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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English poet, translator and Calvinist religious figure</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1560_Locke_Meditations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1560_Locke_Meditations.jpg/300px-1560_Locke_Meditations.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1560_Locke_Meditations.jpg/450px-1560_Locke_Meditations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1560_Locke_Meditations.jpg/600px-1560_Locke_Meditations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Several of the sonnets from Locke's <i>A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner</i> in a 1560 edition that does not attribute the sequence to her</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anne Locke</b> (Lock, Lok) (c.1533 – after 1590) was an English poet, translator and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinist</a> religious figure. She has been called the first English author to publish a <a href="/wiki/Sonnet_sequence" title="Sonnet sequence">sonnet sequence</a>, <i>A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner</i> (1560), although authorship of that work has arguably been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton" title="Thomas Norton">Thomas Norton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anne was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vaughan_(merchant)" title="Stephen Vaughan (merchant)">Stephen Vaughan</a>, a merchant, royal envoy, and prominent early supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Her mother was Margaret (or Margery) Gwynnethe (or Guinet), sister of <a href="/wiki/John_Gwynneth" title="John Gwynneth">John Gwynneth</a>, rector of <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a> (1537–1558) and of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Westcheap" title="St Peter, Westcheap">St Peter, Westcheap</a> in the City of London (1543–1556). Stephen and Margaret's marriage followed the death of her first husband, Edward Awparte, <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Girdlers" title="Worshipful Company of Girdlers">citizen and Girdler</a>, in 1532, by whom she had five children.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anne was the eldest surviving child of her second marriage, and had two siblings, Jane and Stephen (b. 4 October 1537). Vaughan obtained a position for his wife as <a href="/wiki/Silkwoman" title="Silkwoman">silkwoman</a> to both <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following her death in 1544,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anne's father took great efforts to find a tutor for the children, selecting a Mr. Cob, who was proficient in Latin, Greek, and French, as well as a dedicated Protestant. Stephen Vaughan remarried in April 1546, to Margery Brinklow, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brinklow" title="Henry Brinklow">Henry Brinklow</a>, mercer and <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemicist</a>, a long-time acquaintance of the Vaughan family.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaughan died on 25 December 1549, leaving most of his property to his widow and son, with the rents of one house in Cheapside going to his daughters. John Gwynneth was his <a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In c.1549 Anne married Henry Locke (Lok), a younger son of the mercer <a href="/wiki/William_Lok" title="William Lok">Sir William Lok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1550, Sir William died, leaving a substantial inheritance to Henry, which included several houses, shops, a farm, and freehold lands. In 1553 the notable Scottish reformer and preacher <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> lived for a period in the Lok household during which time he and Locke seem to have developed a strong relationship, attested to by their correspondence over the following years. Following the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary Tudor</a>, and the accompanying pressure on English nonconformists which saw <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a> executed in 1555, Knox encouraged Lock to leave London and join the exiled Protestant community in Geneva. Knox seems to have been worried both for her physical safety and her spiritual health if she remained in London. Henry Lok seems to have been resistant to the idea of entering into exile, as Knox argues that Anne should "call first for grace by Jesus to follow that whilk is acceptabill in his sight, and thairefter communicat" with her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1557, Anne managed to leave London. She is recorded to have arrived in Geneva on 8 May 1557, accompanied by her daughter, son, and maid Katherine. Within four days of their arrival, her infant daughter had died.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no contemporary record of this period, however it is believed that Locke spent her 18 months exile translating <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s sermons on Hezekiah from French into English. Henry Locke remained in London whilst Anne was in Geneva. </p><p>In 1559, after the accession of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, Anne and her surviving son, the young <a href="/wiki/Henry_Locke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Locke">Henry Locke</a>, who would become known as a poet, returned to England and to her husband. The following year, Locke's first work was published. This consisted of a dedicatory epistle to Katherine Willoughby Brandon Bertie (the dowager Duchess of Suffolk), a translation of John Calvin's sermons on Isaiah 38, and a twenty-one sonnet paraphrase on <a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Psalm 51</a>, prefaced by five introductory sonnets. The volume was printed by <a href="/wiki/John_Day_(printer)" title="John Day (printer)">John Day</a>, and entered into the Stationers' Register on 15 January 1560. The volume seems to have been popular as it was reprinted in 1569 and 1574 by John Day, although no copies remain of these two editions. </p><p>Knox and Anne continued to correspond. On 7 February 1559 Lock wrote to Knox asking for his advice on the sacraments administered by the second <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, and the seemliness of attending baptisms. He strongly encouraged her to avoid services where ceremonies might outweigh worship, but recognised her personal spiritual wisdom, saying 'God grant yow his Holie Spirit rightlie to judge'<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knox sent Anne reports from Scotland of his reforming endeavours, and asked her repeatedly to help him find support among London merchants. During this period, Anne gave birth to at least two children, Anne (baptised 23 October 1561）and Michael (baptised 11 October 1562). Henry Locke died in 1571, leaving all his worldly goods to his wife. In 1572 Anne married the young preacher and gifted Greek scholar, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dering_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Dering (clergyman)">Edward Dering</a>, who died in 1576. Her third husband was Richard Prowse of Exeter. In 1590 she published a translation of a work of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Taffin" title="Jean Taffin">Jean Taffin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars disagree whether or not Anne Locke wrote the first <a href="/wiki/Sonnet_sequence" title="Sonnet sequence">sonnet sequence</a> in English, <i>A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner</i>; it comprises 26 sonnets based on Psalm 51. Locke's other works include a short, four-line Latin poem that appears in a 1572 manuscript of Doctor Bartholo Sylva's <i>Giardino cosmographico coltivato</i> alongside many other dedicatory poems. The manuscript was compiled for presentation to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley</a> by Locke, her second husband Edward Dering, and the five Cooke sisters, all staunch supporters of the Protestant cause.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locke's piece puns on Sylva's name to testify to his prose, the experience of which is as delightful as a walk through a forest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last known work by Locke is a 1590 translation of <i>Of the Markes of the Children of God</i>, a treatise written by the Belgian minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Taffin" title="Jean Taffin">Jean Taffin</a> about the history of Protestantism in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Like her 1560 translation of John Calvin's sermons, this volume ends with an original poem, though only a single short one titled <i>The necessitie and benfite of affliction</i>. It also contains a dedicatory epistle to the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Russell,_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Anne Russell, Countess of Warwick">Duchess of Warwick</a>, who shared Locke's reformist religious sensibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two printed contemporary references to Locke's poetry and translations evince diverse reactions to religious material produced by a woman. In 1583, <a href="/wiki/John_Field_(Puritan)" title="John Field (Puritan)">John Field</a> printed an edition of Locke's manuscript of a sermon by John Knox, entitled <i>A Notable and Comfortable Exposition upon the Fourth of Matthew</i>. Field's dedication to the volume praises Locke for her willingness to endure exile for religious reform, as well as for her access to the works, in manuscript, of prominent preachers like Knox. The printer urges her to grant him access to more such manuscripts. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Richard Carew</a>, in the 1602 <i>Survey of Cornwall</i>, specifically praises Locke's intellectual prowess in tandem with her modesty, asserting that her virtuous behaviour evinced her religious learning, in addition to her writing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_Meditation_of_a_Penitent_Sinner"><i>A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This sonnet sequence was published in 1560 alongside Locke's translations of four of John Calvin's sermons on <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah 38</a>, in a volume titled <i>Sermons of John Calvin upon the Songe that Ezechias made after he had bene sicke...Translated out of Frenche into Englishe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locke probably had access to Calvin's manuscripts, which enabled her to make a close translation of the sermons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1560 edition, the translations and sonnets were prefaced by a letter of dedication to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Brandon,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk">Catherine Brandon</a>, duchess of Suffolk.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiller,_A_Literary_First',_41_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiller,_A_Literary_First',_41-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duchess, a longtime patron of Protestant writers, also lived in exile during the reign of Mary I; Locke may have known her through their sons, who were both educated at the home of <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume was entered into the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Register" title="Stationers' Register">Stationers' Register</a> on 15 January 1560 by <a href="/wiki/John_Day_(printer)" title="John Day (printer)">John Day</a>, a printer known for his publication of Protestant and reformist texts. </p><p>The sequence begins with five prefatory sonnets, printed under the heading "The preface, expressing the passioned mind of the penitent sinner." Another heading, "A Meditation of a penitent sinner, upon the 51. Psalme," introduces the remaining twenty-one poems in the sequence. The "Meditation" poems <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> the nineteen-line psalm line by line, with a few expansions: the author gives two sonnets each to the first and fourth lines of the psalm; these comprise the first, second, fifth, and sixth poems in the sequence. In the 1560 edition, each line of the psalm appears beside its corresponding poem. This version of the psalm may have been translated by Locke.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiller,_A_Literary_First',_41_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiller,_A_Literary_First',_41-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetics">Poetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner</i> is one work in a long tradition of poetic meditation on the Psalms. The sequence develops the penitential poetic mode that was also used by late medieval poets.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both Catholics and Protestants composed poetry in the penitential tradition, Protestant reformers were particularly drawn to Psalm 51 because its emphasis on faith over works favoured their reformist theology.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of the sequence was probably influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_(poet)" title="Thomas Wyatt (poet)">Sir Thomas Wyatt's</a> translations of the penitential psalms, published in 1549 and accessible to Locke before her Genevan exile. Wyatt's influence is evident in the pattern of psalm lines glossed. Both the author of the sequence and Wyatt composed one sonnet per line of the psalm, except for verses 1 and 4, which are each glossed with two poems. The author's <a href="/wiki/Enjambment" title="Enjambment">enjambment</a> is also similar to Wyatt's.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the sonnet was not an established form of English poetry while the author composed the sequence, the author both uses and disregards features of the sonnet circulating the island during the sixteenth century. It is likely that, in addition to Wyatt's work, the author also had access to the sonnets of the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey">Earl of Surrey</a>, as the author uses Surrey's <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme scheme</a>, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, now best known as the Shakespearean rhyme scheme. Wyatt's Psalm translations may also have introduced the author to Surrey's work, as his volume contains a prefatory sonnet by Surrey. The author seems to have drawn upon the arrangement of this particular poem, which does not contain the <a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan</a> break between octave and sestet. In using this form consistently, the author sets him/herself apart from other early English sonnet writers, who generally ascribed to the traditional Petrarchan octave/sestet pair.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authorship of the sonnet sequence and the translations of Calvin's sermons was first ascribed to Locke by critic Thomas Roche in 1989, in <i>Petrarch and the English Sonnet Sequences</i>. Roche is thus also the first scholar to name her as the author of the first sonnet sequence in English.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent work by Stephen W. May, an authority on Tudor manuscripts, attributes the sequence to Locke's close contemporary, neighbor, and co-religionist Thomas Norton, however.<sup id="cite_ref-May,_Anne_Lock_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May,_Anne_Lock-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the volume's dedication to the Duchess of Suffolk is only signed "A.L.", it is likely that Locke's identity remained identifiable to London's community of English Church reformers,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of whom, like Locke, lived in exile in Geneva during the reign of Mary I.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of her initials, rather than her full name, allowed her to avoid both perils that plagued female writers during the period – anonymity and full exposure – who were branded as unchaste if their material was accessible to the broader public.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of psalm to translate and gloss arguably favours the case for her authorship of the sequence, and helps her negotiate sixteenth-century England's condemnation of a woman writer as unchaste. Psalm 51 specifies that the experience of God's forgiveness includes speaking God's praise, framing speech as a duty.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of those who dispute Locke's authorship of the sequence ascribe its authorship to John Knox. When Knox communicated with Locke, however, he wrote in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scots English</a> and would have composed poems in the same dialect; the <i>Meditation</i> sonnets show no grammatical or idiomatic sign of Scots English.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stephen May, a much more likely candidate for authorship of the sequence is Thomas Norton.<sup id="cite_ref-May,_Anne_Lock_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May,_Anne_Lock-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent scholarship by Jake Arthur contests that re-attribution.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kel Morin-Parsons (editor) (1997), <i>Anne Locke. A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner: Anne Locke's Sonnet Sequence with Locke's Epistle</i></li> <li>Susan Felch (editor) (1999), <i>The Collected Works of Anne Vaughan Lock</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_connections">Family connections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anne's family background was a dense web of relationships involving the <a href="/wiki/Mercers%27_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercers' Company">Mercers' Company</a>, the court, <a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a> and notable religious figures. Her father, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vaughan_(merchant)" title="Stephen Vaughan (merchant)">Stephen Vaughan</a>, was a merchant and diplomatic agent for <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>. Her mother Margaret or Margery was firstly the wife of Edward Awpart, citizen and <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Girdlers" title="Worshipful Company of Girdlers">Girdler</a> of London in the parish of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_le_Bow" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary le Bow">St Mary le Bow</a>, who originated from <a href="/wiki/Penkridge" title="Penkridge">Penkridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>. The Awparts had five children, Elizabeth, Anne, Joan, Edward and Susan, who were all unmarried at the time of their father's death in 1532.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his connection to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, Stephen Vaughan found a position for Anne's mother as silkwoman to <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second wife, Anne's stepmother Margery, was the widow of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brinklow" title="Henry Brinklow">Henry Brinklow</a>, mercer and polemicist,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went on to make two further marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Lok was a mercer and one of many children of the mercer William Lok, who married four times;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Lok was also connected to Cromwell. Anne's sister-in-law, and one of Henry Lok's sisters, was <a href="/wiki/Rose_Lok" title="Rose Lok">Rose Lok</a> (1526–1613), known as a Protestant autobiographical writer, married to Anthony Hickman.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of Henry Lok's sisters, Elizabeth Lok, married Richard Hill; both Rose and Elizabeth were Marian exiles. Elizabeth later married Bishop <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bullingham" title="Nicholas Bullingham">Nicholas Bullingham</a> after his first wife died (1566).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lok" title="Michael Lok">Michael Lok</a> was a backer of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a>, and married Jane, daughter of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Wilkinson_(reformer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Wilkinson (reformer) (page does not exist)">Joan Wilkinson</a>, an evangelical associate of Ann Boleyn and her chaplain <a href="/wiki/William_Latymer" title="William Latymer">William Latimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Collinson, 'Locke [née Vaughan; other married names Dering, Prowse], Anne (c. 1530–1590x1607)', <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven W. May, "Anne Lock and Thomas Norton's Meditation of a Penitent Sinner", Modern Philology 114.4 (2017), 793-819.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jake Arthur, "Anne Lock or Thomas Norton? A Response to the Reattribution of the First Sonnet Sequence in English", Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 16.2 (2022), 213-236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will of Edward Awparte, Girdler of London (P.C.C. 1532).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFelch1999" class="citation book cs1">Felch, ed. Susan M. (1999). <i>The Collected Works of Anne Vaughan Lock</i>. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies in conjunction with Renaissance English Text Society. pp. xxv–xxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0866982272" title="Special:BookSources/0866982272"><bdi>0866982272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Anne+Vaughan+Lock&rft.place=Tempe%2C+AZ&rft.pages=xxv-xxvi&rft.pub=Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies+in+conjunction+with+Renaissance+English+Text+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0866982272&rft.aulast=Felch&rft.aufirst=ed.+Susan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnne+Locke" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.K. Dale, 'Vaughan, Stephen (by 1502-49), of St. Mary-le-Bow, London', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), <i>The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558</i> (from Boydell and Brewer, 1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/vaughan-stephen-1502-49">History of Parliament online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=11755">"Anne Vaughan Lock"</a>. <i>Litencyc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Litencyc.com&rft.atitle=Anne+Vaughan+Lock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fspeople.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D11755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnne+Locke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry1968" class="citation book cs1">Fry, ed. George S. (1968) [1896–1908]. <i>Abstracts of Inquisitiones Post Mortem Relating to the City of London, returned into the Court of Chancery, 3 vols</i> (reprint ed.). Lichenstein: Nendeln. pp. 1:80–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstracts+of+Inquisitiones+Post+Mortem+Relating+to+the+City+of+London%2C+returned+into+the+Court+of+Chancery%2C+3+vols.&rft.place=Lichenstein&rft.pages=1%3A80-3&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Nendeln&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=ed.+George+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnne+Locke" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. O'Day, 'Lock Anne, née Vaughan', <i>The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age</i>, Routledge Companions to History (Routledge, London/New York 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcyYum-HiQ4C&pg=PA197">p. 197</a> (Google).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diana Maury Robin, Anne R. Larsen, Carole Levin, <i>Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England</i> (2007), p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collinson" title="Patrick Collinson">Patrick Collinson</a>, <i>Elizabethan Essays</i> (1994), p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis J. Bremer, Tom Webster, <i>Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia</i> (2006), p. 74 and p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091105072910/http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomen8.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomen8.htm">the original</a> on 5 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kateemersonhistoricals.com%2FTudorWomen8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnne+Locke" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan M. Felch, "The Exemplary Anne Vaughan Lock," in <i>Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680</i>, ed. Johanna Harris and Elizabeth Scott-Baumann (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan M. Felch, introduction to <i>The collected works of Anne Vaughan Locke</i>, by Anne Vaughan Locke (Tempe: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1999), lvii–lix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheline White, "Women Writers and Literary-Religious Circles in the Elizabethan West Country: Anne Dowriche, Anne Lock Prowse, Anne Locke Moyle, Ursula Fulford, and Elizabeth Rous," <i>Modern Philology</i> 103 (2005):198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, "Women Writers," 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. G. Spiller, "A Literary 'First': The Sonnet Sequence of Anne Locke (1560)," <i>Renaissance Studies: Journal of the Society for Renaissance Studies</i> 11 (1997):42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teresa Lanpher Nugent, "Anne Locke's Poetics of Spiritual Abjection," <i>English Literary Renaissance</i> 39 (2009):3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiller,_A_Literary_First',_41-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spiller,_A_Literary_First',_41_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiller,_A_Literary_First',_41_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiller, "A Literary 'First'," 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felch, introduction to "The collected works of Anne Vaughan Locke", xxxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nugent, "Anne Lock's Poetics of Spiritual Abjection," 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruen-chuan Ma, "Counterpoints of Penitence: Reading Anne Locke's "A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner" through a Late-Medieval Middle English Psalm Paraphrase," <i>ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews</i> 24 (2011): 33–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nugent, "Anne Lock's Poetics of Spiritual Abjection," 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiller, "A Literary 'First'," 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiller, "A Literary 'First'," 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiller, "A Literary 'First'," 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiller, "A Literary 'First'," 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May,_Anne_Lock-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-May,_Anne_Lock_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May,_Anne_Lock_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">May, "Anne Lock"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serjeantson,'Anne Lock's Anonymous Friend: A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner and the Problem of Ascription', in Enigma and Revelation in Renaissance Literature, ed. by Helen Cooney and Mark S. Sweetnam (Dublin, 2012), 51–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nugent, "Anne Locke's Poetics of Spiritual Abjection," 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nugent, "Anne Locke's Poetics of Spiritual Abjection," 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret P. Hannay, ""Wisdome the Wordes": Psalm Translation and Elizabethan Women's Spirituality," <i>Religion and Literature</i> 23 (1991):65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiller, "A Literary 'First'," 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur, "Anne Lock"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will of Edward Awpart, "Girdler" (mis-written "Gardener" in Discovery Catalogue of TNA (UK)) of London (P.C.C. 1532, Thower quire, m/film imgs 237-38): PROB 11/24/211 and PROB 11/24/220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Retha M. Warnicke, <i>The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iUIzcXV4toC&pg=PA136">p. 136</a> (Google).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.D.K. Hawkyard, 'Rolle, George (by 1486-1552), of Stevenstone, Devon and London', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), <i>The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558</i> (from Boydell and Brewer 1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/rolle-george-1486-1552">History of Parliament Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lok, William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Lok,_William">"Lok, William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lok%2C+William&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnne+Locke" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cathy Hartley, Susan Leckey, <i>A Historical Dictionary of British Women</i> (2003), p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, article on Bullingham.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Prior, <i>Women in English Society, 1500–1800</i> (1985), p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dowling" title="Maria Dowling">Maria Dowling</a>, <i>Humanism in the age of Henry VIII</i> (1986), p. 241.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Locke&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/locke2.html"><i>A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner</i>, online text</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1500sProtestantwomen" title="Template:1500sProtestantwomen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1500sProtestantwomen" title="Template talk:1500sProtestantwomen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1500sProtestantwomen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1500sProtestantwomen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16th-century_Protestant_women_in_the_Reformation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">16th-century Protestant <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Protestant_Reformation" title="Women in the Protestant Reformation">women in the Reformation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Theological writers and scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argula_von_Grumbach" title="Argula von Grumbach">Argula von Grumbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bacon" title="Anne Bacon">Anne Bacon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anne Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Heymair" title="Magdalena Heymair">Magdalena Heymair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Melville" title="Elizabeth Melville">Elizabeth Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Zell" title="Katharina Zell">Katharina Zell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Vasa_of_Sweden" title="Catherine Vasa of Sweden">Catherine Vasa of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Brandenburg,_Duchess_of_Brunswick-Calenberg-G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen">Elisabeth of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Lanier" title="Emilia Lanier">Emilia Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Cruciger" title="Elisabeth Cruciger">Elisabeth Cruciger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tishem" title="Catherine Tishem">Catherine Tishem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former nuns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_of_Munsterberg" title="Ursula of Munsterberg">Ursula of Munsterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Bourbon" title="Charlotte of Bourbon">Charlotte of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Zimmern" title="Katharina von Zimmern">Katharina von Zimmern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Denti%C3%A8re" title="Marie Dentière">Marie Dentière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Bodenham" title="Cecily Bodenham">Cecily Bodenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgitta_Botolfsdotter" title="Birgitta Botolfsdotter">Birgitta Botolfsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Zouche" title="Elizabeth Zouche">Elizabeth Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_II,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Reformation martyrs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Askew" title="Anne Askew">Anne Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Boh%C3%B3rquez" title="María de Bohórquez">María de Bohórquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gooch_and_Alice_Driver" title="Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver">Alice Driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bocher" title="Joan Bocher">Joan Bocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelmoet_Claesdochter" title="Wendelmoet Claesdochter">Wendelmoet Claesdochter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneke_Esaiasdochter" title="Anneke Esaiasdochter">Anneke Esaiasdochter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aefgen_Listincx" title="Aefgen Listincx">Aefgen Listincx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Martyrs" title="Stratford Martyrs">Elizabeth Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Martyrs" title="Guernsey Martyrs">Guernsey Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Martyrs" title="Canterbury Martyrs">Alice Benden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_van_Beckum" title="Maria van Beckum">Maria van Beckum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_van_Beckum" title="Ursula van Beckum">Ursula van Beckum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietje_Jan_de_Gortersdochter" title="Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter">Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyn_Ockers" title="Weyn Ockers">Weyn Ockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneke_Ogiers" title="Anneke Ogiers">Anneke Ogiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Wandscherer" title="Elisabeth Wandscherer">Elisabeth Wandscherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Waste" title="Joan Waste">Joan Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarzyna_Weiglowa" title="Katarzyna Weiglowa">Katarzyna Weiglowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Benefactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hesse,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Saxony" title="Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony">Elisabeth of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_the_Palatinate,_Duchess_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Maria of the Palatinate, Duchess of Södermanland">Anna Maria of the Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inger_Ottesdotter_R%C3%B8mer" title="Inger Ottesdotter Rømer">Inger Ottesdotter Rømer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82%C3%B3wna_Kiszczyna" title="Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna">Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_of_France" title="Renée of France">Renée of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Brandenburg,_Duchess_of_Brunswick-Calenberg-G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen">Elisabeth of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_von_Wertheim" title="Barbara von Wertheim">Barbara von Wertheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Significant for another reason</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalia_of_Cleves" title="Amalia of Cleves">Amalia of Cleves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pehrs%C3%B6nernas_moder" title="Anna Pehrsönernas moder">Anna Pehrsönernas moder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharina_Herman" title="Catharina Herman">Catharina Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tishem" title="Catherine Tishem">Catherine Tishem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idelette_Calvin" title="Idelette Calvin">Idelette Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Lok" title="Rose Lok">Rose Lok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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