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<span>Membership, qualifications, and apportionment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership,_qualifications,_and_apportionment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Membership, qualifications, and apportionment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membership,_qualifications,_and_apportionment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apportionments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apportionments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Apportionments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apportionments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redistricting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redistricting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Redistricting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redistricting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-voting_delegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-voting_delegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Non-voting delegates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-voting_delegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison to the Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Salary and benefits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Salary_and_benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Salary and benefits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Salary_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Salaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_deductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_deductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tax deductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_deductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel,_mail_and_office_expenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel,_mail_and_office_expenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Personnel, mail and office expenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel,_mail_and_office_expenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_allowance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_allowance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Travel allowance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_allowance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Officers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Officers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Member officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership_and_partisanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_and_partisanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Leadership and partisanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_and_partisanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-member_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-member_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-member officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-member_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Daily procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passage_of_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_of_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Passage of legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passage_of_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees_and_caucuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees_and_caucuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Committees and caucuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees_and_caucuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legislative functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checks_and_balances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checks_and_balances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Checks and balances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checks_and_balances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latest_election_results_and_party_standings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_election_results_and_party_standings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Latest election results and party standings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_election_results_and_party_standings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sources and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States House of Representatives</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_Huis_van_Verteenwoordigers" title="Amerikaanse Huis van Verteenwoordigers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amerikaanse Huis van Verteenwoordigers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentantenhaus_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speliendena_H%C5%ABs_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Ge%C4%81nedan_R%C4%ABca_American" title="Speliendena Hūs þāra Geānedan Rīca American – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Speliendena Hūs þāra Geānedan Rīca American" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="مجلس النواب الأمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس النواب الأمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Cámara de Representantes de los Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cámara de Representantes de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_N%C3%BCmay%C9%99nd%C9%99l%C9%99r_Palatas%C4%B1" title="ABŞ Nümayəndələr Palatası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Nümayəndələr Palatası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রতিনিধি সভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রতিনিধি সভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_H%C4%81-%C4%AB%E2%81%BF" title="Bí-kok Hā-īⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Hā-īⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Палата Прадстаўнікоў ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палата Прадстаўнікоў ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Палата прадстаўнікоў ЗША – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палата прадстаўнікоў ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Камара на представителите на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камара на представителите на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="United States House of Representatives" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastupni%C4%8Dki_dom_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Zastupnički dom Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zastupnički dom Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_Dileuridi_ar_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Ti Dileuridi ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ti Dileuridi ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_de_Representants_dels_Estats_Units" title="Cambra de Representants dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambra de Representants dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C4%9Bmovna_reprezentant%C5%AF_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Sněmovna reprezentantů Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sněmovna reprezentantů Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7_Cynrychiolwyr_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Tŷ Cynrychiolwyr yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tŷ Cynrychiolwyr yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A6sentanternes_Hus_(USA)" title="Repræsentanternes Hus (USA) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Repræsentanternes Hus (USA)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentantenhaus_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Esindajatekoda" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Esindajatekoda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Esindajatekoda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8E%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD_(%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91)" title="Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων (ΗΠΑ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων (ΗΠΑ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_%C4%88ambro_de_Reprezentantoj" title="Usona Ĉambro de Reprezentantoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Ĉambro de Reprezentantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Ordezkarien_Etxea" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Ordezkarien Etxea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Ordezkarien Etxea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مجلس نمایندگان ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس نمایندگان ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbo%C3%B0smannatingi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_USA" title="Umboðsmannatingið í USA – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Umboðsmannatingið í USA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_des_repr%C3%A9sentants_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Chambre des représentants des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chambre des représentants des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaansk_H%C3%BBs_fan_Offurdigen" title="Amerikaansk Hûs fan Offurdigen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaansk Hûs fan Offurdigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach_na_nIonadaithe,_St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe_Mheirice%C3%A1" title="Teach na nIonadaithe, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teach na nIonadaithe, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thie_Ynnydee_ny_Steatyn_Unnaneysit" title="Thie Ynnydee ny Steatyn Unnaneysit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thie Ynnydee ny Steatyn Unnaneysit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Cámara de Representantes dos Estados Unidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cámara de Representantes dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-koet_Chung-ngi-yen" title="Mî-koet Chung-ngi-yen – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mî-koet Chung-ngi-yen" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%98%EC%9B%90" title="미국 하원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 하원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="ԱՄՆ Ներկայացուցիչների պալատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ Ներկայացուցիչների պալատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="अमेरिकी हाउस ऑफ रेप्रेसेंटेटिव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी हाउस ऑफ रेप्रेसेंटेटिव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastupni%C4%8Dki_dom_Sjedinjenih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Zastupnički dom Sjedinjenih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zastupnički dom Sjedinjenih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usana_Domo_di_Reprezentanti" title="Usana Domo di Reprezentanti – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Usana Domo di Reprezentanti" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamara_dagiti_Pannakabagi_ti_Estados_Unidos" title="Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi ti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi ti Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulltr%C3%BAadeild_Bandar%C3%ADkja%C3%BEings" title="Fulltrúadeild Bandaríkjaþings – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fulltrúadeild Bandaríkjaþings" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_dei_rappresentanti_degli_Stati_Uniti" title="Camera dei rappresentanti degli Stati Uniti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camera dei rappresentanti degli Stati Uniti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בית הנבחרים של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הנבחרים של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="აშშ-ის წარმომადგენელთა პალატა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის წარმომადგენელთა პალატა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D3%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="АҚШ Өкілдер палатасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ Өкілдер палатасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Kanasedhoryon_an_Statys_Unys" title="Chi Kanasedhoryon an Statys Unys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chi Kanasedhoryon an Statys Unys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyumba_ya_Wawakilishi_ya_Marekani" title="Nyumba ya Wawakilishi ya Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyumba ya Wawakilishi ya Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Repraesentantium_Civitatum_Foederatarum" title="Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_P%C4%81rst%C4%81vju_pal%C4%81ta" title="ASV Pārstāvju palāta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV Pārstāvju palāta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Valstij%C5%B3_Atstov%C5%B3_r%C5%ABmai" title="Jungtinių Valstijų Atstovų rūmai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Valstijų Atstovų rūmai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_di_Reppresentant_di_Stat_Unii" title="Cambra di Reppresentant di Stat Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cambra di Reppresentant di Stat Unii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_K%C3%A9pvisel%C5%91h%C3%A1za" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Képviselőháza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Képviselőháza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Претставнички дом на Соединетите Американски Држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претставнички дом на Соединетите Американски Држави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9" title="अमेरिकेच्या प्रतिनिधींचे सभागृह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमेरिकेच्या प्रतिनिधींचे सभागृह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="مجلس نواب امريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجلس نواب امريكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="АНУ-ын Төлөөлөгчдийн Танхим – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Төлөөлөгчдийн Танхим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု အောက်လွှတ်တော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု အောက်လွှတ်တော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_van_Afgevaardigden_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Huis van Afgevaardigden (Verenigde Staten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huis van Afgevaardigden (Verenigde Staten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%A2" title="アメリカ合衆国下院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国下院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representantenes_hus_(USA)" title="Representantenes hus (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Representantenes hus (USA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representanthuset_i_USA" title="Representanthuset i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Representanthuset i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_dels_Representants_dels_Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Cambra dels Representants dels Estats Units d'America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cambra dels Representants dels Estats Units d'America" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਹਾਊਸ ਆਫ ਰਿਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੈਂਟੇਟਿਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਹਾਊਸ ਆਫ ਰਿਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੈਂਟੇਟਿਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentantenhuus_(USA)" title="Repräsentantenhuus (USA) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Repräsentantenhuus (USA)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izba_Reprezentant%C3%B3w_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Izba Reprezentantów Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izba Reprezentantów Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_dos_Representantes_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Câmara dos Representantes dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmara dos Representantes dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Reprezentan%C8%9Bilor_a_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Camera Reprezentanților a Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Camera Reprezentanților a Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Палата представителей США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палата представителей США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_States_Hoose_o_Representatives" title="Unitit States Hoose o Representatives – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit States Hoose o Representatives" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoma_e_P%C3%ABrfaq%C3%ABsuesve_e_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Dhoma e Përfaqësuesve e Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dhoma e Përfaqësuesve e Shteteve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="එක්සත් ජනපද නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් ජනපද නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States House of Representatives" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snemov%C5%88a_reprezentantov_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Snemovňa reprezentantov Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Snemovňa reprezentantov Spojených štátov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەنجومەنی نوێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنجومەنی نوێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Представнички дом Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Представнички дом Сједињених Америчких Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predstavni%C4%8Dki_dom_SAD" title="Predstavnički dom SAD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predstavnički dom SAD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_edustajainhuone" title="Yhdysvaltain edustajainhuone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain edustajainhuone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_representanthus" title="USA:s representanthus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s representanthus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapulungan_ng_mga_Kinatawan_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க சார்பாளர்கள் அவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க சார்பாளர்கள் அவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQ%C5%9E_w%C3%A4kill%C3%A4r_pulat%C4%B1" title="AQŞ wäkillär pulatı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="AQŞ wäkillär pulatı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="สภาผู้แทนราษฎรสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สภาผู้แทนราษฎรสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Temsilciler_Meclisi" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Temsilciler Meclisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Temsilciler Meclisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Representative&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lower house of the US Congress</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"House of Representatives committee" redirects here. For others, see <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives" title="House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the United States Congress in session, see <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a>. For state-level houses of representatives in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of United States state legislatures</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">United States House of Representatives</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/320px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the House</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the United States House of Representatives</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Term limits</div></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">New session started</div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 3, 2023<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-01-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>) <br />since <a href="/wiki/October_2023_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" title="October 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">October 25, 2023</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>) <br />since January 3, 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Minority_Leader" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) <br />since January 3, 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Deputy_Majority_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Deputy Majority Whip">Majority Whip</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>) <br />since January 3, 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Deputy_Minority_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Deputy Minority Whip">Minority Whip</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) <br />since January 3, 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">435 voting members</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">6 non-voting members</a><br />218 for a majority</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/250px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/375px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/500px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Majority (220)</b> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E81B23; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (220)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Minority (213)</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3333FF; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (213)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Vacant (2)</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:vacant; color:;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Vacant (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Vacancies" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">2</a>)</span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Length of term</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 years</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality voting</a> in 46 states<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left"><div>Varies in 4 states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a> & <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2024 United States House of Representatives elections">November 5, 2024</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2026_United_States_elections#House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2026 United States elections">November 3, 2026</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Redistricting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State legislatures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Redistricting_commission" title="Redistricting commission">redistricting commissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">varies by state</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg/220px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg/330px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg/440px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label">House of Representatives Chamber<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://house.gov">house<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom: 2px solid #E81B23">Rules</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rules.house.gov/rules-and-resources">Rules of the House of Representatives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-politics-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States"><small>Politics of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade"> Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b> National elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primary</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b> Elections by state and territory</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas" title="Elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado"> Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut" title="Elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware" title="Elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Florida" title="Elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois" title="Elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas" title="Elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky" title="Elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maryland" title="Elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="List of elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan" title="Elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota" title="Elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mississippi" title="Elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Missouri" title="Elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montana" title="Elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska" title="Elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada" title="Elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oregon" title="Elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee"> Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Texas" title="Elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Utah" title="Elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="Elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming" title="Elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Elections in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Elections in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Elections in the District of Columbia">Elections in the District of Columbia</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States" title="List of elections in the United States">List of elections</a>)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in the United States">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States" title="Populism in the United States">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States" title="Political culture of the United States">Political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territorial</a> government</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislatures</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Courts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia government</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Council of the District of Columbia">District Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of 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missions in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_United_States_citizens" title="Visa requirements for United States citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United States and the United Nations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security 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portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States House of Representatives</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower chamber">lower chamber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Upper_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper chamber">upper chamber</a>. Together, they compose the national <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House is charged with the passage of federal <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">bills</a>; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">the president</a> for signature or <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a>. The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeaching</a> federal officers, and <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">electing the president</a> if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the House serve a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">fixed term</a> of two years, with each seat up for election before the start of the next Congress. <a href="/wiki/Special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Special election">Special elections</a> also occur when a seat is vacated early enough. The House's composition was established by <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One of the United States Constitution</a>. The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Congressional_District_Act" title="Uniform Congressional District Act">Uniform Congressional District Act</a>, sit in single member <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">congressional districts</a> allocated to each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> on the basis of population as measured by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a>, with each district having at least a single representative, provided that that state is entitled to them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. Although suffrage was initially limited, it gradually widened, particularly after the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. Since 1913, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">number of voting representatives</a> has been at 435 pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USPL_62-5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPL_62-5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a> capped the size of the House at 435. However, the number was temporarily increased from 1959 until 1963 to 437 following the admissions of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, five non-voting delegates represent the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="District of Columbia's at-large congressional district">District of Columbia</a> and the U.S. territories of <a href="/wiki/Guam%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Guam's at-large congressional district">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="American Samoa's at-large congressional district">American Samoa</a>. A non-voting Resident Commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico%27s_at-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district">Puerto Rico</a>. As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, the largest delegation was <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>, with 52 representatives. Six states have <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">only one representative apiece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alaska%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Alaska's at-large congressional district">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Delaware's at-large congressional district">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="North Dakota's at-large congressional district">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's at-large congressional district">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Vermont's at-large congressional district">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Wyoming's at-large congressional district">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House meets in the south wing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>. The rules of the House generally address a two-party system, with a majority party in government, and a minority party in opposition. The presiding officer is the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>, who is elected by the members thereof. <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Other floor leaders</a> are chosen by the <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> or the <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a>, depending on whichever <a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">party</a> has the most voting members. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">History of the United States House of Representatives</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited <a href="/wiki/Confederal" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederal">confederal</a> government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787, which received the Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> agreed to send delegates. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_distribution_of_parties_in_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Historical_distribution_of_parties_in_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/220px-Historical_distribution_of_parties_in_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Historical_distribution_of_parties_in_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/330px-Historical_distribution_of_parties_in_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Historical_distribution_of_parties_in_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/440px-Historical_distribution_of_parties_in_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5487" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption>Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/220px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/330px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/440px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency<sup id="cite_ref-uspolitics.about_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspolitics.about-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">founders</a> during the convention. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a> called for a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> Congress: the lower house would be "of the people", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>, and a more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House is commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> and the Senate the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>. The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a>, which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states.<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the Convention reached the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a> or Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas the other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states.<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> for the first time. </p><p>During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">North</a> was much more populous than the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">South</a>, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. </p><p>Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to <a href="/wiki/Secede" class="mw-redirect" title="Secede">secede</a> from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. All southern senators except <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war. </p><p>The years of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> that followed witnessed large majorities for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>, which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/200px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/300px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/400px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a> (1895–1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House</a>. The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a>. "Czar Reed", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of <a href="/wiki/Majority_Leader_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives">majority leader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives">minority leader</a> being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker. The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joseph Gurney Cannon</a>, from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of the influential <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">Rules Committee</a> and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. However, these powers were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's heavy-handed tactics. </p><p>The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of the seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority system</a>, and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the speaker) grew considerably. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Julian_E._Zelizer" title="Julian E. Zelizer">Julian E. Zelizer</a>, the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> argued American democracy was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich brought an ethics complaint which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that the system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Tom Foley</a>, as speaker after the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a> of 1994 gave his party control of the House.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the <a href="/wiki/Contract_with_America" title="Contract with America">Contract with America</a> and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. However, after Republicans held control in the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1996 United States House of Representatives elections">1996 election</a>, Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans held on to the House until <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2006 United States House of Representatives elections">2006</a>, when the Democrats won control and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> was subsequently elected by the House as the first female speaker. The Republicans retook the House in <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2011</a>, with the largest shift of power since the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Democrats retook the house in <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 United States House of Representatives election">2019</a>, which became the largest shift of power to the Democrats since the 1970s. In the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 United States House of Representatives election">2022</a> elections, Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority. </p><p>In November 2024, House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> announced that the House would have <a href="/wiki/Women-only_spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Women-only spaces">women-only spaces</a> following the election of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">Sarah McBride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership,_qualifications,_and_apportionment"><span id="Membership.2C_qualifications.2C_and_apportionment"></span>Membership, qualifications, and apportionment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:United States House of Representatives">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States House<br />of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">History of the House</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Current members</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">by seniority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former members</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_committee" title="Hill committee">Hill committees</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">DCCC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">NRCC</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the House</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list of speakers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">list of elections</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Party leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">Redistricting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural_district" title="Plural district">Plural district</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Politics and procedure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed session</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">Procedures</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Articles of impeachment</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-executing_rule" title="Self-executing rule">Self-executing rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Rules suspension</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">House office buildings</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template talk:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apportionments">Apportionments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">United States congressional apportionment</a></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#House_of_Representatives" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution</a>, seats in the House of Representatives are <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">apportioned</a> among the states by population, as determined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">census</a> conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population. </p><p>The only constitutional rule relating to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">size of the House</a> states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-USPL_62-5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPL_62-5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, upon the admission of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, the number was temporarily increased to 437 (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after the reapportionment consequent to the <a href="/wiki/1960_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 census">1960 census</a>. </p><p>The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> or of <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">territories</a>. The <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a> and the territories of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> are each represented by one <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">non-voting delegate</a>. Puerto Rico elects a <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">resident commissioner</a>, but other than having a four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates; before 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were also allowed to vote in committees and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a> when their votes would not be decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redistricting">Redistricting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">Redistricting in the United States</a></div> <p>States entitled to more than one representative are divided into <a href="/wiki/Single-member" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member">single-member</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">districts</a>. This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 pursuant to the act titled <a href="/wiki/An_Act_For_the_relief_of_Doctor_Ricardo_Vallejo_Samala_and_to_provide_for_congressional_redistricting" class="mw-redirect" title="An Act For the relief of Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congressional redistricting">An Act For the relief of Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congressional redistricting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that law, <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">general ticket</a> representation was used by some states. </p><p>States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the <a href="/wiki/2003_Texas_redistricting" title="2003 Texas redistricting">2003 Texas redistricting</a>. Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. <a href="/wiki/Malapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapportionment">Malapportionment</a> is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see <i><a href="/wiki/Wesberry_v._Sanders" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a></i>). Additionally, Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Section_2_Voting_Rights_Act_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section_2_Voting_Rights_Act-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> to benefit political parties or incumbents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1984 case, <i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down based on the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>, but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in <i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i>, and Court precedent holds gerrymandering to be a <a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">political question</a>. According to calculations made by <a href="/wiki/Burt_Neuborne" title="Burt Neuborne">Burt Neuborne</a> using criteria set forth by the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>, only about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given partisan gerrymandering.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3></div> <p>Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">citizen</a> of the United States for the past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate#Qualifications" title="United States Senate">those for senators</a>. The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications. <a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a> served in the House below the minimum age of 25.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disqualification: under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pop_per_rep.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pop_per_rep.svg/300px-Pop_per_rep.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pop_per_rep.svg/450px-Pop_per_rep.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pop_per_rep.svg/600px-Pop_per_rep.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Population per U.S. representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C., ranked by population. Since D.C. (ranked 49th) receives no voting seats in the House, its bar is absent.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:115th_United_States_Congress_Congressional_Districts.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/115th_United_States_Congress_Congressional_Districts.pdf/page1-300px-115th_United_States_Congress_Congressional_Districts.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/115th_United_States_Congress_Congressional_Districts.pdf/page1-450px-115th_United_States_Congress_Congressional_Districts.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/115th_United_States_Congress_Congressional_Districts.pdf/page1-600px-115th_United_States_Congress_Congressional_Districts.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6675" data-file-height="4950" /></a><figcaption>U.S. congressional districts for the 115th Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Congressional_District_Act" title="Uniform Congressional District Act">Uniform Congressional District Act</a>, representatives must be elected from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a>. After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following January 3). As there is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> is used in 46 states, electing 412 representatives, <a href="/wiki/Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Ranked-choice voting in the United States">ranked-choice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> in two states (Alaska and Maine), electing 3 representatives, and <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> in two states (Georgia and Louisiana), electing 20 representatives. Elected representatives serve a two-year term, with no term limit. </p><p>In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary elections</a>, typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their <a href="/wiki/Political_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Political convention">political conventions</a> in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict. Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a> rules for <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (politics)">third party</a> candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As a result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party in the United States">third party in the United States</a> may be affected by results of previous years' elections. </p><p>In 1967, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Congressional_District_Act" title="Uniform Congressional District Act">Uniform Congressional District Act</a>, which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schaller_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaller-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <i><a href="/wiki/Wesberry_v._Sanders" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a></i> decision, Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">at-large plurality districts</a> on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-schaller_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaller-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana. </p><p>Seats vacated during a term are filled through <a href="/wiki/Special_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Special elections">special elections</a>, unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-voting_delegates">Non-voting delegates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives</a></div> <p>Historically, many <a href="/wiki/U.S._territory" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. territory">territories</a> have sent <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting delegates</a> to the House. While their role has fluctuated over the years, today they have many of the same privileges as voting members, have a voice in committees, and can introduce bills on the floor, but cannot vote on the ultimate passage of bills. Presently, <a href="/wiki/The_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="The District of Columbia">the District of Columbia</a> and the five inhabited <a href="/wiki/U.S._territories" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. territories">U.S. territories</a> each elect a delegate. A seventh delegate, representing the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a>, has been formally proposed but has not yet been seated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An eighth delegate, representing the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw Nation</a> is guaranteed by treaty but has not yet been proposed. Additionally, some territories may choose to also elect <a href="/wiki/Shadow_representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow representative">shadow representatives</a>, though these are not official members of the House and are separate individuals from their official delegates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms">Terms</h3></div> <p>Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a <a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner#The_United_States_of_America" title="Resident commissioner">resident commissioner</a> (a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on the date that the original member's would have expired. </p><p>The Constitution permits the House to <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">expel</a> a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only six members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats <a href="/wiki/John_Bullock_Clark" title="John Bullock Clark">John Bullock Clark</a> of Missouri, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Reid" title="John William Reid">John William Reid</a> of Missouri, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett" title="Henry Cornelius Burnett">Henry Cornelius Burnett</a> of Kentucky. Democrat <a href="/wiki/Michael_Myers_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Michael Myers (Pennsylvania politician)">Michael Myers</a> of Pennsylvania was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_Traficant" title="James Traficant">James Traficant</a> of Ohio was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption, and Republican <a href="/wiki/George_Santos" title="George Santos">George Santos</a> was expelled in 2023 after he was implicated in fraud by both a federal indictment and a <a href="/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Ethics Committee">House Ethics Committee</a> investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NY_Times:_Vote_on_Santos_Expulsion_2023_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times:_Vote_on_Santos_Expulsion_2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House also has the power to formally <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure</a> or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_the_Senate">Comparison to the Senate</h2></div> <p>As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> has several distinct powers. For example, the "<a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a>" powers (such as the power to approve <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a> and confirm members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>) are a sole Senate privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> if a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both House and Senate confirmation is now required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant, according to the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-XXVHeritage_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XXVHeritage-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate is referred to as the "upper" house, and the House of Representatives as the "lower" house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary_and_benefits">Salary and benefits</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress#Privileges" title="United States Congress">United States Congress § Privileges</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_salaries.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/House_of_Representatives_salaries.webp/300px-House_of_Representatives_salaries.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/House_of_Representatives_salaries.webp/450px-House_of_Representatives_salaries.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/House_of_Representatives_salaries.webp/600px-House_of_Representatives_salaries.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>House of Representatives salaries</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salaries">Salaries</h3></div> <p>Since December 2014, the annual salary of each representative is $174,000,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brudnick_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brudnick-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same as it is for each member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Majority_Leader_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives">majority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives">minority leaders</a> earn more: $223,500 for the speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders).<sup id="cite_ref-Brudnick_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brudnick-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cost-of-living_index" title="Cost-of-living index">cost-of-living-adjustment</a> (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term.<sup id="cite_ref-Brudnick_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brudnick-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles">Titles</h3></div> <p>Representatives use the prefix "<a href="/wiki/The_Honorable" class="mw-redirect" title="The Honorable">The Honorable</a>" before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a <i>representative</i>, <i>congressman</i>, or <i>congresswoman</i>. </p><p>Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district. For example, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, who represents <a href="/wiki/California%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="California's 11th congressional district">California's 11th congressional district</a> within <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, may be identified as "D–California", "D–California–11" or "D–San Francisco". </p><p>"Member of congress" is occasionally abbreviated as either "MOC" or "MC" (similar to <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the abbreviation "Rep." for Representative is more common, as it avoids confusion as to whether they are a member of the House or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pension">Pension</h3></div> <p>All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Employees_Retirement_System" title="Federal Employees Retirement System">Federal Employees Retirement System</a>, a pension system also used for <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">federal civil servants</a>, except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in a 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_Retirement_Report_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_Retirement_Report-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li>The FERS basic annuity, a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay (70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thrift_Savings_Plan" title="Thrift Savings Plan">Thrift Savings Plan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/401(k)" title="401(k)">401(k)</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Defined_contribution_plan" title="Defined contribution plan">defined contribution plan</a> for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $19,000 in 2019. Their employing agency <a href="/wiki/Employer_Matching_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer Matching Program">matches employee contributions</a> up to 5% of pay.</li></ol> <p>Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after 20 years of service, and at any age after 25 years of service.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_Retirement_Report_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_Retirement_Report-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an average age of 58, the US House of Representatives is older than comparable chambers in Russia and the other G7 nations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_deductions">Tax deductions</h3></div> <p>Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_Allowances_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress_Allowances-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h3></div> <p>Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Employees_Health_Benefits_Program" title="Federal Employees Health Benefits Program">Federal Employees Health Benefits Program</a> (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS).<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a <a href="/wiki/Health_care_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care exchange">health care exchange</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Personnel_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Personnel Management">Office of Personnel Management</a> promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D).<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">ACA</a> and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Attending_Physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Attending Physician">Office of the Attending Physician</a> at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although the office does not dispense them).<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office does not provide vision or dental care.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">National Capital Region</a>, but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care.<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care).<sup id="cite_ref-Mach_&_Cornell_50-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mach_&_Cornell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel,_mail_and_office_expenses"><span id="Personnel.2C_mail_and_office_expenses"></span>Personnel, mail and office expenses</h3></div> <p>House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MRA is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member, and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Salaries_and_Allowances_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salaries_and_Allowances-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Salaries_and_Allowances_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salaries_and_Allowances-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_allowance">Travel allowance</h3></div> <p>Before being sworn into office each member-elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington, D.C. for organization caucuses.<sup id="cite_ref-Salaries_and_Allowances_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salaries_and_Allowances-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members are allowed "a sum for travel based on the following formula: 64 times the rate per mile ... multiplied by the mileage between Washington, DC, and the furthest point in a Member's district, plus 10%."<sup id="cite_ref-Salaries_and_Allowances_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salaries_and_Allowances-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the rate ranges from $0.41 to $1.32 per mile ($0.25 to $0.82/km) based on distance ranges between D.C. and the member's district.<sup id="cite_ref-Salaries_and_Allowances_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salaries_and_Allowances-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_officials">Member officials</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">party</a> with a majority of seats in the House is known as the <a href="/wiki/Majority_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority party">majority party</a>. The next-largest party is the minority party. The <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker</a>, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. </p><p>The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not explicitly required by the Constitution, every speaker has been a member of the House. The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the speaker, which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House. Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party (which need not be the majority party; theoretically, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Minority_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority party">minority party</a> could be elected as speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a> (1947), the speaker is second in the line of <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential succession</a> after the vice president. </p><p>The speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, they delegate the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless they have first been recognized by the presiding officer. Moreover, the presiding officer may rule on a "<a href="/wiki/Point_of_order" title="Point of order">point of order</a>" (a member's objection that a rule has been breached); the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House. </p><p>Speakers serve as chairs of their party's steering committee, which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees. The speaker chooses the chairs of standing committees, appoints most of the members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">Rules Committee</a>, appoints all members of conference committees, and determines which committees consider bills. </p><p>Each party elects a <a href="/wiki/Floor_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor leader">floor leader</a>, who is known as the <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">majority leader</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">minority leader</a>. The minority leader heads their party in the House, and the majority leader is their party's second-highest-ranking official, behind the speaker. Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose. </p><p>Each party also elects a <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a>, who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires. The <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Party_Leaders_of_the_United_States_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Party Leaders of the United States House">majority whip</a> in the House of Representatives is <a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a>, who is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Party_Leaders_of_the_United_States_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Party Leaders of the United States House">minority whip</a> is <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a>, who is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. The whip is supported by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Deputy_Whips_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Deputy Whips of the United States House of Representatives">chief deputy whips</a> </p><p>After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the <a href="/wiki/Party_caucuses_and_conferences_in_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress">party conference chair</a> (styled as the Republican conference chair and Democratic caucus chair). </p><p>After the conference chair, there are differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks. After the Democratic caucus chair is the campaign committee chair (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a>), then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee. For the Republicans it is the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_House_Republican_Policy_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee">chair of the House Republican Policy Committee</a>, followed by the campaign committee chairman (styled as the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a>). </p><p>The chairs of <a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">House committees</a>, particularly influential standing committees such as <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Ways and Means</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">Rules</a>, are powerful but not officially part of the House leadership hierarchy. Until the post of majority leader was created, the chair of Ways and Means was the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> majority leader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership_and_partisanship">Leadership and partisanship</h4></div> <p>When the presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House, the speaker can become the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> "leader of the opposition". Some notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> in the early 2010s, and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> in the late 2000s and again in the late 2010s and early 2020s. Since the speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House, the position is often used for partisan advantage. </p><p>In the instance when the presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the president. For that situation the House minority leader can play the role of a <i>de facto</i> "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate minority leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-member_officials">Non-member officials</h3></div> <p>The House is also served by several officials who are not members. The House's chief such officer is the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">clerk</a>, who maintains public records, prepares documents, and oversees junior officials, including <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives Page">pages</a> until the discontinuation of House pages in 2011. The clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a speaker. Another officer is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">chief administrative officer</a>, responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the House of Representatives. This includes everything from payroll to <a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">foodservice</a>. </p><p>The position of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">chief administrative officer</a> (CAO) was created by the <a href="/wiki/104th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="104th Congress">104th Congress</a> following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1994">1994 mid-term elections</a>, replacing the positions of <a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">doorkeeper</a> and director of non-legislative and financial services (created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House). The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services, which previously had been controlled directly by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_House_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on House Administration">Committee on House Administration</a>, then headed by Representative <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Rose (congressman)">Charlie Rose</a> of North Carolina, along with the House "Folding Room". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">chaplain</a> leads the House in <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> at the opening of the day. The <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">sergeant at arms</a> is the House's chief law enforcement officer and maintains order and security on House premises. Finally, routine police work is handled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a>, which is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Capitol Police Board</a>, a body to which the sergeant at arms belongs, and chairs in even-numbered years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">Procedures of the United States House of Representatives</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_procedures">Daily procedures</h3></div> <p>Like the Senate, the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">rostrum</a> from which the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker</a>, Speaker pro tempore, or (when in Committee of the Whole House) the chair presides.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower tiers of the rostrum are used by clerks and other officials. A table in front of the rostrum is used by the official reporters. Members' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By tradition, Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle, while Republicans sit on the right, facing the presiding officer's chair.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sittings are normally held on weekdays; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare. Sittings of the House are generally open to the public; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> since March 19, 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on <i>HouseLive</i>, the official streaming service operated by the Clerk, since the early 2010s. </p><p>The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs, precedents, and traditions. In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules (including time limits on debates) by <a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">unanimous consent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member may block a unanimous consent agreement, but objections are rare. The presiding officer, the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker of the House</a> enforces the rules of the House, and may warn members who deviate from them. The speaker uses a <a href="/wiki/Gavel" title="Gavel">gavel</a> to maintain order.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation to be considered by the House is placed in a box called the hopper.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of its first resolutions, the U.S. House of Representatives established the <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Office of the Sergeant at Arms</a>. In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first speaker of the House, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the United States House of Representatives</a> is used to open all sessions of the House. It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all presidents of the United States. For daily sessions of the House, the sergeant at arms carries the mace ahead of the speaker in procession to the <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">rostrum</a>. It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the speaker's right. When the House is in committee, the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> to do business.<sup id="cite_ref-annotate_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annotate-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the rules and customs of the House, a quorum is always assumed present unless a <a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">quorum call</a> explicitly demonstrates otherwise. House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on. The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate, or when a question is not before the House.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During debates, a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer decides which members to recognize, and can therefore control the course of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. Speaker" or "Madam Speaker". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, members do not refer to each other only by name, but also by state, using forms such as "the gentleman from Virginia", "the distinguished gentlewoman from California", or "my distinguished friend from Alabama". </p><p>There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables, two on each side. These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the party leadership. Members address the House from microphones at any table or "the well", the area immediately in front of the rostrum.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passage_of_legislation">Passage of legislation</h3></div> <p>Per the Constitution, the House of Representatives determines the rules according to which it passes legislation. Any of the rules can be changed with each new Congress, but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before legislation reaches the floor of the House, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">Rules Committee</a> normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure (which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective). For instance, the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted. An "open rule" permits all germane amendments, but a "closed rule" restricts or even prohibits amendment. Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour, equally divided between the majority and minority parties. Each side is led during the debate by a "floor manager", who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak. On contentious matters, many members may wish to speak; thus, a member may receive as little as one minute, or even thirty seconds, to make their point.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When debate concludes, the motion is put to a vote.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, the House votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "yea!" or "aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "nay!" or "no!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A member may, however, challenge the presiding officer's assessment and "request the yeas and nays" or "request a recorded vote". The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the members present. Traditionally, however, members of Congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. Some votes are always recorded, such as those on the annual budget.<sup id="cite_ref-gpovote_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpovote-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways. One is electronically. Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber. Votes are usually held in this way. A second mode of recorded vote is by teller. Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes: green for "yea", red for "nay", and orange for "present" (i.e., to abstain). Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down. Finally, the House may conduct a <a href="/wiki/Roll_call_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll call vote">roll call vote</a>. The Clerk reads the list of members of the House, each of whom announces their vote when their name is called. This procedure is only used rarely (and usually for ceremonial occasions, such as for the election of a speaker) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names.<sup id="cite_ref-gpovote_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpovote-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voting traditionally lasts for, at most, fifteen minutes, but it may be extended if the leadership needs to "whip" more members into alignment.<sup id="cite_ref-gpovote_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpovote-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours, from 3:00 to 6:00 a.m., to receive four additional votes, three of which were necessary to pass the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2005 vote on the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Free Trade Agreement">Central American Free Trade Agreement</a> was open for one hour, from 11:00 p.m. to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presiding officers may vote like other members. They may not, however, vote twice in the event of a tie; rather, a tie vote defeats the motion.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees_and_caucuses">Committees and caucuses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">United States congressional committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List of United States House of Representatives committees</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="US House of Representatives Caucuses 2024" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg/220px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg/330px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg/440px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption> <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (212)</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9900; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a>: 73 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8B6B2E; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">NDC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">CPC</a>: 23 seats</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003366; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a>: 70 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0086B9; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">BDC</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">NDC</a>: 5 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00CCFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a>: 5 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCCCFF; color:black;"> </span> Other Democrats: 36 seats</div> <b>Vacant (3)</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span> Vacant (3)</div> <b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (220)</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCCCC; color:black;"> </span> Other Republicans: 14 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a>: 162 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F100CA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>: 17 seats<sup id="cite_ref-Unlisted_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unlisted-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE9FFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>: 24 seats<sup id="cite_ref-Unlisted_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unlisted-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual members, giving priority on the basis of seniority. Historically, membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party's strength in the House, with two exceptions: on the Rules Committee, the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the Ethics Committee, each party has an equal number of seats.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when party control in the House is closely divided, extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party. In the 109th Congress, for example, the Republicans controlled about 53% of the House, but had 54% of the Appropriations Committee members, 55% of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee, and 58% of the members on the Judiciary Committee. </p><p>The largest committee of the House is the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a>, which, as its name suggests, consists of all members of the House. The Committee meets in the House chamber; it may consider and amend bills, but may not grant them final passage. Generally, the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself. One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. </p><p>Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues, such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> witnesses and evidence. </p><p>The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a>, and occasionally may establish temporary or advisory committees, such as the <a href="/wiki/Select_Committee_on_Energy_Independence_and_Global_Warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming">Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming</a>. This latter committee, created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th, has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress. The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees, which include members of the Senate and House. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on Taxation">Joint Committee on Taxation</a>. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees. </p><p> Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman (always a member of the majority party). From 1910 to the 1970s, committee chairs were powerful. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> in his classic study,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested:</p><blockquote><p>Power is nowhere concentrated; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs. It is divided up, as it were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of which a Standing Committee is the court-baron and its chairman lord-proprietor. These petty barons, some of them not a little powerful, but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule, may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself.</p></blockquote> <p>From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority; members of Congress sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one, but their chairship was independent of party leadership. The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucuses</a> to elect chairs, shifting power upward to the party leaders. In 1995, Republicans under <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> set a limit of three two-year terms for committee chairs. The chairman's powers are extensive; he controls the committee/subcommittee agenda, and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill. The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member. In some committees like Appropriations, partisan disputes are few. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_functions">Legislative functions</h2></div> <p>Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress. However, the Constitution states, "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." Because of the <a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a>, the Senate cannot initiate bills imposing taxes. This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>, in which only the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> may originate such measures. Furthermore, congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">appropriation bills</a>. </p><p>Although it cannot originate revenue bills, the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> wrote the following about appropriations bills:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills, and the Senate's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.</p></blockquote> <p>The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a <a href="/wiki/Conference_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference committee">conference committee</a>, which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a>. </p><p>The president may <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">veto</a> a bill passed by the House and Senate. If they do, the bill does not become law unless each House, by a two-thirds vote, votes to override the veto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Checks_and_balances">Checks and balances</h2></div> <p>The Constitution provides that the Senate's "<a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a>" is necessary for the president to make appointments and to ratify treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, with its potential to frustrate presidential appointments, the Senate is more powerful than the House. </p><p>The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to <a href="/wiki/Impeach" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeach">impeach</a> federal officials for "<a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a>, or other high <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanors</a>" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House may approve "articles of impeachment" by a simple majority vote; however, a two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. </p><p>In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States#List_of_federal_impeachments" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">has impeached seventeen officials</a>, of whom seven were convicted. (Another, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, resigned after the <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a> passed <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of impeachment">articles of impeachment</a> but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House.) Only three presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> in 1868, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 2019 and in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trials of Johnson, Clinton and Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, the House has the power to elect the president if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that "the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes. In the history of the United States, the House has only had to choose a president twice. In 1800, which was before the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, it elected <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> over <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>. In 1824, it elected <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> over <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>. (If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the Senate elects the vice president from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latest_election_results_and_party_standings">Latest election results and party standings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2022 United States House of Representatives elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a></div> <p><b>As of July 10, 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center"> <caption>↓ </caption> <tbody><tr style="color:white"> <td style="background:#E81B23; width:50.81%"><b>220</b> </td> <td style="background:#3333FF; width:49.19%"><b>213</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#E81B23"><b>Republican</b> </td> <td style="color:#3333FF"><b>Democratic</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th colspan="2">Affiliation </th> <th>Members </th> <th>Delegates/resident<br />commissioner<br /><span style="font-size:87%;">(non-voting)</span> </th> <th>State<br />majorities </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#E81B23; width: 4px"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td align="center">220 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">26 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#3333FF; width: 4px"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td align="center">213 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">22 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:white; width:4px;"> </th> <td><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>435 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>50 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Majority<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>3 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2022 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">List of current members of the United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">Seniority in the United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives">Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (for its primary elections only), <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> additionally utilize a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">nonpartisan blanket primary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>, for their respective <a href="/wiki/Primary_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary elections">primary elections</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana primary">Louisiana primary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unlisted-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unlisted_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unlisted_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Freedom caucus does not publish its member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of the majority party's voting representatives in the House in excess of the minimum number required to have an absolute majority of voting representatives.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%2C+GOP+Grapple+With+power+shift&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D130983833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-capitol-bathrooms-be-restricted-by-biological-sex-houses-johnson-says-2024-11-20/">"Republican House Speaker says Capitol bathrooms restricted by 'biological sex'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. November 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Republican+House+Speaker+says+Capitol+bathrooms+restricted+by+%27biological+sex%27&rft.date=2024-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fus-capitol-bathrooms-be-restricted-by-biological-sex-houses-johnson-says-2024-11-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article 1, Section 2</a> of the Constitution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132685281/House-Weighs-Rules-Changes">"New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes"</a>. NPR. January 5, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052228/http://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132685281/House-Weighs-Rules-Changes">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+House+Majority+Introduces+Rules+Changes&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F01%2F05%2F132685281%2FHouse-Weighs-Rules-Changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-resolution/78">H.Res. 78</a>, passed January 24, 2007. On April 19, 2007, the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007, a bill "to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives, and for other purposes" by a vote of 241–177. That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two, making 437 members, by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member, and (until the 2010 census) grant one membership to <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 Census</a>. The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/2c">§ 2c</a> "no district to elect more than one Representative"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Section_2_Voting_Rights_Act-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Section_2_Voting_Rights_Act_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_2/about_sec2.php">"Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act"</a>. <i>Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ</i>. US Dept. of Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415070444/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_2/about_sec2.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Rights+Division+Voting+FAQ&rft.atitle=Section+2+of+the+Voting+Rights+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcrt%2Fabout%2Fvot%2Fsec_2%2Fabout_sec2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelon2012" class="citation web cs1">Bazelon, Emily (November 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2012/11/the_supreme_court_may_gut_the_voting_rights_act_and_make_gerrymandering.html">"The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926165358/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2012/11/the_supreme_court_may_gut_the_voting_rights_act_and_make_gerrymandering.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court+may+gut+the+Voting+Rights+Act+and+make+gerrymandering+much+worse&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.aulast=Bazelon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fjurisprudence%2F2012%2F11%2Fthe_supreme_court_may_gut_the_voting_rights_act_and_make_gerrymandering.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2006" class="citation web cs1">Eaton, Whitney M. (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009091942/http://lawreview.richmond.edu/where-do-we-draw-the-line-partisan-gerrymandering-and-the-state-of-texas/">"Where Do We Draw the Line? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas"</a>. <i>University of Richmond Law Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/where-do-we-draw-the-line-partisan-gerrymandering-and-the-state-of-texas/">the original</a> on October 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Richmond+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Where+Do+We+Draw+the+Line%3F+Partisan+Gerrymandering+and+the+State+of+Texas&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Whitney+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawreview.richmond.edu%2Fwhere-do-we-draw-the-line-partisan-gerrymandering-and-the-state-of-texas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Burt_Neuborne" title="Burt Neuborne">Burt Neuborne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49"><i>Madison's Music: On Reading the First Amendment,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214145510/https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49">Archived</a> December 14, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The New Press 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_D._Cole" title="David D. Cole">David Cole</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/">'Free Speech, Big Money, Bad Elections,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051130/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/">Archived</a> March 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>, November 5, 2015, pp.24–25 p.24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.onecle.com/constitution/article-1/06-qualifications-of-congress.html">"Qualifications of Members of Congress"</a>. Onecle Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123162353/http://law.onecle.com/constitution/article-1/06-qualifications-of-congress.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qualifications+of+Members+of+Congress&rft.pub=Onecle+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.onecle.com%2Fconstitution%2Farticle-1%2F06-qualifications-of-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Powell_v._McCormack" title="Powell v. McCormack">Powell v. McCormack</a>, a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1800-1850/The-youngest-Representative-in-House-history,-William-Charles-Cole-Claiborne/">"The Youngest Representative in House History, William Charles Cole Claiborne | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"</a>. <i>history.house.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003205031/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1800-1850/The-youngest-Representative-in-House-history,-William-Charles-Cole-Claiborne/">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=The+Youngest+Representative+in+House+History%2C+William+Charles+Cole+Claiborne+%7C+US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistorical-Highlights%2F1800-1850%2FThe-youngest-Representative-in-House-history%2C-William-Charles-Cole-Claiborne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/2c">§ 2c</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schaller-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schaller_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaller_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaller2013" class="citation news cs1">Schaller, Thomas (March 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/multi-member-legislative-districts-just-a-thing-of-the-past/">"Multi-Member Districts: Just a Thing of the Past?"</a>. University of Virginia Center for Politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008080844/http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/multi-member-legislative-districts-just-a-thing-of-the-past/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multi-Member+Districts%3A+Just+a+Thing+of+the+Past%3F&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerforpolitics.org%2Fcrystalball%2Farticles%2Fmulti-member-legislative-districts-just-a-thing-of-the-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm#Congress">"The 1967 Single-Member District Mandate"</a>. <i>fairvote.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111044913/http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm#Congress">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fairvote.org&rft.atitle=The+1967+Single-Member+District+Mandate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.fairvote.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fflores%2Fdistrict.htm%23Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrehbiel-Burton2019" class="citation news cs1">Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (August 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/state-and-regional/citing-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from/article_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html">"Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe"</a>. <i>Tulsa World</i>. Tulsa, Oklahoma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194358/https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-and-regional/citing-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from/article_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Citing+treaties%2C+Cherokees+call+on+Congress+to+seat+delegate+from+tribe&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Krehbiel-Burton&rft.aufirst=Lenzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fciting-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from%2Farticle_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707030912/http://www.rules.house.gov/archives/rl31382.pdf">"Expulsion, Censure, Reprimand, and Fine: Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rules.house.gov/Archives/rl31382.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Historical+Background+on+Treaty-Making+Power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution-conan%2Farticle-2%2Fsection-2%2Fclause-2%2Fhistorical-background-on-treaty-making-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-116HPRT38513/html/CPRT-116HPRT38513.htm">"CONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDS FOR PRESIDENTIAL IMPEACHMENT"</a>. <i>www.govinfo.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=CONSTITUTIONAL+GROUNDS+FOR+PRESIDENTIAL+IMPEACHMENT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCPRT-116HPRT38513%2Fhtml%2FCPRT-116HPRT38513.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-186.html">"Impeachment: An Overview of Constitutional Provisions, Procedure, and Practice"</a>. <i>www.everycrsreport.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.everycrsreport.com&rft.atitle=Impeachment%3A+An+Overview+of+Constitutional+Provisions%2C+Procedure%2C+and+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everycrsreport.com%2Freports%2F98-186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-2/49-judgment-removal-and-disqualification.html">"Judgment - Removal and Disqualification"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Judgment+-+Removal+and+Disqualification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fconstitution%2Fus%2Farticle-2%2F49-judgment-removal-and-disqualification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein2021" class="citation web cs1">Silverstein, Jason (February 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/impeached-presidents-trump-clinton-nixon-johnson/">"Impeached presidents: What have presidents been impeached for? The articles for Donald Trump, Bill Clinton, Richard Nixon and Andrew Johnson"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Impeached+presidents%3A+What+have+presidents+been+impeached+for%3F+The+articles+for+Donald+Trump%2C+Bill+Clinton%2C+Richard+Nixon+and+Andrew+Johnson&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fimpeached-presidents-trump-clinton-nixon-johnson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-12/">"Constitution of the United States; Twelfth Amendment"</a>. <i>Constitution Annotated</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416172741/https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-12/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+Annotated&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+United+States%3B+Twelfth+Amendment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.congress.gov%2Fconstitution%2Famendment-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgallery.house.gov/member-data/party-breakdown">"Party Breakdown: 118th Congress House Lineup"</a>. July 10, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+Breakdown%3A+118th+Congress+House+Lineup&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressgallery.house.gov%2Fmember-data%2Fparty-breakdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowitzSaunders1998" class="citation book cs1">Abramowitz, Alan I.; Saunders, Kyle L. (1998). <i>Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate</i>. Vol. 60. Journal of Politics. pp. 634–652.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideological+Realignment+in+the+US+Electorate&rft.pages=634-652&rft.pub=Journal+of+Politics&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Abramowitz&rft.aufirst=Alan+I.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Kyle+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2002" class="citation book cs1">Adler, E. Scott (2002). <i>Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Reelection and the House Committee System</i>. . Univ. of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Congressional+Reforms+Fail%3A+Reelection+and+the+House+Committee+System&rft.pub=.+Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=E.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertGoble1990" class="citation book cs1">Albert, Carl; Goble, Danney (1990). <i>Little Giant: The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert</i>. Univ. of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Giant%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Speaker+Carl+Albert&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Goble%2C+Danney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Speaker in the 1970s</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroneUjifusa2005" class="citation book cs1">Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00mich_5"><i>The Almanac of American Politics 2006: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+American+Politics+2006%3A+The+Senators%2C+the+Representatives+and+the+Governors%3A+Their+Records+and+Election+Results%2C+Their+States+and+Districts&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Ujifusa%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falmanacofamerica00mich_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Published every two years since 1975; enormous detail on every state and district and member.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1989" class="citation book cs1">Barry, John M. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambitionpowerjim00barr"><i>The Ambition and the Power: The Fall of Jim Wright. A True Story of Washington</i></a></span>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81924-9"><bdi>978-0-670-81924-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambition+and+the+Power%3A+The+Fall+of+Jim+Wright.+A+True+Story+of+Washington&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-670-81924-9&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fambitionpowerjim00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Speaker in the 1980s</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerard2001" class="citation book cs1">Berard, Stanley P. (2001). <i>Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives</i>. Univ. of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Democrats+in+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Berard&rft.aufirst=Stanley+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1964" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Daniel M. (1964). <i>In Congress Assembled: The Legislative Process in the National Government</i>. London: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Congress+Assembled%3A+The+Legislative+Process+in+the+National+Government&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005</a></i>. Washington: Government Printing Office. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Prepared by the Office of the Clerk, Office of History and Preservation, United States House of Representatives. Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress. Also online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov">Biographical Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091110160811/http://bioguide.congress.gov/">Archived</a> November 10, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1973" class="citation book cs1">Brady, David W. (1973). <i>Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era: A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives</i>. Univ. Press of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Voting+in+a+Partisan+Era%3A+A+Study+of+the+McKinley+Houses+and+a+Comparison+to+the+Modern+House+of+Representatives&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradyMcCubbins2002" class="citation book cs1">Brady, David W.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (2002). <i>Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party%2C+Process%2C+and+Political+Change+in+Congress%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+History+of+Congress&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=McCubbins%2C+Mathew+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a>, massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, and major executive and judicial decisions; based on <i>Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report</i> and the annual CQ almanac. <ul><li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964</i> (1965)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968</i> (1969)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972</i> (1973)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976</i> (1977)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980</i> (1981)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984</i> (1985)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988</i> (1989)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992</i> (1993)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996</i> (1998)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001</i> (2002)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses</i> (2005)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a>'s Guide to Congress</i> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Quarterly%27s+Guide+to+Congress&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1970" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Joseph (1970). <i>The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House</i>. Rice Univ. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Standing+Committees+and+the+Development+of+the+Modern+House&rft.pub=Rice+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxMcCubbins1993" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Gary W.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (1993). <i>Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House</i>. Univ. of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legislative+Leviathan%3A+Party+Government+in+the+House&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=McCubbins%2C+Mathew+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGregorio1997" class="citation book cs1">DeGregorio, Christine A. (1997). <i>Networks of Champions: Leadership, Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives</i>. Univ. of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+of+Champions%3A+Leadership%2C+Access%2C+and+Advocacy+in+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=DeGregorio&rft.aufirst=Christine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierenfield1987" class="citation book cs1">Dierenfield, Bruce J. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keeperofrulescon00dier"><i>Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia</i></a></span>. Univ. Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1068-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1068-0"><bdi>978-0-8139-1068-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeper+of+the+Rules%3A+Congressman+Howard+W.+Smith+of+Virginia&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1068-0&rft.aulast=Dierenfield&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeeperofrulescon00dier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a> 1940–66</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2001" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, John A. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiponeilldemoc00farr"><i>Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century</i></a></span>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-26049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-26049-7"><bdi>978-0-316-26049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tip+O%27Neill+and+the+Democratic+Century&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-316-26049-7&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftiponeilldemoc00farr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Democratic Speaker in the 1980s</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertzog1984" class="citation book cs1">Gertzog, Irwin J. (1984). <i>Congressional Women: Their Recruitment, Treatment, and Behavior</i>. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Women%3A+Their+Recruitment%2C+Treatment%2C+and+Behavior&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Gertzog&rft.aufirst=Irwin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardemanBacon1987" class="citation book cs1">Hardeman, D. B.; Bacon, Donald C. (1987). <i>Rayburn: A Biography</i>. 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(1973). <i>Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Winter+Davis%3A+Antebellum+and+Civil+War+Congressman+from+Maryland&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Henig&rft.aufirst=Gerald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Radical leader in Civil War era</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbing1991" class="citation book cs1">Hibbing, John R. (1991). <i>Congressional Careers: Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives</i>. Univ. of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Careers%3A+Contours+of+Life+in+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.pub=Univ.+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hibbing&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, John (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rageforjusticepa00jaco"><i>A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton</i></a></span>. Univ. of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rage+for+Justice%3A+The+Passion+and+Politics+of+Phillip+Burton&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frageforjusticepa00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1990" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Gary C. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electoralorigins00jaco"><i>The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in U.S. House Elections, 1946–1988</i></a></span>. Westview.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electoral+Origins+of+Divided+Government%3A+Competition+in+U.S.+House+Elections%2C+1946%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Gary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectoralorigins00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiewietMcCubbins1991" class="citation book cs1">Kiewiet, D. Roderick; McCubbins, Mathew D. (1991). <i>The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process</i>. 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Press of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josiah+Walls%3A+Florida%27s+Black+Congressman+of+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Klingman&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant_de_Pauw,_LindaBickfordBowling1992–2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Grant_DePauw" title="Linda Grant DePauw">Grant de Pauw, Linda</a>; Bickford, Charlene Bangs; Bowling, Kenneth R., eds. (1992–2006). <i>Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentary+History+of+the+First+Federal+Congress+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+March+4%2C+1789+%E2%80%93+March+3%2C+1791&rft.date=1992%2F2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, 14 volumes of primary documents</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowitt1963" class="citation book cs1">Lowitt, Richard (1963). <i>George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861–1912</i>. Vol. 1. Syracuse Univ. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+W.+Norris%3A+The+Making+of+a+Progressive%2C+1861%E2%80%931912&rft.pub=Syracuse+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Lowitt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, leader of Republican insurgents in 1910</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargulies1996" class="citation book cs1">Margulies, Herbert F. (1996). <i>Reconciliation and Revival: James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era</i>. . Greenwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconciliation+and+Revival%3A+James+R.+Mann+and+the+House+Republicans+in+the+Wilson+Era&rft.pub=.+Greenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Margulies&rft.aufirst=Herbert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriner1999" class="citation book cs1">Merriner, James L. (1999). <i>Mr. Chairman: Power in Dan Rostenkowski's America</i>. Southern Illinois Univ. 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(1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressionalexp0000pric"><i>The Congressional Experience: A View from the Hill</i></a></span>. Westview.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congressional+Experience%3A+A+View+from+the+Hill&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongressionalexp0000pric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Political scientist who served in House.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (1992). <i>Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Clay%3A+Statesman+for+the+Union&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>. Speaker for most of 1811–1825</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohde1991" class="citation book cs1">Rohde, David W. (1991). <i>Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House</i>. Univ. of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties+and+Leaders+in+the+Postreform+House&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Rohde&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohdeShepsle1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rohde, David W.; Shepsle, Kenneth A. (1987). "Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives: Reflections on Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government". <i>Congress & the Presidency</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 111–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07343468709507958">10.1080/07343468709507958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congress+%26+the+Presidency&rft.atitle=Leaders+and+Followers+in+the+House+of+Representatives%3A+Reflections+on+Woodrow+Wilson%27s+Congressional+Government&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-133&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07343468709507958&rft.aulast=Rohde&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Shepsle%2C+Kenneth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchickler2001" class="citation book cs1">Schickler, Eric (2001). <i>Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disjointed+Pluralism%3A+Institutional+Innovation+and+the+Development+of+the+U.S.+Congress&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Schickler&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchooley1977" class="citation book cs1">Schooley, C. Herschel (1977). <i>Missouri's Cannon in the House</i>. <a href="/wiki/Marceline,_Missouri" title="Marceline, Missouri">Marceline, Missouri</a>: Walsworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missouri%27s+Cannon+in+the+House&rft.place=Marceline%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Walsworth&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Schooley&rft.aufirst=C.+Herschel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley_II,_Mack_C.1983" class="citation book cs1">Shelley II, Mack C. (1983). <i>The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Permanent+Majority%3A+The+Conservative+Coalition+in+the+United+States+Congress&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Shelley+II%2C+Mack+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1982" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Barbara (1982). <i>Congressional Realignment, 1925–1978</i>. Univ. of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Realignment%2C+1925%E2%80%931978&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1995" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Barbara (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legislatorsleade0000sinc"><i>Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era</i></a></span>. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4955-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-4955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legislators%2C+Leaders%2C+and+Lawmaking%3A+The+U.S.+House+of+Representatives+in+the+Postreform+Era&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4955-8&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegislatorsleade0000sinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1975" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Alfred (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samrayburnbiogra00stei"><i>Sam Rayburn: A Biography</i></a></span>. Hawthorn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8015-5210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8015-5210-6"><bdi>978-0-8015-5210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sam+Rayburn%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Hawthorn&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8015-5210-6&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamrayburnbiogra00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, popular biography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1989" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Charles H. III (1989). <i>Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865–1921</i>. Cambridge Univ. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budget+Reform+Politics%3A+The+Design+of+the+Appropriations+Process+in+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1865%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story, Joseph</a> (1891). <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States">Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (2 vol.)</a></i>. Boston: Brown & Little.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+%282+vol.%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brown+%26+Little&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrahanMoscardelli2000" class="citation journal cs1">Strahan, Randall; Moscardelli, Vincent G. (2000). "The Clay Speakership Revisited". <i>Polity</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 561–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3235293">10.2307/3235293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3235293">3235293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155152645">155152645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=The+Clay+Speakership+Revisited&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=561-593&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155152645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3235293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3235293&rft.aulast=Strahan&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft.au=Moscardelli%2C+Vincent+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, uses roll call analysis</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrahan1990" class="citation book cs1">Strahan, Randall (1990). <i>New Ways and Means: Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee</i>. Univ. of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Ways+and+Means%3A+Reform+and+Change+in+a+Congressional+Committee.&rft.pub=Univ.+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Strahan&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse1997" class="citation book cs1">Trefousse, Hans L. (1997). <i>Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thaddeus+Stevens%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Egalitarian&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, majority leader in the 1860s</li> <li>Valelly, Richard M., "The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building A New Look", <i>Studies in American Political Development,</i> 23 (Oct. 2009), 115–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/34982593/Valelly_on_Reed_Rules.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanBeek1995" class="citation book cs1">VanBeek, Stephen D. (1995). <i>Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress</i>. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Passage+Politics%3A+Bicameral+Resolution+in+Congress&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=VanBeek&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller1977" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Robert A. (1977). <i>Rainey of Illinois: A Political Biography, 1903–34</i>. Univ. of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rainey+of+Illinois%3A+A+Political+Biography%2C+1903%E2%80%9334.&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>, Democratic Speaker 1932–1934</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson, Woodrow</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressionalgov00wilsiala"><i>Congressional Government</i></a>. New York: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Government&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Woodrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongressionalgov00wilsiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span>,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelizer2006" class="citation book cs1">Zelizer, Julian E. (2006). <i>On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Capitol+Hill%3A+The+Struggle+to+Reform+Congress+and+its+Consequences%2C+1948%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zelizer&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surveys">Surveys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Currie, James T. <i>The United States House of Representatives.</i> Krieger, 1988.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeil1963" class="citation book cs1">MacNeil, Neil (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgeofdemocracy00macn"><i>Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives</i></a></span>. New York: D. McKay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forge+of+Democracy%3A+The+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+McKay&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=MacNeil&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgeofdemocracy00macn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1997" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Ronald M. Jr (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanspeakers2ndpete"><i>The American Speakership: The Office in Historical Perspective</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5758-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5758-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-5758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Speakership%3A+The+Office+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5758-4&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanspeakers2ndpete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolsby2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Polsby" title="Nelson W. Polsby">Polsby, Nelson W.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howcongressevolv00pols_0"><i>How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516195-3"><bdi>978-0-19-516195-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Congress+Evolves%3A+Social+Bases+of+Institutional+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516195-3&rft.aulast=Polsby&rft.aufirst=Nelson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowcongressevolv00pols_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPooleRosenthal1997" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Keith T.; Rosenthal, Howard (1997). <i>Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514242-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514242-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514242-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress%3A+A+Political-Economic+History+of+Roll+Call+Voting&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514242-6&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Keith+T.&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi"><i>The House: The History of the House of Representatives</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-088434-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-088434-5"><bdi>978-0-06-088434-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House%3A+The+History+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-088434-5&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhousehistoryo00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1983" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Barbara (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majorityleadersh00sinc"><i>Majority Leadership in the U.S. House</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2933-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-2933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Majority+Leadership+in+the+U.S.+House&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2933-8&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajorityleadersh00sinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_E._Zelizer2004" class="citation book cs1">Julian E. Zelizer, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli"><i>The American Congress: The Building of Democracy</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-17906-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-17906-0"><bdi>978-0-618-17906-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Congress%3A+The+Building+of+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-17906-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancongress00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zelizer, Julian E. <i>Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party</i> (Penguin, 2020), focus on Jim Wright and Newt Gingrich in 1990s.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading 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<li>(<a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> ← <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legislatures_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_legislatures" title="Template:United States legislatures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_legislatures" title="Template talk:United States legislatures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_legislatures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States legislatures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legislatures_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">Legislatures of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States House of Representatives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">State legislatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Senate" title="Alabama Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_State_Legislature" title="Alaska State Legislature">Alaska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives" title="Alaska House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_State_Senate" title="Alaska State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Arizona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona_House_of_Representatives" title="Arizona House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_General_Assembly" title="Arkansas General Assembly">Arkansas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Arkansas House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Senate" title="Arkansas Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_Senate" title="California State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_General_Assembly" title="Colorado General Assembly">Colorado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colorado_House_of_Representatives" title="Colorado House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Senate" title="Colorado Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives" title="Connecticut House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Senate" title="Connecticut State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly" title="Delaware General Assembly">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delaware_House_of_Representatives" title="Delaware House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Senate" title="Delaware Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislature" title="Florida Legislature">Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Senate" title="Florida Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly" title="Georgia General Assembly">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_House_of_Representatives" title="Georgia House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Legislature" title="Hawaii State Legislature">Hawaii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii_House_of_Representatives" title="Hawaii House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Senate" title="Hawaii Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Legislature" title="Idaho Legislature">Idaho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idaho_House_of_Representatives" title="Idaho House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Senate" title="Idaho Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">Illinois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">Indiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate" title="Indiana Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_General_Assembly" title="Iowa General Assembly">Iowa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives" title="Iowa House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Senate" title="Iowa Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Legislature" title="Kansas Legislature">Kansas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Kansas House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Senate" title="Kansas Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" title="Kentucky House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Senate" title="Kentucky Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Louisiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Louisiana House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate" title="Louisiana State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Senate" title="Maryland Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Legislature" title="Michigan Legislature">Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Minnesota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives" title="Minnesota House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Senate" title="Minnesota Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">Mississippi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate" title="Mississippi State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_General_Assembly" title="Missouri General Assembly">Missouri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives" title="Missouri House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Senate" title="Missouri Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Legislature" title="Montana Legislature">Montana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montana_House_of_Representatives" title="Montana House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana_Senate" title="Montana Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Nebraska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Legislature" title="Nevada Legislature">Nevada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nevada_Assembly" title="Nevada Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Senate" title="Nevada Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court" title="New Hampshire General Court">New Hampshire</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives" title="New Hampshire House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate" title="New Hampshire Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature" title="New Jersey Legislature">New Jersey</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly" title="New Jersey General Assembly">GA</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate" title="New Jersey Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Legislature" title="New Mexico Legislature">New Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_House_of_Representatives" title="New Mexico House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Senate" title="New Mexico Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="North Carolina House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate" title="North Carolina Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Legislative_Assembly" title="North Dakota Legislative Assembly">North Dakota</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_House_of_Representatives" title="North Dakota House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Senate" title="North Dakota Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Senate" title="Ohio Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Legislature" title="Oklahoma Legislature">Oklahoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives" title="Oklahoma House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Senate" title="Oklahoma Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Oregon Legislative Assembly">Oregon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregon_House_of_Representatives" title="Oregon House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate" title="Oregon State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate" title="Pennsylvania State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly" title="Rhode Island General Assembly">Rhode Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives" title="Rhode Island House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Senate" title="Rhode Island Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">South Carolina</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate" title="South Carolina Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Legislature" title="South Dakota Legislature">South Dakota</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_House_of_Representatives" title="South Dakota House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Senate" title="South Dakota Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">Tennessee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Legislature" title="Utah State Legislature">Utah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utah_House_of_Representatives" title="Utah House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Senate" title="Utah State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_General_Assembly" title="Vermont General Assembly">Vermont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Senate" title="Vermont Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Senate" title="Virginia Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives" title="Washington House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Senate" title="Washington State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Legislature" title="West Virginia Legislature">West Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Senate" title="West Virginia Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature" title="Wisconsin Legislature">Wisconsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate" title="Wisconsin Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Legislature" title="Wyoming Legislature">Wyoming</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wyoming_House_of_Representatives" title="Wyoming House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Senate" title="Wyoming Senate">S</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures#Territorial_and_Federal_District_Legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">Other legislatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Council of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Fono" title="American Samoa Fono">American Samoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate" title="American Samoa Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Guam" title="Legislature of Guam">Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Commonwealth_Legislature" title="Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_House_of_Representatives" title="Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Legislature of the Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:State_legislature_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Category:State legislature elections in the United States">Legislative elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2000 United States state legislative elections">2000</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2001 United States state legislative elections">2001</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2002 United States state legislative elections">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2003 United States state legislative elections">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2004 United States state legislative elections">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2005 United States state legislative elections">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2006 United States state legislative elections">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2007 United States state legislative elections">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2008 United States state legislative elections">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2009 United States state legislative elections">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2010 United States state legislative elections">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2011 United States state legislative elections">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2012 United States state legislative elections">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2013 United States state legislative elections">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2014 United States state legislative elections">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2015 United States state legislative elections">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2016 United States state legislative elections">2016</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2017 United States state legislative elections">2017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2018 United States state legislative elections">2018</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2019 United States state legislative elections">2019</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2020 United States state legislative elections">2020</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2021 United States state legislative elections">2021</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2022 United States state legislative elections">2022</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2023 United States state legislative elections">2023</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2024 United States state legislative elections">2024</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of U.S. state legislators</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_legislative_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of United States state legislative sessions">Lists of past U.S. state legislatures</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_lower_houses" title="Template talk:National lower houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia#House_of_the_People" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Sudan" title="National Assembly of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#House_of_Assembly" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_(Bahrain)" title="Council of Representatives (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belize)" title="House of Representatives (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cambodia)" title="National Assembly (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cameroon)" title="National Assembly (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Central_African_Republic)" title="National Assembly (Central African Republic)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Gabon" title="National Assembly of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada#House_of_Representatives" title="Parliament of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ivory_Coast)" title="National Assembly (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Jordan)" title="House of Representatives (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kenya)" title="National Assembly (Kenya)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Lesotho)" title="National Assembly (Lesotho)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Liberia" title="House of Representatives of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Madagascar)" title="National Assembly (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyithu_Hluttaw" title="Pyithu Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Namibia)" title="National Assembly (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Oman)" title="Consultative Assembly (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Delegates_of_Palau" title="House of Delegates of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" title="Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Lucia" title="House of Assembly of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Slovenia)" title="National Assembly (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of Representatives">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_House_of_Representatives" title="Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_lower_houses" title="List of abolished lower houses">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)#Constitution_of_1940" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Fiji" title="House of Representatives of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(British_Guiana)" title="Legislative Assembly (British Guiana)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary#House_of_Representatives" title="Diet of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(South_Korea)" title="House of Representatives (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua#Presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_before_1979" title="National Congress of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Northern_Ireland" title="House of Commons of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#History" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Portugal_(1822%E2%80%931910)" title="Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)">Portugal (Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Portugal_(1910%E2%80%931926)" title="Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1910–1926)">Portugal (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andra_kammaren" title="Andra kammaren">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_lower_houses" title="List of abolished lower houses">List of abolished lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses">National upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123094044">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152361633">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/536930/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="USA. Congress. House of Representatives"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/35623-2">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="US House of Representatives"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16275499-1">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. Congress. House."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79107874">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118636489">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118636489">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36545505">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX136439">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/403929">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12047519">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000271101&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000112773">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000070622">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202010571">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306565305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. Congress. 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class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1284160">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026377055">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69x15pb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output 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