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<span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_comprehension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_comprehension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Language comprehension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_comprehension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_recognition_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_recognition_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Action recognition and production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_recognition_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech-associated_gestures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech-associated_gestures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Speech-associated gestures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-associated_gestures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaking_without_Broca's_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaking_without_Broca's_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Speaking without Broca's area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaking_without_Broca's_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stuttering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuttering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stuttering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuttering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aphasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aphasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aphasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aphasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressive_aphasia_vs._other_aphasias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressive_aphasia_vs._other_aphasias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Expressive aphasia vs. other aphasias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressive_aphasia_vs._other_aphasias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newer_implications_related_to_lesions_in_Broca's_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newer_implications_related_to_lesions_in_Broca's_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Newer implications related to lesions in Broca's area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newer_implications_related_to_lesions_in_Broca's_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broca's_area_as_a_key_center_in_the_linking_of_phonemic_sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broca's_area_as_a_key_center_in_the_linking_of_phonemic_sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Broca's area as a key center in the linking of phonemic sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broca's_area_as_a_key_center_in_the_linking_of_phonemic_sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broca's_patients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broca's_patients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Broca's patients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broca's_patients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Louis_Victor_Leborgne_(Tan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_Victor_Leborgne_(Tan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Louis Victor Leborgne (Tan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_Victor_Leborgne_(Tan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lelong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lelong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Lelong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lelong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MRI_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MRI_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>MRI findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MRI_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution of language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Broca's area</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7" title="منطقة بروكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة بروكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_de_Broca" title="Área de Broca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Área de Broca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takad_Broca" title="Takad Broca – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Takad Broca" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_de_Broca" title="Àrea de Broca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrea de Broca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocas_omr%C3%A5de" title="Brocas område – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brocas område" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca-Areal" title="Broca-Areal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Broca-Areal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_de_Broca" title="Área de Broca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Área de Broca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocaren_area" title="Brocaren area – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brocaren area" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ناحیه بروکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناحیه بروکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_de_Broca" title="Aire de Broca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aire de Broca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynnyd_Vroca" title="Ynnyd Vroca – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ynnyd Vroca" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%B9%B4_%EC%98%81%EC%97%AD" title="브로카 영역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브로카 영역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocino_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Brocino područje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brocino područje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_Broca" title="Area Broca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Area Broca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_di_Broca" title="Area di Broca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Area di Broca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אזור ברוקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזור ברוקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca-ter%C3%BClet" title="Broca-terület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Broca-terület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ബ്രോക്കയുടെ മസ്തിഷ്കഭാഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രോക്കയുടെ മസ്തിഷ്കഭാഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_Broca" title="Area Broca – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Area Broca" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_van_Broca" title="Centrum van Broca – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centrum van Broca" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E9%87%8E" title="ブローカ野 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブローカ野" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocas_omr%C3%A5de" title="Brocas område – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brocas område" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airal_de_Brocar" title="Airal de Brocar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Airal de Brocar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Brodek_Broki" title="Ośrodek Broki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ośrodek Broki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_de_Broca" title="Área de Broca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Área de Broca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_lui_Broca" title="Aria lui Broca – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aria lui Broca" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Центр Брока – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центр Брока" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Broca's area" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocan_alue" title="Brocan alue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brocan alue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocas_omr%C3%A5de" title="Brocas område – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brocas område" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca_alan%C4%B1" title="Broca alanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Broca alanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Центр Брока – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центр Брока" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9ng_Broca" title="Vùng Broca – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vùng Broca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Speech production region in the dominant hemisphere of the hominid brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Broca's area</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Broca%E2%80%99s_area_-_BA44_and_BA45.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Broca%E2%80%99s_area_-_BA44_and_BA45.png/250px-Broca%E2%80%99s_area_-_BA44_and_BA45.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Broca%E2%80%99s_area_-_BA44_and_BA45.png/375px-Broca%E2%80%99s_area_-_BA44_and_BA45.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Broca%E2%80%99s_area_-_BA44_and_BA45.png/500px-Broca%E2%80%99s_area_-_BA44_and_BA45.png 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="817" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Broca's area is made up of <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">Brodmann areas 44</a> (pars opercularis) and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">45</a> (pars triangularis).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Broca%27s_area_-_lateral_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Broca%27s_area_-_lateral_view.png/250px-Broca%27s_area_-_lateral_view.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Broca%27s_area_-_lateral_view.png/375px-Broca%27s_area_-_lateral_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Broca%27s_area_-_lateral_view.png/500px-Broca%27s_area_-_lateral_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Broca's area (shown in red)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery" title="Middle cerebral artery">Middle cerebral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_sagittal_sinus" title="Superior sagittal sinus">Superior sagittal sinus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D065711">D065711</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2062">2062</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma242176">242176</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728285" class="extiw" title="d:Q728285">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Broca's area</b>, or the <b>Broca area</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">hemisphere</a>, usually the left, of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11734839_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11734839-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with functions linked to <a href="/wiki/Speech_production" title="Speech production">speech production</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">Language processing</a> has been linked to Broca's area since <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Broca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Broca">Pierre Paul Broca</a> reported impairments in two patients.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior <a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">inferior frontal gyrus</a> (pars triangularis) (BA45) of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17405763_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17405763-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the approximate region he identified has become known as Broca's area, and the deficit in language production as Broca's <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Expressive_aphasia" title="Expressive aphasia">expressive aphasia</a>. Broca's area is now typically defined in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Pars_opercularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars opercularis">pars opercularis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pars_triangularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars triangularis">pars triangularis</a> of the inferior frontal <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyrus</a>, represented in <a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann" title="Korbinian Brodmann">Brodmann's</a> <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">cytoarchitectonic map</a> as <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">Brodmann area 44</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">Brodmann area 45</a> of the dominant hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17405763_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17405763-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">Functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI) has shown language processing to also involve the third part of the inferior frontal gyrus the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus">pars orbitalis</a>, as well as the ventral part of <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">BA6</a> and these are now often included in a larger area called <b>Broca's region</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of chronic <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a> have implicated an essential role of Broca's area in various speech and language functions. Further, fMRI studies have also identified activation patterns in Broca's area associated with various language tasks. However, slow destruction of Broca's area by <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a> can leave speech relatively intact, suggesting its functions can shift to nearby areas in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19274574_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19274574-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_44.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brodmann area 44"><img alt="Brodmann area 44" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_44.png/120px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_44.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_44.png/180px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_44.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_44.png/240px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_44.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">Brodmann area 44</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_45.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brodmann area 45"><img alt="Brodmann area 45" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_45.png/120px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_45.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_45.png/180px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_45.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_45.png/240px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_45.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">Brodmann area 45</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Broca's area is often identified by visual inspection of the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the brain either by macrostructural landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">sulci</a> or by the specification of coordinates in a particular reference space. The currently used <a href="/wiki/Talairach_coordinates" title="Talairach coordinates">Talairach and Tournoux atlas</a> projects <a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann" title="Korbinian Brodmann">Brodmann's</a> <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">cytoarchitectonic map</a> onto a template brain. Because Brodmann's <a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">parcelation</a> was based on subjective visual inspection of cytoarchitectonic borders and also Brodmann analyzed only one hemisphere of one brain, the result is imprecise. Further, because of considerable variability across brains in terms of shape, size, and position relative to sulcal and gyral structure, a resulting localization precision is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18930695_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18930695-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Broca's area in the left hemisphere and its homologue in the right <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">hemisphere</a> are designations usually used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus">triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus</a> (PTr) and the <a href="/wiki/Opercular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus">opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus</a> (POp). The PTr and POp are defined by structural landmarks that only probabilistically divide the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">inferior frontal gyrus</a> into anterior and posterior cytoarchitectonic areas of 45 and 44, respectively, by <a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann" title="Korbinian Brodmann">Brodmann</a>'s classification scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17533001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17533001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Area 45 receives more <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent connections</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus" title="Superior temporal gyrus">superior temporal gyrus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus" title="Superior temporal sulcus">superior temporal sulcus</a>, compared to area 44, which tends to receive more afferent connections from motor, <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory">somatosensory</a>, and inferior parietal regions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17533001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17533001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The differences between area 45 and 44 in cytoarchitecture and in connectivity suggest that these areas might perform different functions. Indeed, recent <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> studies have shown that the PTr and Pop, corresponding to areas 45 and 44, respectively, play different functional roles in the human with respect to language comprehension and action recognition/understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17533001_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17533001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Broca's area is about 20% larger in women than in men.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_comprehension">Language comprehension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language comprehension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a long time, it was assumed that the role of Broca's area was more devoted to language production than language comprehension. However, there is evidence to demonstrate that Broca's area also plays a significant role in language comprehension. Patients with <a href="/wiki/Lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesions">lesions</a> in Broca's area who exhibit agrammatical speech production also show inability to use syntactic information to determine the meaning of sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16881251_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16881251-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a number of neuroimaging studies have implicated an involvement of Broca's area, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Pars_opercularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars opercularis">pars opercularis</a> of the left inferior frontal <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyrus</a>, during the processing of complex sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15929098_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15929098-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI) experiments have shown that highly ambiguous sentences result in a more activated inferior frontal <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15635062_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15635062-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the activity level in the inferior frontal gyrus and the level of lexical ambiguity are directly proportional to each other, because of the increased retrieval demands associated with highly ambiguous content. </p><p>There is also specialisation for particular aspects of comprehension within Broca's area. Work by Devlin et al. (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed in a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (<a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">rTMS</a>) study that there was an increase in reaction times when performing a <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> task under rTMS aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Pars_triangularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars triangularis">pars triangularis</a> (situated in the anterior part of Broca's area). The increase in reaction times is indicative that that particular area is responsible for processing that cognitive function. Disrupting these areas via TMS disrupts computations performed in the areas leading to an increase in time needed to perform the computations (reflected in reaction times). Later work by Nixon et al. (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15068598_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15068598-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that when the pars opercularis (situated in the posterior part of Broca's area) was stimulated under rTMS there was an increase in reaction times in a <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> task. Gough et al. (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16135758_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16135758-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> performed an experiment combining elements of these previous works in which both phonological and semantic tasks were performed with rTMS stimulation directed at either the anterior or the posterior part of Broca's area. The results from this experiment conclusively distinguished anatomical specialisation within Broca's area for different components of language comprehension. Here the results showed that under rTMS stimulation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantic</a> tasks only showed a decrease in reaction times when stimulation was aimed at the anterior part of Broca's area (where a decrease of 10% (50 ms) was seen compared to a no-TMS control group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">Phonological</a> tasks showed a decrease in reaction times when stimulation was aimed at the posterior part of Broca's area (where a decrease of 6% (30 ms) was seen compared to control)</li></ul> <p>To summarise, the work above shows anatomical specialisation in Broca's area for language comprehension, with the anterior part of Broca's area responsible for understanding the meaning of words (semantics) and the posterior part of Broca's area responsible for understanding how words sound (phonology). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_recognition_and_production">Action recognition and production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Action recognition and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Experiments have indicated that Broca's area is involved in various cognitive and perceptual tasks. One important contribution of <a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann" title="Korbinian Brodmann">Brodmann</a>'s area 44 is also found in the motor-related processes. Observation of meaningful hand shadows resembling moving animals activates frontal language area, demonstrating that Broca's area indeed plays a role in interpreting action of others.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18633777_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18633777-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An activation of BA 44 was also reported during execution of grasping and manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16881255_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16881255-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech-associated_gestures">Speech-associated gestures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Speech-associated gestures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been speculated that because speech-associated gestures could possibly reduce lexical or sentential ambiguity, comprehension should improve in the presence of speech-associated gestures. As a result of improved comprehension, the involvement of Broca's area should be reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17533001_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17533001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many neuroimaging studies have also shown activation of Broca's area when representing meaningful arm gestures. A recent study has shown evidence that word and gesture are related at the level of translation of particular gesture aspects such as its <a href="/wiki/Motor_goal" title="Motor goal">motor goal</a> and intention.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16839281_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16839281-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding helps explain why, when this area is defective, those who use sign language also have language deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494–7">: 494–7 </span></sup> This finding, that aspects of gestures are translated in words within Broca's area, also explains language development in terms of evolution. Indeed, many authors have proposed that speech evolved from a primitive communication that arose from gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18633777_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18633777-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12653308_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12653308-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See below.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaking_without_Broca's_area"><span id="Speaking_without_Broca.27s_area"></span>Speaking without Broca's area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Speaking without Broca's area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damage to Broca's area is commonly associated with telegraphic speech made up of content vocabulary. For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say something like, "Drive, store. Mom." meaning to say, "My mom drove me to the store today." Therefore, the content of the information is correct, but the grammar and fluidity of the sentence is missing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The essential role of the Broca's area in speech production has been questioned since it can be destroyed while leaving language nearly intact. In one case of a computer engineer, a slow-growing <a href="/wiki/Glioma" title="Glioma">glioma</a> tumor was removed. The tumor and the surgery destroyed the left <a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">inferior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_frontal_gyrus" title="Middle frontal gyrus">middle frontal gyrus</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate nucleus</a>, the anterior limb of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_capsule" title="Internal capsule">internal capsule</a>, and the anterior <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insula</a>. However, there were minimal language problems three months after removal and the individual returned to his professional work. These minor problems include the inability to create syntactically complex sentences including more than two subjects, multiple causal <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reported_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Reported speech">reported speech</a>. These were explained by researchers as due to <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a> problems. They also attributed his lack of problems to extensive compensatory mechanisms enabled by <a href="/wiki/Neural_plasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural plasticity">neural plasticity</a> in the nearby cerebral cortex and a shift of some functions to the homologous area in the right hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19274574_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19274574-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuttering">Stuttering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stuttering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">speech disorder</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">stuttering</a> is seen to be associated with underactivity in Broca's area.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9278544_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9278544-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aphasia">Aphasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aphasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">Aphasia</a> is an acquired language disorder affecting all modalities such as writing, reading, speaking, and listening and results from brain damage. It is often a chronic condition that creates changes in all areas of one's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressive_aphasia_vs._other_aphasias">Expressive aphasia vs. other aphasias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Expressive aphasia vs. other aphasias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patients with <a href="/wiki/Expressive_aphasia" title="Expressive aphasia">expressive aphasia</a>, also known as <b>Broca's aphasia</b>, are individuals who know "what they want to say, they just cannot get it out".<sup id="cite_ref-Ref4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typically able to comprehend words, and sentences with a simple syntactic structure (see above), but are more or less unable to generate fluent speech. Other symptoms that may be present include problems with fluency, articulation, word-finding, <a href="/wiki/Word_repetition" class="mw-redirect" title="Word repetition">word repetition</a>, and producing and comprehending complex grammatical sentences, both orally and in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17405763_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17405763-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This specific group of symptoms distinguishes those who have expressive aphasia from individuals with other types of aphasia. There are several distinct "types" of aphasia, and each type is characterized by a different set of language deficits. Although those who have expressive aphasia tend to retain good spoken language comprehension, other types of aphasia can render patients completely unable to understand any language at all, unable to understand any spoken language (<a href="/wiki/Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">auditory verbal agnosia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6478188_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6478188-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21093464_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21093464-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poeppel_2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poeppel_2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas still other types preserve language comprehension, but with deficits. People with expressive aphasia may struggle less with reading and writing (see <a href="/wiki/Alexia_(condition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexia (condition)">alexia</a>) than those with other types of aphasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 480–500">: 480–500 </span></sup> Although individuals with expressive aphasia tend to have a good ability to self-monitor their language output (they "hear what they say" and make corrections), other types of aphasics can seem entirely unaware of their language deficits. </p><p>In the classical sense, expressive aphasia is the result of injury to Broca's area; it is often the case that lesions in specific brain areas cause specific, <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(neuropsychology)" title="Dissociation (neuropsychology)">dissociable</a> symptoms,<sup id="cite_ref-aphasiafacts_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aphasiafacts-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although case studies show there is not always a one-to-one mapping between lesion location and aphasic symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21093464_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21093464-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correlation between damage to certain specific brain areas (usually in the left hemisphere) and the development of specific types of aphasia makes it possible to deduce (albeit very roughly) the location of a suspected brain lesion based only on the presence (and severity) of a certain type of aphasia, though this is complicated by the possibility that a patient may have damage to a number of brain areas and may exhibit symptoms of more than one type of aphasia. The examination of lesion data in order to deduce which brain areas are essential in the normal functioning of certain aspects of cognition is called the deficit-lesion method; this method is especially important in the branch of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Aphasiology" title="Aphasiology">aphasiology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a> – to be specific, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuropsychology" title="Cognitive neuropsychology">cognitive neuropsychology</a> – are branches of neuroscience that also make extensive use of the deficit-lesion method.<sup id="cite_ref-cogsci_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogsci-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Major characteristics of different types of acute aphasia<sup id="cite_ref-Ref4_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of aphasia </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Speech_repetition" title="Speech repetition">Speech repetition</a> </th> <th>Naming </th> <th>Auditory comprehension </th> <th>Fluency </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Expressive_aphasia" title="Expressive aphasia">Expressive aphasia</a> </td> <td>Moderate–severe </td> <td>Moderate–severe </td> <td>Mild difficulty </td> <td>Non-fluent, effortful, slow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Receptive_aphasia" title="Receptive aphasia">Receptive aphasia</a> </td> <td>Mild–severe </td> <td>Mild–severe </td> <td>Defective </td> <td>Fluent paraphasic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conduction_aphasia" title="Conduction aphasia">Conduction aphasia</a> </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Relatively good </td> <td>Fluent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_transcortical_aphasia" title="Mixed transcortical aphasia">Mixed transcortical aphasia</a> </td> <td>Moderate </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Non-fluent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transcortical_motor_aphasia" title="Transcortical motor aphasia">Transcortical motor aphasia</a> </td> <td>Good </td> <td>Mild–severe </td> <td>Mild </td> <td>Non-fluent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transcortical_sensory_aphasia" title="Transcortical sensory aphasia">Transcortical sensory aphasia</a> </td> <td>Good </td> <td>Moderate–severe </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Fluent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Global_aphasia" title="Global aphasia">Global aphasia</a> </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Poor </td> <td>Non-fluent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anomic_aphasia" title="Anomic aphasia">Anomic aphasia</a> </td> <td>Mild </td> <td>Moderate–severe </td> <td>Mild </td> <td>Fluent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newer_implications_related_to_lesions_in_Broca's_area"><span id="Newer_implications_related_to_lesions_in_Broca.27s_area"></span>Newer implications related to lesions in Broca's area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Newer implications related to lesions in Broca's area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since studies carried out in the late 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-pmid565019_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid565019-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been understood that the relationship between Broca's area and Broca's aphasia is not as consistent as once thought.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12140086_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12140086-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesions to Broca's area alone do not result in Broca's aphasia, nor do Broca's aphasic patients necessarily have lesions in Broca's area.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesions to Broca's area alone are known to produce a transient mutism that resolves within 3–6 weeks. This discovery suggests that Broca's area may be included in some aspect of verbalization or articulation; however, this does not address its part in sentence comprehension. Still, Broca's area frequently emerges in functional imaging studies of sentence processing.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8810246_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8810246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also becomes activated in word-level tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9710491_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9710491-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that Broca's area is not dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Sentence_processing" title="Sentence processing">sentence processing</a> alone, but supports a function common to both. In fact, Broca's area can show activation in such non-linguistic tasks as imagery of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11144756_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11144756-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering the hypothesis that Broca's area may be most involved in articulation, its activation in all of these tasks may be due to subjects' covert articulation while formulating a response. Despite this caveat, a consensus seems to be forming that whatever role Broca's area may play, it may relate to known working memory functions of the frontal areas. (There is a wide distribution of <a href="/wiki/Talairach_coordinates" title="Talairach coordinates">Talairach coordinates</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported in the functional imaging literature that are referred to as part of Broca's area.) The processing of a passive voice sentence, for example, may require working memory to assist in the temporary retention of information while other relevant parts of the sentence are being manipulated (i.e. to resolve the assignment of thematic roles to arguments). Miyake, Carpenter, and Just have proposed that sentence processing relies on such general verbal working memory mechanisms, while Caplan and Waters consider Broca's area to be involved in working memory specifically for syntactic processing. Friederici (2002) breaks Broca's area into its component regions and suggests that Brodmann's area 44 is involved in working memory for both phonological<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15037129_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15037129-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and syntactic structure. This area becomes active first for phonology and later for syntax as the time course for the comprehension process unfolds. Brodmann's area 45 and Brodmann's area 47 are viewed as being specifically involved in working memory for semantic features and thematic structure where processes of syntactic reanalysis and repair are required. These areas come online after Brodmann's area 44 has finished its processing role and are active when comprehension of complex sentences must rely on general memory resources. All of these theories indicate a move towards a view that syntactic comprehension problems arise from a computational rather than a conceptual deficit. Newer theories take a more dynamic view of how the brain integrates different linguistic and cognitive components and are examining the time course of these operations. </p><p>Neurocognitive studies have already implicated frontal areas adjacent to Broca's area as important for working memory in non-linguistic as well as linguistic tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10536086_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10536086-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabeza and Nyberg's analysis of imaging studies of working memory supports the view that BA45/47 is recruited for selecting or comparing information, while BA9/46 might be more involved in the manipulation of information in working memory. Since large lesions are typically required to produce a Broca's aphasia, it is likely that these regions may also become compromised in some patients and may contribute to their comprehension deficits for complex morphosyntactic structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broca's_area_as_a_key_center_in_the_linking_of_phonemic_sequences"><span id="Broca.27s_area_as_a_key_center_in_the_linking_of_phonemic_sequences"></span>Broca's area as a key center in the linking of phonemic sequences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Broca's area as a key center in the linking of phonemic sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broca's area has been previously associated with a variety of processes, including phonological segmentation, syntactic processing, and unification, all of which involve segmenting and linking different types of linguistic information.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15866191_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15866191-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10936919_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10936919-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20961611_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20961611-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although repeating and reading single words does not engage semantic and syntactic processing, it does require an operation linking phonemic sequences with motor gestures. Findings indicate that this linkage is coordinated by Broca's area through reciprocal interactions with temporal and frontal cortices responsible for phonemic and articulatory representations, respectively, including interactions with the motor cortex before the actual act of speech. Based on these unique findings, it has been proposed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that Broca's area is not the seat of articulation, but rather is a key node in manipulating and forwarding neural information across large-scale cortical networks responsible for key components of speech production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a study published in 2007, the preserved brains of both Leborgne and Lelong (patients of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Broca</a>) were reinspected using high-resolution volumetric <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>. The purpose of this study was to scan the brains in three dimensions and to identify the extent of both cortical and subcortical lesions in more detail. The study also sought to locate the exact site of the <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesion</a> in the frontal lobe in relation to what is now called Broca's area with the extent of subcortical involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17405763_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17405763-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broca's_patients"><span id="Broca.27s_patients"></span>Broca's patients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Broca's patients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louis_Victor_Leborgne_(Tan)"><span id="Louis_Victor_Leborgne_.28Tan.29"></span>Louis Victor Leborgne (Tan)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Louis Victor Leborgne (Tan)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leborgne was a patient of Broca's. At 30 years old, he was almost completely unable to produce any words or phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to repetitively produce only the word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">temps</i></span> (French word for "time"). After his death, a neurosyphilitic lesion was discovered on the surface of his left frontal lobe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lelong">Lelong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lelong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lelong was another patient of Broca's. He also exhibited reduced productive speech. He could only say five words, 'yes', 'no', 'three', 'always', and 'lelo' (a mispronunciation of his own name). A lesion within the lateral frontal lobe was discovered during Lelong's autopsy. Broca's previous patient, Leborgne, had a lesion in the same area of his frontal lobe. These two cases led Broca to believe that speech was localized to this particular area.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17405763_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17405763-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MRI_findings">MRI findings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: MRI findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examination of the brains of Broca's two historic patients with high-resolution <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> has produced several interesting findings. First, the MRI findings suggest that other areas besides Broca's area may also have contributed to the patients' reduced productive speech. This finding is significant because it has been found that, though <a href="/wiki/Lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesions">lesions</a> to Broca's area alone can possibly cause temporary speech disruption, they do not result in severe speech arrest. Therefore, there is a possibility that the <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a> denoted by Broca as an absence of productive speech also could have been influenced by the lesions in the other region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another finding is that the region, which was once considered to be critical for speech by Broca, is not precisely the same region as what is now known as Broca's area. This study provides further evidence to support the claim that language and cognition are far more complicated than once thought and involve various networks of brain regions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_language">Evolution of language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Evolution of language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pursuit of a satisfying theory that addresses the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">origin of language</a> in humans has led to the consideration of a number of evolutionary "models". These models attempt to show how modern language might have evolved, and a common feature of many of these theories is the idea that vocal <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> was initially used to complement a far more dominant mode of communication through <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gesture</a>. Human language might have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> as the "evolutionary refinement of an implicit communication system already present in lower primates, based on a set of hand/mouth goal-directed action representations."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18633777_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18633777-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hand/mouth goal-directed action representations" is another way of saying "gestural communication", "gestural language", or "communication through <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>". The recent finding that Broca's area is active when people are observing others engaged in meaningful action is evidence in support of this idea. It was hypothesized that a precursor to the modern Broca's area was involved in translating gestures into <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstract ideas</a> by interpreting the movements of others as meaningful action with an intelligent purpose. It is argued that over time the ability to predict the intended outcome and purpose of a set of movements eventually gave this area the capability to deal with truly abstract ideas, and therefore (eventually) became capable of associating sounds (words) with abstract meanings. The observation that frontal language areas are activated when people observe <a href="/wiki/Shadowgraphy_(performing_art)" title="Shadowgraphy (performing art)">hand shadows</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18633777_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18633777-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is further evidence that human language may have evolved from existing neural substrates that evolved for the purpose of gesture recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14621511_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14621511-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study, therefore, claims that Broca's area is the "motor center for speech", which assembles and decodes speech sounds in the same way it interprets body language and gestures. Consistent with this idea is that the neural substrate that regulated motor control in the common ancestor of apes and humans was most likely modified to enhance cognitive and linguistic ability.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12653308_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12653308-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of speakers of <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> and English suggest that the human brain recruited systems that had evolved to perform more basic functions much earlier; these various <a href="/wiki/Brain_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain circuits">brain circuits</a>, according to the authors, were tapped to work together in creating language.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20368422_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20368422-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another recent finding has showed significant areas of activation in subcortical and neocortical areas during the production of communicative manual gestures and vocal signals in chimpanzees.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18308569_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18308569-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the data indicating that <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> intentionally produce manual gestures as well as vocal signals to communicate with humans suggests that the precursors to human language are present at both the behavioral and neuronanatomical levels. More recently, the neocortical distribution of activity-dependent gene expression in <a href="/wiki/Marmoset" title="Marmoset">marmosets</a> provided direct evidence that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which comprises Broca's area in humans and has been associated with auditory processing of species-specific vocalizations and orofacial control in macaques, is engaged during vocal output in a <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20953246_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20953246-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21179582_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21179582-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings putatively set the origin of vocalization-related neocortical circuits to at least 35 million years ago, when the Old and New World monkey lineages split. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Broca%27s_area_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Broca's area (shown in red). Animation."><img alt="Broca's area (shown in red). Animation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Broca%27s_area_animation.gif/120px-Broca%27s_area_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Broca%27s_area_animation.gif/180px-Broca%27s_area_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Broca%27s_area_animation.gif/240px-Broca%27s_area_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Broca's area (shown in red). Animation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location of Broca's area highlighted in white."><img alt="Approximate location of Broca's area highlighted in white." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/120px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/180px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/240px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Approximate location of Broca's area highlighted in white.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_model_of_the_neurobiology_of_language_fpsyg-04-00416-g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arcuate fasciculus connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area."><img alt="Arcuate fasciculus connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_model_of_the_neurobiology_of_language_fpsyg-04-00416-g001.jpg/120px-The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_model_of_the_neurobiology_of_language_fpsyg-04-00416-g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_model_of_the_neurobiology_of_language_fpsyg-04-00416-g001.jpg/180px-The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_model_of_the_neurobiology_of_language_fpsyg-04-00416-g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_model_of_the_neurobiology_of_language_fpsyg-04-00416-g001.jpg/240px-The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_model_of_the_neurobiology_of_language_fpsyg-04-00416-g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_fasciculus" title="Arcuate fasciculus">Arcuate fasciculus</a> connects Broca's area and <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm/120px--Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_(Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s)_-_Broca's_area.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="852" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="852" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm/Cerebral_Hemisphere_Demonstration_-_Sanjoy_Sanyal_-_Neuroscience_Lab_Fall_2013_%28Cropped_from_7m45s_to_8m9s%29_-_Broca%27s_area.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human brain dissection video (24 sec). Demonstrating the location of Broca's area in <a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">inferior frontal gyrus</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Broca%27s_area_sagittal_sections.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagittal sections of Broca's area"><img alt="Sagittal sections of Broca's area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Broca%27s_area_sagittal_sections.gif/120px-Broca%27s_area_sagittal_sections.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Broca%27s_area_sagittal_sections.gif/180px-Broca%27s_area_sagittal_sections.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Broca%27s_area_sagittal_sections.gif 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sagittal sections of Broca's area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brocas_area_coronal_sections.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronal sections of Broca's area"><img alt="Coronal sections of Broca's area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Brocas_area_coronal_sections.gif/112px-Brocas_area_coronal_sections.gif" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Brocas_area_coronal_sections.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coronal sections of Broca's area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Broca%27s_area_transversal_sections.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Transversal sections of Broca's area"><img alt="Transversal sections of Broca's area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Broca%27s_area_transversal_sections.gif/96px-Broca%27s_area_transversal_sections.gif" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Broca%27s_area_transversal_sections.gif/144px-Broca%27s_area_transversal_sections.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Broca%27s_area_transversal_sections.gif 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transversal sections of Broca's area</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_the_brain" title="Lobes of the brain">Lobes of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_nonfluent_aphasia" title="Progressive nonfluent aphasia">Progressive nonfluent aphasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_of_Sandy_Cove" title="Jerome of Sandy Cove">Jerome of Sandy Cove</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Reference-AHD-Broca's_area" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Broca%27s+area">"Broca's area"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Broca%27s+area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DBroca%2527s%2Barea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroca%27s+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826080617/https://www.dictionary.com/">"Broca's area"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Broca%27s+area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBroca%2527s%2520area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroca%27s+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brocas-area">"Broca's area"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004388">3004388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21179582">21179582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Integrative+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Vocalization+Induced+CFos+Expression+in+Marmoset+Cortex&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=128&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3004388%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21179582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnint.2010.00128&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=CT&rft.au=Dimauro%2C+A&rft.au=Pistorio%2C+A&rft.au=Hendry%2C+S&rft.au=Wang%2C+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3004388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroca%27s+area" 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<ul><li>"Paul Broca's discovery of the area of the brain governing articulated language", analysis of Broca's 1861 article, on <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibnum.education.fr/sciencesdelavie/neurologie/l-aphasie-de-broca">BibNum</a></i> <small>[click 'à télécharger' for English version]</small>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_cerebral_cortex_of_the_human_brain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral_cortex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_cerebral_cortex_of_the_human_brain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_frontal_gyrus" title="Middle frontal gyrus">Middle frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">46</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">Inferior frontal gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">47</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars orbitalis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broca's area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">44</a>-<a href="/wiki/Opercular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars opercularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">45</a>-<a href="/wiki/Triangular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars triangularis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_sulcus" title="Superior frontal sulcus">Superior frontal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_sulcus" title="Inferior frontal sulcus">Inferior frontal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_sulcus" title="Precentral sulcus">Precentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_frontal_gyrus" title="Medial frontal gyrus">Medial frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraterminal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraterminal gyrus">Paraterminal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paraolfactory_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraolfactory area">Paraolfactory area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_gyrus" title="Straight gyrus">Straight gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_gyri" title="Orbital gyri">Orbital gyri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">Orbitofrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcallosal_area" title="Subcallosal area">Subcallosal area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory sulcus">Olfactory sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_sulcus" title="Orbital sulcus">Orbital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_sulcus" title="Paracentral sulcus">Paracentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premotor_cortex" title="Premotor cortex">Premotor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_eye_field" title="Supplementary eye field">Supplementary eye field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" title="Frontal eye fields">Frontal eye fields</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">Parietal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_parietal_lobule" title="Superior parietal lobule">Superior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_parietal_lobule" title="Inferior parietal lobule">Inferior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_40" title="Brodmann area 40">40</a>-<a href="/wiki/Supramarginal_gyrus" title="Supramarginal gyrus">Supramarginal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_39" title="Brodmann area 39">39</a>-<a href="/wiki/Angular_gyrus" title="Angular gyrus">Angular gyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_operculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal operculum">Parietal operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_43" title="Brodmann area 43">43</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraparietal_sulcus" title="Intraparietal sulcus">Intraparietal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precuneus" title="Precuneus">Precuneus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sulcus" title="Marginal sulcus">Marginal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Primary somatosensory cortex">Primary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_3,_1_and_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2">3, 1 and 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Secondary somatosensory cortex">Secondary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">Posterior parietal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">Occipital lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_pole_of_cerebrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital pole of cerebrum">Occipital pole of cerebrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_gyri" title="Occipital gyri">Occipital gyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_occipital_sulcus" title="Lateral occipital sulcus">Lateral occipital gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_18" title="Brodmann area 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_19" title="Brodmann area 19">19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_sulcus" title="Lunate sulcus">Lunate sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_occipital_sulcus" title="Transverse occipital sulcus">Transverse occipital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneus" title="Cuneus">Cuneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_gyrus" title="Lingual gyrus">Lingual gyrus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcarine_sulcus" title="Calcarine sulcus">Calcarine sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">Temporal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_temporal_gyrus" title="Transverse temporal gyrus">Transverse temporal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_41_and_42" title="Brodmann areas 41 and 42">41 and 42</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus" title="Superior temporal gyrus">Superior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_38" title="Brodmann area 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_22" title="Brodmann area 22">22</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planum_temporale" title="Planum temporale">Planum temporale</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus" title="Superior temporal sulcus">Superior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_temporal_gyrus" title="Middle temporal gyrus">Middle temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_21" title="Brodmann area 21">21</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipitotemporal_sulcus" title="Occipitotemporal sulcus">Occipitotemporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus" title="Fusiform gyrus">Fusiform gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_37" title="Brodmann area 37">37</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_temporal_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial temporal lobe">Medial temporal lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_27" title="Brodmann area 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_28" title="Brodmann area 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_34" title="Brodmann area 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_36" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 36">36</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior temporal sulcus">Inferior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus" title="Inferior temporal gyrus">Inferior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_20" title="Brodmann area 20">20</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">Interlobar<br />sulci/fissures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_sulcus" title="Central sulcus">Central (frontal+parietal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parieto-occipital_sulcus" title="Parieto-occipital sulcus">Parieto-occipital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preoccipital_notch" title="Preoccipital notch">Preoccipital notch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_fissure" title="Longitudinal fissure">Longitudinal fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus" title="Cingulate sulcus">Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_fissure" title="Collateral fissure">Collateral (temporal+occipital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callosal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Callosal sulcus">Callosal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Parahippocampal gyrus">Parahippocampal gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">Entorhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perirhinal_cortex" title="Perirhinal cortex">Perirhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postrhinal_cortex" title="Postrhinal cortex">Postrhinal cortex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Posterior parahippocampal gyrus">Posterior parahippocampal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepyriform_area" title="Prepyriform area">Prepyriform area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulate gyrus">gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subgenual_area_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenual area 25">Subgenual area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">Anterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_33" title="Brodmann area 33">33</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior cingulate">Posterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_23" title="Brodmann area 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_31" title="Brodmann area 31">31</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_cingulate_gyrus" title="Isthmus of cingulate gyrus">Isthmus of cingulate gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Retrosplenial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrosplenial region">Retrosplenial cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_26" title="Brodmann area 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_29" title="Brodmann area 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_30" title="Brodmann area 30">30</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">Hippocampal formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_sulcus" title="Hippocampal sulcus">Hippocampal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria of hippocampus">Fimbria of hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">Dentate gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinal_sulcus" title="Rhinal sulcus">Rhinal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indusium_griseum" title="Indusium griseum">Indusium griseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncus" title="Uncus">Uncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(brain)" title="Operculum (brain)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_of_cerebral_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles of cerebral hemispheres">Poles of cerebral hemispheres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><i>Some categorizations are approximations, and some <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann areas</a> span gyri.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&oldid=1254574746">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&oldid=1254574746</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cerebrum" title="Category:Cerebrum">Cerebrum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Frontal_lobe" title="Category:Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></li><li><a 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