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<span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folklore subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_other_binding_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_other_binding_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marriages and other binding contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_other_binding_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Druids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Witches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seashore_rock-cut_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seashore_rock-cut_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seashore rock-cut basins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seashore_rock-cut_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man_made_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man_made_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Man made basins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Man_made_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Details_of_rock-cut_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Details_of_rock-cut_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Details of rock-cut basins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Details_of_rock-cut_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cylindrical depression cut into stream or river beds</div> <p>A <b>rock-cut basin</b> is a natural cylindrical depression cut into stream or river beds, often filled with water. Such plucked-bedrock pits are created by <a href="/wiki/Kolk_(vortex)" title="Kolk (vortex)">kolks</a>; powerful vortices within the water currents which spin small boulders around, eroding out these rock basins by their abrasive action. These basins are frequently found in streams and rivers with a relatively soft rock substrates such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>. The rather unusual and man-made appearance of such depressions has led to various folk-tales becoming associated with them, such as their identification as <a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">petrosomatoglyphs</a>, including knee prints, elbow prints, etc. of saints, heroes, kings or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> beings.<sup id="cite_ref-Pennick199640_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pennick199640-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lynn_Glen_small_spout.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lynn_Glen_small_spout.JPG/220px-Lynn_Glen_small_spout.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lynn_Glen_small_spout.JPG/330px-Lynn_Glen_small_spout.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lynn_Glen_small_spout.JPG/440px-Lynn_Glen_small_spout.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The Caaf Water running over limestone: a good site for rock-cut basins.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rock-cut basins are formed by the action of fast running water currents that cause small boulders to move in a circular motion or <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a>. The friction created by these kolks propelling small boulders in a circular motion erodes the natural rock substrate to create concavities called rock-cut basins, that increase in depth and circumference over the years. One or more rounded stones may be found within them, often of varying sizes as these stones also wear away with the physical abrasion effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Alt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bjornstad_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornstad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conditions on the river bed must be just right, so that the 'abrasion stones' remain in approximately one area as they circle, allowing the processes which create the rock-cut basins to occur. During times of heavy flood, river currents provide considerable energy to stones lying on the bottom, as can be witnessed beside many rivers where audible sounds are made by boulders as they are tumbled downstream over the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> or as they clash against other boulders. The term <a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a> is used to describe the material carried by a river by being bounced or rolled along its bed.<sup id="cite_ref-bedload_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedload-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menantol2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Menantol2.jpg/190px-Menantol2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Menantol2.jpg/285px-Menantol2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Menantol2.jpg/380px-Menantol2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Men-an-tol and the 'holed stone' which may have been a rock-cut basin</figcaption></figure> <p>If a rock-cut basin forms on an overhanging ledge at a waterfall or drop in the river level, then a circular holed stone may eventually form.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolmen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolmen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may have been used in the construction of megalithic monuments, especially tombs. Such holed stones are often associated with folklore as healing stones through which sick children are passed etc., as with the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAn-an-Tol" title="Mên-an-Tol">Mên-an-Tol</a> in Cornwall, where the legend is that passage through the stone will cure a child of <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a> (osteomalacia), also <a href="/wiki/Scrofula" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrofula">scrofula</a> as well as spinal conditions in men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Roud5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roud5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries, children with rickets were passed naked through the hole in the middle stone nine times,<sup id="cite_ref-Men_an_tol_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Men_an_tol-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or three times against the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Roud5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roud5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archdruid_in_his_Full_Judicial_Costume.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Archdruid_in_his_Full_Judicial_Costume.PNG/170px-Archdruid_in_his_Full_Judicial_Costume.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Archdruid_in_his_Full_Judicial_Costume.PNG/255px-Archdruid_in_his_Full_Judicial_Costume.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Archdruid_in_his_Full_Judicial_Costume.PNG/340px-Archdruid_in_his_Full_Judicial_Costume.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of a druid, drawn 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>Below the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/North_Teign_River" class="mw-redirect" title="North Teign River">North Teign River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Walla_Brook" title="Walla Brook">Walla Brook</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> there is a large boulder covered with rock-cut basins, one of which the <a href="/wiki/Kolk_(vortex)" title="Kolk (vortex)">kolks</a> have completely worn through and therefore the stone has an almost perfectly circular hole. The holed stone thus produced is called the 'Tolmen' stone and it has, like others, been the focus for some stories of magical cures and mystical activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolmen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolmen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that passing through the hole is a cure for <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-whooping_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whooping-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst children would be cured of <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">whooping-cough</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pertussis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pertussis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tuberculosis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuberculosis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another legend is that if you pass through the hole you will see the future.<sup id="cite_ref-future_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be linked to the belief, recorded elsewhere, that looking through a holed stone gives a person 'second sight', and some later Christian pilgrim sites retain the holed stones which exist in the area so that pilgrims may get a 'glimpse of heaven.' Connected with this was the belief by that looking through a piece of grass made into a circle one was given second sight into the land of the supernatural, making <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> visible, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-second_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passing through the stone may be symbolic of 'rebirth', however it seems that the idea of transferring the disease or condition to the stone was uppermost in the thoughts of the practitioners. To add weight to this idea it has been recorded that sick children were also passed through double-rooted bramble hoops, split ash trees and even holes in the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Roud5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roud5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faithless wives and wantons were punished and put back on the 'right track' by forcing them first to wash in <a href="/wiki/Cranmere_Pool" title="Cranmere Pool">Cranmere Pool</a> on Dartmoor, then to run round Scorhill circle three times, then they had to pass through the Tolmen stone and finally they went up to the <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wethers" title="Grey Wethers">Grey Wethers</a> stone circle where they knelt and asked forgiveness. If the stones remained standing then all was well, but if their penance was not sincere then a stone would fall and crush them.<sup id="cite_ref-Hippisley_Coxe30_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hippisley_Coxe30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_other_binding_contracts">Marriages and other binding contracts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriages and other binding contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folklore connected with holed stones<sup id="cite_ref-Bord_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bord-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates that they were also used for a ceremony of grasping hands to form a <a href="/wiki/Tailtiu" title="Tailtiu">Teltown</a> marriage, this being a marriage of a year and a day in which either party could return to the spot a year later, renounce the marriage and walk away from the stone and their partner. It is also recorded that hands shaken through a holed stone created unbreakable agreements or contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-Roud5_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roud5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marriage_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marriage-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contract_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contract-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druids">Druids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Druids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tolmen stones, said to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> tol (hole) maen (stone), were thought to have been used by <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a> for purification and that the wrongdoer was lowered through into the water for 'lustration', a purification rite or cleansing ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-tolmen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolmen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recently the role of perforated stones may have been twofold; use in fertility or healing rites and as traditional settings for the pledging of vows between couples. The hole in the stone might also represent the female birth canal in the Druid or 'pagan' mind and by passing through it a person was symbolising the act of rebirth and therefore regaining innocence or being cleansed of post-<a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">parturition</a> illness, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-rebirth_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebirth-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witches">Witches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Witches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Killoch Burn and glen near <a href="/wiki/Neilston" title="Neilston">Neilston</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire" title="East Renfrewshire">East Renfrewshire</a>, Scotland has become associated with a witch because at low water the numerous 'pot-holes' have worn into one another, giving fantastic shapes. Locals named some of these the witch's floor, hearth, cradle, water-stoup and grave.<sup id="cite_ref-Pride_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pride-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seashore_rock-cut_basins">Seashore rock-cut basins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seashore rock-cut basins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullaunchapeltoun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bullaunchapeltoun.JPG/200px-Bullaunchapeltoun.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bullaunchapeltoun.JPG/300px-Bullaunchapeltoun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bullaunchapeltoun.JPG/400px-Bullaunchapeltoun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bullaun" title="Bullaun">bullaun</a> made from rock-cut basins in <a href="/wiki/Chapeltoun" title="Chapeltoun">Chapeltoun</a>, Ayrshire, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>All around the coastline of the island of <a href="/wiki/Coll" title="Coll">Coll</a> are found rock-cut holes and basins which some people believe them to be prehistoric, related to the cup marks found in many places. Others think that they are bait holes, used for grinding shellfish such as limpets in order to attract fish. Another theory is that they were used for offerings in order to help the safe return of people out at sea. The prehistoric village at <a href="/wiki/Maes_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maes Howe">Maes Howe</a> had similar sized and shaped basins made from flat stones and possibly sealed with clay, used perhaps for storing bait. Although some of the holes on Coll may be natural, such as this large basin washed by the tide, many others are in locations and are of shapes which show that they are definitely man-made.<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Man_made_basins">Man made basins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Man made basins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many examples exist, created for a wide range of purposes from the grinding of fish bait to a possible ritual use for the inauguration of kings such as at Dunadd.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunadd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunadd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bullaun" title="Bullaun">Bullauns</a> may fall into this category. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details_of_rock-cut_basins">Details of rock-cut basins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Details of rock-cut basins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These photographs were all taken on the <a href="/wiki/Caaf_Water" title="Caaf Water">Caaf Water</a>, Lynn Glen, <a href="/wiki/Dalry,_North_Ayrshire" title="Dalry, North Ayrshire">Dalry</a>, Ayrshire, Scotland. The water conditions must be precisely right to create a fully formed kolk as shown by their absence or partial formation in sub-optimal parts of the same river system. Large basins form where the water flow is forceful and many small basins occur where the flow is fast, but the water shallower, such as near the edge of a waterfall. The stone substrate is made of fossiliferous limestone in these photographs. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_rock-cut_basins.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Small basins cut by pebbles in fast moving water near the edge of the waterfall"><img alt="Small basins cut by pebbles in fast moving water near the edge of the waterfall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Small_rock-cut_basins.JPG/120px-Small_rock-cut_basins.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Small_rock-cut_basins.JPG/180px-Small_rock-cut_basins.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Small_rock-cut_basins.JPG/240px-Small_rock-cut_basins.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small basins cut by pebbles in fast moving water near the edge of the waterfall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_rock-cut_basins_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Further examples of small kolk action in fast flowing water"><img alt="Further examples of small kolk action in fast flowing water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Small_rock-cut_basins_2.JPG/120px-Small_rock-cut_basins_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Small_rock-cut_basins_2.JPG/180px-Small_rock-cut_basins_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Small_rock-cut_basins_2.JPG/240px-Small_rock-cut_basins_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Further examples of small kolk action in fast flowing water</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_rock-cut_basin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A large rock-cut basin with small 'kolk moved' boulders in it"><img alt="A large rock-cut basin with small 'kolk moved' boulders in it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Large_rock-cut_basin.JPG/120px-Large_rock-cut_basin.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Large_rock-cut_basin.JPG/180px-Large_rock-cut_basin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Large_rock-cut_basin.JPG/240px-Large_rock-cut_basin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large rock-cut basin with small 'kolk moved' boulders in it</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-cut_basins_en_mass.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Basins en masse"><img alt="Basins en masse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rock-cut_basins_en_mass.JPG/120px-Rock-cut_basins_en_mass.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rock-cut_basins_en_mass.JPG/180px-Rock-cut_basins_en_mass.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rock-cut_basins_en_mass.JPG/240px-Rock-cut_basins_en_mass.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basins en masse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-cut_basin_and_pebbles.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Basins with the eroding pebble in situ. Very low water levels."><img alt="Basins with the eroding pebble in situ. Very low water levels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rock-cut_basin_and_pebbles.JPG/120px-Rock-cut_basin_and_pebbles.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rock-cut_basin_and_pebbles.JPG/180px-Rock-cut_basin_and_pebbles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rock-cut_basin_and_pebbles.JPG/240px-Rock-cut_basin_and_pebbles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basins with the eroding pebble in situ. Very low water levels.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-cut_basin_forms.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Various basins just off the main current"><img alt="Various basins just off the main current" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rock-cut_basin_forms.JPG/120px-Rock-cut_basin_forms.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rock-cut_basin_forms.JPG/180px-Rock-cut_basin_forms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rock-cut_basin_forms.JPG/240px-Rock-cut_basin_forms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various basins just off the main current</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-cut_basin_overlaps.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Several basins in the main current, of different ages, have overlapped and lost their integrity."><img alt="Several basins in the main current, of different ages, have overlapped and lost their integrity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rock-cut_basin_overlaps.JPG/90px-Rock-cut_basin_overlaps.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rock-cut_basin_overlaps.JPG/135px-Rock-cut_basin_overlaps.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rock-cut_basin_overlaps.JPG/179px-Rock-cut_basin_overlaps.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Several basins in the main current, of different ages, have overlapped and lost their integrity.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peden%27s_Falls_Caaf_Water.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A particularly large basin near Peden's Pulpit on the Caaf Water"><img alt="A particularly large basin near Peden's Pulpit on the Caaf Water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peden%27s_Falls_Caaf_Water.JPG/120px-Peden%27s_Falls_Caaf_Water.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peden%27s_Falls_Caaf_Water.JPG/180px-Peden%27s_Falls_Caaf_Water.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peden%27s_Falls_Caaf_Water.JPG/240px-Peden%27s_Falls_Caaf_Water.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A particularly large basin near Peden's Pulpit on the Caaf Water</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_stone" title="Marriage stone">Marriage stone</a> – more on holestones</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pennick199640-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pennick199640_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennick, Nigel (1996). <i>Celtic Sacred Landscapes</i>. Thames & Hudson. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01666-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01666-6">0-500-01666-6</a>. P. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alt_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlt2001" class="citation book cs1">Alt, David (2001). <i>Glacial Lake Missoula & its Humongous Floods</i>. Mountain Press Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-415-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87842-415-6"><bdi>0-87842-415-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glacial+Lake+Missoula+%26+its+Humongous+Floods&rft.pub=Mountain+Press+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87842-415-6&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock-cut+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjornstad-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bjornstad_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjornstad,_Bruce2006" class="citation book cs1">Bjornstad, Bruce (2006). <i>On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: A Geological Guide to the Mid-Columbia Basin</i>. Keokee Books; San Point, Idaho. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879628-27-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879628-27-4"><bdi>978-1-879628-27-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Trail+of+the+Ice+Age+Floods%3A+A+Geological+Guide+to+the+Mid-Columbia+Basin&rft.pub=Keokee+Books%3B+San+Point%2C+Idaho&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-879628-27-4&rft.au=Bjornstad%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock-cut+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bedload-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bedload_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabularyGCSERivers.htm">Bedload</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolmen-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolmen_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolmen_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dartmoorperspectives.co.uk/dartmoorphotosne.html">The Tolmen stone</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roud5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roud5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roud5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roud5_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roud5_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roud, Steven (2003) <i>The Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Britain and Ireland.</i> Penguin Books. P. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Men_an_tol-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Men_an_tol_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAn-an-Tol" title="Mên-an-Tol">Men an Tol healing legends</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whooping-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whooping_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=14495">Rheumatism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pertussis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pertussis_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/dartmoorlander/dartmoor/tolmen.htm">Whooping-cough cure</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuberculosis-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tuberculosis_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prehistoric.org.uk/cornwall/menantol.html">Tuberculosis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-future_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rachelburchphotography.com/photo_76951.html">Seeing the future</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-second-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-second_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://merganser.math.gvsu.edu/myth/holed.html">Second sight</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hippisley_Coxe30-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hippisley_Coxe30_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hippisley Coxe, Anthony E. (1973). <i>Haunted Britain</i>. Pub. Hutchinson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-116540-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-116540-7">0-09-116540-7</a>. P. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bord-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bord_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bord, Janet and Colin. (1973) <i>Mysterious Britain</i>. Pub. Garnstone. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85511-180-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85511-180-1">0-85511-180-1</a>. P. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marriage-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marriage_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://merganser.math.gvsu.edu/myth/holed.html">Teltown marriage</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contract-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-contract_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prehistoric.org.uk/cornwall/menantol.html">Unbreakable Contracts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolmen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tolmen_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/tolmen.htm">Druids and bullauns.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebirth-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rebirth_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuck, C. (2003).<i>Landscapes and Desire</i>. Pub. Sutton. Stroud.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pride-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pride_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pride, David (1910), <i>A History of the Parish of Neilston</i>. Pub. Alexanger Gardner, Paisley. P. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coll-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coll_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810123235/http://www.shorewatch.co.uk/html/ornsay.html">"Illustrated Rock-cut basins on Coll"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shorewatch.co.uk/html/ornsay.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Rock-cut+basins+on+Coll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shorewatch.co.uk%2Fhtml%2Fornsay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock-cut+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunadd-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunadd_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810123235/http://www.shorewatch.co.uk/html/ornsay.html">"Dunadd"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shorewatch.co.uk/html/ornsay.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunadd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shorewatch.co.uk%2Fhtml%2Fornsay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock-cut+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic civilization">Hydraulic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">River valley civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_cruise" title="River cruise">River cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river" title="Wild river">Wild river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">Rivers by length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="List of drainage basins">Drainage basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers" title="List of whitewater rivers">Whitewater rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_floods" title="List of flash floods">Flash floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies" title="List of river name etymologies">River name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers" title="List of countries without rivers">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&oldid=1124837292">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock-cut_basin&oldid=1124837292</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fluvial_landforms" 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