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id="toc-Cycles_and_phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ovarian_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovarian_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ovarian cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovarian_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Follicular_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Follicular_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Follicular phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Follicular_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Ovulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luteal_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luteal_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Luteal phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luteal_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uterine_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uterine_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Uterine cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uterine_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menstruation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menstruation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Menstruation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menstruation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proliferative_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proliferative_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Proliferative phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proliferative_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretory_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretory_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Secretory phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretory_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anovulatory_cycles_and_short_luteal_phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anovulatory_cycles_and_short_luteal_phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anovulatory cycles and short luteal phases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anovulatory_cycles_and_short_luteal_phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menstrual_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menstrual_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Menstrual health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Menstrual_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Menstrual health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Menstrual_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hormonal_contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormonal_contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hormonal contraception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormonal_contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_other_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_other_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution and other species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_other_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Book sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Menstrual cycle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruationszyklus" title="Menstruationszyklus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Menstruationszyklus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دورة شهرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورة شهرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclu_sexual_femen%C3%ADn" title="Ciclu sexual femenín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciclu sexual femenín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayba%C5%9F%C4%B1_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Aybaşı dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aybaşı dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruwal_na_siklo" title="Menstruwal na siklo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Menstruwal na siklo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Менструален цикъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Менструален цикъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacijski_ciklus" title="Menstruacijski ciklus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Menstruacijski ciklus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicle_menstrual" title="Cicle menstrual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cicle menstrual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Менструаци циклĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Менструаци циклĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrua%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_cyklus" title="Menstruační cyklus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menstruační cyklus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruationscyklus" title="Menstruationscyklus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menstruationscyklus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruationszyklus" title="Menstruationszyklus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menstruationszyklus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruaalts%C3%BCkkel" title="Menstruaaltsükkel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Menstruaaltsükkel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Καταμήνιος κύκλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταμήνιος κύκλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_sexual_femenino" title="Ciclo sexual femenino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciclo sexual femenino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilekoaren_ziklo" title="Hilekoaren ziklo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hilekoaren ziklo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="چرخه قاعدگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخه قاعدگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_menstruel" title="Cycle menstruel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycle menstruel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timthriall_m%C3%ADosta" title="Timthriall míosta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timthriall míosta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_menstrual" title="Ciclo menstrual – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciclo menstrual" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%EA%B2%BD_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="월경 주기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="월경 주기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AC" title="Դաշտանային ցիկլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դաշտանային ցիկլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="मासिक धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मासिक धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrualni_ciklus" title="Menstrualni ciklus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Menstrualni ciklus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_menstruasi" title="Siklus menstruasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siklus menstruasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_mestruale" title="Ciclo mestruale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciclo mestruale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%99" title="המחזור החודשי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המחזור החודשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಋತುಚಕ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಋತುಚಕ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მენსტრუალური ციკლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მენსტრუალური ციკლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik_menstriy%C3%A8l" title="Sik menstriyèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sik menstriyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87erxa_mehane" title="Çerxa mehane – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çerxa mehane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclus_menstrualis" title="Cyclus menstrualis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cyclus menstrualis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstru%C4%81lais_cikls" title="Menstruālais cikls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Menstruālais cikls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97nesini%C5%B3_ciklas" title="Mėnesinių ciklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mėnesinių ciklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstru%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_ciklus" title="Menstruációs ciklus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Menstruációs ciklus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_m%C3%A8nstruasi" title="Siklus mènstruasi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Siklus mènstruasi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Менструален циклус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Менструален циклус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ആർത്തവചക്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർത്തവചക്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80" title="मासिक पाळी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मासिक पाळी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaran_haid" title="Kitaran haid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitaran haid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruatiecyclus" title="Menstruatiecyclus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menstruatiecyclus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="महिनावारी चक्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महिनावारी चक्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%B5%8C%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="月経周期 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="月経周期" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cykl_miesi%C4%85czkowy" title="Cykl miesiączkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cykl miesiączkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_menstrual" title="Ciclo menstrual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciclo menstrual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclu_menstrual" title="Ciclu menstrual – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciclu menstrual" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27ikuy" title="K'ikuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'ikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Менструальный цикл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менструальный цикл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱢᱮᱱᱥᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱱᱥᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikli_menstrual" title="Cikli menstrual – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cikli menstrual" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB" title="ඔසප් චක්‍ර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔසප් චක්‍ර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Menstrual cycle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacijski_ciklus" title="Menstruacijski ciklus – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menstruacijski ciklus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="سووڕی مانگانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سووڕی مانگانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Менструални циклус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Менструални циклус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrualni_ciklus" title="Menstrualni ciklus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Menstrualni ciklus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_m%C3%A9nstruasi" title="Siklus ménstruasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Siklus ménstruasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuukautiskierto" title="Kuukautiskierto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuukautiskierto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruationscykeln" title="Menstruationscykeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Menstruationscykeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Менструаль цикл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Менструаль цикл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఋతుచక్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఋతుచక్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="รอบประจำเดือน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอบประจำเดือน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಮದಿಮಾಳ್ ಮದಿಮೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮದಿಮಾಳ್ ಮದಿಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82det_d%C3%B6ng%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Âdet döngüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Âdet döngüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Менструальний цикл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менструальний цикл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siclo_mestrua%C5%82e" title="Siclo mestruałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Siclo mestruałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_kinh_nguy%E1%BB%87t" title="Chu kỳ kinh nguyệt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chu kỳ kinh nguyệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%BB%8F%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="月经周期 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="月经周期" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%9C%9F" title="經期 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="經期" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%B6%93%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="月經週期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="月經週期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83864#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural changes in the human female reproductive system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about biological aspects of the reproductive cycle in humans. For information specific to monthly periods, see <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menstruation_(mammal)" title="Menstruation (mammal)">menstruation (mammal)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menstrual_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Menstrual_cycle.svg/400px-Menstrual_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Menstrual_cycle.svg/600px-Menstrual_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Menstrual_cycle.svg/800px-Menstrual_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Menstrual cycle</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>menstrual cycle</b> is a series of natural changes in <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> production and the structures of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a> that makes <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">eggs</a> and the cyclic release of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days, with a <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> length of 28 days. <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a> (the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of 12 years; menstrual cycles continue for about 30–45 years. </p><p>Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Follicle_stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Follicle stimulating hormone">follicle stimulating hormone</a> prompts the production and growth of <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a> (immature egg cells). The hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus lining (<a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a>) to thicken to accommodate an embryo should <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a> occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> to a successfully <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implanted</a> embryo. If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released. Triggered by falling progesterone levels, <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> (a "period", in common parlance) is the cyclical shedding of the lining, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred. </p><p>Each cycle occurs in phases based on events either in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle). The ovarian cycle consists of the <a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">follicular phase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal phase</a>; the uterine cycle consists of the menstrual, proliferative and secretory phases. Day one of the menstrual cycle is the first day of the period, which lasts for about five days. Around day fourteen, an egg is usually released from the ovary. </p><p>The menstrual cycle can cause some women to experience <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">premenstrual syndrome</a> with symptoms that may include <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">tender breasts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">tiredness</a>. More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a>, and are experienced by 3–8% of women. During the first few days of menstruation some women experience <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">period pain</a> that can spread from the abdomen to the back and upper thighs. The menstrual cycle can be modified by <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal birth control">hormonal birth control</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cycles_and_phases">Cycles and phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cycles and phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_28_02_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Figure_28_02_07.jpg/330px-Figure_28_02_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="698" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Figure_28_02_07.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Progression of the menstrual cycle and some of the hormones contributing to it</figcaption></figure> <p>The menstrual cycle encompasses the ovarian and uterine cycles. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">follicles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29544627_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29544627-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrial lining</a> of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into phases. The ovarian cycle consists of alternating <a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">follicular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal phases</a>, and the uterine cycle consists of the <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstrual phase</a>, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017944_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017944-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The menstrual cycle is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> in the brain, and the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior pituitary gland">anterior pituitary gland</a> at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (GnRH), which causes the nearby anterior pituitary to release <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH). Before <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, GnRH is released in low steady quantities and at a steady rate. After puberty, GnRH is released in large pulses, and the frequency and magnitude of these determine how much FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202042_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202042-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measured from the first day of one menstruation to the first day of the next, the length of a menstrual cycle varies but has a <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> length of 28 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cycle is often less regular at the beginning and end of a woman's reproductive life.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At puberty, a child's body begins to mature into an adult body capable of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>; the first period (called <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a>) occurs at around 12 years of age and continues for about 30–45 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202040_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202040-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29261991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29261991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menstrual cycles end at <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>, which is usually between 45 and 55 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Landa20178_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Landa20178-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26703478_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26703478-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovarian_cycle">Ovarian cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ovarian cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between menarche and menopause the ovaries regularly alternate between luteal and follicular phases during the monthly menstrual cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016741_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2016741-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> in the follicular phase, discharges of blood flow stop and the uterine lining thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one, or occasionally two, become dominant, while non-dominant follicles shrink and die. About mid-cycle, some 10–12 hours after the increase in luteinizing hormone, known as the LH surge,<sup id="cite_ref-Reed2018_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dominant follicle releases an <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a>, in an event called <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016747_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2016747-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After ovulation, the oocyte lives for 24 hours or less without <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017957_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017957-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a <a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">corpus luteum</a> – a body with the primary function of producing large amounts of the hormone <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017929_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017929-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of progesterone, the uterine lining changes to prepare for potential <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implantation</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> to establish a pregnancy. The thickness of the endometrium continues to increase in response to mounting levels of estrogen, which is released by the <a href="/wiki/Antral_follicle" title="Antral follicle">antral follicle</a> (a mature ovarian follicle) into the blood circulation. Peak levels of estrogen are reached at around day thirteen of the cycle and coincide with ovulation. If implantation does not occur within about two weeks, the corpus luteum degenerates into the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_albicans" title="Corpus albicans">corpus albicans</a>, which does not produce hormones, causing a sharp drop in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. This drop causes the uterus to lose its lining in menstruation; it is around this time that the lowest levels of estrogen are reached.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017942–946_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017942–946-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an ovulatory menstrual cycle, the ovarian and uterine cycles are concurrent and coordinated and last between 21 and 35 days, with a population average of 27–29 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202045_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202045-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar cycle">lunar cycle</a>, there is <a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">no causal relation</a> between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorrisCarr2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF_NaW1ZcSSACpgPA361_361]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorrisCarr2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF_NaW1ZcSSACpgPA361_361]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Follicular_phase">Follicular phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Follicular phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</a></div> <p>The ovaries contain a finite number of <a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">egg stem cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulosa cells">granulosa cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theca_of_follicle" title="Theca of follicle">theca cells</a>, which together form primordial follicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017929_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017929-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around 20 weeks into <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> some 7 million immature eggs have already formed in an ovary. This decreases to around 2 million by the time a girl is born, and 300,000 by the time she has her first period. On average, one egg matures and is released during ovulation each month after menarche.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUgwumadu2014115_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUgwumadu2014115-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning at puberty, these mature to primary follicles independently of the menstrual cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchman20208_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchman20208-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the egg is called <a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">oogenesis</a> and only one cell survives the <a href="/wiki/Prophase#Meiotic_prophase" title="Prophase">divisions</a> to await fertilization. The other cells are discarded as <a href="/wiki/Polar_body" title="Polar body">polar bodies</a>, which cannot be fertilized.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21268179_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21268179-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The follicular phase is the first part of the ovarian cycle and it ends with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Antral_follicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Antral follicles">antral follicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016741_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2016741-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a> (cell division) remains incomplete in the egg cells until the antral follicle is formed. During this phase usually only one ovarian follicle fully matures and gets ready to release an egg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017945_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017945-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The follicular phase shortens significantly with age, lasting around 14 days in women aged 18–24 compared with 10 days in women aged 40–44.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017942–946_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017942–946-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the influence of a rise in <a href="/wiki/Follicle_stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Follicle stimulating hormone">follicle stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) during the first days of the cycle, a few ovarian follicles are stimulated. These follicles, which have been developing for the better part of a year in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis" title="Folliculogenesis">folliculogenesis</a>, compete with each other for dominance. All but one of these follicles will stop growing, while one dominant follicle – the one that has the most FSH receptors – will continue to maturity. The remaining follicles die in a process called <a href="/wiki/Follicular_atresia" title="Follicular atresia">follicular atresia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200786_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200786-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">Luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) stimulates further development of the ovarian follicle. The follicle that reaches maturity is called an antral follicle, and it contains the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a> (egg cell).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017942_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017942-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theca cells develop receptors that bind LH, and in response secrete large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">androstenedione</a>. At the same time the granulosa cells surrounding the maturing follicle develop receptors that bind FSH, and in response start secreting androstenedione, which is converted to estrogen by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">aromatase</a>. The estrogen inhibits further production of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland. This <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> regulates levels of FSH and LH. The dominant follicle continues to secrete estrogen, and the rising estrogen levels make the pituitary more responsive to GnRH from the hypothalamus. As estrogen increases this becomes a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> signal, which makes the pituitary secrete more FSH and LH. This surge of FSH and LH usually occurs one to two days before ovulation and is responsible for stimulating the rupture of the antral follicle and release of the oocyte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchman20208_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchman20208-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016745_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2016745-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ovulation">Ovulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ovulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ovulation.jpg/220px-Ovulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ovulation.jpg/330px-Ovulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ovulation.jpg/440px-Ovulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>An ovary about to release an egg</figcaption></figure> <p>Around day fourteen, the egg is released from the ovary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017943_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017943-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>, this occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the pelvic cavity and enters the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tube</a>, about 10–12 hours after the peak in LH surge.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed2018_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically only one of the 15–20 stimulated follicles reaches full maturity, and just one egg is released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler201948_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201948-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovulation only occurs in around 10% of cycles during the first two years following menarche, and by the age of 40–50, the number of ovarian follicles is depleted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017953_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017953-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LH initiates ovulation at around day 14 and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017944_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017944-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following further stimulation by LH, the corpus luteum produces and releases estrogen, progesterone, <a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">relaxin</a> (which relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the <a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">myometrium</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">inhibin</a> (which inhibits further secretion of FSH).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017920_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017920-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the follicle wall in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its oocyte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016746_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2016746-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it is fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte promptly matures into an <a href="/wiki/Ootid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootid">ootid</a>, which blocks the other <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">sperm cells</a> and becomes a mature egg. If it is not fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte degenerates. The mature egg has a diameter of about 0.1 mm (0.0039 in),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the largest human cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30739329_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30739329-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Which of the two ovaries – left or right – ovulates appears random;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2019283_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2019283-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no left and right coordinating process is known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007192–193_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007192–193-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally both ovaries release an egg; if both eggs are fertilized, the result is <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal twin">fraternal twins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007192_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007192-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After release from the ovary into the pelvic cavity, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the <a href="/wiki/Fimbria_(female_reproductive_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria (female reproductive system)">fimbria</a> – a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. After about a day, an unfertilized egg disintegrates or dissolves in the fallopian tube, and a fertilized egg reaches the uterus in three to five days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler201936_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201936-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fertilization usually takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampulla of uterine tube">ampulla</a>, the widest section of the fallopian tubes. A <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">fertilized egg</a> immediately starts the process of <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">embryonic development</a>. The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus, and another three days to implant into the endometrium. It has reached the <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a> stage at the time of implantation: this is when pregnancy begins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017959_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017959-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg. The <a href="/wiki/Syncytiotrophoblast" title="Syncytiotrophoblast">syncytiotrophoblast</a> (the outer layer of the resulting embryo-containing blastocyst that later becomes the outer layer of the placenta) produces <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">human chorionic gonadotropin</a> (hCG), which is very similar to LH and preserves the corpus luteum. During the first few months of pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogens at slightly higher levels than those at ovulation. After this and for the rest of the pregnancy, the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> secretes high levels of these hormones – along with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete more progesterone and estrogens, blocking the menstrual cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017976_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017976-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hormones also prepare the mammary glands for milk<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017976_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017976-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luteal_phase">Luteal phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Luteal phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">Luteal phase</a></div> <p>Lasting about 14 days,<sup id="cite_ref-Reed2018_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the luteal phase is the final phase of the ovarian cycle and it corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. During the luteal phase, the pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200791_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200791-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased progesterone starts to induce the production of estrogen. The hormones produced by the corpus luteum also suppress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself. The level of FSH and LH fall quickly, and the corpus luteum atrophies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUgwumadu2014117_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUgwumadu2014117-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle. From the time of ovulation until progesterone withdrawal has caused menstruation to begin, the process typically takes about two weeks. For an individual woman, the follicular phase often varies in length from cycle to cycle; by contrast, the length of her luteal phase will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle at 10 to 16 days (average 14 days).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017942–946_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017942–946-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uterine_cycle">Uterine cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uterine cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_cervix.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illu_cervix.svg/350px-Illu_cervix.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illu_cervix.svg/525px-Illu_cervix.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illu_cervix.svg/700px-Illu_cervix.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>The anatomy of the uterus</figcaption></figure> <p>The uterine cycle has three phases: menses, proliferative and secretory.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30521482_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30521482-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menstruation">Menstruation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Menstruation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></div> <p>Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses or a period) is the first and most evident phase of the uterine cycle and first occurs at puberty. Called menarche, the first period occurs at the age of around twelve or thirteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26703478_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26703478-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average age is generally later in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> and earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29778270_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29778270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a>, it can occur as early as age eight years,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28591132_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28591132-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this can still be normal.<sup id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29422239_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29422239-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menstruation is initiated each month by falling levels of estrogen and progesterone and the release of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017945_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017945-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which constrict the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_artery" title="Spiral artery">spiral arteries</a>. This causes them to <a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">spasm</a>, contract and break up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007152_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007152-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood supply to the endometrium is cut off and the cells of the top layer of the endometrium (the stratum functionalis) become deprived of oxygen and die. Later the whole layer is lost and only the bottom layer, the stratum basalis, is left in place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017945_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017945-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> called <a href="/wiki/Plasmin" title="Plasmin">plasmin</a> breaks up the <a href="/wiki/Blood_clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clotting">blood clots</a> in the menstrual fluid, which eases the flow of blood and broken down lining from the uterus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017600_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017600-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flow of blood continues for 2–6 days and around 30–60 <a href="/wiki/Milliliters" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliliters">milliliters</a> of blood is lost,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202045_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202045-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200799_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200799-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flow of blood normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant, but this cannot be taken as certainty, as several factors can cause <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding#Pregnant_women" title="Vaginal bleeding">bleeding during pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27166462_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27166462-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menstruation occurs on average once a month from menarche to menopause, which corresponds with a woman's fertile years. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, and it typically occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27022074_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27022074-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menopause is preceded by a stage of hormonal changes called <a href="/wiki/Perimenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimenopause">perimenopause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Landa20178_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Landa20178-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Eumenorrhea</i> denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for around the first 5 days of the cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017943_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017943-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who experience <a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">menorrhagia</a> (heavy menstrual bleeding) are more susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency (medicine)">iron deficiency</a> than the average person.<sup id="cite_ref-iron_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iron-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proliferative_phase">Proliferative phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proliferative phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif/lossless-page1-350px-Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif/lossless-page1-525px-Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif/lossless-page1-700px-Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>During the menstrual cycle, levels of estradiol (an estrogen) vary by 200 percent. Levels of progesterone vary by over 1200 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow and proliferate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUgwumadu2014117_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUgwumadu2014117-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter part of the follicular phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2019283_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2019283-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they mature, the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts of <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, an estrogen. The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus with the spiral arterioles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017944_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017944-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As estrogen levels increase, cells in the cervix produce a type of <a href="/wiki/Cervical_mucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical mucus">cervical mucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has a higher <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and is less <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> than usual, rendering it more friendly to sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017936–937_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017936–937-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increases the chances of fertilization, which occurs around day 11 to day 14.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017957_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017957-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cervical mucus can be detected as a vaginal discharge that is copious and resembles raw egg whites.<sup id="cite_ref-Su2017_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su2017-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For women who are practicing <a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">fertility awareness</a>, it is a sign that ovulation may be about to take place,<sup id="cite_ref-Su2017_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su2017-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it does not mean ovulation will definitely occur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202045_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202045-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secretory_phase">Secretory phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secretory phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The secretory phase is the final phase of the uterine cycle and it corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the endometrium <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)#Uterus_receptivity" title="Implantation (embryology)">receptive</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implantation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a> (a fertilized egg, which has begun to grow).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30929718_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30929718-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> are secreted into the uterus<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26661899_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26661899-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cervical mucus thickens.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28801053_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28801053-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early pregnancy, progesterone also increases blood flow and reduces the <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contractility</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> in the uterus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017942_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017942-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raises <a href="/wiki/Basal_body_temperature" title="Basal body temperature">basal body temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28488202_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28488202-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If pregnancy does not occur the ovarian and uterine cycles start over again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017600_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017600-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anovulatory_cycles_and_short_luteal_phases">Anovulatory cycles and short luteal phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anovulatory cycles and short luteal phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">Anovulation</a></div> <p>Only two-thirds of overtly normal menstrual cycles are ovulatory, that is, cycles in which ovulation occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202045_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202045-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other third lack ovulation or have a short luteal phase (less than ten days<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in which progesterone production is insufficient for normal physiology and fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202046_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202046-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cycles in which ovulation does not occur (<a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">anovulation</a>) are common in girls who have just begun menstruating and in women around menopause. During the first two years following menarche, ovulation is absent in around half of cycles. Five years after menarche, ovulation occurs in around 75% of cycles and this reaches 80% in the following years.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29537383_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29537383-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anovulatory cycles are often overtly identical to normally ovulatory cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202044_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202044-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any alteration to balance of hormones can lead to anovulation. Stress, anxiety and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a> can cause a fall in GnRH, and a disruption of the menstrual cycle. Chronic anovulation occurs in 6–15% of women during their reproductive years. Around menopause, hormone feedback dysregulation leads to anovulatory cycles. Although anovulation is not considered a disease, it can be a sign of an underlying condition such as <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anovulatory cycles or short luteal phases are normal when women are under stress or athletes increasing the intensity of training. These changes are reversible as the stressors decrease or, in the case of the athlete, as she adapts to the training.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menstrual_health">Menstrual health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Menstrual health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg/220px-Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg/330px-Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg/440px-Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>A human primary <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">ovarian follicle</a> viewed by <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a>. The round <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a> stained red in the center is surrounded by a layer of <a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell" title="Granulosa cell">granulosa cells</a>, which are enveloped by the basement membrane and <a href="/wiki/Theca_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Theca cell">theca cells</a>. The magnification is around 1000 times. (<a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a normal and natural process,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202050_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202050-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some women experience <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">premenstrual syndrome</a> with symptoms that may include <a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">tender breasts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">tiredness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32809533_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32809533-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a> and are experienced by 3 to 8% of women.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed2018_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29298169_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29298169-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32809533_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32809533-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33030880_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33030880-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a> (menstrual cramps or period pain) is felt as painful cramps in the abdomen that can spread to the back and upper thighs during the first few days of menstruation.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dysmenorrheastat_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dysmenorrheastat-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30098748_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30098748-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debilitating period pain is not normal and can be a sign of something severe such as <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33132854_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33132854-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These issues can significantly affect a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">woman's health</a> and quality of life and timely interventions can improve the lives of these women.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31378287_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31378287-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are common culturally communicated misbeliefs that the menstrual cycle affects women's moods, causes depression or irritability, or that menstruation is a painful, shameful or unclean experience. Often a woman's normal mood variation is falsely attributed to the menstrual cycle. Much of the research is weak, but there appears to be a very small increase in mood fluctuations during the luteal and menstrual phases, and a corresponding decrease during the rest of the cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElse-QuestHyde2021258–261_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElse-QuestHyde2021258–261-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changing levels of estrogen and progesterone across the menstrual cycle exert systemic effects on aspects of physiology including the brain, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. The result can be subtle physiological and observable changes to women's athletic performance including strength, aerobic, and anaerobic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes to the brain have also been observed throughout the menstrual cycle<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but do not translate into measurable changes in intellectual achievement – including academic performance, problem-solving, and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improvements in <a href="/wiki/Spatial_ability" title="Spatial ability">spatial reasoning ability</a> during the menstruation phase of the cycle are probably caused by decreases in levels of estrogen and progesterone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElse-QuestHyde2021258–261_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElse-QuestHyde2021258–261-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <i><a href="/wiki/Mittelschmerz" title="Mittelschmerz">mittelschmerz</a></i> (a German term meaning <i>middle pain</i>). The cause of the pain is associated with the ruptured follicle, causing a small amount of blood loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017945_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017945-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even when normal, the changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle can increase the incidence of disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28390570_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28390570-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which might be caused by estrogen enhancement of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed2018_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 40% of women with <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> find that their <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> occur more frequently at certain phases of their menstrual cycle. This <a href="/wiki/Catamenial_epilepsy" title="Catamenial epilepsy">catamenial epilepsy</a> may be due to a drop in progesterone if it occurs during the luteal phase or around menstruation, or a surge in estrogen if it occurs at ovulation. Women who have regular periods can take medication just before and during menstruation. Options include progesterone supplements, increasing the dose of their regular <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> drug, or temporarily adding an anticonvulsant such as <a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">clobazam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">acetazolamide</a>. If this is ineffective, or when a woman's menstrual cycle is irregular, then treatment is to stop the menstrual cycle occurring. This may be achieved using <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">medroxyprogesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triptorelin" title="Triptorelin">triptorelin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">goserelin</a>, or by sustained use of oral contraceptives.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34528245_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34528245-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25079452_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25079452-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal_contraception">Hormonal contraception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hormonal contraception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></div> <p>Hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the secretion of the hormones, FSH, LH and GnRH. Hormonal contraception that contains estrogen, such as <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pills" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined oral contraceptive pills">combined oral contraceptive pills</a> (COCPs), stop the development of the dominant follicle and the mid-cycle LH surge and thus ovulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017948_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017948-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sequential dosing and discontinuation of the COCP can mimic the uterine cycle and produce bleeding that resembles a period. In some cases, this bleeding is lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29940996_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29940996-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progestin-only methods of hormonal contraception do not always prevent ovulation but instead work by stopping the cervical mucus from becoming sperm-friendly. Hormonal contraception is available in a variety of forms such as pills, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">skin implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUDs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUDs">hormonal intrauterine devices</a> (IUDs).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017948–949_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017948–949-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_other_species">Evolution and other species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evolution and other species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Menstruation_(mammal)" title="Menstruation (mammal)">Menstruation (mammal)</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Female_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Female mammals">female mammals</a> have an <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycle</a>, but only ten primate species, four <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> species, the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">elephant shrews</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_spiny_mouse" title="Cairo spiny mouse">Cairo spiny mouse</a> (<i>Acomys cahirinus</i>) have a <a href="/wiki/Menstruation_(mammal)" title="Menstruation (mammal)">menstrual cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellofiore_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellofiore-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cycles are the same as in humans apart from the length, which ranges from 9 to 37 days.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32129461_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32129461-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellofiore_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellofiore-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of immediate relationship between these groups suggests that four distinct evolutionary events have caused menstruation to arise.<sup id="cite_ref-Emera2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emera2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four theories on the evolutionary significance of menstruation:<sup id="cite_ref-Emera2012_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emera2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Control of sperm-borne pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18046752_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18046752-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9618925_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9618925-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8210311_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8210311-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis held that menstruation protected the uterus against <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>. Hypothesis 1 does not take into account that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">copulation</a> can take place weeks before menstruation and that potentially infectious <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> is not controlled by menstruation in other species.<sup id="cite_ref-Emera2012_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emera2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Energy conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9618925_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9618925-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8693059_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8693059-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis claimed that it took less energy to rebuild a uterine lining than to maintain it if pregnancy did not occur. Hypothesis 2 does not explain other species that also do not maintain a uterine lining but do not menstruate.<sup id="cite_ref-Emera2012_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emera2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A theory based on spontaneous decidualization (a process that results in significant changes to cells of the endometrium in preparation for, and during, pregnancy). Decidualization leads to the differentiation of the endometrial stroma, which involves cells of the immune system,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32129461_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32129461-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the formation of a new blood supply, hormones and tissue differentiation. In non-menstruating mammals, decidualization is driven by the embryo, not the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this theory, menstruation is an unintended consequence of the decidualization process and the body uses spontaneous decidualization to identify and reject defective embryos early on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process happens because the decidual cells of the stroma can recognize and respond to defects in a developing embryo by stopping the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> needed for the embryo to implant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uterine pre-conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19136085_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19136085-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis claims that a monthly pre-conditioning of the uterus is needed in species, such as humans, that have deeply invasive (deep-rooted) <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placentas</a>. In the process leading to the formation of a placenta, maternal tissues are invaded. This hypothesis holds that menstruation was not evolutionary, rather the result of a coincidental pre-conditioning of the uterus to protect uterine tissue from the deeply rooting placenta, in which a thicker endometrium develops.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19136085_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19136085-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypothesis 4 does not explain menstruation in non-primates.<sup id="cite_ref-Emera2012_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emera2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Progesterone levels exceed those of estrogen (estradiol) by a hundred-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202041_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202041-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a> women can experience complete suppression of follicular development, follicular development but no ovulation, or resumption of normal menstrual cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25869631_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25869631-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the corpus luteum, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme</a> converts <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a>, which is converted to progesterone.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22201776_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22201776-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uncharacteristic mid-cycle pain may be caused by medical conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a> or ruptured <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cyst" title="Ovarian cyst">ovarian cyst</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may be confused with <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid29544627-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29544627_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichards2018" class="citation journal cs1">Richards JS (2018). "The ovarian cycle". <i>Vitamins and Hormones</i> (Review). <b>107</b>: 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.vh.2018.01.009">10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-128-14359-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-128-14359-9"><bdi>978-0-128-14359-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29544627">29544627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vitamins+and+Hormones&rft.atitle=The+ovarian+cycle&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29544627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.vh.2018.01.009&rft.isbn=978-0-128-14359-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETortora2017944-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017944_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017944_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortora2017944_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTortora2017">Tortora 2017</a>, p. 944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202042-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202042_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrior2020">Prior 2020</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reed2018_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed2018_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed2018_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed2018_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed2018_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed2018_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed2018_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedCarrFeingold2018" class="citation journal cs1">Reed BF, Carr BR, Feingold KR, et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic">"The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation"</a>. <i>Endotext</i> (Review). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905282">25905282</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528022539/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endotext&rft.atitle=The+Normal+Menstrual+Cycle+and+the+Control+of+Ovulation&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25905282&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=BF&rft.au=Carr%2C+BR&rft.au=Feingold%2C+KR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK279054%2F%3Freport%3Dclassic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrior202040-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrior202040_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrior2020">Prior 2020</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29261991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29261991_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroixGondalLangaker2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lacroix AE, Gondal H, Langaker MD (2020). "Physiology, menarche". <i>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing</i> (Review). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29261991">29261991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls+%5BInternet%5D.+Treasure+Island+%28FL%29%3A+StatPearls+Publishing&rft.atitle=Physiology%2C+menarche&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29261991&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Gondal%2C+H&rft.au=Langaker%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Landa20178-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Landa20178_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Landa20178_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodriguez-Landa2017">Rodriguez-Landa 2017</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26703478-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26703478_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26703478_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadimitriou2016" class="citation journal cs1">Papadimitriou A (December 2016). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+and+Adolescent+Gynecology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+age+at+menarche+from+prehistorical+to+modern+times&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=527-530&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpag.2015.12.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26703478&rft.aulast=Papadimitriou&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2016741-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016741_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016741_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherwood2016">Sherwood 2016</a>, p. 741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2016747-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2016747_10-0">^</a></b></span> 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+menstruation%3A+a+new+model+for+genetic+assimilation%3A+explaining+molecular+origins+of+maternal+responses+to+fetal+invasiveness&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-35&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3528014%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22057551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.201100099&rft.aulast=Emera&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Romero%2C+R&rft.au=Wagner%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3528014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801180159/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150420-why-do-women-have-periods">BBC Earth lay summary</a>, 20 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18046752-95"><span 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"A role for menstruation in preconditioning the uterus for successful pregnancy". <i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</i> (Journal article). <b>200</b> (6): 615.e1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2008.11.037">10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19136085">19136085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=A+role+for+menstruation+in+preconditioning+the+uterus+for+successful+pregnancy&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=615.e1-6&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2008.11.037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19136085&rft.aulast=Brosens&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Parker%2C+MG&rft.au=McIndoe%2C+A&rft.au=Pijnenborg%2C+R&rft.au=Brosens%2C+IA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_sources">Book sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Book sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElse-QuestHyde2021" class="citation book cs1">Else-Quest N, Hyde JS (2021). "Psychology, gender, and health: psychological aspects of the menstrual cycle". <i>The Psychology of Women and Gender: Half the Human Experience +</i> (10th ed.). Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-544-39360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-544-39360-5"><bdi>978-1-544-39360-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychology%2C+gender%2C+and+health%3A+psychological+aspects+of+the+menstrual+cycle&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Women+and+Gender%3A+Half+the+Human+Experience+%2B&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-544-39360-5&rft.aulast=Else-Quest&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Hyde%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnson MH (2007). <i>Essential Reproduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1866-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-1866-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76074156">76074156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Reproduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76074156&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1866-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=MH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrisCarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Norris DA, Carr JA (2013). <i>Vertebrate Endocrinology</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-123-96465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-123-96465-6"><bdi>978-0-123-96465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Endocrinology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-123-96465-6&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Carr%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2019" class="citation book cs1">Parker S (2019). <i>The Concise Human Body Book: An Illustrated Guide to its Structures, Function and Disorders</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-39552-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-39552-3"><bdi>978-0-241-39552-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1091644711">1091644711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Human+Body+Book%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+to+its+Structures%2C+Function+and+Disorders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1091644711&rft.isbn=978-0-241-39552-3&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerilynn_Prior" title="Jerilynn Prior">Prior JC</a> (2020). "The menstrual cycle: its biology in the context of silent ovulatory disturbances". In Ussher JM, Chrisler JC, Perz J (eds.). <i>Routledge International Handbook of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abingdon, Oxon">Abingdon, Oxon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-49026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-49026-0"><bdi>978-1-138-49026-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1121130010">1121130010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+menstrual+cycle%3A+its+biology+in+the+context+of+silent+ovulatory+disturbances&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Handbook+of+Women%27s+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1121130010&rft.isbn=978-1-138-49026-0&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez-Landa2017" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez-Landa J (2017). <i>A Multidisciplinary Look at Menopause</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rijeka,_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijeka, Croatia">Rijeka, Croatia</a>: IntechOpen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-3405-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-51-3405-3"><bdi>978-953-51-3405-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1193045564">1193045564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Multidisciplinary+Look+at+Menopause&rft.place=Rijeka%2C+Croatia&rft.pub=IntechOpen&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1193045564&rft.isbn=978-953-51-3405-3&rft.aulast=Rodriguez-Landa&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler2019" class="citation book cs1">Sadler TW (2019). <i>Langman's Medical Embryology</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer" title="Wolters Kluwer">Wolters Kluwer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-8390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-8390-7"><bdi>978-1-4963-8390-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042400100">1042400100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langman%27s+Medical+Embryology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042400100&rft.isbn=978-1-4963-8390-7&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=TW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2016" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood L (2016). <i>Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a> Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-86693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-86693-2"><bdi>978-1-285-86693-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905848832">905848832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Physiology%3A+From+Cells+to+Systems&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905848832&rft.isbn=978-1-285-86693-2&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortora2017" class="citation book cs1">Tortora G (2017). <i>Tortora's Principles of Anatomy & Physiology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons, Inc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-38292-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-38292-8"><bdi>978-1-119-38292-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990424568">990424568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tortora%27s+Principles+of+Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990424568&rft.isbn=978-1-119-38292-8&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgwumadu2014" class="citation book cs1">Ugwumadu A (2014). <i>Basic Sciences for Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Core Material for MRCOG</i>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953508-8"><bdi>978-0-19-953508-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889303297">889303297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Sciences+for+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology%3A+Core+Material+for+MRCOG&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889303297&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953508-8&rft.aulast=Ugwumadu&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatchman2020" class="citation book cs1">Watchman T (2020). <i>Zero to Finals : Obstetrics and Gynaecology</i>. Manchester: Zero to Finals. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-6037-9726-7" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-6037-9726-7"><bdi>979-8-6037-9726-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233034578">1233034578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zero+to+Finals+%3A+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Zero+to+Finals&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1233034578&rft.isbn=979-8-6037-9726-7&rft.aulast=Watchman&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstrual+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menstrual_cycle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menstrual_cycle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_physiology_of_sexual_reproduction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Template:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Template talk:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_physiology_of_sexual_reproduction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human physiology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">sexual reproduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menstrual cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">Luteal phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogonium" title="Spermatogonium">spermatogonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">spermatocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatid" title="Spermatid">spermatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">oogonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_ovum" title="Immature ovum">ootid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonocyte" title="Gonocyte">gonocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li>Erection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li>Ejaculation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">Implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the<br /> reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadarche" title="Gonadarche">Gonadarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_scale" title="Tanner scale">Tanner scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubarche" title="Pubarche">Pubarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermarche" title="Spermarche">Spermarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenarche" title="Adrenarche">Adrenarche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_maternal_age" title="Advanced maternal age">Maternal age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paternal_age_effect" title="Paternal age effect">Paternal age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Egg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">Vivipary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology<br />and infertility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelarche" title="Thelarche">Thelarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Human reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diseases and disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">Anorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysorgasmia" title="Dysorgasmia">Dysorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_flaccid_syndrome" title="Hard flaccid syndrome">Hard flaccid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Menstrual_cycle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Menstrual_cycle" title="Template:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Menstrual_cycle" title="Template talk:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Menstrual_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Menstrual_cycle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menstrual cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">Luteal phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_body_temperature" title="Basal body temperature">Basal body temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix#Cervical_mucus" title="Cervix">Cervical mucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelschmerz" title="Mittelschmerz">Mittelschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar-based methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billings_ovulation_method" title="Billings ovulation method">Billings Ovulation Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Model_FertilityCare_System" title="Creighton Model FertilityCare System">Creighton Model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_suppression" title="Menstrual suppression">Suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Lactational amenorrhea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder" title="Menstrual disorder">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">Amenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">Anovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomenorrhea" title="Cryptomenorrhea">Cryptomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomenorrhea" title="Hypomenorrhea">Hypomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">Irregular menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menometrorrhagia" title="Menometrorrhagia">Menometrorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropathia_haemorrhagica" title="Metropathia haemorrhagica">Metropathia haemorrhagica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrorrhagia">Metrorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoamenorrhea" title="Oligoamenorrhea">Oligoamenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligomenorrhea" title="Oligomenorrhea">Oligomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoovulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligoovulation">Oligoovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhagia" title="Polymenorrhagia">Polymenorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhea" title="Polymenorrhea">Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis" title="Folliculogenesis">Folliculogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_synchrony" title="Menstrual synchrony">Menstrual synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_water_retention" title="Premenstrual water retention">Premenstrual water retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity_during_menstruation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity during menstruation">Sexual activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_and_mental_health" title="Menstruation and mental health">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">Premenstrual syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">Premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual psychosis">Menstrual psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene_management" title="Menstrual hygiene management">Menstrual hygiene management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">Menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">Menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_underwear" title="Period underwear">Period underwear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_Hygiene_Day" title="Menstrual Hygiene Day">Menstrual Hygiene Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">In culture and religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_in_Islam" title="Menstruation in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_leave" title="Menstrual leave">Menstrual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_stigma" title="Menstrual stigma">Menstrual stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_suppression" title="Menstrual suppression">Menstrual suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual taboo">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_celebration" title="Menstruation celebration">Menstruation celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_hut" title="Menstruation hut">Menstruation hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_poverty" title="Period poverty">Period poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_menstruation" title="Sustainable menstruation">Sustainable menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon_tax" title="Tampon tax">Tampon tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Template:Women's health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_health" title="Template talk:Women's health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_health_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/12px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/18px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal <br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive <br />life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual <br />health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted<br />infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive<br /> health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence <br />against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable <br />diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural <br />factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research<br />and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for 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href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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cycle","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menstrual_cycle","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83864","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83864","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-20T02:58:05Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T07:46:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Menstrual_cycle.svg","headline":"a type of ovulation cycle where the endometrium is shed if pregnancy does not occur"}</script> </body> </html>