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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Influence of Chicago blues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Chicago_blues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Чикагски блус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чикагски блус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blues" title="Chicago Blues – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chicago Blues" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ikaga_bluso" title="Ĉikaga bluso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉikaga bluso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="شیکاگو بلوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیکاگو بلوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%A0_%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="시카고 블루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시카고 블루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago-bl%C3%BAs" title="Chicago-blús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chicago-blús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%96" title="שיקגו בלוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיקגו בלוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagoblues" title="Chicagoblues – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chicagoblues" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="シカゴ・ブルース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シカゴ・ブルース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago-blues" title="Chicago-blues – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chicago-blues" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagoblues" title="Chicagoblues – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chicagoblues" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_chicagowski" title="Blues chicagowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blues chicagowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Чикагский блюз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чикагский блюз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chicago blues" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Чикаго блуз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чикаго блуз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li 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.hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Chicago blues</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">20th century, Chicago, U.S.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chicago blues</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> music that developed in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois. It is based on earlier blues idioms, such as <a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a>, but is performed in an <a href="/wiki/Blues#Urban_blues" title="Blues">urban style</a>. It developed alongside the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration of African Americans</a> of the first half of the twentieth century. Key features that distinguish Chicago blues from the earlier traditions, such as Delta blues, is the prominent use of electrified instruments, especially the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>, and especially the use of electronic effects such as <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> and overdrive. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a>, a colleague of Delta blues musicians <a href="/wiki/Son_House" title="Son House">Son House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>, migrated to Chicago in 1943, joining the established <a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy" title="Big Bill Broonzy">Big Bill Broonzy</a>, where they developed a distinctive style of blues music. Joined by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a>, Chicago blues reached an international audience by the late 1950s and early 1960s, directly influencing not only the development of early <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>, but also reaching across the Atlantic to influence both <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> acts such as <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>. Prominent record labels such as <a href="/wiki/Vee-Jay_Records" title="Vee-Jay Records">Vee-Jay Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a> helped promote and spread the style. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blues_Festival" title="Chicago Blues Festival">Chicago Blues Festival</a> has been held annually since 1984, on the anniversary of Muddy Waters' death, as a means of preserving and promoting Chicago blues. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_blues&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urban blues evolved from classic blues following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, or the Great Northern Drive, which was both forced and voluntary at times, of African Americans from the southern U.S. to the industrial cities of the north, such as Chicago. <a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy" title="Big Bill Broonzy">Big Bill Broonzy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> directly joined that migration, like many others, escaping the harsher southern <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Iglauer" title="Bruce Iglauer">Bruce Iglauer</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Alligator_Records" title="Alligator Records">Alligator Records</a> stated that, "Chicago blues is the music of the industrial city, and has an industrial sense about it." Additionally, recognizing the shift in blues, Chicago blues singer and guitarist Kevin Moore expressed the blues transition stating, "You have to put some new life into it, new blood, new perspectives. You can't keep talking about mules, workin' on the levee."<sup id="cite_ref-brookings.edu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicago blues was heavily influenced by Mississippi bluesmen who traveled to Chicago in the early 1940s. Chicago blues is based on the sound of the electric guitar and the harmonica, with the harmonica played through a <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a> or guitar amplifier, both heavily amplified and often to the point of distortion, and a rhythm section of drums and bass (double bass at first, and later electric bass guitar) with piano depending on the song or performer. </p><p>Urban blues started in Chicago and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, as music created by part-time musicians playing as <a href="/wiki/Street_musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Street musicians">street musicians</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Rent_party" title="Rent party">rent parties</a>, and other events in the black community. For example, bottleneck guitarist <a href="/wiki/Kokomo_Arnold" title="Kokomo Arnold">Kokomo Arnold</a> was a steelworker and had a <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> business that was far more profitable than his music.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxwell_Street_Camp_Meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maxwell_Street_Camp_Meeting.jpg/220px-Maxwell_Street_Camp_Meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maxwell_Street_Camp_Meeting.jpg/330px-Maxwell_Street_Camp_Meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maxwell_Street_Camp_Meeting.jpg/440px-Maxwell_Street_Camp_Meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Street" title="Maxwell Street">Maxwell Street</a> blues performers and onlookers circa 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>An early incubator for Chicago blues was the open-air market on <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Street" title="Maxwell Street">Maxwell Street</a>, one of the largest open-air markets in the nation. Residents of the black community would frequent it to buy and sell just about anything. It was a natural location for blues musicians to perform, earn tips, and jam with other musicians. The standard path for blues musicians was to start out as street musicians and at house parties and eventually make their way to blues clubs. The first blues clubs in Chicago were mostly in predominantly black neighborhoods on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>, with a few in the smaller black neighborhoods on the <a href="/wiki/West_Side,_Chicago" title="West Side, Chicago">West Side</a>. New trends in technology, chaotic streets and bars adding drums to an electric mix, gave birth to a new club culture. One of the most famous was Ruby Lee Gatewood's Tavern, known by patrons as "The Gates". During the 1930s virtually every big-name artist played there.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What drove the blues to international influence was the promotion of record companies such as <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Records" title="Paramount Records">Paramount Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Victor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through such record companies Chicago blues became a commercial enterprise. The new style of music eventually reached Europe and the United Kingdom. In the 1960s, young British musicians were highly influenced by Chicago blues resulting in the <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> movement. </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a></i> (1981), Chicago blues saw its best documentation during the 1970s thanks in part to Alligator Records and its owner Bruce Iglauer, described by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> as a "folkie <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Chess" title="Leonard Chess">Leonard Chess</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-CG_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Chicago_blues">Influence of Chicago blues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_blues&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence of Chicago blues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chicago blues was one of the most significant influences on early rock music. <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> originally signed with <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a>—one of the most significant Chicago blues record labels. Berry met and was influenced by Muddy Waters in Chicago and Waters suggested he audition for Chess. <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a> and other blues musicians played on some of Berry's early records.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK in the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat groups</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">the Yardbirds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">the Animals</a> (dubbed the <a href="/wiki/British_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion">British invasion</a> in the US), were heavily influenced by Chicago blues artists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last two served as backing musicians for <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II" title="Sonny Boy Williamson II">Sonny Boy Williamson II</a> and made their first recordings with him when he toured England in 1963 and 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, American artists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Butterfield_Blues_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Butterfield Blues Band">Paul Butterfield Blues Band</a> (who included two members of <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>'s band),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hammond" title="John P. Hammond">John P. Hammond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Musselwhite" title="Charlie Musselwhite">Charlie Musselwhite</a> performed in the style of Chicago blues. Later, <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rory_Gallagher" title="Rory Gallagher">Rory Gallagher</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band" title="The Allman Brothers Band">the Allman Brothers Band</a> also pursued their own interpretations of Chicago blues songs and helped popularize <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_blues&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicago_blues_musicians" title="List of Chicago blues musicians">List of Chicago blues musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_record_labels" title="Chicago record labels">Chicago record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago" title="Music of Chicago">Music of Chicago</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_blues&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brookings.edu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brookings.edu_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2004/5/demographics%20frey/20040524_frey">William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp. 1–3</a>, accessed 19 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOakley1976" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Giles (1976). <i>The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues</i>. New York: Taplinger. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800821890" title="Special:BookSources/0800821890"><bdi>0800821890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Music%3A+A+History+of+the+Blues&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0800821890&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe1973" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Mike (1973). <i>Chicago Blues: The City and the Music</i>. London: Da Capo Press. pp. 40–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80145-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80145-0"><bdi>0-306-80145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Blues%3A+The+City+and+the+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40-49&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-306-80145-0&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1976" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Giles (1976). <i>The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues</i>. New York: Taplinger. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800821890" title="Special:BookSources/0800821890"><bdi>0800821890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Music%3A+A+History+of+the+Blues&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0800821890&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CG-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CG_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/decade.php">"The Decade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticknor & Fields">Ticknor & Fields</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899190251" title="Special:BookSources/0899190251"><bdi>0899190251</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2019</span> – via robertchristgau.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Decade&rft.btitle=Christgau%27s+Record+Guide%3A+Rock+Albums+of+the+Seventies&rft.pub=Ticknor+%26+Fields&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0899190251&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fbk-cg70%2Fdecade.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-of-rock.com/berry.htm">"Chuck Berry"</a>. <i>history-of-rock.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>While attending a nightclub in Chicago in 1955, Berry met his idol Muddy Waters and asked Waters where he might be able to cut a record. Waters directed him to Leonard Chess of Chess Records</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history-of-rock.com&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-of-rock.com%2Fberry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Roberta. <i>How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Britain+Got+the+Blues%3A+The+Transmission+and+Reception+of+American+Blues+Style+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2016" class="citation web cs1">Hart, Ron (2 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2016/12/the-surprising-key-influence-behind-the-rolling-stones-blue-lonesome/">"The Surprising Key Influence Behind The Rolling Stones' 'Blue & Lonesome'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Observer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>When the Rolling Stones first got together in 1962, it was a shared love for Chicago blues that congealed them into a cohesive group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observer.com&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+Key+Influence+Behind+The+Rolling+Stones%27+%27Blue+%26+Lonesome%27&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fthe-surprising-key-influence-behind-the-rolling-stones-blue-lonesome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inaba, Mitsutoshi. Willie Dixon's Work on the Blues: From the Early Recordings through the Chess and Cobra Years, 1940--1971. Diss. University of Oregon, 2005. N.p.: UMI, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts. "Muddy (né McKinley Morganfield) Waters." The Black Perspective in Music Vol. 11. No. 2 (1983): 230-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Howlin' Wolf." Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 4th ed. 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeil" class="citation web cs1">MacNeil, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/uk-blues-mw0000011269">"<i>Sonny Boy Williamson: U.K. Blues</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Sonny+Boy+Williamson%3A+U.K.+Blues&rft.aulast=MacNeil&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fuk-blues-mw0000011269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggett" class="citation web cs1">Leggett, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-paul-butterfield-blues-band-mn0000016835/biography">"The Paul Butterfield Blues Band: Biography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Paul+Butterfield+Blues+Band%3A+Biography&rft.aulast=Leggett&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-paul-butterfield-blues-band-mn0000016835%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2012" class="citation book cs1">Connaughton, Marcus (2012). <i>Rory Gallagher His Life and Times</i>. The Collins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848891531" title="Special:BookSources/9781848891531"><bdi>9781848891531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rory+Gallagher+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=The+Collins+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848891531&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_blues&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeil1991" class="citation book cs1">Keil, Charles (1991) [1966]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbanblues0000keil"><i>Urban Blues</i></a></span>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 255 + ix + 8pp of plates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-42960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-42960-1"><bdi>0-226-42960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Blues&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=255+%2B+ix+%2B+8pp+of+plates&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-42960-1&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbanblues0000keil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1976" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Giles (1976). <i>The Devil's Music: a History of the Blues</i>. London: BBC. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-16012-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-16012-8"><bdi>0-563-16012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Music%3A+a+History+of+the+Blues&rft.place=London&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-563-16012-8&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago+blues" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_blues&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216172814/http://www.chicagoblues.com/">ChicagoBlues.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117095104/http://12bar.de/hyelaw.php">Chicago blues example and lesson</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Blues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blues" title="Template:Blues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blues" title="Template talk:Blues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Blues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">Blue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_ballad" title="Blues ballad">Blues ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_scale" title="Blues scale">Blues scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-bar_blues" title="Eight-bar blues">Eight-bar blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Musical improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuffle_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle note">Shuffles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_blues_verses" title="Traditional blues verses">Traditional blues verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues" title="Twelve-bar blues">Twelve-bar blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">Walking bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues" title="Origins of the blues">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field hollers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song#African-American_work_songs" title="Work song">Work songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br /> styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_blues" title="African blues">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Desert blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_blues" title="Canadian blues">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">Hill country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_blues" title="Louisiana blues">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_blues" title="Swamp blues">Swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_in_New_Zealand" title="Blues in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_blues" title="Piedmont blues">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_blues" title="Texas blues">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_blues" title="Anatolian blues">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_blues" title="West Coast blues">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_female_blues" title="Classic female blues">Classic female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_blues" title="Country blues">Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">Hill country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_blues" title="Dirty blues">Dirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_and_drum_blues" title="Fife and drum blues">Fife and drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokum" title="Hokum">Hokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holler_blues" title="Holler blues">Holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">Skiffle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_musicians" title="List of blues musicians">Blues musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_blues_musicians_by_genre" title="Lists of blues musicians by genre">Blues musicians by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_standards" title="List of blues standards">Blues standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals" title="List of blues festivals">Blues festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/28px-Guit_Blues.JPG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/41px-Guit_Blues.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/55px-Guit_Blues.JPG 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="161" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Blues" title="Portal:Blues">Blues portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Blues" title="Category:Blues">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Blues_songs" title="Category:Blues songs">Blues songs</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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