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structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Telephone_number_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subscriber_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscriber_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Subscriber number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscriber_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Area code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_numbering_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_numbering_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>International numbering plan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_numbering_plan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International numbering plan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_numbering_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Country code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Special services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_telephone_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_telephone_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Satellite telephone systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_telephone_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_numbering_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_numbering_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Private numbering plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_numbering_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbering_plan_indicator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbering_plan_indicator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Numbering plan indicator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbering_plan_indicator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subscriber_dialing_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscriber_dialing_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Subscriber dialing procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subscriber_dialing_procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subscriber dialing procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subscriber_dialing_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variable-length_dialing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable-length_dialing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Variable-length dialing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable-length_dialing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-number_dialing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-number_dialing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Full-number dialing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-number_dialing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telephone numbering plan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81" title="خطة ترقيم الهواتف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطة ترقيم الهواتف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Телефоналъул код – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Телефоналъул код" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon_kodu" title="Telefon kodu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Telefon kodu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%92%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تیلفون کوْدو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیلفون کوْدو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9pon" title="Kode télépon – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kode télépon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="টেলিফোন নম্বর পরিকল্পনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিফোন নম্বর পরিকল্পনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Тэлефонны план нумарацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлефонны план нумарацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Тэлефонны код – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэлефонны код" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozivni_broj" title="Pozivni broj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pozivni broj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_de_numeraci%C3%B3_telef%C3%B2nica" title="Pla de numeració telefònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pla de numeració telefònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummerplan" title="Nummerplan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nummerplan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummerierungsplan" title="Nummerierungsplan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nummerierungsplan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Τηλεφωνικό Σχέδιο Αριθμοδότησης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεφωνικό Σχέδιο Αριθμοδότησης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86" title="پیش‌شماره تلفن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیش‌شماره تلفن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_num%C3%A9rotation" title="Plan de numérotation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plan de numérotation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netn%C3%BBmer" title="Netnûmer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Netnûmer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_earrooaghey_%C3%A7hellvane" title="Plan earrooaghey çhellvane – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Plan earrooaghey çhellvane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Телефоний нумерацен план – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Телефоний нумерацен план" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%99%94%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8_%ED%95%A0%EB%8B%B9_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="전화번호 할당 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전화번호 할당 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Համարակալման հեռախոսային պլան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համարակալման հեռախոսային պլան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozivni_broj" title="Pozivni broj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pozivni broj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano_ti_panangibilang_ti_telepono" title="Plano ti panangibilang ti telepono – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Plano ti panangibilang ti telepono" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_telepon" title="Kode telepon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kode telepon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Telephone numbering plan" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קידומת טלפון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קידומת טלפון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ნუმერაციის სატელეფონო გეგმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნუმერაციის სატელეფონო გეგმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Телефонды нөмірлеу жоспары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Телефонды нөмірлеу жоспары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Телефон номерин терүү планы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Телефон номерин терүү планы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonu_numer%C4%81cijas_pl%C4%81ns" title="Telefonu numerācijas plāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Telefonu numerācijas plāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummerplan" title="Nummerplan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nummerplan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E7%95%AA%E5%8F%B7%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="電話番号計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電話番号計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Телефонан код – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Телефонан код" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummerplan" title="Nummerplan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nummerplan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon_raqamlash_rejasi" title="Telefon raqamlash rejasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Telefon raqamlash rejasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਨ ਨੰਬਰਿੰਗ ਪਲਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਨ ਨੰਬਰਿੰਗ ਪਲਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ٹیلی فون نمبرنگ پلان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیلی فون نمبرنگ پلان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_numeracji_krajowej" title="Plan numeracji krajowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plan numeracji krajowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BC%C3%BCrwaal" title="Vüürwaal – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vüürwaal" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Телефонный код – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Телефонный код" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Телефонный план нумерации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телефонный план нумерации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_nummerin_plan" title="Telephone nummerin plan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Telephone nummerin plan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_telefonik" title="Kodi telefonik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kodi telefonik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Telephone numbering plan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%8Drt_telefonskega_o%C5%A1tevil%C4%8Denja" title="Načrt telefonskega oštevilčenja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Načrt telefonskega oštevilčenja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker%C5%AFnkowo_n%C5%AFmera" title="Kerůnkowo nůmera – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kerůnkowo nůmera" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Позивни телефонски број – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Позивни телефонски број" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozivni_broj" title="Pozivni broj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pozivni broj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_telepon" title="Kode telepon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kode telepon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummerplan" title="Nummerplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nummerplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொலைபேசி இலக்கத் திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைபேசி இலக்கத் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon_kod%C4%B1" title="Telefon kodı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Telefon kodı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రాంతీయ ఫోన్‌కోడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రాంతీయ ఫోన్‌కోడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пешшумораи телефон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пешшумораи телефон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon_numaraland%C4%B1rma_plan%C4%B1" title="Telefon numaralandırma planı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telefon numaralandırma planı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Телефонний план нумерації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телефонний план нумерації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ٹیلی فون نمبرنگ پلان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیلی فون نمبرنگ پلان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BF_ho%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_s%E1%BB%91_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_tho%E1%BA%A1i" title="Kế hoạch đánh số điện thoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kế hoạch đánh số điện thoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E5%8F%B7%E7%A0%81%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="电话号码分类计划 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电话号码分类计划" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="電話號碼分類 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電話號碼分類" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod%C3%AA_t%C3%AAlefoni" title="Kodê têlefoni – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kodê têlefoni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Numbering method for assigning routing addresses for telephones</div> <p> A <b>telephone numbering plan</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Numbering_scheme" title="Numbering scheme">numbering scheme</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> to assign <a href="/wiki/Telephone_number" title="Telephone number">telephone numbers</a> to subscriber telephones or other telephony endpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telephone numbers are the addresses of participants in a telephone network, reachable by a system of destination code routing. Telephone numbering plans are defined in each of the administrative regions of the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> (PSTN) and in private telephone networks. </p><p>For public numbering systems, geographic location typically plays a role in the sequence of numbers assigned to each telephone subscriber. Many numbering plan administrators subdivide their territory of service into geographic regions designated by a prefix, often called an <b>area code</b> or <b>city code</b>, which is a set of digits forming the most-significant part of the dialing sequence to reach a telephone subscriber. </p><p>Numbering plans may follow a variety of design strategies which have often arisen from the historical evolution of individual telephone networks and local requirements. A broad division is commonly recognized between closed and open numbering plans. A <b>closed numbering plan</b>, as found in North America, features fixed-length area codes and local numbers, while an <b>open numbering plan</b> has a variance in the length of the area code, local number, or both of a telephone number assigned to a subscriber line. The latter type developed predominantly in Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) has established a comprehensive numbering plan, designated <a href="/wiki/E.164" title="E.164">E.164</a>, for uniform interoperability of the networks of its member state or regional administrations. It is an open numbering plan but imposes a maximum length of 15 digits to telephone numbers. The standard defines a <a href="/wiki/Country_code" title="Country code">country code</a> for each member region which is prefixed to each national telephone number for international <a href="/wiki/Destination_routing" title="Destination routing">destination routing</a>. </p><p>Private numbering plans exist in telephone networks that are privately operated in an enterprise or organizational campus. Such systems may be supported by a private branch exchange (PBX), which provides a central access point to the PSTN and also controls internal calls between telephone extensions. </p><p>In contrast to numbering plans, which determine telephone numbers assigned to subscriber stations, <a href="/wiki/Dialing_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialing plan">dialing plans</a> establish the customer dialing procedures, i.e., the sequence of digits or symbols to be dialed to reach a destination. It is the manner in which the numbering plan is used. Even in closed numbering plans, it is not always necessary to dial all digits of a number. For example, an area code may often be omitted when the destination is in the same area as the calling station. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telephone_number_structure">Telephone number structure</h2></div> <p>National or regional telecommunication administrations that are members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) use national telephone numbering plans that conform to international standard <a href="/wiki/E.164" title="E.164">E.164</a>. </p><p>E.164 specifies that a telephone number consist of a country code and a national telephone number. National telephone numbers are defined by national or regional numbering plans, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Telephony_Numbering_Space" title="European Telephony Numbering Space">European Telephony Numbering Space</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">North American Numbering Plan</a> (NANP), or the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">UK number plan</a>. </p><p>Within a national numbering plan, a complete destination telephone number is typically composed of an area code and a subscriber telephone number. </p><p>Many national numbering plans have developed from local historical requirements and progress or technological advancements, which resulted in a variety of structural characteristics of the telephone numbers assigned to telephones. In the United States, the industry decided in 1947 to unite all local telephone networks under one common numbering plan with a fixed length of ten digits for the national telephone number of each telephone, of which the last seven digits were known as the local <i>directory number</i>, or <i>subscriber number</i>. Such a numbering plan became known as a <b>closed numbering plan</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-notes1980_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notes1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several European countries, a different strategy prevailed, known as the <b>open numbering plan</b>, which features a variance in the length of the area code, the local number, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-myers1961_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers1961-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixoncard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nixoncard.jpg/220px-Nixoncard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nixoncard.jpg/330px-Nixoncard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Nixoncard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>United States telephone numbers often included letter prefixes and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange_names" title="Telephone exchange names">telephone exchange names</a>, which were more easily memorable for users than long digit sequences.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subscriber_number">Subscriber number</h3></div> <p>The subscriber number is the address assigned to a telephone line or wireless communication channel terminating at the customer equipment. The first few digits of the subscriber number may indicate smaller geographical scopes, such as towns or districts, based on municipal aspects, or individual <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a> (<i>central office code</i>), such as a wire centers. In mobile networks they may indicate the network provider. Callers in a given area sometimes do not need to include area prefixes when dialing within the same area, but devices that dial telephone numbers automatically may include the full number with area and access codes. </p><p>The subscriber number is typically listed in local telephone directories, and is therefore often referred to as the <i>directory number</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_code">Area code<span class="anchor" id="area_code"></span></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Area code" redirects here. For the songs, see <a href="/wiki/Area_Codes_(Ludacris_song)" title="Area Codes (Ludacris song)">Area Codes (Ludacris song)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Area_Codes_(Kali_song)" title="Area Codes (Kali song)">Area Codes (Kali song)</a>.</div> <p>Telephone administrations that manage telecommunication infrastructure of extended size, such as a large country, often divide the territory into geographic areas. This benefits independent management by administrative or historical subdivisions, such as states and provinces, of the territory or country. Each area of subdivision is identified in the numbering plan with a routing code. This concept was first developed in the planning for a <i>nationwide numbering plan</i> for <a href="/wiki/Operator_Toll_Dialing" title="Operator Toll Dialing">Operator Toll Dialing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_distance_dialing" title="Direct distance dialing">direct distance dialing</a> (DDD) in the Bell System in the United States in the 1940s, a system that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">North American Numbering Plan</a> for World Zone 1.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AT&T divided the United States and Canada into <a href="/wiki/Numbering_plan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbering plan area">numbering plan areas</a> (NPAs), and assigned to each NPA a unique three-digit prefix, the <i>numbering plan area code</i>, which became known in short-form as <i>NPA code</i> or simply <b>area code</b>. The area code is prefixed to each telephone number issued in its service area. </p><p>Other national telecommunication authorities use various formats and dialing rules for area codes. The size of area code prefixes may either be fixed or variable. Area codes in the NANP have three digits, while two digits are used in <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Brazil">Brazil</a>, one digit in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Variable-length formats exist in multiple countries including: <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Argentina" title="Telephone numbers in Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (1 to 4), <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Germany" title="Telephone numbers in Germany">Germany</a> (2 to 5 digits), <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (1 to 5), <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Mexico" title="Telephone numbers in Mexico">Mexico</a> (2 or 3 digits), <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Peru">Peru</a> (1 or 2), <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Syria">Syria</a> (1 or 2) and the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In addition to digit count, the format may be restricted to certain digit patterns. For example, the NANP had at times specific restrictions on the range of digits for the three positions, and required assignment to geographical areas avoiding nearby areas receiving similar area codes to avoid confusion and misdialing. </p><p>Some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Denmark" title="Telephone numbers in Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Uruguay" title="Telephone numbers in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, have merged variable-length area codes and telephone numbers into fixed-length numbers that must always be dialed independently of location. In such administrations, the area code is not distinguished formally in the telephone number. </p><p>In the UK, area codes were first known as <a href="/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_dialling" title="Subscriber trunk dialling">subscriber trunk dialling</a> (STD) codes. Depending on local dialing plans, they are often necessary only when dialed from outside the code area or from mobile phones. In North America ten-digit dialing is required in areas with <a href="/wiki/Overlay_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Overlay plan">overlay numbering plans</a>, in which multiple area codes are assigned to the same area. </p><p>The strict correlation of a telephone number to a geographical area has been broken by technical advances, such as <a href="/wiki/Local_number_portability" title="Local number portability">local number portability</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">North American Numbering Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice over IP</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When dialing a telephone number, the area code may have to be preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Trunk_prefix" title="Trunk prefix">trunk prefix</a> or national access code for domestic calls, and for international calls by the international access code and country code. </p><p>Area codes are often quoted by including the national access code. For example, a number in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> may be listed as <i>020 7946 0321</i>. Users must correctly interpret <i>020</i> as the code for London. If they call from another station within London, they may merely dial <i>7946 0321</i>, or if dialing from another country, the initial <i>0</i> should be omitted after the country code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_numbering_plan">International numbering plan</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/E.164" title="E.164">E.164</a> standard of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> is an international numbering plan and establishes a <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country calling codes">country calling code</a> (<i>country code</i>) for each member organization. Country codes are prefixes to national telephone numbers that denote call routing to the network of a subordinate number plan administration, typically a country, or group of countries with a uniform numbering plan, such as the NANP. E.164 permits a maximum length of 15 digits for the complete international phone number consisting of the country code, the national routing code (area code), and the subscriber number. E.164 does not define regional numbering plans, however, it does provide recommendations for new implementations and uniform representation of all telephone numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_code">Country code</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country calling codes">Country codes</a> are necessary only when dialing telephone numbers in other countries than the originating telephone, but many networks permit them for all calls. These are dialed before the national telephone number. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> specification <a href="/wiki/E.123" title="E.123">E.123</a>, international telephone numbers are commonly indicated in listings by prefixing the country code with a plus sign (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+</code>). This reminds the subscriber to dial the <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_call_prefixes" title="List of international call prefixes">international access code</a> of the country from which the call is placed. For example, the international dialing prefix or <i>access code</i> in all NANP countries is <i>011</i>, and <i>00</i> in most other countries. On modern mobile telephones and many <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice over IP</a> services, the plus sign can usually be dialed and functions directly as the international access code.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc6405_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc6405-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_SIP" title="Peer-to-peer SIP">Peer-to-peer SIP</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Delegation_Discovery_System" title="Dynamic Delegation Discovery System">Dynamic Delegation Discovery System</a> to perform endpoint discovery, and therefore <a href="/wiki/E.164" title="E.164">E.164</a> numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc6116_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc6116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_services">Special services</h3></div> <p>Within the system of country calling codes, the ITU has defined certain prefixes for special services, and assigns such codes for independent international networks, such as satellite systems, spanning beyond the scope of regional authorities. </p><p>Some special service codes are the following: </p> <ul><li>388 5 – shared code for groups of nations</li> <li>388 3 – <a href="/wiki/European_Telephony_Numbering_Space" title="European Telephony Numbering Space">European Telephony Numbering Space</a> – Europe-wide services (discontinued)</li> <li>800 – International Freephone (<a href="/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_number" title="Toll-free telephone number">UIFN</a>)</li> <li>808 – reserved for <a href="/wiki/Shared_Cost_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared Cost Service">Shared Cost Services</a></li> <li>878 – <a href="/wiki/Universal_Personal_Telecommunications" title="Universal Personal Telecommunications">Universal Personal Telecommunications</a> services</li> <li>881 – <a href="/wiki/Global_Mobile_Satellite_System" title="Global Mobile Satellite System">Global Mobile Satellite System</a></li> <li>882 and +883 – International Networks</li> <li>888 - international disaster relief operations</li> <li>979 – <a href="/wiki/International_Premium_Rate_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="International Premium Rate Service">International Premium Rate Service</a></li> <li>991 – International Telecommunications Public Correspondence Service trial (ITPCS)</li> <li>999 – reserved for future global service</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_telephone_systems">Satellite telephone systems</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phones</a> are typically issued with telephone numbers with a special country calling code, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a>: 870: SNAC (Single Network Access Code)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICO_Global_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="ICO Global Communications">ICO Global</a>: 881 0, 881 1</li> <li>Ellipso: 881 2, 881 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Satellite_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium Satellite LLC">Iridium</a>: 881 6, 881 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a>: 881 8, 881 9</li> <li>Emsat: 882 13</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuraya" title="Thuraya">Thuraya</a>: 882 16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACeS" title="ACeS">ACeS</a>: 882 20</li></ul> <p>Some satellite telephones are issued with telephone numbers from a national numbering plan; for example, <a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a> issues NANP telephone numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_numbering_plan"><span class="anchor" id="Private_numbering_plan"></span>Private numbering plan</h2></div> <p>Like a public telecommunications network, a private telephone network in an enterprise or within an organizational campus may implement a <i>private</i> numbering plan for the installed base of telephones for internal communication. Such networks operate a private switching system or a <a href="/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Private branch exchange">private branch exchange</a> (PBX) within the network. The internal numbers assigned are often called <i>extension numbers</i>, as the internal numbering plan extends an official, published main access number for the entire network. A caller from within the network only dials the extension number assigned to another internal destination telephone. </p><p>A private numbering plan provides the convenience of mapping station telephone numbers to other commonly used numbering schemes in an enterprise. For example, station numbers may be assigned as the room number of a hotel or hospital. Station numbers may also be strategically mapped to certain keywords composed from the letters on the telephone dial, such as 4357 (<i>help</i>) to reach a <a href="/wiki/Help_desk" title="Help desk">help desk</a>. </p><p>The internal number assignments may be independent of any <a href="/wiki/Direct_inward_dialing" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inward dialing">direct inward dialing</a> (DID) services provided by external telecommunication vendors. For numbers without DID access, the internal switch relays externally originated calls via an operator, an <a href="/wiki/Automated_attendant" title="Automated attendant">automated attendant</a> or an electronic <a href="/wiki/Interactive_voice_response" title="Interactive voice response">interactive voice response</a> system. Telephone numbers for users within such systems are often published by suffixing the official telephone number with the extension number, e.g., 1 800 555-0001 x2055. </p><p>Some systems may automatically map a large block of DID numbers (differing only in a trailing sequence of digits) to a corresponding block of individual internal stations, allowing each of them to be reached directly from the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a>. In some of these cases, a special shorter dial-in number can be used to reach an operator who can be asked for general information, e.g. help looking up or connecting to internal numbers. For example, individual extensions at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität des Saarlandes">Universität des Saarlandes</a> can be dialed directly from outside via their four-digit internal extension +49-681-302-xxxx, whereas the university's official main number is +49-681-302-0<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (49 is the country code for <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, 681 is the area code for <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, 302 the prefix for the university). </p><p>Callers within a private numbering plan often dial a trunk prefix to reach a national or international destination (<i>outside line</i>) or to access a <a href="/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased line</a> (or <i>tie-line</i>) to another location within the same enterprise. A large manufacturer with factories and offices in multiple cities may use a prefix (such as '8') followed by an internal routing code to indicate a city or location, then an individual four- or five-digit extension number at the destination site. A common trunk prefix for an outside line on North American systems is the digit 9, followed by the outside destination number. </p><p>Additional <a href="/wiki/Dial_plan" title="Dial plan">dial plan</a> customisations, such as single-digit access to a <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> front desk or <a href="/wiki/Room_service" title="Room service">room service</a> from an individual room, are available at the sole discretion of the PBX owner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbering_plan_indicator">Numbering plan indicator</h2></div> <p>Signaling in telecommunication networks is specific to the technology in use for each link. During signaling, it is common that additional information is passed between switching systems that is not represented in telephone numbers, which serve only as network addresses of endpoints. One such information element is the numbering plan indicator (NPI). It is a number defined in the ITU standard <a href="/wiki/Q.7xx" class="mw-redirect" title="Q.7xx">Q.713</a>, paragraph 3.4.2.3.3, indicating the numbering plan of the attached telephone number. NPIs can be found in <a href="/wiki/Signalling_Connection_Control_Part" title="Signalling Connection Control Part">Signalling Connection Control Part</a> (SCCP) and <a href="/wiki/Short_message_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service">short message service</a> (SMS) messages. As of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbering_plan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the following numbering plans and their respective numbering plan indicator values have been defined: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>NPI</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Standard </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>unknown</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>ISDN Telephony</td> <td><a href="/wiki/E.164" title="E.164">E.164</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>generic</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>data</td> <td><a href="/wiki/X.121" title="X.121">X.121</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a></td> <td>F69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>maritime mobile</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=E.210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.210 (page does not exist)">E.210</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.211&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.211 (page does not exist)">E.211</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>land mobile</td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Subscriber_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="International Mobile Subscriber Identity">E.212</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>ISDN/mobile</td> <td><a href="/wiki/E.214" title="E.214">E.214</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subscriber_dialing_procedures">Subscriber dialing procedures</h2></div> <p>While a telephone numbering plan specifies the digit sequence assigned to each telephone or wire line, establishing the network addresses needed for routing calls, numbering plan administrators may define certain dialing procedures for placing calls. This may include the dialing of additional prefixes necessary for administrative or technical reasons, or it may permit short code sequences for convenience or speed of service, such as in cases of emergency. The body of dialing procedures of a numbering plan administration is often called a <a href="/wiki/Dial_plan" title="Dial plan">dial plan</a>. </p><p>A dial plan establishes the expected sequence of digits dialed on subscriber premises equipment, such as telephones, in private branch exchange (PBX) systems, or in other telephone switches to effect access to the telephone networks for the routing of telephone calls, or to effect or activate specific service features by the local telephone company, such as 311 or 411 service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable-length_dialing">Variable-length dialing</h3></div> <p>Within the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), the administration defines standard and permissive dialing procedures, specifying the number of mandatory digits to be dialed for local calls within a single numbering plan area (NPA), as well as alternate, optional sequences, such as adding the prefix 1 before the telephone number. </p><p>Despite the closed numbering plan in the NANP, different dialing procedures exist in many of the territories for local and long-distance telephone calls. This means that to call another number within the same city or area, callers need to dial only a subset of the full telephone number. For example, in the NANP, only the seven-digit number may need to be dialed, but for calls outside the local numbering plan area, the full number including the area code is required. In these situations, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> Recommendation <a href="/wiki/E.123" title="E.123">E.123</a> suggests to list the area code in parentheses, signifying that in some cases the area code is optional or may not be required. </p><p>Internationally, an area code is typically prefixed by a domestic trunk access code (usually 0) when dialing from inside a country, but is not necessary when calling from other countries; there are exceptions, such as for <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Italy#Numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbers in Italy">Italian land lines</a>. </p><p>To call a number in Sydney, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, for example: </p> <ul><li>xxxx xxxx (within <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and other locations within <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> - no area code required)</li> <li>(02) xxxx xxxx (outside <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, but still within Australia - the area code is required)</li> <li>+61 2 xxxx xxxx (outside <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> <p>The plus character (+) in the markup signifies that the following digits are the country code, in this case 61. Some phones, especially mobile telephones, allow the + to be entered directly. For other devices the user must replace the + with the <a href="/wiki/International_access_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International access code">international access code</a> for their current location. In the United States, most carriers require the caller to dial 011 before the destination country code.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> requires the area code to be dialed when calling between two local calling areas. During the 1970s and 1980s, each local calling area had its own area code. For example, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> in the late 1980s: </p> <ul><li>(03) xxx xxx — to call Christchurch from Nelson.</li> <li>(054) xx xxx — to call Nelson from Christchurch.</li></ul> <p>During the early 1990s, the numbering plan was reorganised with the numerous area codes merged into just five, but the requirement to dial the area code between local calling areas remained. This means even though Christchurch and Nelson are now both in the same area code, the area code has to be dialed for calls between the two cities. </p> <ul><li>(03) 3xx xxxx — to call Christchurch from Nelson.</li> <li>(03) 54x xxxx — to call Nelson from Christchurch.</li></ul> <p>In many areas of the NANP, the domestic trunk code (long-distance access code) must also be dialed along with the area code for long-distance calls even within the same numbering plan area. For example, to call a number in <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Area_code_306" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 306">area code 306</a>: </p> <ul><li>306 xxx xxxx — within <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumsden,_Saskatchewan" title="Lumsden, Saskatchewan">Lumsden</a> and other local areas</li> <li>1 306 xxx xxxx — within Saskatchewan, but not within the Regina local calling area, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></li> <li>1 306 xxx xxxx — anywhere within the NANP outside Saskatchewan</li></ul> <p>In many parts of North America, especially in area code <a href="/wiki/Overlay_complex" title="Overlay complex">overlay complexes</a>, dialing the area code, or 1 and the area code, is required even for local calls. Dialing from mobile phones does not require the trunk code in the US, although it is still necessary for calling all long-distance numbers from a mobile phone in Canada. Many mobile handsets automatically add the area code of the set's telephone number for outbound calls, if not dialed by the user. </p><p>In some parts of the United States, especially northeastern states such as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> served by <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a>, the ten-digit number must be dialed. If the call is not local, the call fails unless the dialed number is preceded by digit 1. Thus: </p> <ul><li>610 xxx xxxx — local calls within the 610 area code and its overlay (484), as well as calls to or from the neighboring 215 area code and its overlay, 267. Area code is required; one of two completion options for mobile phones within the U.S.</li> <li>1 610 xxx xxxx — calls from numbers outside the 610/484 and 215/267 area codes; second of two completion options for mobile phones within the U.S.</li></ul> <p>In California and New York, because of the existence of both overlay area codes (where an area code must be dialed for every call) and non-overlay area codes (where an area code is dialed only for calls outside the subscriber's home area code), "permissive home area code dialing" of 1 + the area code within the same area code, even if no area code is required, has been permitted since the mid-2000s. For example, in the 559 area code (a non-overlay area code), calls may be dialed as seven digits (XXX-XXXX) or 1 559 + 7 digits. The manner in which a call is dialed does not affect the billing of the call. This "permissive home area code dialing" helps maintain uniformity and eliminates confusion given the different types of area code relief that has made California the nation's most "area code" intensive State. Unlike other states with overlay area codes (Texas, Maryland, Florida and Pennsylvania and others), the California Public Utilities Commission and the New York State Public Service Commission maintain two different dial plans: Landlines must dial 1 + area code whenever an Area Code is part of the dialed digits while cellphone users can omit the "1" and just dial 10 digits. </p><p>Many organizations have <a href="/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Private branch exchange">private branch exchange</a> systems which permit dialing the access digit(s) for an outside line (usually 9 or 8), a "1" and finally the local area code and <i>xxx xxxx</i> in areas without overlays. This aspect is unintentionally helpful for employees who reside in one area code and work in an area code with one, two, or three adjacent area codes. 1+ dialing to any area code by an employee can be done quickly, with all exceptions processed by the private branch exchange and passed onto the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-number_dialing">Full-number dialing</h3></div> <p>In small countries or areas, the full telephone number is used for all calls, even in the same area. This has traditionally been the case in small countries and territories where area codes have not been required. However, there has been a trend in many countries towards making all numbers a standard length, and incorporating the area code into the subscriber's number. This usually makes the use of a trunk code obsolete. For example, to call someone in Oslo in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> before 1992, it was necessary to dial: </p> <ul><li>xxx xxx (within Oslo - no area code required)</li> <li>(02) xxx xxx (within Norway - outside Oslo)</li> <li>47 2 xxx xxx (outside Norway)</li></ul> <p>After 1992, this changed to a closed eight-digit numbering plan, e.g.: </p> <ul><li>22xx xxxx (within Norway - including Oslo)</li> <li>47 22xx xxxx (outside Norway)</li></ul> <p>However, in other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and some parts of North America, the trunk code is retained for domestic calls, whether local or national, e.g., </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> 01 xx xx xx xx (outside France +33 1 xxxx xxxx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> 02 xxx xxxx (outside Belgium +32 2 xxx xxxx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> 022 xxx xxxx (outside Switzerland +41 22 xxx xxxx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> 021 xxx xxxx (outside South Africa +27 21 xxx xxxx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> 1 212 xxx xxxx (outside the North American Numbering Plan +1 212 xxx xxxx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> 092 xxx xxxx (outside the Japanese Numbering Plan +81 92 xxx xxxx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> "0-10 Digit Number" (outside India +91 XXXXXXXXXX). In India due to the availability of <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">multiple operators</a>, the metro cities have short codes which range from 2 to 8 digits.</li></ul> <p>While some, like <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, require the initial zero to be dialed, even for calls from outside the country, e.g., </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> 06 xxxxxxxx (outside Italy +39 06 xxxxxxxx)</li></ul> <p>While dialing of full national numbers takes longer than a local number without the area code, the increased use of phones that can store numbers means that this is of decreasing importance. It also makes it easier to display numbers in the international format, as no trunk code is required—hence a number in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic, can now be displayed as: </p> <ul><li>2xx xxx xxx (inside Czech Republic)</li> <li>+420 2xx xxx xxx (outside Czech Republic)</li></ul> <p>as opposed to before September 21, 2002:<sup id="cite_ref-CTO-renumbering2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTO-renumbering2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>02 / xx xx xx xx (inside Czech Republic)</li> <li>+420 2 / xx xx xx xx (outside Czech Republic)</li></ul> <p>Some countries already switched, but trunk prefix re-added with the closed dialing plan, for example in Bangkok, Thailand before 1997: </p> <ul><li>xxx-xxxx (inside Bangkok)</li> <li>02-xxx-xxxx (inside Thailand)</li> <li>+66 2-xxx-xxxx (outside Thailand)</li></ul> <p>This was changed in 1997: </p> <ul><li>2-xxx-xxxx (inside Thailand)</li> <li>+66 2-xxx-xxxx (outside Thailand)</li></ul> <p>Trunk prefix was re-added in 2001 </p> <ul><li>02-xxx-xxxx (inside Thailand)</li> <li>+66 2-xxx-xxxx (outside Thailand)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telephone_numbers_by_country" title="Category:Telephone numbers by country">Category:Telephone numbers by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conventions_for_writing_telephone_numbers" title="National conventions for writing telephone numbers">National conventions for writing telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country calling codes">List of country calling codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_Numbering_Plan_area_codes" title="List of North American Numbering Plan area codes">List of North American Numbering Plan area codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_access_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier access code">Carrier access code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange_names" title="Telephone exchange names">Telephone exchange names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_code_000" title="Area code 000">Area code 000</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNunn1952" class="citation journal cs1">Nunn, W.H. (1952). "Nationwide Numbering Plan". <i>Bell System Technical Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 851. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1952.tb01412.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01412.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Nationwide+Numbering+Plan&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=851&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1952.tb01412.x&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notes1980-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-notes1980_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"10-3.02: INTERNATIONAL DIRECT DISTANCE DIAUNG (IDDD)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/notn1980.pdf"><i>Notes on the Network</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. AT&T. 1980. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10-3.02%3A+INTERNATIONAL+DIRECT+DISTANCE+DIAUNG+%28IDDD%29&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Network&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=AT%26T&rft.date=1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofphonephreaking.org%2Fdocs%2Fnotn1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myers1961-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myers1961_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyersDahlbom1961" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, O.; Dahlbom, C. A. (1961-11-15). "Overseas Dialing: A Step Toward Worldwide Communication". <i>Telephone Engineer & Management</i>. <b>65</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">46–</span>49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telephone+Engineer+%26+Management&rft.atitle=Overseas+Dialing%3A+A+Step+Toward+Worldwide+Communication&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1961-11-15&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Dahlbom%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilliodRyan1945" class="citation journal cs1">Pilliod, J.J.; Ryan, H.L. (Summer 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_bell-telephone-magazine_summer-1945_24_2/page/n50/">"Operator Toll Dialing—A New Long Distance Method"</a>. <i>Bell Telephone Magazine</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+Telephone+Magazine&rft.atitle=Operator+Toll+Dialing%E2%80%94A+New+Long+Distance+Method&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Pilliod&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+H.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_bell-telephone-magazine_summer-1945_24_2%2Fpage%2Fn50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2009" class="citation news cs1">Saunders, Amy (2009-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323035022/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2009/05/16/0_AREA_CODES.ART_ART_05-16-09_A1_5JDSM84.html">"Cell-phone age turns the 614 into just numbers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch" title="The Columbus Dispatch">The Columbus Dispatch</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2009/05/16/0_AREA_CODES.ART_ART_05-16-09_A1_5JDSM84.html">the original</a> on 2010-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbus+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Cell-phone+age+turns+the+614+into+just+numbers&rft.date=2009-05-16&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Flive%2Fcontent%2Flocal_news%2Fstories%2F2009%2F05%2F16%2F0_AREA_CODES.ART_ART_05-16-09_A1_5JDSM84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc6405-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6405_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._UzelacY._Lee2011" class="citation cs1">A. Uzelac; Y. Lee, eds. (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6405"><i>Voice over IP (VoIP) SIP Peering Use Cases</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6405">10.17487/RFC6405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6405">6405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voice+over+IP+%28VoIP%29+SIP+Peering+Use+Cases&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6405&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc6116-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6116_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._BradnerL._ConroyK._Fujiwara2011" class="citation cs1">S. Bradner; L. Conroy; K. Fujiwara (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6116"><i>The E.164 to Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6116">10.17487/RFC6116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6116">6116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+E.164+to+Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29+Dynamic+Delegation+Discovery+System+%28DDDS%29+Application+%28ENUM%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6116&rft.au=S.+Bradner&rft.au=L.+Conroy&rft.au=K.+Fujiwara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3761">3761</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131120055921/http://www.uni-saarland.de/en/footer/dialogue/contact.html">"Contacting Saarland University"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saarland_University" title="Saarland University">Saarland University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-saarland.de/en/footer/dialogue/contact.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contacting+Saarland+University&rft.pub=Saarland+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-saarland.de%2Fen%2Ffooter%2Fdialogue%2Fcontact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/international-long-distance-calling-made-simple-tip-sheet">"International Calling Tip Sheet"</a>. <i>fcc.gov</i>. 19 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcc.gov&rft.atitle=International+Calling+Tip+Sheet&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fconsumers%2Fguides%2Finternational-long-distance-calling-made-simple-tip-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTO-renumbering2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTO-renumbering2002_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101053806/http://www.ctu.cz/1/download/cislovaci-plan-verejnych-telefonnich-siti_1114435245.pdf">"Číslovací plán veřejných telefonních sítí"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Telekomunikační Věstník</i> (in Czech). 9/2000. Czech Telecommunication Office. 2000-09-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctu.cz/1/download/cislovaci-plan-verejnych-telefonnich-siti_1114435245.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telekomunika%C4%8Dn%C3%AD+V%C4%9Bstn%C3%ADk&rft.atitle=%C4%8C%C3%ADslovac%C3%AD+pl%C3%A1n+ve%C5%99ejn%C3%BDch+telefonn%C3%ADch+s%C3%ADt%C3%AD&rft.volume=9%2F2000&rft.date=2000-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctu.cz%2F1%2Fdownload%2Fcislovaci-plan-verejnych-telefonnich-siti_1114435245.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone+numbering+plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-2016-PDF-E.pdf">List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164 assigned country codes as of 15 Dec 2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164C-2011-PDF-E.pdf">List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164 Dialling Procedures as of 15 DEC 2011</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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