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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Radio wave receiver</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radio_wave_receiver-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Radio wave receiver subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radio_wave_receiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Operating principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Demonstrations</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Radio Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Named after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_plaques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_plaques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Commemorative plaques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_plaques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numismatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numismatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Numismatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numismatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philately" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philately"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Philately</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philately-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleksandr Popov (physicist)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81" title="ألكساندر بوبوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكساندر بوبوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popov" title="Aleksandr Popov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Popov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%81" title="الکساندر استپانویچ پاپوف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر استپانویچ پاپوف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Аляксандр Сцяпанавіч Папоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Сцяпанавіч Папоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Александър Попов (физик) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Попов (физик)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Step%C3%A0novitx_Popov" title="Aleksandr Stepànovitx Popov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Stepànovitx Popov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Попов Александр Степанович – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Попов Александр Степанович" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_St%C4%9Bpanovi%C4%8D_Popov" title="Alexandr Stěpanovič Popov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Stěpanovič Popov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popov_(fysiker)" title="Aleksandr Popov (fysiker) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr Popov (fysiker)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanowitsch_Popow" title="Alexander Stepanowitsch Popow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Stepanowitsch Popow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popov" title="Aleksandr Popov – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandr Popov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%86" title="Αλέξανδρος Ποπόφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλέξανδρος Ποπόφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Step%C3%A1novich_Popov" title="Aleksandr Stepánovich Popov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandr Stepánovich Popov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Stepanovi%C4%89_Popov" title="Aleksander Stepanoviĉ Popov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksander Stepanoviĉ Popov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Stepanovitx_Popov" title="Aleksandr Stepanovitx Popov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleksandr Stepanovitx Popov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%81" title="الکساندر استپانویچ پوپوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر استپانویچ پوپوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Popov_(physicien)" title="Alexandre Popov (physicien) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Popov (physicien)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Aleksandr Stepanovich Popov – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aleksandr Stepanovich Popov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%8F%AC%ED%8F%AC%ED%94%84_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" title="알렉산드르 포포프 (물리학자) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 포포프 (물리학자)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ալեքսանդր Պոպով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Պոպով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Stepanovi%C4%8D_Popov" title="Aleksandr Stepanovič Popov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Stepanovič Popov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9F)" title="אלכסנדר פופוב (מדען) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר פופוב (מדען)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე პოპოვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე პოპოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александр Степанович Попов – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Степанович Попов" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stephanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stephanovich Popov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alexander Stephanovich Popov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov" title="Alexander Popov – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Popov" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Popovs_(fizi%C4%B7is)" title="Aleksandrs Popovs (fiziķis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Popovs (fiziķis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Popovas" title="Aleksandras Popovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras Popovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Александар Попов (физичар) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Попов (физичар)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Popov" title="Alexandre Popov – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexandre Popov" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="अलेक्झांडर पोपोव्ह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांडर पोपोव्ह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე პოპოვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდრე პოპოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81" title="الكساندر بوبوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكساندر بوبوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%87)" title="Александр Попов (физикч) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Попов (физикч)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popov_(natuurkundige)" title="Aleksandr Popov (natuurkundige) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksandr Popov (natuurkundige)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%9D%E3%83%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="アレクサンドル・ポポフ (物理学者) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・ポポフ (物理学者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popow_(1859%E2%80%931906)" title="Aleksandr Popow (1859–1906) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandr Popow (1859–1906)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popov_(fizician)" title="Aleksandr Popov (fizician) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aleksandr Popov (fizician)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Попов, Александр Степанович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Попов, Александр Степанович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Stepanovi%C3%A7_Popov" title="Aleksander Stepanoviç Popov – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aleksander Stepanoviç Popov" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Stepanovi%C4%8D_Popov" title="Alexandr Stepanovič Popov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandr Stepanovič Popov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александар Попов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Попов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Popov" title="Aleksandar Popov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar Popov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popov_(fyysikko)" title="Aleksandr Popov (fyysikko) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Popov (fyysikko)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Popov_(fysiker)" title="Aleksandr Popov (fysiker) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandr Popov (fysiker)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சாந்தர் பப்போவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாந்தர் பப்போவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александр Попов – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Попов" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Stepanovi%C3%A7_Popov" title="Aleksandr Stepanoviç Popov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandr Stepanoviç Popov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Попов Олександр Степанович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Попов Олександр Степанович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%AB" title="亚历山大·斯捷潘诺维奇·波波夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大·斯捷潘诺维奇·波波夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191799#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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Stepanovich Popov</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian physicist (1859–1906)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Stepanovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Popov" title="Popov">Popov</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexander Popov</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Александр Попов</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov.jpg/220px-Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov.jpg/330px-Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov.jpg/440px-Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-03-16</span>)</span>16 March 1859<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Krasnoturyinsk" title="Krasnoturyinsk">Turyinskiye Rudniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm_Governorate" title="Perm Governorate">Perm Governorate</a>, Russian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 January 1906<span style="display:none">(1906-01-13)</span> (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">St. Petersburg, Russian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Order of St. Anna III</a> (1895)</li> <li>Silver medal of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)">Order of Saint Stanislaus II</a> (1897)</li> <li>Prize of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Technical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russian Technical Society">Russian Technical Society</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Order of St. Anna II</a> (1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Popov_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alexander_Popov_signature.svg/150px-Alexander_Popov_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alexander_Popov_signature.svg/225px-Alexander_Popov_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alexander_Popov_signature.svg/300px-Alexander_Popov_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Stepanovich Popov</b> (sometimes spelled <b>Popoff</b>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Александр Степанович Попов</span>; March 16 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 4] 1859 – January 13 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> December 31, 1905] 1906) was a Russian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who was one of the first people to invent a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiving</a> device.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popov's work as a teacher at a Russian naval school led him to explore high-frequency electrical phenomena. On 7 May 1895, he presented a paper on a wireless <a href="/wiki/Lightning_detector" title="Lightning detector">lightning detector</a> he had built that worked via using a <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a> to detect radio noise from lightning strikes. This day is celebrated today in Russia as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Day" title="Radio Day">Radio Day</a>. In a 24 March 1896 demonstration, he transmitted radio signals 250 meters between different campus buildings in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. His work was based on that of another physicist, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, and contemporaneous with the work of <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Krasnoturinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoturinsk">Krasnoturinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> as the son of a priest, he became interested in <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> when he was a child. His father wanted Alexander to join the priesthood and sent him to the Seminary School at <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he developed an interest in science and mathematics and instead of going on to Theology School in 1877 he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg University</a>, where he studied physics.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduation with honors in 1882, he stayed on as a laboratory assistant at the university. However, the salary at the university was inadequate to support his family, and in 1883 he took a post as teacher and head of laboratory at the Russian Navy's Torpedo School in <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronstadt, Russia">Kronstadt</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_Island" title="Kotlin Island">Kotlin Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_wave_receiver"><span class="anchor" id="Popov's_receiver"></span>Radio wave receiver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radio wave receiver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popovs_first_receiver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Popovs_first_receiver.png/220px-Popovs_first_receiver.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Popovs_first_receiver.png 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Popov's radio wave based lightning detector</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with his teaching duties at the naval school, Popov pursued related areas of research. Trying to solve a problem with the failure in the electrical wire insulation on steel ships (which turned out to be a problem with <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resonance" title="Electrical resonance">electrical resonance</a>) led him to further explore <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillations</a> of high-requency electrical currents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interest in this area of study (including the new field of "Hertzian" or <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>) was intensified by his trip in 1893 to the Chicago <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where he was able to confer with other researchers in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popov also read an 1894 article about British physicist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>'s experiments related to the discovery of radio waves by German physicist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> 6 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 June 1894, after the death of Hertz, British physicist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a> gave a memorial lecture on Hertz experiments. He set up a demonstration on the quasi optical nature of Hertzian waves (radio waves) and demonstrated their transmission at distances up to 50 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-p3032_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p3032-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lodge used a detector called a <i><a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a></i>, a glass tube containing metal filings between two electrodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When received waves from an antenna were applied to the electrodes, the coherer became conductive allowing the current from a battery to pass through it, with the impulse being picked up by a <a href="/wiki/Mirror_galvanometer" title="Mirror galvanometer">mirror galvanometer</a>. After receiving a signal, the metal filings in the coherer had to be reset by a manually operated vibrator or by the vibrations of a bell placed on the table nearby that rang every time a transmission was received.<sup id="cite_ref-p3032_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p3032-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popov set to work to design a more sensitive radio wave receiver that could be used as a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_detector" title="Lightning detector">lightning detector</a>, to warn of thunderstorms by detecting the electromagnetic pulses of lightning strikes<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a coherer receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_principle">Operating principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operating principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popov_receiver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Popov_receiver.png/220px-Popov_receiver.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Popov_receiver.png/330px-Popov_receiver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Popov_receiver.png/440px-Popov_receiver.png 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption>Circuit of Popov's lightning detector</figcaption></figure> <p>In Popov's lightning detector the coherer (<i>C</i>) was connected to an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> (<i>A</i>), and to a separate circuit with a <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> (<i>R</i>) and battery (<i>V</i>) which operated an <a href="/wiki/Electric_bell" title="Electric bell">electric bell</a> (<i>B</i>). The radio noise generated by a lightning strike turned on the coherer, the current from the battery was applied to the relay, closing its contacts, which applied current to the electromagnet (<i>E</i>) of the bell, pulling the arm over to ring the bell. Popov added an innovative automatic reset feature of a "self tapping" coherer where the bell arm would spring back and tap the coherer, restoring it to its receptive state.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two <a href="/wiki/Choke_(electronics)" title="Choke (electronics)">chokes</a> (<i>L</i>) in the coherer's leads prevented the radio signal across the coherer from short circuiting by passing through the DC circuit. He connected his receiver to a wire antenna (<i>A</i>) suspended high in the air and to a ground (earth) (<i>G</i>). The antenna idea may have been based on a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> and was an early use of a <a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">monopole</a> wire aerial.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrations">Demonstrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demonstrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 May 1895 Popov presented the paper "<i>On the Relation of Metallic Powders to Electric Oscillations</i>", which described his lightning detector, to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Eastern sources regard Popov's lightning detector as the first radio receiver,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 7 May has been celebrated since 1945 in the Russian Federation as "<a href="/wiki/Radio_Day" title="Radio Day">Radio Day</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no evidence Popov sent any type of message on that occasion. The first account of <i>communication</i> by Popov was a demonstration on 24 March 1896 at the Physical and Chemical Society, when some accounts say the Morse code message "ГЕНРИХ ГЕРЦ" ("HEINRICH HERTZ" in Russian) was received from a transmitter 250 meters away and transcribed on the blackboard by the Society president.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Charles Susskind in 1962 concluded that Popov did not use radio waves for actual wireless communication before mid-1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1895 Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> began work on a purpose-built wireless telegraphy system based on "Hertzian" (radio) waves, developing a spark-gap transmitter and a much improved automatically reset coherer receiver. By mid-1895 Marconi had transmitted messages 1/2 mile (800 meters). He then came up with the idea grounding his transmitter as well as his receiver, and by mid-1896 he was transmitting radio messages a mile and a half (2400 meters).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popov and Marconi's early work seems to have been done without knowledge of each other's system, although reading Marconi's June 1896 patent disclosures led Popov to develop a long-range wireless telegraphy system.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popov1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Popov1.jpg/330px-Popov1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Popov1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>One of Popov's receivers, with chart recorder <i>(white cylinder)</i> to record lightning strikes</figcaption></figure> <p>His paper on his experiments: "On the relation of metallic powders to electrical oscillations", was published 15 December 1895. He did not apply for a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1895 he installed his receiver and a siphon recorder on the roof of the Institute of Forestry building in St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was able to detect thunderstorms at a range of 50 km,<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however he was also aware of its communication potential. His paper, read at the 7 May 1895 meeting, concluded:<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>I can express my hope that my apparatus will be applied for signaling at great distances by electric vibrations of high frequency, as soon as there will be invented a more powerful generator of such vibrations.</i></p></blockquote> <p>In 1896, the article depicting Popov's invention was reprinted in the 'Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society'. In March 1896, he effected transmission of radio waves between different campus buildings in St. Petersburg. In November 1897, the French <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ducretet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Ducretet">Eugène Ducretet</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> in his own laboratory. According to Ducretet, he built his <a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">devices</a> using Popov's lightning detector as a model. By 1898 Ducretet was manufacturing equipment of <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> telegraphy based on Popov's instructions. At the same time Popov effected ship-to-shore communication over a distance of 6 miles in 1898 and 30 miles in 1899. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_work">Later work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900 a radio station was established under Popov's instructions on <a href="/wiki/Gogland" title="Gogland">Hogland</a> island (Suursaari) to provide two-way communication by wireless telegraphy between the Russian naval base and the crew of the battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_coast_defense_ship_General-Admiral_Apraksin" title="Russian coast defense ship General-Admiral Apraksin"><i>General-Admiral Apraksin</i></a>. The battleship had run aground on Hogland island in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> in November 1899. The crew of the <i>Apraksin</i> were not in immediate danger, but the water in the Gulf began to freeze. Due to bad weather and bureaucratic red tape, the crew of <i>Apraksin</i> did not arrive until January 1900 to establish a wireless station on Hogland Island. By 5 February, however, messages were being received reliably. The wireless messages were relayed to Hogland Island by a station some 25 miles away at <a href="/wiki/Kymi,_Finland" title="Kymi, Finland">Kymi</a> (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Finnish</a> coast. Kotka was selected as the location for the wireless relay station because it was the point closest to Hogland Island served by telegraph wires connected to Russian <a href="/wiki/Russian_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Admiralty">naval headquarters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time the <i>Apraksin</i> was freed from the rocks by the <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Yermak" class="mw-redirect" title="Icebreaker Yermak">icebreaker <i>Yermak</i></a> at the end of April, 440 official telegraph messages had been handled by the Hogland Island wireless station. Besides the rescue of the Apraksin's crew, more than 50 Finnish fishermen, who were stranded on a piece of <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">drift ice</a> in the Gulf of Finland, were saved by the icebreaker <i>Yermak</i> following distress telegrams sent by wireless telegraphy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1901 Alexander Popov was appointed as professor at the Electrotechnical Institute. In 1905 he was elected director of the institute.<sup id="cite_ref-leti_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1905 he became seriously ill and died of a <a href="/wiki/Brain_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain hemorrhage">brain hemorrhage</a> on 13 January 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakes2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_Day">Radio Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Radio Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945 on the 50th anniversary of Popov's experiment the old <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> made 7 May a new holiday, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Day" title="Radio Day">Radio Day</a>, the day they claim Popov invented radio. Historians note this holiday may be more due to <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era politics than historical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio Day is still officially marked in Russia and Bulgaria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_after">Named after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Named after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/3074_Popov" title="3074 Popov">3074 Popov</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Zhuravlyova" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyudmila Zhuravlyova">Lyudmila Zhuravlyova</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crater <a href="/wiki/Popov_(crater)" title="Popov (crater)">Popov</a> on the back side of the Moon.</li> <li>A huge conference room "Alexander Stepanovich Popov" at the <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a>'s headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was inaugurated at the <a href="/wiki/ITU_Telecom_World" title="ITU Telecom World">ITU Telecom World</a> 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Shchyogolev" title="Igor Shchyogolev">Igor Shchyogolev</a>, Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Hamadoun_Tour%C3%A9" title="Hamadoun Touré">Hamadoun Touré</a>, Secretary General of the ITU.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Museum of Radiophysics</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>, Popov Square on Pushkin Street.</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Radio Frequency Center of the Southern Federal District, main entrance, 50 Budennovsky Ave., the opening took place on 7 May 2009, on <a href="/wiki/Radio_Day" title="Radio Day">Radio Day</a></li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoturinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoturinsk">Krasnoturinsk</a></li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof</a>, Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after A.S. Popov, main entrance</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof</a>, Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after A.S. Popov, entrance from the Scout boulevard</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, sculptors: V. Ya. Bogolyubov and V.V. Isaev, architect: N.V. Baranov – (1959; Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, in the square between houses 39 and 41), at the station <a href="/wiki/Petrogradskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Petrogradskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Petrogradskaya</a></li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Alley of Scientists, <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Hills" title="Sparrow Hills">Sparrow Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> n.a. M.V. Lomonosov</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, at the main entrance to the Ryazan State Radio Engineering University</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, square at the memorial museum of the inventor of radio A. S. Popov<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, architects: D. Lapshin, E. Koltsova; artist I. Dymshakov; sculptor A. Matveev</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, st. Stoletova</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> Electrotechnical Institute of Communications named after A.S. Popov (now Odessa National Academy of # Communications named after A.S. Popov)</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatovo" title="Dalmatovo">Dalmatovo</a> in the territory of school No. 2, named after the inventor.</li> <li>Monument to A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, the territory of “Radio Plant named after A. S. Popov", a bust.</li> <li>The obelisk, a memorial stone and a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> in honor of the implementation in 1900 by inventor A.S. Popov of the first practical radio communication session, <a href="/wiki/Hogland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogland">Hogland</a></li> <li>Memorial stone in honor of the invention of the radio in 1895 by A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Kronshtadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronshtadt">Kronshtadt</a>, Toulonskaya Alley, Yachtennaya Square</li> <li>Sign 100 years of radio (1997), <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li></ol> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Popov at the entrance to Ryazan State Radio Engineering University"><img alt="Bust of Popov at the entrance to Ryazan State Radio Engineering University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_.jpg/150px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_.jpg/225px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_.jpg/300px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5899" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of Popov at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a> State Radio Engineering University</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Popov_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to A.S.Popov in Krasnoturinsk"><img alt="Monument to A.S.Popov in Krasnoturinsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Popov_Monument.jpg/111px-Popov_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Popov_Monument.jpg/166px-Popov_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Popov_Monument.jpg/222px-Popov_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to A.S.Popov in <a href="/wiki/Krasnoturinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoturinsk">Krasnoturinsk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_100_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="100 years sign of radio in Sevastopol"><img alt="100 years sign of radio in Sevastopol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_100_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.JPG/109px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_100_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.JPG" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_100_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.JPG/163px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_100_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_100_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.JPG/218px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_100_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">100 years sign of radio in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A._S._Popov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to Popov in Yekaterinburg city"><img alt="Monument to Popov in Yekaterinburg city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/A._S._Popov.jpg/113px-A._S._Popov.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/A._S._Popov.jpg/169px-A._S._Popov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/A._S._Popov.jpg/226px-A._S._Popov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="3403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to Popov in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> city</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_USSR_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1955 postage stamp"><img alt="1955 postage stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stamp_of_USSR_1845.jpg/112px-Stamp_of_USSR_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stamp_of_USSR_1845.jpg/167px-Stamp_of_USSR_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stamp_of_USSR_1845.jpg/223px-Stamp_of_USSR_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1955 postage stamp</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative_plaques">Commemorative plaques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commemorative plaques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>In <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, Sovetskaya St., at the house 43 a memorial plaque states: “Here, in the naval assembly, in 1886–1898 the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov gave public lectures", 1995. Sculptor Sidorenko V. G. Marble, bronze.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, Makarovskaya St., there is a memorial plaque on the house states: “Here, in the former marine technical school, in 1890–1901, radio inventor A. S. Popov worked as a teacher", 1995. Sculptor Sidorenko V. G. Marble, bronze.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, Makarovskaya St., there is a memorial plaque on the house: “Here, in the former mine officer class, the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov worked. 1883–1901”, 1945. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, 1 Makarovskaya St., a <a href="/wiki/Gazebo" title="Gazebo">gazebo</a> in the courtyard, memorial plaque: “Here, in April–May 1895, the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov tested the world's first radio receiver”, 1945. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, Uritsky St., on the house 35 a plaque: “I, the great Russian scientist, inventor of radio Alexander Stepanovich Popov, lived here in 1895–1901.", 1945. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, Ammerman St., on the house 31 a plaque: “The great Russian scientist, inventor of radio Alexander Stepanovich Popovlived here from 1886 to 1898", 1974. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Admiralteysky passage, 2. In the building of the Higher Naval Engineering School. F. E. Dzerzhinsky memorial plaque states: “The great Russian scientist, radio inventor A. S. Popov taught at the Marine Engineering School from 1890 to 1900.” Until 1977. Marble, bronze.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Makarova Embankment (formerly Tuchkova Embankment) at building 22, in which A.S. Popov lived in 1901–1902, a memorial plaque was installed. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Professor Popov Str., On the house 3 there is a plaque: "Inventor of the radio A. S. Popov lived, worked and died on December 31, 1905", 1925 – originally installed, 1945 – renewed. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Professor Popov St., 5/3. Electrotechnical University, memorial plaque: “In this room in 1903–1905 Alexander Stepanovich Popov was a lecturer”, 1959. Arch. Ivanov A.I., Gellerstein R.I. Marble</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Professor Popov St., 5/3. University of Electrical Engineering, memorial plaque: “Office of the inventor of radio, Professor A. S. Popov. 1901–1905.", 1948. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Professor Popov St., 5/3. Electrotechnical University, memorial plaque: “In 1905 Radio inventor Professor Alexander Stepanovich Popov was the first elected director of this institute” 1947. Arch. Smirnov N.I. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island"> V.I.</a>, Szedovskaya line, on house 31/22, a plaque: “In this house in 1901–1902 lived the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov", 1947. Smirnov N. I. Marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Pochtamtskaya St., 7. Central Museum of Communications named. A. S. Popov, lobby, memorial plaque: “In 1945 the Central Museum of Communications was named after A. S. Popov”, marble.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island"> V.I.</a>, in the courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a> on the building of the Russian Physics-chemical Society, Universitetskaya emb., memorial plaque: “Here on March 24 (12), 1896 A.S. Popov received the very first radiogram using the device he invented", 1961. Marble.</li> <li>With the support of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> from 5 to 9 October 2009, the World Exhibition “Telecommunication World 2009” was held (ITU Telecom World 2009). Among the events was the opening of a plaque to A. S. Popov at the world communications management center.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Museum of Radio named after A. S. Popova, <a href="/wiki/Ekaterinburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekaterinburg">Ekaterinburg</a></li> <li>House-Museum of Alexander Stepanovich Popov, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoturinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoturinsk">Krasnoturinsk</a></li> <li>Memorial Museum of Radio Inventor A.S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a></li> <li>Museum-cabinet and museum-apartment of A. S. Popov, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Electrotechnical_University" title="Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University">LETI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li>The postal and telecommunications museum in Saint Petersburg, the leading museum in its field in the Russian Federation, has since 1945 bore the name <a href="/wiki/A.S._Popov_Central_Museum_of_Communications" title="A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications">A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House-museum_of_A.S.Popov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House-Museum of Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Krasnoturinsk in Popov street"><img alt="House-Museum of Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Krasnoturinsk in Popov street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/House-museum_of_A.S.Popov.jpg/200px-House-museum_of_A.S.Popov.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/House-museum_of_A.S.Popov.jpg/300px-House-museum_of_A.S.Popov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/House-museum_of_A.S.Popov.jpg/400px-House-museum_of_A.S.Popov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="1507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>House-Museum of Alexander Stepanovich Popov, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoturinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoturinsk">Krasnoturinsk</a> in Popov street</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Communication_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications in Saint Petersburg"><img alt="A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications in Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Communication_museum.JPG/200px-Communication_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Communication_museum.JPG/300px-Communication_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Communication_museum.JPG/400px-Communication_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications in Saint Petersburg</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_CPA_6117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1989_CPA_6117.jpg/250px-1989_CPA_6117.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1989_CPA_6117.jpg/375px-1989_CPA_6117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1989_CPA_6117.jpg/500px-1989_CPA_6117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Radio pioneer Alexander Popov on the 1989 USSR stamp. The text says "Inventor of radio, A. S. Popov, 1859–1906. Demonstration of the first radio, 1895"</figcaption></figure> <p>Books about A. S. Popov: </p><p>Golovin G.I. ("The life of wonderful people" Series, No. 141): Alexander Stepanovich Popov – 1945, 88 pp., 50 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Films about A. S. Popov: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(film)" title="Alexander Popov (film)">Alexander Popov (film)</a> is a 1949 <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical film</a> about the life and work of Alexander Stepanovich Popov. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16 March is the birthday of A. S. Popov 7 May – Radio Day </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numismatics">Numismatics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Numismatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, the USSR State Bank issued a jubilee coin with a face value of 1 ruble dedicated to A.S. Popov.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philately">Philately</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Philately"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many stamps have been issued depict A.S.Popov bearing the honor of him inventing radio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of his descendants escaped to Manchuria during the Bolshevik Revolution and eventually made their way to the United States. Among others were his cousin, Dr. Paul Popov, who became a prominent physician in San Francisco and Paul's son, <a href="/wiki/Egor_Popov" title="Egor Popov">Egor Popov</a> (1913–2001), who became a UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_Exhibition_1896" title="All-Russia Exhibition 1896">All-Russia Exhibition 1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">Invention of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Day" title="Radio Day">Radio Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Rose2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith-Rose, Reginald Leslie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/470141/Aleksandr-Popov">"Alexandr Popov"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexandr+Popov&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Smith-Rose&rft.aufirst=Reginald+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F470141%2FAleksandr-Popov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2007" class="citation web cs1">McKenna, Joe (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110100851/http://www.todaysengineer.org/2005/Dec/history.asp">"Aleksandr Popov's Contributions to Wireless Communication"</a>. <i>IEEE Engineering Hall of Fame</i>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todaysengineer.org/2005/Dec/history.asp">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Engineering+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Aleksandr+Popov%27s+Contributions+to+Wireless+Communication&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todaysengineer.org%2F2005%2FDec%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110180037/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/tech_journals/aleksandr_popov.pdf">"Did Alexandr Popov invent radio?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NSA Technical Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1). US: National Security Agency: 35–41. January 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/tech_journals/aleksandr_popov.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NSA+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Did+Alexandr+Popov+invent+radio%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=1960-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fpublic_info%2F_files%2Ftech_journals%2Faleksandr_popov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span> declassified 8 January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huurdeman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuurdeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C&pg=PA206"><i>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 205–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471205052" title="Special:BookSources/0471205052"><bdi>0471205052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications&rft.pages=205-207&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0471205052&rft.aulast=Huurdeman&rft.aufirst=Anton+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnjGRDVIUL4C%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span> A picture of Popov's receiver appears on p. 207, fig. 12.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Radovsky, <i>Alexander Popov Inventor of Radio</i>, The Minerva Group, Inc. 2001, pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_H._Sterling_2003_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2003" class="citation cs2">Sterling, Christopher H. (2 December 2003), <i>Encyclopedia of Radio</i>, Routledge, p. 1820, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582494" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582494"><bdi>978-1579582494</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Radio&rft.pages=1820&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-12-02&rft.isbn=978-1579582494&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p3032-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p3032_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3032_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, <i>Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion</i>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 2001, pp. 30–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, <i>Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion</i>, MIT Press, 2001, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Electronics World</i>, Volume 64, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company – 1960, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, <i>Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion</i>, MIT Press – 2001, p. 202 (notes)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Aleksandr_Popov">"Aleksandr Popov"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Aleksandr+Popov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FAleksandr_Popov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leti-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leti_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etu.ru/en/university/our-history/eminent-scientists/">"Eminent scientists of Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University ETU "LETI"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eminent+scientists+of+Saint-Petersburg+Electrotechnical+University+ETU+%22LETI%22&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft.pub=Saint-Petersburg+Electrotechnical+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetu.ru%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Four-history%2Feminent-scientists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakes2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakes2014_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakes2014" class="citation book cs1">Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YDrMFug17cC&pg=PA253"><i>A to Z of STS Scientists</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438109251" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438109251"><bdi>978-1438109251</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+STS+Scientists&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1438109251&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1YDrMFug17cC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=3074+Popov+1979+YE9"><i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i>, 2003, vol. 1, p. 253</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hackaday.com/2017/01/09/did-a-russian-physicist-invent-radio/"><i>Dan Maloney</i>. Did A Russian Physicist Invent Radio?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/philatelic_products/philatelic_product/78630-150th_birthday_of_Popov_AS-Personalitys-Russia">"150th birthday of Popov A.S."</a> colnect.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=150th+birthday+of+Popov+A.S.&rft.pub=colnect.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fphilatelic_products%2Fphilatelic_product%2F78630-150th_birthday_of_Popov_AS-Personalitys-Russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The opening of the memorial plaque to A. S. Popov in Geneva // "Radio" magazine</i>. 2009. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+opening+of+the+memorial+plaque+to+A.+S.+Popov+in+Geneva+%2F%2F+%22Radio%22+magazine.&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523044747/http://www.rustelecom-museum.ru/main/?langID=58">"About museum"</a>. <i>About</i>. Saint Petersburg, Russia: The A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rustelecom-museum.ru/main/?langID=58">the original</a> on 23 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About&rft.atitle=About+museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rustelecom-museum.ru%2Fmain%2F%3FlangID%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/122-1_Ruble_Alexander_Popov-1965~1991_-_USSR_Commemorative-Soviet_Union_USSR">"1 Ruble (Alexander Popov)"</a>. colnect.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Ruble+%28Alexander+Popov%29&rft.pub=colnect.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fcoins%2Fcoin%2F122-1_Ruble_Alexander_Popov-1965~1991_-_USSR_Commemorative-Soviet_Union_USSR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksandr+Popov+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://peer.berkeley.edu/news/2001spring/popov.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121115842/http://peer.berkeley.edu/news/2001spring/popov.html">Archived</a> 21 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Engineering Pioneer Egor Popov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.eeri.org/cds_publications/oral_histories/0-943198-12-7_Popov.pdf">[2]</a> Connections: The EERI Oral History Series. Egor Popov</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Alexander Popov: Russia's Radio Pioneer</i> by James P. Rybak</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/POPOV_BIO.html">Short biographies of Popov</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer-museum.ru/connect/popovpr.htm">Lightning detector and radiostations of Popov's design: history of manufacturing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="extiw" title="commons:Alexander Stepanovich Popov"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008132916/http://litmostki.ru/popov/">Grave of A. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding 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telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the 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href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191799#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110481096">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27920111">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/85443/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/437411/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBw47vR8dt8jdQT4PWjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121156672">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82005697">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941895n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941895n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span 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