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situation in which one party controls the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> (executive branch), while another party controls one or both houses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (legislative branch). Divided government is seen by different groups as a benefit or as an undesirable product of the model of governance used in the U.S. political system. Under said model, known as the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> is divided into different branches. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the others. The degree to which the president of the United States has control of Congress often determines their political strength, such as the ability to pass sponsored legislation, ratify treaties, and have <a href="/wiki/United_States_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States cabinet">Cabinet</a> members and judges approved. Early in the 19th century, divided government was rare but since the 1970s it has become increasingly common. </p><p>The model can be contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">fusion of powers</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified. Those in favor of divided government believe that such separations encourage more policing of those in power by the opposition, as well as limiting spending and the expansion of undesirable laws.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents, however, argue that divided governments become lethargic, leading to many gridlocks. In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Terry_M._Moe" title="Terry M. Moe">Terry M. Moe</a>, a professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, examined the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that divided governments lead to compromise which can be seen as beneficial, but he also noticed that divided governments subvert performance and politicize the decisions of executive agencies. Additionally, further research has shown that during divided governments, legislatures will pass laws with sunset provisions in order to achieve a political consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_control_of_legislative_and_executive_branches">Party control of legislative and executive branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Party control of legislative and executive branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Divided government in the United States">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/850px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png" decoding="async" width="850" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/1275px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Party control of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives (including president's party): 1855–2027<sup id="cite_ref-uspolitics.about_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspolitics.about-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-filibustercartoons_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filibustercartoons-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infoplease_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Key</b> </p> <ul><li><b>D</b> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, <b>R</b> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.</li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates a divided government.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Senate</th> <th>House</th> <th><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President<br />party</div></th> <th>President </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1857–1859 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1859–1861</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1861–1863 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1863–1865 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1865–1867</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1867–1869</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1869–1871 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1871–1873 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1873–1875 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1875–1877</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1877–1879</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1879–1881</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1881–1883 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R<sup id="cite_ref-senate21_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1883–1885</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1885–1887</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1887–1889</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1889–1891 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1891–1893</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1893–1895 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1895–1897</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1897–1899 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1899–1901 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1901–1903 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1903–1905 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1905–1907 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1907–1909 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1909–1911 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1911–1913</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1913–1915 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1915–1917 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1917–1919 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D<sup id="cite_ref-house28_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house28-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1919–1921</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1921–1923 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1923–1925 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> / <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1925–1927 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1927–1929 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1929–1931 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1931–1933</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1933–1935 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1935–1937 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1937–1939 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1939–1941 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1941–1943 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1943–1945 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1945–1947 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1947–1949</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1949–1951 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1951–1953 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1953–1955 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R<sup id="cite_ref-senate34_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1955–1957</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1957–1959</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1959–1961</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1961–1963 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1963–1965 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1965–1967 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1967–1969 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1969–1971</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1971–1973</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1973–1975</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1975–1977</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1977–1979 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1979–1981 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1981–1983</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1983–1985</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1985–1987</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1987–1989</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1989–1991</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G.H.W. Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1991–1993</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1993–1995 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1995–1997</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1997–1999</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1999–2001</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2001–2003</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b><sup id="cite_ref-senate43_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G.W. Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2003–2005 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2005–2007 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2007–2009</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">2009–2011 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2011–2013</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2013–2015</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2015–2017</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2017–2019 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2019–2021</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">2021–2023 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D<sup id="cite_ref-senate46_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2023–2025</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2025–2027 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Senate</th> <th>House</th> <th><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President<br />party</div></th> <th>President </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_impact">Presidential impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidential impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many presidents' elections produced what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Coattail_effect" title="Coattail effect">coattail effect</a>, in which the success of a presidential candidate also leads to electoral success for other members of their party. In fact, all newly elected presidents except <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, Richard Nixon, and George H. W. Bush were accompanied by control of at least one house of Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents_by_congressional_control_and_terms">Presidents by congressional control and terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidents by congressional control and terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most columns are in numbers of years. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom"> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>President </th> <th colspan="2">President's party </th> <th>Elections won </th> <th>Years served </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th>Senate with </th> <th>Senate opposed </th> <th>House with </th> <th>House opposed </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th>Congress with </th> <th>Congress divided </th> <th>Congress opposed </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background:#EEEEEE" colspan="2">None </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#F6D6C9" colspan="2">Federalist </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#AACC99" colspan="2">Democratic-Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#AACC99" colspan="2">Democratic-Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#AACC99" colspan="2">Democratic-Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#AACC99">Democratic-Republican</td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFE6B0">National-Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Harrison</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#F0C862" colspan="2">Whig </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#F0C862">Whig</td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Independent </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td> </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James Polk</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#F0C862" colspan="2">Whig </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#F0C862" colspan="2">Whig </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican</td> <td nowrap="" style="background:#f5caca">National Union </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background:#f5caca">National Union</td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses Grant</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford Hayes</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James Garfield</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td> </td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-senate21_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester Arthur</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td> </td> <td>3.5<sup id="cite_ref-senate21_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Taft</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>28 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6<sup id="cite_ref-house28_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house28-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren Harding</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>31 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>32 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>4 </td> <td>12.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>12.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>12.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>12.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>33 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>34 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>2<sup id="cite_ref-senate34_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>35 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John Kennedy</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>36 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>37 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>38 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>39 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4<sup id="cite_ref-senate39_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-senate39_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>40 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>41 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>42 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>2<sup id="cite_ref-senate42_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>43 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.5<sup id="cite_ref-senate43_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.5<sup id="cite_ref-senate43_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>44 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>45 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>46 </th> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" colspan="2">Democratic </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4<sup id="cite_ref-senate46_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>47</b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td nowrap="" style="background-color:#FFB6B6" colspan="2">Republican </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>President </th> <th colspan="2">President's party </th> <th>Elections won </th> <th>Years served </th> <th> </th> <th>Senate with </th> <th>Senate opposed </th> <th>House with </th> <th>House opposed </th> <th> </th> <th>Congress with </th> <th>Congress divided </th> <th>Congress opposed </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_trifecta#United_States" title="Government trifecta">Government trifectas in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions of United States Congresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_U.S._states" title="Political party strength in U.S. states">Political party strength in U.S. states</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-senate21-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate21_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate21_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate21_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1880-81 elections resulted in a 37-37 tie in the Senate, with 1 <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a> and 1 Independent caucusing with the opposite parties. The Constitution gives <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking power to the vice president</a>, which was Republican <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> for part of the 47th Congress, then left vacant after his <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">accession</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-house28-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-house28_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-house28_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1916 elections resulted in the Republican Party winning a plurality of seats, but the Democratic Party formed a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate34-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate34_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate34_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1952 elections resulted in a 49-47 Republican majority, but <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a> switched to become an Independent, and vacancies resulted in a tied Senate for part of the Congress. The Constitution gives <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking power to the vice president</a>, which for most of the 83rd Congress was Republican <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate43-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate43_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate43_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate43_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2000 elections resulted in a 50–50 tie in the Senate, and the Constitution gives <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking power to the vice president</a>. The vice president during most of the 107th Congress was Republican <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>. Then on May 24, 2001, Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> of Vermont left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats as an independent, resulting in Democrats gaining the Senate majority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate46-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate46_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate46_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2020 elections resulted in a 50–50 tie in the Senate, and the Constitution gives <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking power to the vice president</a>. The vice president during most of the 117th Congress was Democrat <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate39-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate39_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate39_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter served the last 17 days of his presidency with a Republican majority Senate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate42-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate42_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinton served the last 17 days of his 2nd term with a 50-50 majority in the senate, and the Constitution gives <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking power to the vice president</a>. During this brief period, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> was the tie breaker until Republican Dick Cheney was sworn in and broke the tie in favor of the Republicans.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/would-divided-government-be-better">"Would Divided Government Be Better?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></i>. 3 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707155326/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/would-divided-government-be-better">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Would+Divided+Government+Be+Better%3F&rft.date=2006-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Fwould-divided-government-be-better&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivided+government+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoe1989" class="citation web cs1">Moe, Terry (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247947716">"The Politics of Bureaucratic Structure"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Bureaucratic+Structure&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Moe&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F247947716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivided+government+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorssom2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dorssom, Elizabeth I. (March 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ssqu.12956">"Does Legislative Institutionalization Impact Policy Adoption? New Evidence from the Colonial and Early State Legislatures 1757–1795"</a>. <i>Social Science Quarterly</i>. <b>102</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1451–</span>1465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fssqu.12956">10.1111/ssqu.12956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233619783">233619783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Does+Legislative+Institutionalization+Impact+Policy+Adoption%3F+New+Evidence+from+the+Colonial+and+Early+State+Legislatures+1757%E2%80%931795&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1451-%3C%2Fspan%3E1465&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fssqu.12956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233619783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dorssom&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fssqu.12956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivided+government+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uspolitics.about-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uspolitics.about_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145605/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm">"Party In Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945-2008"</a>. Uspolitics.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm">the original</a> on November 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+In+Power+-+Congress+and+Presidency+-+A+Visual+Guide+To+The+Balance+of+Power+In+Congress%2C+1945-2008&rft.pub=Uspolitics.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuspolitics.about.com%2Fod%2Fusgovernment%2Fl%2Fbl_party_division_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivided+government+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filibustercartoons-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filibustercartoons_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filibustercartoons.com/prezidents.htm">"Chart of Presidents of the United States"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composition+of+Congress+by+Party+1855%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0774721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivided+government+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_government_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/divided-government-and-significant-legislation-a-history-of-congress-from-1789-to-2010/FA1647784187656412CB45DEA3690B84">Ansolabehere, S., Palmer, M., & Schneer, B. (2018). Divided Government and Significant Legislation: A History of Congress from 1789 to 2010. <i>Social Science History, 42</i>(1), 81-108.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Fiorina" title="Morris Fiorina">Morris Fiorina</a>, <i>Divided Government</i>, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Mayhew" title="David R. Mayhew">David R. Mayhew</a>, <i>Divided We Govern</i>, 1991.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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id="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States730" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List of vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">Approval rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">Assassination attempts and plots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Control of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oval_Office_desks" title="List of Oval Office desks">Desks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Doctrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_executive_orders" title="List of United States federal executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by presidents of the United States">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments" title="List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service" title="List of presidents of the United States by military service">Military service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_rank" title="List of presidents of the United States by military rank">rank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_vehicles_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of official vehicles of the president of the United States">Official vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_ran_for_office" title="List of former presidents of the United States who ran for office">Post-presidency campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">Previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_background_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Ancestral background of presidents of the United States">Ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bibliographies_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of bibliographies of presidents of the United States">Bibliographies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autobiographies_by_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of autobiographies by presidents of the United States">autobiographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death" title="List of presidents of the United States by date of death">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States who died in office">in office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair" title="List of presidents of the United States with facial hair">Facial hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">first ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of presidents of the United States">children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_firsts" title="List of United States presidential firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_left-handed_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of left-handed presidents of the United States">Left-handed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of multilingual presidents of the United States">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_net_worth" title="List of presidents of the United States by net worth">Net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of nicknames of presidents of the United States">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_pets" title="United States presidential pets">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_residences_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of residences of presidents of the United States">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_involved_in_Scouting" title="List of presidents of the United States involved in Scouting">Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_vacations" title="United States presidential vacations">Vacations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions<br />and honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_who_have_played_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of actors who have played the president of the United States">Actor portrayals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of fictional presidents of the United States">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States">Educational institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system#List_of_presidential_libraries" title="Presidential library system">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">Memorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_monuments_honoring_presidents_of_the_United_States_in_other_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of buildings and monuments honoring presidents of the United States in other countries">in other countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vessels_named_after_presidents" title="List of U.S. military vessels named after presidents">Military vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Portraits of presidents of the United States">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of sculptures of presidents of the United States">Sculptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of U.S. counties named after presidents of the United States">U.S. counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Vice_presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of vice presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li> <li>Families <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States" title="Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States">spouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of vice presidents of the United States">children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach vice presidents of the United States">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_ran_for_president" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who ran for president">Ran for president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of vice presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">U.S. Senate bust collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">Acting presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">Designated survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration#List_of_inauguration_ceremonies" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition#List_of_presidential_transitions" title="United States presidential transition">Transitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">Winner lost popular vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political affiliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic-Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Democratic-Republican Party presidential tickets">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Federalist_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Federalist Party presidential tickets">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Green_Party_of_the_United_States_presidential_tickets" title="List of Green Party of the United States presidential tickets">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">National Republican / Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_third-party_and_independent_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major third-party and independent presidential tickets">Third party / independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heights_of_presidents_and_presidential_candidates_of_the_United_States" title="Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major-party_United_States_presidential_candidates_who_lost_their_home_state" title="List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their home state">Lost their home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">Number of votes received</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_primary_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received">in primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">Received at least one electoral vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party vice presidential candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a> → <a href="/wiki/120th_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="120th United States Congress">120th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_119th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 119th United States Congress">119th (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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