CINXE.COM

Samuel Greengard – Communications of the ACM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="095b91a6-f087-4380-b01d-e44b1c2af358" data-blockingmode="auto" type="text/javascript"></script> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-XYTVD2CXR4"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-XYTVD2CXR4'); </script> <title>Samuel Greengard &#8211; Communications of the ACM</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Communications of the ACM &raquo; Feed" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Communications of the ACM &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/comments/feed/" /> <style class="wp-asset-manager cacm-global-critical" type="text/css">@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;src:url(../be7cb18dc7caf47cf7e9.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../817c4274293e221c5076.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(../54321e26b8bf4739a16d.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../7ad0df5561cc0933cead.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:url(../2dd7c3c79fd1aa1d85ca.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../9a8cbe3b3bec955df411.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(../ab8702255905c24de1c1.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../9ab52d2504cfe145b9bd.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:800;src:url(../cef488e4e9f273a0a1e3.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../a99bf2b51c426338ae2c.woff) format("woff")}html{box-sizing:border-box}html *,html :after,html :before{box-sizing:inherit}a,abbr,address,article,aside,audio,b,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,object,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,u,ul,var,video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,menu,nav,section{display:block}ol,ul{list-style:none}blockquote,q{quotes:none}blockquote:after,blockquote:before,q:after,q:before{content:"";content:none}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}fieldset{border:none;margin:0;padding:0}button,input,select,textarea{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border:0;border-radius:0;font:inherit;margin:0}button{background-color:transparent;padding:0}body,html{font-family:var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}html{scroll-padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)!important}body{overflow-x:hidden}a img{display:block}img{height:auto;max-width:100%}svg{display:block}.container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:calc(min(100%,var(--wp--style--global--wide-size) + var(--wp--custom--site-edge)*2) - var(--wp--custom--site-edge)*2)}.screen-reader-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;width:1px}.screen-reader-only,.skip-link{overflow:hidden;position:absolute}.skip-link{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);color:inherit;left:0;opacity:0;padding:.625rem;right:0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;top:0;transform:translateY(-100%);width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;z-index:-1}.skip-link:focus{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);z-index:2147483647}.site-content{padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)}@media(min-width:48rem){.site-content{padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)}}.site-header-hamburger-menu[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}.site-header-membership-nav{align-self:stretch;display:flex;position:relative}.site-header--expanded .site-header-membership-nav,.site-header:not(.site-header--member-logged-in) .site-header-membership-nav{display:none}.site-header{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:7}.site-header--expanded{height:100%}.site-header--no-js{opacity:0}.site-header.headroom{transition:transform .2s linear;will-change:transform}.site-header.headroom--pinned{transform:translateY(0)}.site-header.headroom--unpinned{height:auto;transform:translateY(-100%)}.site-header-container{align-items:center;background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);border-bottom:var(--wp--custom--border-gray);display:flex;gap:1rem;height:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height);justify-content:space-between;padding:0 1rem}.site-header-container a{text-decoration:none}.site-header-container a:active,.site-header-container a:focus,.site-header-container a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2.5px}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.site-header-container{padding:0 1.5rem}}@media(min-width:48rem){.site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.site-header-container{gap:2.25rem}}@media(min-width:80rem){.site-header-container{gap:3rem}}.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1rem}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1.5rem}}.site-header--expanded .site-header-container{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue)}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-logo,.site-header-search{margin-left:auto}}.site-header-member-login-link{font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-bold)}.site-header-member-login-link[aria-hidden=true]{visibility:hidden}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-member-login-link{display:none}}.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-member-login-link{display:none}.site-header-magazine-menu,.site-header-topics-menu{position:relative}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle{font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-regular);line-height:1.21;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;gap:.3333333333rem}@media(min-width:80rem){.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle{font-size:1rem;font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-regular);line-height:1.21;gap:.65625rem}}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle[aria-hidden=true],.site-header-topics-menu-toggle[aria-hidden=true]{visibility:hidden}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true]>svg,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true]>svg{transform:rotate(180deg)}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle:focus,.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle:hover,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle:focus,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle:hover{text-decoration:underline}.site-header-magazine-menu-expanded,.site-header-topics-menu-expanded{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);border-radius:.3125rem;box-shadow:0 .125rem .25rem -.125rem rgba(24,39,75,.12),0 .25rem .25rem -.125rem rgba(24,39,75,.08);display:flex;gap:1.875rem;justify-content:space-between;padding:1.75rem 1.875rem 1.5rem;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:left;top:2.28125rem;white-space:nowrap;z-index:4}.site-header-magazine-menu-expanded[aria-hidden=true],.site-header-topics-menu-expanded[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-magazine-menu,.site-header-topics-menu{display:none}}.site-header:not(.site-header--member-logged-in) .site-header-topics-menu-expanded{left:0;right:auto}</style><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/inter-v12-latin-regular.woff2" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-inter-regular-woff2" as="font" media="all" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/inter-v12-latin-700.woff2" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-inter-700-woff2" as="font" media="all" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/work-sans-bold.woff2?ver=1.0.0" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-work-sans-700-woff2" as="style" media="all" type="font/woff2" /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/work-sans-extrabold.woff2?ver=1.0.0" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-work-sans-800-woff2" as="style" media="all" type="font/woff2" /><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='elasticpress-facet-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .widget_ep-facet input[type=search],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[type=search]{margin-bottom:1rem}.widget_ep-facet .searchable .inner,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .searchable .inner{max-height:20em;overflow:scroll}.widget_ep-facet .term.hide,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term.hide{display:none}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term{opacity:.5;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term:after,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term:after{bottom:0;content:" ";display:block;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:2}.widget_ep-facet .level-1,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-1{padding-left:20px}.widget_ep-facet .level-2,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-2{padding-left:40px}.widget_ep-facet .level-3,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-3{padding-left:60px}.widget_ep-facet .level-4,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-4{padding-left:5pc}.widget_ep-facet .level-5,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-5{padding-left:75pt}.widget_ep-facet input[disabled],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[disabled]{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.widget_ep-facet .term a,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox{background-color:#ccc}.ep-checkbox{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;-ms-flex-negative:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;align-items:center;background-color:#eee;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;height:1em;justify-content:center;margin-right:.25em;width:1em}.ep-checkbox:after{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 .125em .125em 0;content:"";display:none;height:.5em;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:.25em}.ep-checkbox.checked{background-color:#5e5e5e}.ep-checkbox.checked:after{display:block} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elasticpress-related-posts-block-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/mu-plugins/search/elasticpress/dist/css/related-posts-block-styles.min.css?ver=4.2.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue: #337AB5;--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue: #015FAC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue: #1E4A88;--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue: #29303C;--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue: #B6DEFF;--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach: #F7ACA5;--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige: #F5F2DC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown: #8C6A54;--wp--preset--color--cacm-green: #5F7D05;--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green: #EFF7F1;--wp--preset--color--cacm-black: #141414;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100: #FBFCFC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200: #F8F9FA;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300: #EBEDEF;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500: #A9ACB1;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600: #5A6875;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700: #3D4550;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--primary-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, #80C2EF 0%, #337AB5 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxs: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm: 25px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg: 33px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl: 37px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxl: 41px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxl: 48px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxs: 15px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-sm: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-lg: 32px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xl: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxl: 41px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxl: 47px;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: 'Inter', helvetica, arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', helvetica, arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--adminbar-height: 0px;--wp--custom--siteheader-height: 72px;--wp--custom--site-edge: 20px;--wp--custom--gap: 40px;--wp--custom--gap-half: calc(var(--wp--custom--gap) / 2);--wp--custom--section-background-color: transparent;--wp--custom--placeholder-background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200);--wp--custom--vertical-block-rhythm: 40px;--wp--custom--border-gray: 1px solid var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300);--wp--custom--font-weight-regular: 400;--wp--custom--font-weight-medium: 500;--wp--custom--font-weight-bold: 700;--wp--custom--font-weight-extrabold: 900;}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm: 25px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg: 33px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl: 41px;}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 1280px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1280px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-primary-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--primary-gradient) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-work-xxxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxs) !important;}.has-work-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs) !important;}.has-work-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs) !important;}.has-work-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm) !important;}.has-work-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-md) !important;}.has-work-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg) !important;}.has-work-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl) !important;}.has-work-xxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxl) !important;}.has-work-xxxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxl) !important;}.has-inter-xxxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxs) !important;}.has-inter-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxs) !important;}.has-inter-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xs) !important;}.has-inter-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-sm) !important;}.has-inter-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-md) !important;}.has-inter-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-lg) !important;}.has-inter-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xl) !important;}.has-inter-xxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxl) !important;}.has-inter-xxxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxl) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-md) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='qm-object-cache-style-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/mu-plugins/qm-plugins/qm-object-cache/css/style.css?ver=0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cacm-global-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/css/global.min.css?ver=2e69cf06aaa18696d381' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cacm-archive-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/css/archive.min.css?ver=e84cf91917c5ea84e167' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-json/wp/v2/profile/297" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/samuel-greengard/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/?p=297' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net%2Fauthor%2Fsamuel-greengard%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net%2Fauthor%2Fsamuel-greengard%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <style> .getty.aligncenter { text-align: center; } .getty.alignleft { float: none; margin-right: 0; } .getty.alignleft > div { float: left; margin-right: 5px; } .getty.alignright { float: none; margin-left: 0; } .getty.alignright > div { float: right; margin-left: 5px; } </style> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <link rel="icon" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=32" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=192" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=180" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=270" /> </head> <body class="profile-template-default single single-profile postid-297 archive"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PJN9BGM" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" focusable="false" height="0" role="none" style="left:-9999px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0"><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 18 12"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 6a.643.643 0 0 1-.643.643H2.196l4.046 4.044a.644.644 0 0 1-.91.91L.188 6.456a.643.643 0 0 1 0-.91L5.33.402a.644.644 0 1 1 .91.91L2.197 5.358h15.161A.643.643 0 0 1 18 6Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 14 9"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 4.5A.5.5 0 0 1 .5 4h11.793L9.146.854a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708l4 4a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-4 4a.5.5 0 1 1-.708-.708L12.293 5H.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-comment" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.781 1.542a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v11.876a.693.693 0 0 0 .693.693h2.375c.273 0 .494.221.494.494v2.574l3.96-2.97a.494.494 0 0 1 .296-.098h8.313a.693.693 0 0 0 .693-.694V2.236a.693.693 0 0 0-.693-.693H1.78ZM.592 1.046a1.681 1.681 0 0 1 1.19-.492h15.437A1.681 1.681 0 0 1 18.9 2.235v11.876a1.681 1.681 0 0 1-1.681 1.681H9.07l-4.618 3.464a.494.494 0 0 1-.79-.396v-3.068H1.78A1.682 1.682 0 0 1 .1 14.111V2.235c0-.446.177-.873.492-1.189Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-digital-library" viewBox="43 0 40 40"><g clip-path="url(#a)"> <path d="m95.468 15.585-1.58 1.579c-.262.263-.584.41-.964.41h-6.813V4.707h6.813c.38 0 .702.146.965.409l1.579 1.579c.263.263.41.585.41.965v6.959c0 .38-.118.702-.41.965zm-1.9-7.544c0-.088-.03-.205-.118-.263l-.76-.76c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117H88.42v8.45h4.006c.117 0 .205-.03.263-.117l.76-.76a.357.357 0 0 0 .117-.264V8.04zm5.877 9.532v-2.047h2.309V6.754h-2.31V4.708h6.93v2.046h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.047h-6.93zm19.853 0-.292-1.637-1.228 1.228c-.263.263-.585.41-.965.41h-3.918c-.38 0-.702-.147-.965-.41l-1.579-1.58a1.326 1.326 0 0 1-.409-.964V7.66c0-.38.146-.7.409-.964l1.579-1.579c.263-.263.585-.41.965-.41h5c.38 0 .701.147.965.41l1.666 1.667-1.549 1.55-1.316-1.316c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.006c-.117 0-.205.029-.263.117l-.761.76a.36.36 0 0 0-.117.263v6.199c0 .088.03.204.117.263l.761.76c.087.088.146.117.263.117h3.041c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l1.754-1.754c.088-.088.117-.146.117-.263v-.995h-3.187V10.06h5.497v4.97l.497 2.573h-2.076v-.029zm5.38 0v-2.047h2.31V6.754h-2.31V4.708h6.93v2.046h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.047h-6.93zM140.029 6.9v10.644h-2.31V6.9h-3.713V4.708h9.737V6.9h-3.714zm14.299 10.673-1.229-3.216h-5.117l-1.228 3.216h-2.31l4.767-12.865h2.748l4.708 12.865h-2.339zm-3.772-10.38-1.784 5.088h3.567l-1.783-5.088zM160 17.573V4.708h2.31V15.35h6.316v2.193H160v.03zM86.111 35.41V22.543h2.31v10.643h6.316v2.193H86.11v.03zm11.813 0v-2.047h2.31V24.59h-2.31v-2.047h6.93v2.047h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.046h-6.93zm20.497-1.638-1.257 1.257a1.28 1.28 0 0 1-.936.38h-7.164V22.544h7.164c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.409.585.409.965v1.755c0 .38-.146.701-.409.965l-1.111 1.11 1.111 1.112c.263.263.409.584.409.965v1.783c0 .322-.146.673-.409.936zm-1.901-8.216c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.264l-.439-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.129h3.86c.088 0 .205-.03.263-.117l.877-.878c.088-.087.117-.146.117-.263v-1.052h.029zm0 5.789c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.263l-.936-.936c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-3.831v3.158h4.328c.087 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.439-.438c.087-.088.116-.147.116-.264v-1.023zm14.65 4.065-3.802-4.884a.402.402 0 0 0-.321-.175h-1.404v5.058h-2.31V22.544h7.164c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.409.585.409.965v2.544c0 .38-.146.702-.409.965l-1.257 1.257c-.263.263-.556.38-.936.38h-.468l3.977 5.059h-2.836v.058zm-.381-9.854c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.264l-.439-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.392h4.328c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.439-.41c.087-.087.116-.146.116-.263v-1.783zm15.117 9.854-1.228-3.217h-5.117l-1.228 3.216h-2.31l4.766-12.865h2.749l4.708 12.865h-2.34zm-3.772-10.38-1.783 5.087h3.538l-1.755-5.088zm17.106 10.38-3.801-4.884a.405.405 0 0 0-.322-.175h-1.404v5.058h-2.309V22.544h7.163c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.41.585.41.965v2.544c0 .38-.147.702-.41.965l-1.257 1.257c-.263.263-.556.38-.936.38h-.468l3.977 5.059h-2.836v.058zm-.41-9.854c0-.117-.029-.205-.117-.264l-.438-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.392h4.328c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.438-.41c.088-.087.117-.146.117-.263v-1.783zm11.696 4.152v5.672h-2.31v-5.672l-4.356-7.164h2.514l3.012 5 2.982-5h2.486l-4.328 7.164zM12.193 26.199 7.485 13.363H4.737L0 26.199h2.31l1.199-3.216h5.117l1.199 3.216h2.368zm-4.327-5.263h-3.54l1.784-5.088 1.755 5.088zm15.818 3.187-1.55-1.55-1.315 1.316c-.088.088-.146.117-.263.117h-3.188c-.116 0-.204-.03-.263-.117l-.76-.76a.357.357 0 0 1-.117-.264v-6.17c0-.087.03-.204.117-.262l.76-.76c.088-.088.146-.117.263-.117h3.188c.116 0 .204.029.263.117l1.316 1.315 1.55-1.55-1.668-1.666a1.326 1.326 0 0 0-.964-.41H16.87c-.38 0-.701.147-.965.41l-1.579 1.579a1.326 1.326 0 0 0-.409.965v6.959c0 .38.146.702.41.965l1.578 1.579c.264.263.585.41.965.41h4.182c.38 0 .701-.147.964-.41l1.667-1.696zm15.79 2.076V13.363h-3.538l-3.041 9.941-3.041-9.941h-3.538v12.836h2.251V15.994L31.696 26.2h2.398l3.128-10.205V26.2h2.252zM58.246 3.421l-5.351-1.403-1.404 5.35 3.86-1.052 2.895-2.895zm-4.474 4.532-7.72 2.106 1.17 4.385 6.55-6.49zm26.17 6.988 1.432-5.467-5.35-1.375 1.081 4.065 2.837 2.777zm-33.1 10.205-1.433 5.38 5.351 1.375-1.052-3.89-2.866-2.865zM73.333 2.66 68.89 3.89l6.579 6.579-2.135-7.807zm-.409 29.416 7.836-2.134-1.228-4.474-6.608 6.608zM68.45 36.55l5.468 1.433 1.404-5.351-4.065 1.081-2.807 2.837zm-15 .79 4.386-1.17-6.462-6.492 2.076 7.661zm26.2-13.656L83.332 20 71.637 8.304l-4.561-4.561L63.333 0l-6.52 6.52-9.708 9.708L43.333 20l6.58 6.579 9.707 9.707L63.333 40l6.492-6.491 9.824-9.825zm-16.434-.643c0 .35-.117.672-.38.906l-1.491 1.492c-.263.263-.556.38-.906.38h-6.462V13.626h6.462c.35 0 .672.117.906.38l1.491 1.491c.263.263.38.556.38.907v6.637zm3.597-9.415h2.193v10.117H75v2.076h-8.187V13.626z"></path> <path d="M60.205 15.819a.37.37 0 0 0-.264-.117h-3.8v8.04h3.8c.117 0 .176-.029.264-.116l.701-.702c.059-.088.117-.175.117-.263v-5.877a.357.357 0 0 0-.117-.264l-.701-.701z"></path> </g><defs> <clipPath id="a"> <path d="M0 0h174.854v40H0z"></path> </clipPath> </defs></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-pdf-download" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.781 1.542a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v13.063a.693.693 0 0 0 .693.694h4.75a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988h-4.75A1.682 1.682 0 0 1 .1 15.298V2.235A1.681 1.681 0 0 1 1.78.554h8.415c.446 0 .873.177 1.188.492l2.274 2.274c.315.315.492.743.492 1.188v2.477a.494.494 0 1 1-.988 0V4.508a.694.694 0 0 0-.203-.49m0 0-2.273-2.273a.694.694 0 0 0-.49-.203H1.78m11.875 8.312a4.256 4.256 0 1 0 0 8.512 4.256 4.256 0 0 0 0-8.512Zm-5.244 4.257a5.244 5.244 0 1 1 10.488 0 5.244 5.244 0 0 1-10.488 0Zm5.244-2.87c.273 0 .494.222.494.495v3.557l.938-.938a.494.494 0 0 1 .699.698l-1.782 1.782a.494.494 0 0 1-.698 0l-1.781-1.782a.494.494 0 0 1 .698-.698l.938.938v-3.557c0-.273.221-.495.494-.495Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-print" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.344 1.541a.693.693 0 0 0-.694.693v3.069h9.7V2.234a.693.693 0 0 0-.694-.693H5.344Zm9.994 3.762V2.234A1.681 1.681 0 0 0 13.656.553H5.344a1.681 1.681 0 0 0-1.682 1.681v3.069h-1.88A1.682 1.682 0 0 0 .1 6.984v5.938a1.682 1.682 0 0 0 1.681 1.681h1.881v4.257c0 .272.221.494.494.494h10.688a.494.494 0 0 0 .494-.494v-4.256h1.88a1.682 1.682 0 0 0 1.682-1.682V6.984a1.681 1.681 0 0 0-1.681-1.681h-1.881ZM1.78 6.291a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v5.938a.694.694 0 0 0 .693.694h1.881v-3.069c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h10.688c.273 0 .494.221.494.494v3.069h1.88a.694.694 0 0 0 .694-.694V6.984a.693.693 0 0 0-.693-.693H1.78Zm12.569 4.75h-9.7v7.325h9.7V11.04ZM2.475 8.172c0-.273.22-.494.494-.494h1.187a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H2.97a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Zm3.562 4.75c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h5.938a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H6.53a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Zm0 2.375c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h4.157a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H6.53a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-share" viewBox="0 0 19 18"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.844 1.73a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 0 4.949 2.475 2.475 0 0 0 0-4.95ZM11.38 4.203a3.463 3.463 0 1 1 .447 1.703L7.531 7.58a3.473 3.473 0 0 1-.087 1.873l4.555 2.278a3.463 3.463 0 1 1-.442.883L7 10.335a3.463 3.463 0 1 1 .171-3.677l4.298-1.671a3.473 3.473 0 0 1-.089-.783Zm1.242 8.407a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 4.441 2.187 2.475 2.475 0 0 0-4.44-2.187ZM4.156 5.886a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 0 4.95 2.475 2.475 0 0 0 0-4.95Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-bookmark" viewBox="0 0 13 19"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.05.948c-.293-.32-.7-.494-1.114-.494H2.007c-.421 0-.821.175-1.121.494a1.73 1.73 0 0 0-.457 1.186v15.488c0 .198.05.388.142.563.1.167.236.304.408.395a.89.89 0 0 0 .535.122.956.956 0 0 0 .522-.19l2.464-1.84h.007l1.964-1.459 1.958 1.46h.014l2.464 1.839c.15.114.329.182.522.19a.89.89 0 0 0 .535-.122 1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .4-.395c.1-.175.15-.365.15-.563V2.134c0-.449-.164-.874-.464-1.186ZM3.771 16.011 1.5 17.7s-.029.015-.05.022c-.014 0-.029-.007-.043-.015-.021-.008-.028-.023-.043-.038-.007-.015-.007-.03-.007-.053V2.134a.74.74 0 0 1 .186-.494.639.639 0 0 1 .464-.198h1.764v14.57Zm4.465-.691-1.5-1.125a.462.462 0 0 0-.536 0L4.7 15.32V1.442h3.536V15.32Zm3.35 2.378v-.053s-.015.015-.015.023a.089.089 0 0 1-.035.038c-.015 0-.036.015-.05.015-.015-.007-.036-.007-.05-.023l-2.272-1.687V1.442h1.772c.171 0 .335.069.457.198a.747.747 0 0 1 .193.494v15.564Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-bookmarked" viewBox="0 0 17 25"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.27.65C15.86.23 15.29 0 14.71 0H2.21A2.201 2.201 0 0 0 0 2.21v20.38c0 .26.07.51.2.74.14.22.33.4.57.52.23.13.49.18.75.16.26-.01.51-.1.73-.25l3.45-2.42h.01l1.15-.8 1.6-1.12 1.6 1.12 1.14.8h.02l3.45 2.42c.21.15.46.24.73.25.26.02.52-.03.75-.16.23-.12.43-.3.56-.52.14-.23.21-.48.21-.74V2.21c0-.59-.23-1.15-.65-1.56ZM4.68 20.47 1.5 22.69s-.04.02-.07.03c-.02 0-.04-.01-.06-.02-.03-.01-.04-.03-.06-.05V2.21c0-.24.09-.47.26-.65.17-.17.41-.26.65-.26h2.47v19.17h-.01Zm10.94 2.22v-.07s-.02.02-.02.03a.12.12 0 0 1-.05.05c-.02 0-.05.02-.07.02-.02-.01-.05-.01-.07-.03l-3.18-2.22V1.3h2.48a.9.9 0 0 1 .64.26c.17.18.27.41.27.65v20.48Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m23 21.85-6.145-6.146a8.966 8.966 0 1 0-1.151 1.15L21.849 23 23 21.85ZM2.656 9.98a7.324 7.324 0 1 1 7.324 7.324A7.332 7.332 0 0 1 2.656 9.98Z" fill="#015FAC"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"><path d="M48.75 24c0 13.255-10.745 24-24 24s-24-10.745-24-24 10.745-24 24-24 24 10.745 24 24Z" fill="#fff"></path><path d="m24.998 9-15 15 15 15 15-15-15-15Z" fill="#027BA3"></path><path d="M34.196 24A9.195 9.195 0 0 1 25 33.196 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 15.804 24 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 25 14.804 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 34.196 24Z" fill="#fff"></path><path d="M33.28 24A8.275 8.275 0 0 1 25 32.275 8.275 8.275 0 0 1 16.72 24c0-4.57 3.705-8.28 8.28-8.28A8.276 8.276 0 0 1 33.28 24Z" fill="#027BA3"></path><path d="M20.18 25.613c-.084.07-.163.133-.23.191a1.641 1.641 0 0 1-.596.292c-.104.025-.25.041-.441.041-.35 0-.642-.116-.875-.354a1.219 1.219 0 0 1-.35-.891c0-.296.058-.534.175-.717.116-.183.287-.325.508-.433.225-.109.492-.184.804-.225.313-.042.646-.075 1.004-.1v-.021c0-.221-.083-.371-.241-.454-.163-.084-.405-.125-.73-.125-.145 0-.316.025-.512.079s-.388.12-.571.204h-.104v-.967c.12-.037.32-.079.596-.125.275-.05.55-.075.829-.075.687 0 1.187.117 1.5.342.312.23.47.575.47 1.046v2.712h-1.241v-.42h.004Zm0-.621v-.825c-.21.02-.38.041-.505.054-.13.017-.258.046-.38.091a.561.561 0 0 0-.253.171.488.488 0 0 0-.088.305c0 .187.05.312.15.383.1.07.246.104.442.104a.802.802 0 0 0 .329-.075c.113-.05.212-.12.304-.208ZM24.154 26.137c-.329 0-.633-.041-.904-.125a1.897 1.897 0 0 1-.712-.383c-.2-.17-.355-.387-.467-.65a2.336 2.336 0 0 1-.167-.925c0-.379.058-.704.183-.97.121-.267.284-.488.492-.659.2-.167.433-.288.7-.367a2.98 2.98 0 0 1 1.504-.046c.221.05.442.134.667.242v1.067h-.158c-.05-.046-.113-.1-.184-.154a1.673 1.673 0 0 0-.237-.159 1.349 1.349 0 0 0-.683-.175c-.317 0-.563.109-.738.33-.175.22-.262.516-.262.891 0 .4.091.696.279.892.187.196.433.296.741.296.155 0 .296-.017.413-.055a1.27 1.27 0 0 0 .517-.28c.058-.049.112-.099.154-.14h.158v1.062l-.246.108a2.925 2.925 0 0 1-.629.175 2.776 2.776 0 0 1-.417.026h-.004ZM30.867 26.033v-1.991c0-.196 0-.363-.013-.496a1.102 1.102 0 0 0-.062-.33.386.386 0 0 0-.167-.187.715.715 0 0 0-.317-.058.665.665 0 0 0-.279.062 1.99 1.99 0 0 0-.304.175v2.83h-1.242v-1.992c0-.192 0-.358-.012-.496a1 1 0 0 0-.067-.333.386.386 0 0 0-.166-.188.707.707 0 0 0-.313-.058c-.1 0-.2.025-.3.07-.096.05-.192.105-.283.167v2.83H26.1v-3.984h1.242v.438c.204-.175.396-.309.575-.405a1.27 1.27 0 0 1 .604-.145c.246 0 .458.058.642.175.183.116.325.287.42.516.238-.22.467-.391.675-.512.213-.121.425-.18.642-.18.183 0 .35.03.496.088.146.058.27.146.37.267.113.129.197.279.25.454.055.175.084.408.084.692v2.596h-1.242l.009-.005Z" fill="#fff"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-logo" viewBox="30.79 34.55 548.86 88.05"><path d="M54.75 71.41c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2H39.52c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2H51.9c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.23 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm44.5-4.68-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2H76.83c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h14.89c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.68 4.68c.8.8 1.2 1.77 1.2 2.85v20.6c0 1.08-.4 2.05-1.2 2.85zM93.6 44.42c0-.29-.11-.57-.34-.8l-2.23-2.23c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H78.31c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.23 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h11.92c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.23-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V44.42zm50.44 28.19V42.37l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V34.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5V72.6h-6.67zm52.65 0V42.37l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V34.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5V72.6h-6.67zm46.66-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-11.47c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85V34.55h6.85v28.18c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h8.5c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.23-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V34.55h6.85v29.33c-.01 1.08-.41 2.05-1.21 2.85zm32.69 5.88-12.55-29.5v29.5h-6.67V34.55h9.7l12.55 29.5v-29.5h6.67V72.6h-9.7zm20.82 0v-6.05h6.85V40.6h-6.85v-6.05h20.54v6.05h-6.85v25.96h6.85v6.05h-20.54zm53.46-1.2c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-12.38c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h12.38c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-9.41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm39.47 1.2-3.59-9.53h-15.18l-3.6 9.53h-6.85l14.09-38.05h8.1l13.98 38.05h-6.95zm-11.18-30.7-5.25 15.06h10.5l-5.25-15.06zm35.94-.85v31.55h-6.85V41.06h-11.01v-6.5h28.87v6.5h-11.01zm19.27 31.55v-6.05h6.85V40.6h-6.85v-6.05h20.54v6.05h-6.85v25.96h6.85v6.05h-20.54zm61.89-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-14.89c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h14.89c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.68 4.68c.8.8 1.2 1.77 1.2 2.85v20.6c0 1.08-.4 2.05-1.2 2.85zm-5.64-22.31c0-.29-.11-.57-.34-.8l-2.22-2.23c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-11.92c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.12.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h11.92c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.22-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V44.42zm37.65 28.19-12.55-29.5v29.5h-6.68V34.55h9.7l12.55 29.5v-29.5h6.68V72.6h-9.7zm50.72-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-15.92c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.85-4.85 4.56-4.62 3.82 3.82c.23.23.46.34.8.34h12.95c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.22-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8v-3.65c0-.57-.51-1.08-1.08-1.14l-20.48-2.74c-2.23-.29-3.94-2.28-3.94-4.45v-7.47c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h15.92c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.85 4.85-4.56 4.62-3.82-3.82c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H557.5c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v3.65c0 .57.46 1.08 1.03 1.14l20.54 2.74c2.22.29 3.94 2.28 3.94 4.45v7.47c-.01 1.08-.41 2.05-1.21 2.85zM263.05 90.51l-.88.88c-.15.15-.33.22-.54.22h-2.79a.79.79 0 0 1-.54-.22l-.88-.88a.732.732 0 0 1-.22-.54v-3.86c0-.2.07-.38.22-.54l.88-.88c.15-.15.33-.22.54-.22h2.79c.2 0 .39.07.54.22l.88.88c.15.15.22.33.22.54v3.86c0 .2-.07.39-.22.54zm-1.06-4.19a.22.22 0 0 0-.06-.15l-.42-.42a.204.204 0 0 0-.15-.06h-2.24c-.06 0-.11.02-.15.06l-.42.42a.22.22 0 0 0-.06.15v3.43c0 .05.02.11.06.15l.42.42c.04.04.09.06.15.06h2.24c.06 0 .11-.02.15-.06l.42-.42c.04-.04.06-.1.06-.15v-3.43zm5.41 2.33v2.96h-1.28v-7.13h4.78v1.22h-3.5v1.73h3.5v1.22h-3.5zm12.04-2.96v5.92h-1.28v-5.92h-2.06v-1.22h5.41v1.22h-2.07zm8.45 5.92v-2.96h-2.86v2.96h-1.28v-7.13h1.28v2.95h2.86v-2.95h1.28v7.13h-1.28zm4.43 0v-7.13h4.78v1.22h-3.5v1.73h3.5v1.22h-3.5v1.74h3.5v1.22h-4.78zm30.16 30.99-3.59-9.53h-15.18l-3.59 9.53h-6.85l14.09-38.05h8.1l13.98 38.05h-6.96zM311.3 91.91l-5.25 15.06h10.5l-5.25-15.06zm49.12 29.49c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-12.38c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h12.38c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-9.41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.12.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.12.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm47.51 1.2V92.36l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V84.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5v38.05h-6.67z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-facebook"><path d="m22.723 20 .445-2.896h-2.779v-1.879c0-.792.388-1.564 1.633-1.564h1.263v-2.465S22.139 11 21.043 11c-2.289 0-3.784 1.387-3.784 3.898v2.206h-2.544V20h2.544v7h3.13v-7h2.334Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-twitter"><path d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-linkedin"><path d="M14.117 12.74c0 .96-.773 1.738-1.726 1.738a1.732 1.732 0 0 1-1.725-1.739c0-.96.772-1.739 1.725-1.739.953 0 1.726.78 1.726 1.74Zm.013 3.13h-3.478V27h3.479V15.87Zm5.553 0h-3.456V27h3.457v-5.843c0-3.248 4.194-3.514 4.194 0V27h3.47v-7.048c0-5.481-6.207-5.282-7.665-2.583v-1.5Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-reddit"><path d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-avatar-blank" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><g> <circle cx="20" cy="20" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)" r="19" stroke="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)" stroke-width="2"></circle> <path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 33.23v-.73c0-4.987 9.994-7.5 15-7.5s15 2.513 15 7.5v.73A19.952 19.952 0 0 1 20 40a19.952 19.952 0 0 1-15-6.77ZM20 8.333a7.498 7.498 0 0 0-7.5 7.5c0 4.143 3.356 7.5 7.5 7.5s7.5-3.357 7.5-7.5c0-4.144-3.356-7.5-7.5-7.5Z" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200)" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </g></symbol></svg><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="site-header-wrapper" data-component="siteHeader"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header site-header--no-js"> <div class="site-header-container"> <button class="site-header-hamburger" aria-label="Main Menu"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-closed"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 25 25"> <path d="M.2.2h24.6v2.6H.2zm0 11h24.6v2.7H.2zm0 11h24.6v2.6H.2z" style="fill:#1a1a1a"/> </svg> </span> <span class="site-header-hamburger-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 25 25"> <path d="M1.7.9 24 23.8m-23 0L23.3.9" style="fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:1.3"/> </svg> </span> </button> <a class="site-header-logo" aria-label="Home" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#000"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#FFF"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> </a> <div class="site-header-topics-menu"> <button class="site-header-topics-menu-toggle"> Explore Topics <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="8" fill="none"> <path stroke="#1A1A1A" stroke-width="1.5" d="m1.5 1.5 5.5 5 5.5-5"/> </svg> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Topics Menu" class="site-header-topics-menu-expanded" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="site-header-topics-menu-list"> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu"> <button class="site-header-magazine-menu-toggle"> Latest Issue <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="8" fill="none"> <path stroke="#1A1A1A" stroke-width="1.5" d="m1.5 1.5 5.5 5 5.5-5"/> </svg> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Magazine Menu" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issue/november-2023/"> <figure class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-image"> <div class="image-wrapper"><img width="1000" height="1338" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?w=1000" class="attachment-original size-original" alt="November 2023 CACM cover" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg 1000w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=224,300 224w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=768,1028 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=765,1024 765w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></div> </figure> </a> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-text"> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-current"> <h2 class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-heading"> Latest Issue </h2> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issue/november-2023/" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-issue"><b>November 2023</b>, Vol. 66 No. 11</a> </div> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-previous"> <h2 class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-heading"> Previous Issue </h2> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issue/march-2024/" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-issue"><b>March 2024</b>, Vol. 67 No. 3</a> </div> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issues" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-link"> Explore the archive <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="10" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <path fill="#000" d="m7 0-.715.697 3.79 3.803H0v1h10.075l-3.79 3.787L7 10l5-5-5-5Z"/> </svg> </a> </div> </nav> </div> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/?s=" aria-label="Search" class="site-header-search"> <span class="site-header-search-text"> Search </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="site-header-search-icon"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-search"></use></svg></a> <nav class="site-header-membership-nav"> <button class="site-header-membership-nav__button"> <span class="site-header-membership-nav__button-text">Open Membership Navigation</span> <span class="site-header-membership-nav__button-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="40" height="40" tabindex="-1"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-avatar-blank"></use></svg> </span> </button> <div class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-container" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="site-header-membership-nav__menu"> <li class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/account/settings">Settings</a> </li> <li class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/logout/">Sign Out</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <a class="site-header-member-login-link" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-login.php?saml_sso">Sign In</a> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/join-acm" class="site-header-cta-membership"> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-container"> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-text"> Join ACM <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="10" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <path fill="#000" d="m7 0-.715.697 3.79 3.803H0v1h10.075l-3.79 3.787L7 10l5-5-5-5Z"/> </svg> </div> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-logo"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="48" height="48"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"></use></svg> </div> </div> </a> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main Menu" class="site-header-hamburger-menu" aria-hidden="true"> <!-- Search bar --> <form role="search" action="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net" method="get" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search"> <label for="site-navigation-expanded-search"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="21" fill="none"> <path fill="#4C4C4C" d="m21 19.902-5.866-5.867a8.558 8.558 0 1 0-1.099 1.099L19.902 21 21 19.902ZM1.581 8.572a6.99 6.99 0 1 1 6.99 6.99 6.999 6.999 0 0 1-6.99-6.99Z"/> </svg> </span> <input type="text" name="s" id="site-navigation-expanded-search" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search-input" placeholder="Search" value="" /> </label> </form> <!-- Topics menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-topics site-header-hamburger-menu-topics--expanded"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Topics <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-topics-menu"> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- Sections menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-sections"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Sections <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-sections-menu"> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/"> Research and Advances </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/opinion/"> Opinion </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/practice/"> Practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/careers/"> Careers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- Magazine menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-magazine"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Magazine <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul id="menu-magazine-header" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-magazine-menu"><li id="menu-item-217988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217988"><a href="/issue/latest/" id="menu-link-1">Latest Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217989"><a href="/issues/" id="menu-link-2">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224644"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/editorial-staff-board/" id="menu-link-3">Editorial Staff and Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-751386" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-751386"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines#CACMsubmission" id="menu-link-4">Submit an Article</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224585"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/feeds-2/" id="menu-link-5">Alerts &#038; Feeds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224645"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines/" id="menu-link-6">Author Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-logo"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="49" height="48"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"></use></svg> </span> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-heading"> CACM Web Account </h2> <p class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-text">Membership in ACM includes a subscription to Communications of the ACM (CACM), the computing industry&#039;s most trusted source for staying connected to the world of advanced computing.</p> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-login.php?saml_sso" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons-log-in"> Sign In </a> <a href="https://accounts.acm.org/" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons-sign-up"> Sign Up </a> </div> </div> <!-- Communications menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-communications"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Communications of the ACM <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul id="menu-communications-header" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-communications-menu"><li id="menu-item-224641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224641"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/about-us/" id="menu-link-7">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224663"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/faq/" id="menu-link-8">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224640"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/contact-us/" id="menu-link-9">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-social"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Follow Us </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-social-menu"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cacmmag"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Twitter</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#1DA1F2" d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"/> <path fill="#000" d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheOfficialACM"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Reddit</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#FF4500" d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"/> <path fill="#000" d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/36836/"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#000" d="M14.117 12.74c0 .96-.773 1.738-1.726 1.738a1.732 1.732 0 0 1-1.725-1.739c0-.96.772-1.739 1.725-1.739.953 0 1.726.78 1.726 1.74Zm.013 3.13h-3.478V27h3.479V15.87Zm5.553 0h-3.456V27h3.457v-5.843c0-3.248 4.194-3.514 4.194 0V27h3.47v-7.048c0-5.481-6.207-5.282-7.665-2.583v-1.5Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title">Samuel Greengard</h1> </header> <section class="archive-featured-post"> <section class="post-list post-list--archive-featured-post" data-layout="single" data-component="postList" > <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-751992" class="post-list__post post-751992 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-computing-applications category-hci category-society section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 29 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/a-healthy-dose-of-ai/">A Healthy Dose of AI</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Building artificial intelligence into medical devices can speed diagnoses and potentially improve treatments and outcomes.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/a-healthy-dose-of-ai/" aria-label="A Healthy Dose of AI" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/022924_shutterstock_medical-AI-2.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="The boundaries of algorithmic medicine continue to expand." decoding="async" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/022924_shutterstock_medical-AI-2.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/022924_shutterstock_medical-AI-2.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/022924_shutterstock_medical-AI-2.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/022924_shutterstock_medical-AI-2.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/022924_shutterstock_medical-AI-2.jpg?resize=1536,863 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/022924_shutterstock_medical-AI-2.jpg?resize=2048,1151 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <div class="ad ad-mobile ad--is-loading" data-component="ad" data-platform="mobile" data-show-ad="false"> <div class="cacm-ad-unit"> <p class="ad-label">Advertisement</p> <div class="ad-unit" data-pipeline-id="684700" data-dimension-id="599027"></div> <noscript><a href="https://acm.nui.media/pipeline/684700/0/cc?z=acm"><img src="https://acm.nui.media/pipeline/684700/0/vc?z=acm&#038;dim=599027&#038;kw=&#038;click=&#038;abr=$imginiframe" alt="" ></a></noscript> </div> </div> <section class="post-list the-latest post-list--list-archive" data-layout="list-twenty-four" data-component="postList" > <header class="section-header "> <h3 class="section-header__heading" > Author Archives </h3> </header> <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-750909" class="post-list__post post-750909 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-society issue-march-2024 section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 16 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/service-robots-roll-forward/">Service Robots Roll Forward</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Transitioning from classic 'programmed automation' to modern 'AI-powered autonomy.' </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/service-robots-roll-forward/" aria-label="Service Robots Roll Forward" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021624.Shutter.Service-RobotsA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="waiter robot on duty in Rapallo, Italy" decoding="async" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021624.Shutter.Service-RobotsA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021624.Shutter.Service-RobotsA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021624.Shutter.Service-RobotsA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021624.Shutter.Service-RobotsA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021624.Shutter.Service-RobotsA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021624.Shutter.Service-RobotsA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-751371" class="post-list__post post-751371 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-security-and-privacy category-society section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 15 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/the-campaign-against-deepfakes/">The Campaign Against Deepfakes</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Digital deceit is on the rise and needs to be addressed. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/the-campaign-against-deepfakes/" aria-label="The Campaign Against Deepfakes" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021524_shutterstock_DeepfakeB.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021524_shutterstock_DeepfakeB.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021524_shutterstock_DeepfakeB.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021524_shutterstock_DeepfakeB.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021524_shutterstock_DeepfakeB.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021524_shutterstock_DeepfakeB.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/021524_shutterstock_DeepfakeB.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-750979" class="post-list__post post-750979 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 6 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/if-we-could-talk-to-the-animals/">If We Could Talk to the Animals</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Can artificial intelligence overcome the communication barriers between species? </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/if-we-could-talk-to-the-animals/" aria-label="If We Could Talk to the Animals" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_Phillip-Lay-Observer-Design-Alamy-Getty_animalsA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_Phillip-Lay-Observer-Design-Alamy-Getty_animalsA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_Phillip-Lay-Observer-Design-Alamy-Getty_animalsA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_Phillip-Lay-Observer-Design-Alamy-Getty_animalsA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_Phillip-Lay-Observer-Design-Alamy-Getty_animalsA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_Phillip-Lay-Observer-Design-Alamy-Getty_animalsA.jpg?resize=1536,865 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_Phillip-Lay-Observer-Design-Alamy-Getty_animalsA.jpg?resize=2048,1153 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-586674" class="post-list__post post-586674 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-computing-applications section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 16 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/artificial-organs-evolve/">Artificial Organs Evolve</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Crafting replacement parts for the human body. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/">Architecture and Hardware</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/artificial-organs-evolve/" aria-label="Artificial Organs Evolve" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/011624_Zen-Sekizawa-for-The-New-Yorker_artrificial-heart.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/011624_Zen-Sekizawa-for-The-New-Yorker_artrificial-heart.jpg 1703w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/011624_Zen-Sekizawa-for-The-New-Yorker_artrificial-heart.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/011624_Zen-Sekizawa-for-The-New-Yorker_artrificial-heart.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/011624_Zen-Sekizawa-for-The-New-Yorker_artrificial-heart.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/011624_Zen-Sekizawa-for-The-New-Yorker_artrificial-heart.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-586386" class="post-list__post post-586386 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware issue-january-2024 section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 8 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/wayfinding-without-gps/">Wayfinding Without GPS</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Quantum entanglement provides a new direction in navigation. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/">Architecture and Hardware</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/wayfinding-without-gps/" aria-label="Wayfinding Without GPS" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.WayfindingA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="planets orbit around two compasses in magnetic field lines, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.WayfindingA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.WayfindingA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.WayfindingA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.WayfindingA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.WayfindingA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.WayfindingA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-231642" class="post-list__post post-231642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-data-and-information category-systems-and-networking section-news content-type-has-video"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Oct 18 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/looking-within/">Looking Within</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Understanding what is taking place inside the human body is at the heart of medicine. For centuries, scientists have looked for better ways to detect problems, conditions, and diseases ranging from high blood pressure to cancer. An array of sensing devices鈥攆rom thermometers and blood pressure cuffs to blood oximeters鈥攈ave made it easier to monitor vital [&hellip;] </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/data-and-information/">Data and Information</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/looking-within/" aria-label="Looking Within" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="1024" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Image of Covid-19" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg 1050w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=1024,1024 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-227817" class="post-list__post post-227817 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-computing-applications category-data-and-information category-software-engineering-and-programming-languages category-systems-and-networking issue-september-2023 section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Sep 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/distilling-what-we-know/">Distilling What We Know</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Researchers look to cut large GPT models down to size. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/distilling-what-we-know/" aria-label="Distilling What We Know" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/081823_9.23.News_Distilling-WhatA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="layered graph, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/081823_9.23.News_Distilling-WhatA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/081823_9.23.News_Distilling-WhatA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/081823_9.23.News_Distilling-WhatA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/081823_9.23.News_Distilling-WhatA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/081823_9.23.News_Distilling-WhatA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/081823_9.23.News_Distilling-WhatA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-227767" class="post-list__post post-227767 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-systems-and-networking section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Aug 10 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/pneumatic-computing-gains-air-of-importance/">Pneumatic Computing Gains Air of Importance</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> The emergence of pneumatics as a computing tool could alter many fields and lead to new innovations. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/">Architecture and Hardware</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/pneumatic-computing-gains-air-of-importance/" aria-label="Pneumatic Computing Gains Air of Importance" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="250" height="250" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/081023_Hui_Lab_at_UC_Irvine_pneumatic.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="A computer chip made of glass and silicone, with channels that hold liquids." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/081023_Hui_Lab_at_UC_Irvine_pneumatic.jpg 250w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/081023_Hui_Lab_at_UC_Irvine_pneumatic.jpg?resize=150,150 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-227676" class="post-list__post post-227676 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-computing-applications category-hci issue-august-2023 section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Aug 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/3d-modeling-draws-on-ai/">3D Modeling Draws on AI</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Artificial intelligence can unlock speed and quality improvements in three-dimensional graphics. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/3d-modeling-draws-on-ai/" aria-label="3D Modeling Draws on AI" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/072023.News_.3D-ModelingA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="butterflies" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/072023.News_.3D-ModelingA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/072023.News_.3D-ModelingA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/072023.News_.3D-ModelingA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/072023.News_.3D-ModelingA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/072023.News_.3D-ModelingA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/072023.News_.3D-ModelingA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text"> Posts navigation </h2> <div class="nav-links"> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/samuel-greengard/page/2/">2</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/samuel-greengard/page/16/">16</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/samuel-greengard/page/2/"><span class="screen-reader-only">Next</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="21.77" height="14" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-arrow-right"></use></svg></a> </div> </nav> </div> </section> <section class="cta-become-a-member"> <div class="cta-become-a-member__inner container"> <h3 class="cta-become-a-member__heading"> Shape the Future of Computing </h3> <p class="cta-become-a-member__description"> ACM encourages its members to take a direct hand in shaping the future of the association. There are more ways than ever to get involved. </p> <a class="cta-become-a-member__link" href="https://www.acm.org/about-acm/get-involved"> Get Involved </a> </div> </section> </main> </div> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__inner container"> <div class="site-footer__columns"> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-branding"> <a class="site-footer__logo" aria-label="Home" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#FFF"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> </a> <nav class="social-navigation"> <ul class="social-navigation__list"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cacmmag"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Twitter</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-twitter"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheOfficialACM"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Reddit</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-reddit"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/36836/"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on LinkedIn</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-linkedin"></use></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-topics"> <div class="site-footer__topics-menu"> <p class="site-footer__heading"> Topics </p> <ul class="site-footer__topics-menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-about"> <div class="site-footer__menu-magazine"> <p class="site-footer__heading">Magazine</p> <ul id="menu-magazine-footer" class="site-footer__menu-magazine-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217988"><a href="/issue/latest/" id="menu-link-10">Latest Issue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217989"><a href="/issues/" id="menu-link-11">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224644"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/editorial-staff-board/" id="menu-link-12">Editorial Staff and Board</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-751386"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines#CACMsubmission" id="menu-link-13">Submit an Article</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224585"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/feeds-2/" id="menu-link-14">Alerts &#038; Feeds</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224645"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines/" id="menu-link-15">Author Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__menu-communications"> <p class="site-footer__heading">Communications of the ACM</p> <ul id="menu-communications-footer" class="site-footer-communications-menu"><li id="menu-item-224637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224637"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/about-us/" id="menu-link-16">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224664"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/faq/" id="menu-link-17">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224638"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/contact-us/" id="menu-link-18">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217972"><a href="https://www.acm.org/publications/advertising" id="menu-link-19">For Advertisers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224639"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/join-acm/" id="menu-link-20">Join ACM</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__info"> <div class="site-footer__info__inner"> <p class="site-footer__info-copyright"><small> &copy; 2025 Communications of the ACM. All Rights Reserved. </small></p> <div class="menu-policy-menu-container"><ul id="menu-policy-footer" class="site-footer__info-policy-list"><li id="menu-item-217993" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217993"><a href="https://www.acm.org/cookie-notice" id="menu-link-21">Cookie Notice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217994"><a href="https://www.acm.org/about-acm/privacy-policy" id="menu-link-22">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/js/global.bundle.min.js?ver=e97a984b44ccc756957f" id="cacm-global-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/js/archive.bundle.min.js?ver=26ed572cc3bda6516b88" id="cacm-archive-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202509.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"212686555\",\"post\":\"297\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net\",\"hp\":\"vip\",\"j\":\"1:14.3\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "212686555", "297" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <!-- Mopinion Pastea.se start --><script type="text/javascript">(function(){var id="Sh2m7XRvbVWoA8uJG6g2wIBNDLfpsOxFx1ciwKwo";var js=document.createElement("script");js.setAttribute("type","text/javascript");js.setAttribute("src","//deploy.mopinion.com/js/pastease.js");js.async=true;document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(js);var t=setInterval(function(){try{Pastease.load(id);clearInterval(t)}catch(e){}},50)})();</script> <!-- Mopinion Pastea.se end --> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10