher&rft.aufirst=CH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2080517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linn1758-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Linn1758_4-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542">Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</a> (in Latyn) (10de uitg.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010032456/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Oktober 2008. Besoek op 22 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae+%3Asecundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.&rft.edition=10de&rft.pub=Holmiae+%28Laurentii+Salvii%29&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haeckel, Ernst (1874). Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen (in Duits). Leipzig. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropogenie+oder+Entwickelungsgeschichte+des+menschen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_plek_sonder_uitgewer" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> (<a href="#CITEREFHutchins2003">Hutchins 2003</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalZoo-7"><a href="#cite_ref-NationalZoo_7-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813232133/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/PandasForKids/classification/classification.htm">"Panda Classroom"</a> (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/PandasForKids/classification/classification.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 13 Augustus 2013. Besoek op 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panda+Classroom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2FAnimals%2FGiantPandas%2FPandasForKids%2Fclassification%2Fclassification.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windows-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Windows_8-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBergman" class="citation web cs1">Bergman, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/heterotrophs.html&edu=high">"Heterotrophs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829051950/http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link%3D/earth/Life/heterotrophs.html%26edu%3Dhigh">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 29 Augustus 2007. Besoek op 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heterotrophs&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows.ucar.edu%2Ftour%2Flink%3D%2Fearth%2FLife%2Fheterotrophs.html%26edu%3Dhigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasRaven2003" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (Januarie 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693093">"Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 5–17, discussion 517–8. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1188">10.1098/rstb.2002.1188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693093">1693093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12594915">12594915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Genomes+at+the+interface+between+bacteria+and+organelles&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=1429&rft.pages=5-17%2C+discussion+517-8&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12594915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1188&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Angela+E.&rft.au=Raven%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnimalCells-10"><a href="#cite_ref-AnimalCells_10-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davidson, Michael W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html">"Animal Cell Structure"</a> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510062901/https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Mei 2020. Besoek op 20 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animal+Cell+Structure&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicro.magnet.fsu.edu%2Fcells%2Fanimalcell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concepts-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Concepts_11-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSaupe" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saupe, S. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/biol116/Zoology/digestion.htm">"Concepts of Biology"</a> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428192710/http://employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/biol116/Zoology/digestion.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 28 April 2020. Besoek op 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Biology&rft.aulast=Saupe&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femployees.csbsju.edu%2FSSAUPE%2Fbiol116%2FZoology%2Fdigestion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMinkoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Minkoff, Eli C. (2008). Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology (2nd, revised uitg.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7641-3920-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7641-3920-8"><bdi>978-0-7641-3920-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barron%27s+EZ-101+Study+Keys+Series%3A+Biology&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-3920-8&rft.aulast=Minkoff&rft.aufirst=Eli+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> WAT aanlyn, VivA (intekening benodig) </li> <li id="cite_note-scienceperspectives10-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-scienceperspectives10_14-0">14,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scienceperspectives10_14-1">14,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scienceperspectives10_14-2">14,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAdam-CarrHayhoeHayhoeHayhoe2010" class="citation book cs1">Adam-Carr, Christine; Hayhoe, Christy; Hayhoe, Douglas; Hayhoe, Katharine (2010). Science Perspectives 10. Nelson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-17-635528-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-17-635528-9"><bdi>978-0-17-635528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Perspectives+10&rft.pub=Nelson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-17-635528-9&rft.aulast=Adam-Carr&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Hayhoe%2C+Christy&rft.au=Hayhoe%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Hayhoe%2C+Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26810/">Molecular Biology of the Cell</a> (4th uitg.). New York: Garland Science. Besoek op 23 Maart 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rft.au=Walter%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK26810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> (<a href="#CITEREFSangwal2007">Sangwal 2007</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1991" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Wayne M. (1991). The world of the cell. Benjamin/Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8053-0870-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8053-0870-9"><bdi>978-0-8053-0870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+the+cell&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-0870-9&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Wayne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKoene2006" class="citation journal cs1">Koene, J. M. (2006). "Tales of two snails: sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (4): 419–429. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj040">10.1093/icb/icj040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672754">21672754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Tales+of+two+snails%3A+sexual+selection+and+sexual+conflict+in+Lymnaea+stagnalis+and+Helix+aspersa&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-429&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21672754&rft.aulast=Koene&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKnobil1998" class="citation book cs1">Knobil, Ernst (1998). Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1. Academic Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-227020-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-227020-8"><bdi>978-0-12-227020-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+reproduction%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227020-8&rft.aulast=Knobil&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2010" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Jill (2010). Master the GED 2011 (w/CD). Peterson's. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7689-2885-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7689-2885-3"><bdi>978-0-7689-2885-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+the+GED+2011+%28w%2FCD%29&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Peterson%27s&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7689-2885-3&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009). Population genetics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-3277-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-3277-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+genetics&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAdiyodiHughesAdiyodi2002" class="citation book cs1">Adiyodi, K. G.; Hughes, Roger N.; Adiyodi, Rita G. (Julie 2002). Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Volume 11, Progress in Asexual Reproduction. Wiley. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Biology+of+Invertebrates%2C+Volume+11%2C+Progress+in+Asexual+Reproduction&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Adiyodi&rft.aufirst=K.+G.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Roger+N.&rft.au=Adiyodi%2C+Rita+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan (2008). GRE exam subject test. Kaplan Publishing. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4195-5218-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4195-5218-2"><bdi>978-1-4195-5218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GRE+exam+subject+test&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Kaplan+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4195-5218-2&rft.au=Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTmh2006" class="citation book cs1">Tmh (2006). Study Package For Medical College Entrance Examinations. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 6.22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-07-061637-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-07-061637-0"><bdi>978-0-07-061637-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+Package+For+Medical+College+Entrance+Examinations&rft.pages=6.22&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-061637-0&rft.au=Tmh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVilleWalkerBarnes1984" class="citation book cs1">Ville, Claude Alvin; Walker, Warren Franklin; Barnes, Robert D. (1984). General zoology. Saunders College Pub. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-03-062451-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-03-062451-3"><bdi>978-0-03-062451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+zoology&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Pub&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-03-062451-3&rft.aulast=Ville&rft.aufirst=Claude+Alvin&rft.au=Walker%2C+Warren+Franklin&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonBoydMossman1945" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, William James; Boyd, James Dixon; Mossman, Harland Winfield (1945). Human embryology: (prenatal development of form and function). Williams & Wilkins. p. 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+embryology%3A+%28prenatal+development+of+form+and+function%29&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft.au=Boyd%2C+James+Dixon&rft.au=Mossman%2C+Harland+Winfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips1975" class="citation book cs1">Philips, Joy B. (1975). Development of vertebrate anatomy. Mosby. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8016-3927-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8016-3927-2"><bdi>978-0-8016-3927-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+vertebrate+anatomy&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8016-3927-2&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=Joy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge, Volume 10. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1918. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%3A+a+library+of+universal+knowledge%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Americana+Corp.&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRomoserStoffolano1998" class="citation book cs1">Romoser, William S.; Stoffolano, J. G. (1998). The science of entomology. WCB McGraw-Hill. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-697-22848-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-697-22848-2"><bdi>978-0-697-22848-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+of+entomology&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=WCB+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-697-22848-2&rft.aulast=Romoser&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Stoffolano%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7043080-30"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7043080_30-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRallsBallou1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ralls K, Ballou J (April 1982). "Effect of inbreeding on juvenile mortality in some small mammal species". Lab. Anim. 16 (2): 159–66. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2F002367782781110151">10.1258/002367782781110151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7043080">7043080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lab.+Anim.&rft.atitle=Effect+of+inbreeding+on+juvenile+mortality+in+some+small+mammal+species&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-66&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2F002367782781110151&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7043080&rft.aulast=Ralls&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ballou%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pusey-31">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Pusey_31-0">31,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pusey_31-1">31,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPuseyWolf1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pusey A, Wolf M (1996). "Inbreeding avoidance in animals". Trends Ecol. Evol. (Amst.). 11 (5): 201–6. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2896%2910028-8">10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21237809">21237809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Ecol.+Evol.+%28Amst.%29&rft.atitle=Inbreeding+avoidance+in+animals&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=201-6&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5347%2896%2910028-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21237809&rft.aulast=Pusey&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Wolf%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrie-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_32-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPetrieKempenaers1998" class="citation journal cs1">Petrie, M.; Kempenaers, B. (1998). "Extra-pair paternity in birds: Explaining variation between species and populations". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (2): 52–57. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2897%2901232-9">10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01232-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21238200">21238200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Extra-pair+paternity+in+birds%3A+Explaining+variation+between+species+and+populations&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52-57&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2897%2901232-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21238200&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Kempenaers%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRastogi1997" class="citation book cs1">Rastogi, V. B. (1997). Modern Biology. Pitambar Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-209-0496-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-209-0496-5"><bdi>978-81-209-0496-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Biology&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Pitambar+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-209-0496-5&rft.aulast=Rastogi&rft.aufirst=V.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1973" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Charles K. (1973). Elements of Biology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-390-55627-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-390-55627-1"><bdi>978-0-390-55627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Biology&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Appleton-Century-Crofts&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-390-55627-1&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ecology-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Ecology_35-0">↑</a> Begon, M., Townsend, C., Harper, J. (1996). Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities (3de uitg.). Blackwell Science, Londen. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/086542845X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86542-845-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0632038012" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-632-03801-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0632043938" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-632-04393-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/search?query=predation">predation</a>. Britannica.com. Besoek op 2011-11-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMarchettiRivas2001" class="citation book cs1">Marchetti, Mauro; Rivas, Victoria (2001). Geomorphology and environmental impact assessment. Taylor & Francis. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-5809-344-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-5809-344-8"><bdi>978-90-5809-344-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomorphology+and+environmental+impact+assessment&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-5809-344-8&rft.aulast=Marchetti&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rft.au=Rivas%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAllenPondellaHorn2006" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Larry Glen; Pondella, Daniel J.; Horn, Michael H. (2006). Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters. University of California Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24653-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24653-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24653-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+of+marine+fishes%3A+California+and+adjacent+waters&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24653-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Larry+Glen&rft.au=Pondella%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Horn%2C+Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGupta" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, P.K. Genetics Classical To Modern. Rastogi Publications. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-7133-896-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-7133-896-2"><bdi>978-81-7133-896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetics+Classical+To+Modern&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Rastogi+Publications&rft.isbn=978-81-7133-896-2&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGarrettGrisham2010" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Reginald; Grisham, Charles M. (2010). Biochemistry. Cengage Learning. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-495-10935-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-495-10935-8"><bdi>978-0-495-10935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-10935-8&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft.au=Grisham%2C+Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1">New Scientist. IPC Magazines. 152 (2050–2055): 105. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2050%E2%80%932055&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: untitled periodical (bladsy bestaan nie)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCastroHuber2007" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2007). Marine Biology (7th uitg.). McGraw-Hill. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-07-722124-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-07-722124-9"><bdi>978-0-07-722124-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Biology&rft.pages=376&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-722124-9&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Huber%2C+Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/jaws-of-steel-on-this-fish-tank/2006/11/29/1164777657728.html">"Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever"</a> (in Engels). smh.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221246/http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/jaws-of-steel-on-this-fish-tank/2006/11/29/1164777657728.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Desember 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monster+fish+crushed+opposition+with+strongest+bite+ever&rft.pub=smh.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fjaws-of-steel-on-this-fish-tank%2F2006%2F11%2F29%2F1164777657728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1990" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Niel A. (1990). Biology (2nd uitg.). Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8053-1800-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8053-1800-5"><bdi>978-0-8053-1800-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=560&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-1800-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Niel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_R._BehringerAlexander_D._JohnsonRobert_E._KrumlaufMichael_K._Levine2008" class="citation book cs1">Richard R. Behringer; Alexander D. Johnson; Robert E. Krumlauf; Michael K. Levine; Nipam Patel; Neelima Sinha, reds. (2008). Emerging model organisms: a laboratory manual, Volume 1 (illustrated uitg.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-87969-872-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-87969-872-0"><bdi>978-0-87969-872-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+model+organisms%3A+a+laboratory+manual%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-872-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHallHallgrímssonStrickberger2008" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Brian Keith; Hallgrímsson, Benedikt; Strickberger, Monroe W. (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7637-0066-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7637-0066-9"><bdi>978-0-7637-0066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strickberger%27s+evolution%3A+the+integration+of+genes%2C+organisms+and+populations&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Brian+Keith&rft.au=Hallgr%C3%ADmsson%2C+Benedikt&rft.au=Strickberger%2C+Monroe+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Gina. Kingdoms of Life – Animals (ENHANCED eBook). Lorenz Educational Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4291-1610-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4291-1610-7"><bdi>978-1-4291-1610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+Life+%E2%80%93+Animals+%28ENHANCED+eBook%29&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Lorenz+Educational+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4291-1610-7&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Gina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roseMaloof-48">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-roseMaloof_48-0">48,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roseMaloof_48-1">48,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMaloofRoseBeachSamuels2010" class="citation journal cs1">Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 Augustus 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n9/full/ngeo934.html">"Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia"</a>. Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–659. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..653M">2010NatGe...3..653M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo934">10.1038/ngeo934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Possible+animal-body+fossils+in+pre-Marinoan+limestones+from+South+Australia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=653-659&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo934&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NatGe...3..653M&rft.aulast=Maloof&rft.aufirst=Adam+C.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Catherine+V.&rft.au=Beach%2C+Robert&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Bradley+M.&rft.au=Calmet%2C+Claire+C.&rft.au=Erwin%2C+Douglas+H.&rft.au=Poirier%2C+Gerald+R.&rft.au=Yao%2C+Nan&rft.au=Simons%2C+Frederik+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fngeo%2Fjournal%2Fv3%2Fn9%2Ffull%2Fngeo934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/geosciences/people/maloof/papers_pub/24Maloof.pdf">Pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCostaDarwin2009" class="citation book cs1">Costa, James T.; Darwin, Charles (2009). The annotated Origin: a facsimile of the first edition of On the origin of species. Harvard University Press. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-674-03281-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-674-03281-1"><bdi>978-0-674-03281-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+annotated+Origin%3A+a+facsimile+of+the+first+edition+of+On+the+origin+of+species&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03281-1&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchopf1999" class="citation book cs1">Schopf, J. William (1999). Evolution!: facts and fallacies. Academic Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-628860-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-628860-5"><bdi>978-0-12-628860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%21%3A+facts+and+fallacies&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-12-628860-5&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.aufirst=J.+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMilsomRigby2009" class="citation book cs1">Milsom, Clare; Rigby, Sue (2009). Fossils at a Glance. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-9336-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-9336-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-9336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossils+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9336-8&rft.aulast=Milsom&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellReece2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005). Biology (7de uitg.). Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. p. 526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8053-7171-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8053-7171-0"><bdi>978-0-8053-7171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=526&rft.edition=7de&rft.pub=Pearson%2C+Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-7171-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Reece%2C+Jane+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seilacher1998-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Seilacher1998_53-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSeilacherBosePfluger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Seilacher, Adolf; Bose, Pradip K.; Pfluger, Friedrich (2 Oktober 1998). "Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: trace fossil evidence from india". Science. 282 (5386): 80–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282...80S">1998Sci...282...80S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5386.80">10.1126/science.282.5386.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9756480">9756480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Triploblastic+animals+more+than+1+billion+years+ago%3A+trace+fossil+evidence+from+india&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=5386&rft.pages=80-83&rft.date=1998-10-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9756480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.282.5386.80&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...282...80S&rft.aulast=Seilacher&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft.au=Bose%2C+Pradip+K.&rft.au=Pfluger%2C+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matz2008-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Matz2008_54-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMatzFrankMarshallWidder2008" class="citation journal cs1">Matz, Mikhail V.; Frank, Tamara M.; Marshall, N. Justin; Widder, Edith A.; Johnsen, Sönke (9 Desember 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.duke.edu/johnsenlab/pdfs/pubs/sea%20grapes%202008.pdf">"Giant Deep-Sea Protist Produces Bilaterian-like Traces"</a> (PDF). Current Biology. 18 (23): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.028">10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19026540">19026540</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216211211/http://www.biology.duke.edu/johnsenlab/pdfs/pubs/sea%20grapes%202008.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Desember 2008. Besoek op 5 Desember 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Giant+Deep-Sea+Protist+Produces+Bilaterian-like+Traces&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19026540&rft.aulast=Matz&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+V.&rft.au=Frank%2C+Tamara+M.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+N.+Justin&rft.au=Widder%2C+Edith+A.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+S%C3%B6nke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology.duke.edu%2Fjohnsenlab%2Fpdfs%2Fpubs%2Fsea%2520grapes%25202008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC200811-55"><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC200811_55-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reilly, Michael (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27827279/">"Single-celled giant upends early evolution"</a> (in Engels). MSNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108213540/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27827279/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 November 2019. Besoek op 5 Desember 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Single-celled+giant+upends+early+evolution&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F27827279%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPisaniPettDohrmannFeuda2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (15 Desember 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15402">"Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Engels). 112 (50): 15402–15407. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11215402P">2015PNAS..11215402P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1518127112">10.1073/pnas.1518127112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687580">4687580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26621703">26621703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genomic+data+do+not+support+comb+jellies+as+the+sister+group+to+all+other+animals&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=15402-15407&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4687580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11215402P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26621703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1518127112&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Pisani&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft.au=Pett%2C+Walker&rft.au=Dohrmann%2C+Martin&rft.au=Feuda%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+Omar&rft.au=Philippe%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Lartillot%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=W%C3%B6rheide%2C+Gert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F112%2F50%2F15402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBhamrahJuneja2003" class="citation book cs1">Bhamrah, H. S.; Juneja, Kavita (2003). An Introduction to Porifera. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-261-0675-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-261-0675-2"><bdi>978-81-261-0675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Porifera&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-261-0675-2&rft.aulast=Bhamrah&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Juneja%2C+Kavita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSumich2008" class="citation book cs1">Sumich, James L. (2008). Laboratory and Field Investigations in Marine Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7637-5730-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7637-5730-4"><bdi>978-0-7637-5730-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+and+Field+Investigations+in+Marine+Life&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5730-4&rft.aulast=Sumich&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJessop1970" class="citation book cs1">Jessop, Nancy Meyer (1970). Biosphere; a study of life. Prentice-Hall. p. 428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biosphere%3B+a+study+of+life&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Jessop&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, N. S. (2005). Continuity And Evolution Of Animals. Mittal Publications. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-8293-018-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-8293-018-6"><bdi>978-81-8293-018-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuity+And+Evolution+Of+Animals&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8293-018-6&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-class-61">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-class_61-0">61,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-class_61-1">61,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDunnHejnolMatusPang2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Matus, David Q.; Pang, Kevin; Browne, William E.; Smith, Stephen A.; Seaver, Elaine; Rouse, Greg W.; Obst, Matthias; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Okusu, Akiko; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Wheeler, Ward C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Giribet, Gonzalo (April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.452..745D">2008Natur.452..745D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06614">10.1038/nature06614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18322464">18322464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Broad+phylogenomic+sampling+improves+resolution+of+the+animal+tree+of+life&rft.volume=452&rft.issue=7188&rft.pages=745-9&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18322464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06614&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.452..745D&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Casey+W.&rft.au=Hejnol%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Matus%2C+David+Q.&rft.au=Pang%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Browne%2C+William+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Seaver%2C+Elaine&rft.au=Rouse%2C+Greg+W.&rft.au=Obst%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Edgecombe%2C+Gregory+D.&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+Martin+V.&rft.au=Haddock%2C+Steven+H.+D.&rft.au=Schmidt-Rhaesa%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Okusu%2C+Akiko&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Reinhardt+M%C3%B8bjerg&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Ward+C.&rft.au=Martindale%2C+Mark+Q.&rft.au=Giribet%2C+Gonzalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|displayauthors=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRyanPangSchnitzlerNguyen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Schnitzler, Christine E.; Nguyen, Anh-Dao; Moreland, R. Travis; Simmons, David K.; Koch, Bernard J.; Francis, Warren R.; Havlak, Paul (13 Desember 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6164/1242592">"The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution"</a>. Science. 342 (6164): 1242592. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242592">10.1126/science.1242592</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3920664">3920664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24337300">24337300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Genome+of+the+Ctenophore+Mnemiopsis+leidyi+and+Its+Implications+for+Cell+Type+Evolution&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6164&rft.pages=1242592&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3920664%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24337300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1242592&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft.au=Pang%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Schnitzler%2C+Christine+E.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Anh-Dao&rft.au=Moreland%2C+R.+Travis&rft.au=Simmons%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Koch%2C+Bernard+J.&rft.au=Francis%2C+Warren+R.&rft.au=Havlak%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F342%2F6164%2F1242592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMorozKocotCitarellaDosung2014" class="citation journal cs1">Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; Povolotskaya, Inna S.; Grigorenko, Anastasia P.; Dailey, Christopher; Berezikov, Eugene (5 Junie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v510/n7503/full/nature13400.html">"The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems"</a>. Nature. 510 (7503): 109–114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.510..109M">2014Natur.510..109M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13400">10.1038/nature13400</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4337882">4337882</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24847885">24847885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+ctenophore+genome+and+the+evolutionary+origins+of+neural+systems&rft.volume=510&rft.issue=7503&rft.pages=109-114&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4337882%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.510..109M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24847885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13400&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Moroz&rft.aufirst=Leonid+L.&rft.au=Kocot%2C+Kevin+M.&rft.au=Citarella%2C+Mathew+R.&rft.au=Dosung%2C+Sohn&rft.au=Norekian%2C+Tigran+P.&rft.au=Povolotskaya%2C+Inna+S.&rft.au=Grigorenko%2C+Anastasia+P.&rft.au=Dailey%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Berezikov%2C+Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv510%2Fn7503%2Ffull%2Fnature13400.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippeDerelleLopezPick2009" class="citation journal cs1">Philippe, Hervé; Derelle, Romain; Lopez, Philippe; Pick, Kerstin; Borchiellini, Carole; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Vacelet, Jean; Renard, Emmanuelle; Houliston, Evelyn (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(09)00805-7">"Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships"</a>. Current Biology. 19 (8): 706–712. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.02.052">10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19345102">19345102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Phylogenomics+Revives+Traditional+Views+on+Deep+Animal+Relationships&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=706-712&rft.date=2009-04&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19345102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.02.052&rft.aulast=Philippe&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Derelle%2C+Romain&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Pick%2C+Kerstin&rft.au=Borchiellini%2C+Carole&rft.au=Boury-Esnault%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Vacelet%2C+Jean&rft.au=Renard%2C+Emmanuelle&rft.au=Houliston%2C+Evelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Fabstract%2FS0960-9822%2809%2900805-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPickPhilippeSchreiberErpenbeck2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alié, A.; Morgenstern, B. (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/9/1983">"Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq089">10.1093/molbev/msq089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038">0737-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922619">2922619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20378579">20378579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Improved+Phylogenomic+Taxon+Sampling+Noticeably+Affects+Nonbilaterian+Relationships&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1983-1987&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2922619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0737-4038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20378579&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq089&rft.aulast=Pick&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Philippe%2C+H.&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+F.&rft.au=Erpenbeck%2C+D.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Wrede%2C+P.&rft.au=Wiens%2C+M.&rft.au=Ali%C3%A9%2C+A.&rft.au=Morgenstern%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F27%2F9%2F1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNosenkoSchreiberAdamskaAdamski2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nosenko, Tetyana; Schreiber, Fabian; Adamska, Maja; Adamski, Marcin; Eitel, Michael; Hammel, Jörg; Maldonado, Manuel; Müller, Werner E. G.; Nickel, Michael (1 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790313000298">"Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories"</a>. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 (1): 223–233. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2013.01.010">10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23353073">23353073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Deep+metazoan+phylogeny%3A+When+different+genes+tell+different+stories&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=223-233&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2013.01.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23353073&rft.aulast=Nosenko&rft.aufirst=Tetyana&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Fabian&rft.au=Adamska%2C+Maja&rft.au=Adamski%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Eitel%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hammel%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Maldonado%2C+Manuel&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Werner+E.+G.&rft.au=Nickel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1055790313000298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLangstrothLangstroth2000" class="citation book cs1">Langstroth, Lovell; Langstroth, Libby (2000). Newberry, Todd (red.). A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. University of California Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-22149-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-22149-9"><bdi>978-0-520-22149-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Living+Bay%3A+The+Underwater+World+of+Monterey+Bay&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22149-9&rft.aulast=Langstroth&rft.aufirst=Lovell&rft.au=Langstroth%2C+Libby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSafra2003" class="citation book cs1">Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 16. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-85229-961-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-85229-961-6"><bdi>978-0-85229-961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Volume+16&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-961-6&rft.aulast=Safra&rft.aufirst=Jacob+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKotpal" class="citation book cs1">Kotpal, R. L. Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates. 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Sally; Neuhof, Moran; Rubinstein, Nimrod D.; Diamant, Arik; Philippe, Hervé; Huchon, Dorothée; Cartwright, Paulyn (1 Desember 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/48/14912">"Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (48): 14912–14917. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214912C">2015PNAS..11214912C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1511468112">10.1073/pnas.1511468112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4672818">4672818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26627241">26627241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+the+evolutionary+origin+of+Myxozoa+within+Cnidaria&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=14912-14917&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4672818%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11214912C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26627241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1511468112&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=E.+Sally&rft.au=Neuhof%2C+Moran&rft.au=Rubinstein%2C+Nimrod+D.&rft.au=Diamant%2C+Arik&rft.au=Philippe%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Huchon%2C+Doroth%C3%A9e&rft.au=Cartwright%2C+Paulyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F112%2F48%2F14912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMarlétazMartinPerezPapillon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Martin, Elise; Perez, Yvan; Papillon, Daniel; Caubit, Xavier; Lowe, Christopher J.; Freeman, Bob; Fasano, Laurent; Dossat, Carole (8 Augustus 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(06)01835-5">"Chaetognath phylogenomics: a protostome with deuterostome-like development"</a>. Current Biology. 16 (15): R577–R578. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.07.016">10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16890510">16890510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Chaetognath+phylogenomics%3A+a+protostome+with+deuterostome-like+development&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=R577-R578&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16890510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.07.016&rft.aulast=Marl%C3%A9taz&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft.au=Martin%2C+Elise&rft.au=Perez%2C+Yvan&rft.au=Papillon%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Caubit%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Bob&rft.au=Fasano%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Dossat%2C+Carole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Fabstract%2FS0960-9822%2806%2901835-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hejnol-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Hejnol_72-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHejnolObstStamatakisOtt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hejnol, A.; Obst, M.; Stamatakis, A.; Ott, M.; Rouse, G. W.; Edgecombe, G. D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817096">"Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods"</a>. 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Nature. 470 (7333): 255–258. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.470..255P">2011Natur.470..255P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09676">10.1038/nature09676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025995">4025995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21307940">21307940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Acoelomorph+flatworms+are+deuterostomes+related+to+Xenoturbella&rft.volume=470&rft.issue=7333&rft.pages=255-258&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4025995%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21307940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09676&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.470..255P&rft.aulast=Philippe&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Brinkmann%2C+H.&rft.au=Copley%2C+R.+R.&rft.au=Moroz%2C+L.+L.&rft.au=Nakano%2C+H.&rft.au=Poustka%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Wallberg%2C+A.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Telford%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4025995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgecombe_2011-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgecombe_2011_74-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEdgecombeGiribetDunnHejnol2011" class="citation journal cs1">Edgecombe, G. 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(3 Februarie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7588/full/nature16545.html">"New deep-sea species of Xenoturbella and the position of Xenacoelomorpha"</a>. Nature. 530 (7588): 94–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.530...94R">2016Natur.530...94R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16545">10.1038/nature16545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26842060">26842060</a>. Besoek op 3 Februarie 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=New+deep-sea+species+of+Xenoturbella+and+the+position+of+Xenacoelomorpha&rft.volume=530&rft.issue=7588&rft.pages=94-97&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26842060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16545&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.530...94R&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Greg+W.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Nerida+G.&rft.au=Carvajal%2C+Jose+I.&rft.au=Vrijenhoek%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv530%2Fn7588%2Ffull%2Fnature16545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cannon_2016-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Cannon_2016_76-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCannonVellutiniSmith_IIIRonquist2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cannon, Johanna T.; Vellutini, Bruno C.; Smith III, Julian.; Ronquist, Frederik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (3 Februarie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7588/full/nature16520.html">"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"</a>. Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.530...89C">2016Natur.530...89C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16520">10.1038/nature16520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26842059">26842059</a>. Besoek op 3 Februarie 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Xenacoelomorpha+is+the+sister+group+to+Nephrozoa&rft.volume=530&rft.issue=7588&rft.pages=89-93&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26842059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16520&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.530...89C&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Johanna+T.&rft.au=Vellutini%2C+Bruno+C.&rft.au=Smith+III%2C+Julian.&rft.au=Ronquist%2C+Frederik&rft.au=Jondelius%2C+Ulf&rft.au=Hejnol%2C+Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv530%2Fn7588%2Ffull%2Fnature16520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32652/title/Gone-Missing--circa-1892/">Gone Missing, circa 1892</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPetersWaltersMoldowan2005" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005). The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-83762-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-83762-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biomarker+Guide%3A+Biomarkers+and+isotopes+in+petroleum+systems+and+Earth+history&rft.pages=717&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83762-0&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft.au=Walters%2C+Clifford+C.&rft.au=Moldowan%2C+J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSafra2003" class="citation book cs1">Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-85229-961-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-85229-961-6"><bdi>978-0-85229-961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Volume+1%3B+Volume+3&rft.pages=767&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-961-6&rft.aulast=Safra&rft.aufirst=Jacob+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFValentine1997" class="citation journal cs1">Valentine, James W. (Julie 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21545">"Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life"</a>. PNAS. The National Academy of Sciences. 94 (15): 8001–8005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.8001V">1997PNAS...94.8001V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.15.8001">10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21545">21545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9223303">9223303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Cleavage+patterns+and+the+topology+of+the+metazoan+tree+of+life&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=8001-8005&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21545%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9223303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.15.8001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94.8001V&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2004" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Kenneth (2004). Zoology: An Inside View of Animals. Kendall Hunt. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7575-0997-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7575-0997-1"><bdi>978-0-7575-0997-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoology%3A+An+Inside+View+of+Animals&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Kendall+Hunt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7575-0997-1&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlcamo1998" class="citation book cs1">Alcamo, Edward (1998). Biology Coloring Workbook. The Princeton Review. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-679-77884-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-679-77884-4"><bdi>978-0-679-77884-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+Coloring+Workbook&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=The+Princeton+Review&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-679-77884-4&rft.aulast=Alcamo&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2008). The First Vertebrates. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-5958-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-5958-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-5958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Vertebrates&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5958-4&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRice2007" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Stanley A. (2007). Encyclopedia of evolution. Infobase Publishing. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-5515-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-5515-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5515-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+evolution&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5515-9&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTobinDusheck2005" class="citation book cs1">Tobin, Allan J.; Dusheck, Jennie (2005). Asking about life. Cengage Learning. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-534-40653-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-534-40653-0"><bdi>978-0-534-40653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asking+about+life&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-534-40653-0&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Allan+J.&rft.au=Dusheck%2C+Jennie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSimakovKawashimaMarlétazJenkins2015" class="citation journal cs1">Simakov, Oleg; Kawashima, Takeshi; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Jenkins, Jerry; Koyanagi, Ryo; Mitros, Therese; Hisata, Kanako; Bredeson, Jessen; Shoguchi, Eiichi (26 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v527/n7579/full/nature16150.html">"Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins"</a>. Nature. 527 (7579): 459–465. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.527..459S">2015Natur.527..459S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16150">10.1038/nature16150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729200">4729200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26580012">26580012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hemichordate+genomes+and+deuterostome+origins&rft.volume=527&rft.issue=7579&rft.pages=459-465&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4729200%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.527..459S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26580012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16150&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Simakov&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Kawashima%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Marl%C3%A9taz%2C+Ferdinand&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Koyanagi%2C+Ryo&rft.au=Mitros%2C+Therese&rft.au=Hisata%2C+Kanako&rft.au=Bredeson%2C+Jessen&rft.au=Shoguchi%2C+Eiichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv527%2Fn7579%2Ffull%2Fnature16150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSafra2003" class="citation book cs1">Safra, Jacob E. (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 19. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-85229-961-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-85229-961-6"><bdi>978-0-85229-961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Volume+19&rft.pages=791&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-961-6&rft.aulast=Safra&rft.aufirst=Jacob+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-618-61916-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-618-61916-0"><bdi>978-0-618-61916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale%3A+A+Pilgrimage+to+the+Dawn+of+Evolution&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-61916-0&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPrewittUnderwoodSurver2003" class="citation book cs1">Prewitt, Nancy L.; Underwood, Larry S.; Surver, William (2003). BioInquiry: making connections in biology. John Wiley. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-471-20228-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-471-20228-8"><bdi>978-0-471-20228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BioInquiry%3A+making+connections+in+biology&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-20228-8&rft.aulast=Prewitt&rft.aufirst=Nancy+L.&rft.au=Underwood%2C+Larry+S.&rft.au=Surver%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid-Hempel1998" class="citation book cs1">Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1998). Parasites in social insects. Princeton University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-05924-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-05924-2"><bdi>978-0-691-05924-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parasites+in+social+insects&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05924-2&rft.aulast=Schmid-Hempel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708083128/http://www.lophelia.org/lophelia/biodiv_6.htm">"Biodiversity: Mollusca"</a>. The Scottish Association for Marine Science. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lophelia.org/lophelia/biodiv_6.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 8 Julie 2006. Besoek op 19 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity%3A+Mollusca&rft.pub=The+Scottish+Association+for+Marine+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lophelia.org%2Flophelia%2Fbiodiv_6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> Russell, Bruce J. (Writer), Denning, David (Writer). (2000). Branches on the Tree of Life: Annelids [VHS]. BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEernisseAlbertAnderson1992" class="citation journal cs1">Eernisse, Douglas J.; Albert, James S.; Anderson, Frank E. (1 September 1992). "Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralean metazoan morphology". Systematic Biology. 41 (3): 305–330. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2992569">10.2307/2992569</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992569">2992569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Annelida+and+Arthropoda+are+not+sister+taxa%3A+A+phylogenetic+analysis+of+spiralean+metazoan+morphology&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-330&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2992569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2992569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eernisse&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft.au=Albert%2C+James+S.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Frank+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKimMoonGelderKim1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Chang Bae; Moon, Seung Yeo; Gelder, Stuart R.; Kim, Won (September 1996). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods Evidenced from Molecules and Morphology". Journal of Molecular Evolution. New York: Springer. 43 (3): 207–215. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006079">10.1007/PL00006079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8703086">8703086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+Relationships+of+Annelids%2C+Molluscs%2C+and+Arthropods+Evidenced+from+Molecules+and+Morphology&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-215&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00006079&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8703086&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chang+Bae&rft.au=Moon%2C+Seung+Yeo&rft.au=Gelder%2C+Stuart+R.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Won&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1995" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Allen G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss7/lophophore.html">The Lophophore</a>. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Besoek op 23 Maart 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lophophore&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Allen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fglossary%2Fgloss7%2Flophophore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilson-96">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilson_96-0">96,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilson_96-1">96,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGilson2004" class="citation book cs1">Gilson, Étienne (2004). El espíritu de la filosofía medieval. Ediciones Rialp. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-84-321-3492-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-84-321-3492-0"><bdi>978-84-321-3492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+esp%C3%ADritu+de+la+filosof%C3%ADa+medieval&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Ediciones+Rialp&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-84-321-3492-0&rft.aulast=Gilson&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz-TrilloRiutortLittlewoodHerniou1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Riutort, Marta; Littlewood, D. Timothy J.; Herniou, Elisabeth A.; Baguña, Jaume (19 Maart 1999). "Acoel Flatworms: Earliest Extant Bilaterian Metazoans, Not Members of Platyhelminthes". Science. 283 (5409): 1919–1923. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...283.1919R">1999Sci...283.1919R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.283.5409.1919">10.1126/science.283.5409.1919</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10082465">10082465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Acoel+Flatworms%3A+Earliest+Extant+Bilaterian+Metazoans%2C+Not+Members+of+Platyhelminthes&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5409&rft.pages=1919-1923&rft.date=1999-03-19&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10082465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.283.5409.1919&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...283.1919R&rft.aulast=Ruiz-Trillo&rft.aufirst=I%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Riutort%2C+Marta&rft.au=Littlewood%2C+D.+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Herniou%2C+Elisabeth+A.&rft.au=Bagu%C3%B1a%2C+Jaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umodena-98"><a href="#cite_ref-umodena_98-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTodaro" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Todaro, Antonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastrotricha.unimore.it/overview.htm">"Gastrotricha: Overview"</a>. Gastrotricha: World Portal (in Engels). University of Modena & Reggio Emilia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428192705/http://www.gastrotricha.unimore.it/overview.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 28 April 2020. Besoek op 26 Januarie 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gastrotricha%3A+World+Portal&rft.atitle=Gastrotricha%3A+Overview&rft.aulast=Todaro&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gastrotricha.unimore.it%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntroCyclio-99"><a href="#cite_ref-IntroCyclio_99-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKristensen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (Julie 2002). "An Introduction to Loricifera, Cycliophora, and Micrognathozoa". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (3): 641–651. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.641">10.1093/icb/42.3.641</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708760">21708760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Loricifera%2C+Cycliophora%2C+and+Micrognathozoa&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=641-651&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.641&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21708760&rft.aulast=Kristensen&rft.aufirst=Reinhardt+M%C3%B8bjerg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN1014-100">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN1014_100-0">100,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN1014_100-1">100,1</a> The World Conservation Union. 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3. Summary Statistics for Globally Threatened Species. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2014_3_Summary_Stats_Page_Documents/2014_3_RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf">Table 1: Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> The origin of Metazoa: a unicellular perspective Arnau Sebé-Pedrós, Bernard M. Degnan, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo Nature Reviews Genetics (2017) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2012" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Claus (2012). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (3rd uitg.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-960602-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-960602-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960602-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Evolution%3A+Interrelationships+of+the+Living+Phyla&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960602-3&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Nielsen1997" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1997). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment (5th uitg.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-57098-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-57098-0"><bdi>0-521-57098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Physiology%3A+Adaptation+and+Environment&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-57098-0&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Knut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMagloire2004" class="citation book cs1">Magloire, Kim (2004). Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition. The Princeton Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-375-76393-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-375-76393-9"><bdi>978-0-375-76393-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracking+the+AP+Biology+Exam%2C+2004%E2%80%932005+Edition&rft.pub=The+Princeton+Review&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76393-9&rft.aulast=Magloire&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSangwal2007" class="citation book cs1">Sangwal, Keshra (2007). Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-470-06153-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-470-06153-4"><bdi>978-0-470-06153-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additives+and+crystallization+processes%3A+from+fundamentals+to+applications&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06153-4&rft.aulast=Sangwal&rft.aufirst=Keshra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Michael (2003). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia (2nd uitg.). Detroit: Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7876-5777-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7876-5777-8"><bdi>0-7876-5777-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grzimek%27s+Animal+Life+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7876-5777-8&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2008). The First Vertebrates. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-5958-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-5958-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-5958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Vertebrates&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5958-4&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADier" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels">wysig bron</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/">Tree of Life Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/">Animal Diversity Web</a>. Databasis met diere, klassifikasie, foto's en inligting</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikispecies logo"><img alt="Wikispecies logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/12px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/18px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> het meer inligting verwant aan <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Animalia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Animalia">Dier</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Animalia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Animalia">Dier</a>.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wiktionary_small.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/12px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" 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