CINXE.COM
Systems and Networking – Communications of the ACM
<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="095b91a6-f087-4380-b01d-e44b1c2af358" data-blockingmode="auto" type="text/javascript"></script> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-XYTVD2CXR4"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-XYTVD2CXR4'); </script> <title>Systems and Networking – Communications of the ACM</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Communications of the ACM » Feed" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Communications of the ACM » Comments Feed" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Communications of the ACM » Systems and Networking Category Feed" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/feed/" /> <style class="wp-asset-manager cacm-global-critical" type="text/css">@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;src:url(../be7cb18dc7caf47cf7e9.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../817c4274293e221c5076.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(../54321e26b8bf4739a16d.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../7ad0df5561cc0933cead.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:url(../2dd7c3c79fd1aa1d85ca.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../9a8cbe3b3bec955df411.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(../ab8702255905c24de1c1.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../9ab52d2504cfe145b9bd.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:800;src:url(../cef488e4e9f273a0a1e3.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../a99bf2b51c426338ae2c.woff) format("woff")}html{box-sizing:border-box}html *,html :after,html :before{box-sizing:inherit}a,abbr,address,article,aside,audio,b,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,object,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,u,ul,var,video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,menu,nav,section{display:block}ol,ul{list-style:none}blockquote,q{quotes:none}blockquote:after,blockquote:before,q:after,q:before{content:"";content:none}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}fieldset{border:none;margin:0;padding:0}button,input,select,textarea{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border:0;border-radius:0;font:inherit;margin:0}button{background-color:transparent;padding:0}body,html{font-family:var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}html{scroll-padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)!important}body{overflow-x:hidden}a img{display:block}img{height:auto;max-width:100%}svg{display:block}.container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:calc(min(100%,var(--wp--style--global--wide-size) + var(--wp--custom--site-edge)*2) - var(--wp--custom--site-edge)*2)}.screen-reader-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;width:1px}.screen-reader-only,.skip-link{overflow:hidden;position:absolute}.skip-link{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);color:inherit;left:0;opacity:0;padding:.625rem;right:0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;top:0;transform:translateY(-100%);width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;z-index:-1}.skip-link:focus{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);z-index:2147483647}.site-content{padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)}@media(min-width:48rem){.site-content{padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)}}.site-header-hamburger-menu[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}.site-header-membership-nav{align-self:stretch;display:flex;position:relative}.site-header--expanded .site-header-membership-nav,.site-header:not(.site-header--member-logged-in) .site-header-membership-nav{display:none}.site-header{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:7}.site-header--expanded{height:100%}.site-header--no-js{opacity:0}.site-header.headroom{transition:transform .2s linear;will-change:transform}.site-header.headroom--pinned{transform:translateY(0)}.site-header.headroom--unpinned{height:auto;transform:translateY(-100%)}.site-header-container{align-items:center;background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);border-bottom:var(--wp--custom--border-gray);display:flex;gap:1rem;height:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height);justify-content:space-between;padding:0 1rem}.site-header-container a{text-decoration:none}.site-header-container a:active,.site-header-container a:focus,.site-header-container a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2.5px}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.site-header-container{padding:0 1.5rem}}@media(min-width:48rem){.site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.site-header-container{gap:2.25rem}}@media(min-width:80rem){.site-header-container{gap:3rem}}.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1rem}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1.5rem}}.site-header--expanded .site-header-container{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue)}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-logo,.site-header-search{margin-left:auto}}.site-header-member-login-link{font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-bold)}.site-header-member-login-link[aria-hidden=true]{visibility:hidden}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-member-login-link{display:none}}.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-member-login-link{display:none}.site-header-magazine-menu,.site-header-topics-menu{position:relative}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle{font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-regular);line-height:1.21;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;gap:.3333333333rem}@media(min-width:80rem){.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle{font-size:1rem;font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-regular);line-height:1.21;gap:.65625rem}}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle[aria-hidden=true],.site-header-topics-menu-toggle[aria-hidden=true]{visibility:hidden}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true]>svg,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true]>svg{transform:rotate(180deg)}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle:focus,.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle:hover,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle:focus,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle:hover{text-decoration:underline}.site-header-magazine-menu-expanded,.site-header-topics-menu-expanded{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);border-radius:.3125rem;box-shadow:0 .125rem .25rem -.125rem rgba(24,39,75,.12),0 .25rem .25rem -.125rem rgba(24,39,75,.08);display:flex;gap:1.875rem;justify-content:space-between;padding:1.75rem 1.875rem 1.5rem;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:left;top:2.28125rem;white-space:nowrap;z-index:4}.site-header-magazine-menu-expanded[aria-hidden=true],.site-header-topics-menu-expanded[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-magazine-menu,.site-header-topics-menu{display:none}}.site-header:not(.site-header--member-logged-in) .site-header-topics-menu-expanded{left:0;right:auto}</style><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/inter-v12-latin-regular.woff2" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-inter-regular-woff2" as="font" media="all" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/inter-v12-latin-700.woff2" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-inter-700-woff2" as="font" media="all" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/work-sans-bold.woff2?ver=1.0.0" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-work-sans-700-woff2" as="style" media="all" type="font/woff2" /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/work-sans-extrabold.woff2?ver=1.0.0" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-work-sans-800-woff2" as="style" media="all" type="font/woff2" /><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='elasticpress-facet-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .widget_ep-facet input[type=search],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[type=search]{margin-bottom:1rem}.widget_ep-facet .searchable .inner,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .searchable .inner{max-height:20em;overflow:scroll}.widget_ep-facet .term.hide,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term.hide{display:none}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term{opacity:.5;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term:after,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term:after{bottom:0;content:" ";display:block;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:2}.widget_ep-facet .level-1,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-1{padding-left:20px}.widget_ep-facet .level-2,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-2{padding-left:40px}.widget_ep-facet .level-3,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-3{padding-left:60px}.widget_ep-facet .level-4,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-4{padding-left:5pc}.widget_ep-facet .level-5,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-5{padding-left:75pt}.widget_ep-facet input[disabled],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[disabled]{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.widget_ep-facet .term a,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox{background-color:#ccc}.ep-checkbox{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;-ms-flex-negative:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;align-items:center;background-color:#eee;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;height:1em;justify-content:center;margin-right:.25em;width:1em}.ep-checkbox:after{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 .125em .125em 0;content:"";display:none;height:.5em;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:.25em}.ep-checkbox.checked{background-color:#5e5e5e}.ep-checkbox.checked:after{display:block} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elasticpress-related-posts-block-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/mu-plugins/search/elasticpress/dist/css/related-posts-block-styles.min.css?ver=4.2.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue: #337AB5;--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue: #015FAC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue: #1E4A88;--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue: #29303C;--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue: #B6DEFF;--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach: #F7ACA5;--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige: #F5F2DC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown: #8C6A54;--wp--preset--color--cacm-green: #5F7D05;--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green: #EFF7F1;--wp--preset--color--cacm-black: #141414;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100: #FBFCFC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200: #F8F9FA;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300: #EBEDEF;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500: #A9ACB1;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600: #5A6875;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700: #3D4550;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--primary-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, #80C2EF 0%, #337AB5 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxs: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm: 25px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg: 33px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl: 37px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxl: 41px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxl: 48px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxs: 15px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-sm: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-lg: 32px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xl: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxl: 41px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxl: 47px;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: 'Inter', helvetica, arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', helvetica, arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--adminbar-height: 0px;--wp--custom--siteheader-height: 72px;--wp--custom--site-edge: 20px;--wp--custom--gap: 40px;--wp--custom--gap-half: calc(var(--wp--custom--gap) / 2);--wp--custom--section-background-color: transparent;--wp--custom--placeholder-background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200);--wp--custom--vertical-block-rhythm: 40px;--wp--custom--border-gray: 1px solid var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300);--wp--custom--font-weight-regular: 400;--wp--custom--font-weight-medium: 500;--wp--custom--font-weight-bold: 700;--wp--custom--font-weight-extrabold: 900;}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm: 25px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg: 33px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl: 41px;}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 1280px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1280px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-primary-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--primary-gradient) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-work-xxxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxs) !important;}.has-work-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs) !important;}.has-work-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs) !important;}.has-work-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm) !important;}.has-work-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-md) !important;}.has-work-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg) !important;}.has-work-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl) !important;}.has-work-xxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxl) !important;}.has-work-xxxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxl) !important;}.has-inter-xxxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxs) !important;}.has-inter-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxs) !important;}.has-inter-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xs) !important;}.has-inter-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-sm) !important;}.has-inter-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-md) !important;}.has-inter-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-lg) !important;}.has-inter-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xl) !important;}.has-inter-xxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxl) !important;}.has-inter-xxxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxl) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-md) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='qm-object-cache-style-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/mu-plugins/qm-plugins/qm-object-cache/css/style.css?ver=0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cacm-global-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/css/global.min.css?ver=e5dc3e5661d1124ba35f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cacm-archive-css' href='https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/css/archive.min.css?ver=e84cf91917c5ea84e167' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/2" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <style> .getty.aligncenter { text-align: center; } .getty.alignleft { float: none; margin-right: 0; } .getty.alignleft > div { float: left; margin-right: 5px; } .getty.alignright { float: none; margin-left: 0; } .getty.alignright > div { float: right; margin-left: 5px; } </style> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <link rel="icon" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=32" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=192" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=180" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=270" /> </head> <body class="archive category category-systems-and-networking category-2 hfeed"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PJN9BGM" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" focusable="false" height="0" role="none" style="left:-9999px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0"><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 18 12"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 6a.643.643 0 0 1-.643.643H2.196l4.046 4.044a.644.644 0 0 1-.91.91L.188 6.456a.643.643 0 0 1 0-.91L5.33.402a.644.644 0 1 1 .91.91L2.197 5.358h15.161A.643.643 0 0 1 18 6Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 14 9"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 4.5A.5.5 0 0 1 .5 4h11.793L9.146.854a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708l4 4a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-4 4a.5.5 0 1 1-.708-.708L12.293 5H.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-comment" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.781 1.542a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v11.876a.693.693 0 0 0 .693.693h2.375c.273 0 .494.221.494.494v2.574l3.96-2.97a.494.494 0 0 1 .296-.098h8.313a.693.693 0 0 0 .693-.694V2.236a.693.693 0 0 0-.693-.693H1.78ZM.592 1.046a1.681 1.681 0 0 1 1.19-.492h15.437A1.681 1.681 0 0 1 18.9 2.235v11.876a1.681 1.681 0 0 1-1.681 1.681H9.07l-4.618 3.464a.494.494 0 0 1-.79-.396v-3.068H1.78A1.682 1.682 0 0 1 .1 14.111V2.235c0-.446.177-.873.492-1.189Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-digital-library" viewBox="43 0 40 40"><g clip-path="url(#a)"> <path d="m95.468 15.585-1.58 1.579c-.262.263-.584.41-.964.41h-6.813V4.707h6.813c.38 0 .702.146.965.409l1.579 1.579c.263.263.41.585.41.965v6.959c0 .38-.118.702-.41.965zm-1.9-7.544c0-.088-.03-.205-.118-.263l-.76-.76c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117H88.42v8.45h4.006c.117 0 .205-.03.263-.117l.76-.76a.357.357 0 0 0 .117-.264V8.04zm5.877 9.532v-2.047h2.309V6.754h-2.31V4.708h6.93v2.046h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.047h-6.93zm19.853 0-.292-1.637-1.228 1.228c-.263.263-.585.41-.965.41h-3.918c-.38 0-.702-.147-.965-.41l-1.579-1.58a1.326 1.326 0 0 1-.409-.964V7.66c0-.38.146-.7.409-.964l1.579-1.579c.263-.263.585-.41.965-.41h5c.38 0 .701.147.965.41l1.666 1.667-1.549 1.55-1.316-1.316c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.006c-.117 0-.205.029-.263.117l-.761.76a.36.36 0 0 0-.117.263v6.199c0 .088.03.204.117.263l.761.76c.087.088.146.117.263.117h3.041c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l1.754-1.754c.088-.088.117-.146.117-.263v-.995h-3.187V10.06h5.497v4.97l.497 2.573h-2.076v-.029zm5.38 0v-2.047h2.31V6.754h-2.31V4.708h6.93v2.046h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.047h-6.93zM140.029 6.9v10.644h-2.31V6.9h-3.713V4.708h9.737V6.9h-3.714zm14.299 10.673-1.229-3.216h-5.117l-1.228 3.216h-2.31l4.767-12.865h2.748l4.708 12.865h-2.339zm-3.772-10.38-1.784 5.088h3.567l-1.783-5.088zM160 17.573V4.708h2.31V15.35h6.316v2.193H160v.03zM86.111 35.41V22.543h2.31v10.643h6.316v2.193H86.11v.03zm11.813 0v-2.047h2.31V24.59h-2.31v-2.047h6.93v2.047h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.046h-6.93zm20.497-1.638-1.257 1.257a1.28 1.28 0 0 1-.936.38h-7.164V22.544h7.164c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.409.585.409.965v1.755c0 .38-.146.701-.409.965l-1.111 1.11 1.111 1.112c.263.263.409.584.409.965v1.783c0 .322-.146.673-.409.936zm-1.901-8.216c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.264l-.439-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.129h3.86c.088 0 .205-.03.263-.117l.877-.878c.088-.087.117-.146.117-.263v-1.052h.029zm0 5.789c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.263l-.936-.936c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-3.831v3.158h4.328c.087 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.439-.438c.087-.088.116-.147.116-.264v-1.023zm14.65 4.065-3.802-4.884a.402.402 0 0 0-.321-.175h-1.404v5.058h-2.31V22.544h7.164c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.409.585.409.965v2.544c0 .38-.146.702-.409.965l-1.257 1.257c-.263.263-.556.38-.936.38h-.468l3.977 5.059h-2.836v.058zm-.381-9.854c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.264l-.439-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.392h4.328c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.439-.41c.087-.087.116-.146.116-.263v-1.783zm15.117 9.854-1.228-3.217h-5.117l-1.228 3.216h-2.31l4.766-12.865h2.749l4.708 12.865h-2.34zm-3.772-10.38-1.783 5.087h3.538l-1.755-5.088zm17.106 10.38-3.801-4.884a.405.405 0 0 0-.322-.175h-1.404v5.058h-2.309V22.544h7.163c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.41.585.41.965v2.544c0 .38-.147.702-.41.965l-1.257 1.257c-.263.263-.556.38-.936.38h-.468l3.977 5.059h-2.836v.058zm-.41-9.854c0-.117-.029-.205-.117-.264l-.438-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.392h4.328c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.438-.41c.088-.087.117-.146.117-.263v-1.783zm11.696 4.152v5.672h-2.31v-5.672l-4.356-7.164h2.514l3.012 5 2.982-5h2.486l-4.328 7.164zM12.193 26.199 7.485 13.363H4.737L0 26.199h2.31l1.199-3.216h5.117l1.199 3.216h2.368zm-4.327-5.263h-3.54l1.784-5.088 1.755 5.088zm15.818 3.187-1.55-1.55-1.315 1.316c-.088.088-.146.117-.263.117h-3.188c-.116 0-.204-.03-.263-.117l-.76-.76a.357.357 0 0 1-.117-.264v-6.17c0-.087.03-.204.117-.262l.76-.76c.088-.088.146-.117.263-.117h3.188c.116 0 .204.029.263.117l1.316 1.315 1.55-1.55-1.668-1.666a1.326 1.326 0 0 0-.964-.41H16.87c-.38 0-.701.147-.965.41l-1.579 1.579a1.326 1.326 0 0 0-.409.965v6.959c0 .38.146.702.41.965l1.578 1.579c.264.263.585.41.965.41h4.182c.38 0 .701-.147.964-.41l1.667-1.696zm15.79 2.076V13.363h-3.538l-3.041 9.941-3.041-9.941h-3.538v12.836h2.251V15.994L31.696 26.2h2.398l3.128-10.205V26.2h2.252zM58.246 3.421l-5.351-1.403-1.404 5.35 3.86-1.052 2.895-2.895zm-4.474 4.532-7.72 2.106 1.17 4.385 6.55-6.49zm26.17 6.988 1.432-5.467-5.35-1.375 1.081 4.065 2.837 2.777zm-33.1 10.205-1.433 5.38 5.351 1.375-1.052-3.89-2.866-2.865zM73.333 2.66 68.89 3.89l6.579 6.579-2.135-7.807zm-.409 29.416 7.836-2.134-1.228-4.474-6.608 6.608zM68.45 36.55l5.468 1.433 1.404-5.351-4.065 1.081-2.807 2.837zm-15 .79 4.386-1.17-6.462-6.492 2.076 7.661zm26.2-13.656L83.332 20 71.637 8.304l-4.561-4.561L63.333 0l-6.52 6.52-9.708 9.708L43.333 20l6.58 6.579 9.707 9.707L63.333 40l6.492-6.491 9.824-9.825zm-16.434-.643c0 .35-.117.672-.38.906l-1.491 1.492c-.263.263-.556.38-.906.38h-6.462V13.626h6.462c.35 0 .672.117.906.38l1.491 1.491c.263.263.38.556.38.907v6.637zm3.597-9.415h2.193v10.117H75v2.076h-8.187V13.626z"></path> <path d="M60.205 15.819a.37.37 0 0 0-.264-.117h-3.8v8.04h3.8c.117 0 .176-.029.264-.116l.701-.702c.059-.088.117-.175.117-.263v-5.877a.357.357 0 0 0-.117-.264l-.701-.701z"></path> </g><defs> <clipPath id="a"> <path d="M0 0h174.854v40H0z"></path> </clipPath> </defs></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-pdf-download" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.781 1.542a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v13.063a.693.693 0 0 0 .693.694h4.75a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988h-4.75A1.682 1.682 0 0 1 .1 15.298V2.235A1.681 1.681 0 0 1 1.78.554h8.415c.446 0 .873.177 1.188.492l2.274 2.274c.315.315.492.743.492 1.188v2.477a.494.494 0 1 1-.988 0V4.508a.694.694 0 0 0-.203-.49m0 0-2.273-2.273a.694.694 0 0 0-.49-.203H1.78m11.875 8.312a4.256 4.256 0 1 0 0 8.512 4.256 4.256 0 0 0 0-8.512Zm-5.244 4.257a5.244 5.244 0 1 1 10.488 0 5.244 5.244 0 0 1-10.488 0Zm5.244-2.87c.273 0 .494.222.494.495v3.557l.938-.938a.494.494 0 0 1 .699.698l-1.782 1.782a.494.494 0 0 1-.698 0l-1.781-1.782a.494.494 0 0 1 .698-.698l.938.938v-3.557c0-.273.221-.495.494-.495Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-print" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.344 1.541a.693.693 0 0 0-.694.693v3.069h9.7V2.234a.693.693 0 0 0-.694-.693H5.344Zm9.994 3.762V2.234A1.681 1.681 0 0 0 13.656.553H5.344a1.681 1.681 0 0 0-1.682 1.681v3.069h-1.88A1.682 1.682 0 0 0 .1 6.984v5.938a1.682 1.682 0 0 0 1.681 1.681h1.881v4.257c0 .272.221.494.494.494h10.688a.494.494 0 0 0 .494-.494v-4.256h1.88a1.682 1.682 0 0 0 1.682-1.682V6.984a1.681 1.681 0 0 0-1.681-1.681h-1.881ZM1.78 6.291a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v5.938a.694.694 0 0 0 .693.694h1.881v-3.069c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h10.688c.273 0 .494.221.494.494v3.069h1.88a.694.694 0 0 0 .694-.694V6.984a.693.693 0 0 0-.693-.693H1.78Zm12.569 4.75h-9.7v7.325h9.7V11.04ZM2.475 8.172c0-.273.22-.494.494-.494h1.187a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H2.97a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Zm3.562 4.75c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h5.938a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H6.53a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Zm0 2.375c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h4.157a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H6.53a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-share" viewBox="0 0 19 18"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.844 1.73a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 0 4.949 2.475 2.475 0 0 0 0-4.95ZM11.38 4.203a3.463 3.463 0 1 1 .447 1.703L7.531 7.58a3.473 3.473 0 0 1-.087 1.873l4.555 2.278a3.463 3.463 0 1 1-.442.883L7 10.335a3.463 3.463 0 1 1 .171-3.677l4.298-1.671a3.473 3.473 0 0 1-.089-.783Zm1.242 8.407a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 4.441 2.187 2.475 2.475 0 0 0-4.44-2.187ZM4.156 5.886a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 0 4.95 2.475 2.475 0 0 0 0-4.95Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-bookmark" viewBox="0 0 13 19"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.05.948c-.293-.32-.7-.494-1.114-.494H2.007c-.421 0-.821.175-1.121.494a1.73 1.73 0 0 0-.457 1.186v15.488c0 .198.05.388.142.563.1.167.236.304.408.395a.89.89 0 0 0 .535.122.956.956 0 0 0 .522-.19l2.464-1.84h.007l1.964-1.459 1.958 1.46h.014l2.464 1.839c.15.114.329.182.522.19a.89.89 0 0 0 .535-.122 1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .4-.395c.1-.175.15-.365.15-.563V2.134c0-.449-.164-.874-.464-1.186ZM3.771 16.011 1.5 17.7s-.029.015-.05.022c-.014 0-.029-.007-.043-.015-.021-.008-.028-.023-.043-.038-.007-.015-.007-.03-.007-.053V2.134a.74.74 0 0 1 .186-.494.639.639 0 0 1 .464-.198h1.764v14.57Zm4.465-.691-1.5-1.125a.462.462 0 0 0-.536 0L4.7 15.32V1.442h3.536V15.32Zm3.35 2.378v-.053s-.015.015-.015.023a.089.089 0 0 1-.035.038c-.015 0-.036.015-.05.015-.015-.007-.036-.007-.05-.023l-2.272-1.687V1.442h1.772c.171 0 .335.069.457.198a.747.747 0 0 1 .193.494v15.564Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-bookmarked" viewBox="0 0 17 25"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.27.65C15.86.23 15.29 0 14.71 0H2.21A2.201 2.201 0 0 0 0 2.21v20.38c0 .26.07.51.2.74.14.22.33.4.57.52.23.13.49.18.75.16.26-.01.51-.1.73-.25l3.45-2.42h.01l1.15-.8 1.6-1.12 1.6 1.12 1.14.8h.02l3.45 2.42c.21.15.46.24.73.25.26.02.52-.03.75-.16.23-.12.43-.3.56-.52.14-.23.21-.48.21-.74V2.21c0-.59-.23-1.15-.65-1.56ZM4.68 20.47 1.5 22.69s-.04.02-.07.03c-.02 0-.04-.01-.06-.02-.03-.01-.04-.03-.06-.05V2.21c0-.24.09-.47.26-.65.17-.17.41-.26.65-.26h2.47v19.17h-.01Zm10.94 2.22v-.07s-.02.02-.02.03a.12.12 0 0 1-.05.05c-.02 0-.05.02-.07.02-.02-.01-.05-.01-.07-.03l-3.18-2.22V1.3h2.48a.9.9 0 0 1 .64.26c.17.18.27.41.27.65v20.48Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m23 21.85-6.145-6.146a8.966 8.966 0 1 0-1.151 1.15L21.849 23 23 21.85ZM2.656 9.98a7.324 7.324 0 1 1 7.324 7.324A7.332 7.332 0 0 1 2.656 9.98Z" fill="#015FAC"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"><path d="M48.75 24c0 13.255-10.745 24-24 24s-24-10.745-24-24 10.745-24 24-24 24 10.745 24 24Z" fill="#fff"></path><path d="m24.998 9-15 15 15 15 15-15-15-15Z" fill="#027BA3"></path><path d="M34.196 24A9.195 9.195 0 0 1 25 33.196 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 15.804 24 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 25 14.804 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 34.196 24Z" fill="#fff"></path><path d="M33.28 24A8.275 8.275 0 0 1 25 32.275 8.275 8.275 0 0 1 16.72 24c0-4.57 3.705-8.28 8.28-8.28A8.276 8.276 0 0 1 33.28 24Z" fill="#027BA3"></path><path d="M20.18 25.613c-.084.07-.163.133-.23.191a1.641 1.641 0 0 1-.596.292c-.104.025-.25.041-.441.041-.35 0-.642-.116-.875-.354a1.219 1.219 0 0 1-.35-.891c0-.296.058-.534.175-.717.116-.183.287-.325.508-.433.225-.109.492-.184.804-.225.313-.042.646-.075 1.004-.1v-.021c0-.221-.083-.371-.241-.454-.163-.084-.405-.125-.73-.125-.145 0-.316.025-.512.079s-.388.12-.571.204h-.104v-.967c.12-.037.32-.079.596-.125.275-.05.55-.075.829-.075.687 0 1.187.117 1.5.342.312.23.47.575.47 1.046v2.712h-1.241v-.42h.004Zm0-.621v-.825c-.21.02-.38.041-.505.054-.13.017-.258.046-.38.091a.561.561 0 0 0-.253.171.488.488 0 0 0-.088.305c0 .187.05.312.15.383.1.07.246.104.442.104a.802.802 0 0 0 .329-.075c.113-.05.212-.12.304-.208ZM24.154 26.137c-.329 0-.633-.041-.904-.125a1.897 1.897 0 0 1-.712-.383c-.2-.17-.355-.387-.467-.65a2.336 2.336 0 0 1-.167-.925c0-.379.058-.704.183-.97.121-.267.284-.488.492-.659.2-.167.433-.288.7-.367a2.98 2.98 0 0 1 1.504-.046c.221.05.442.134.667.242v1.067h-.158c-.05-.046-.113-.1-.184-.154a1.673 1.673 0 0 0-.237-.159 1.349 1.349 0 0 0-.683-.175c-.317 0-.563.109-.738.33-.175.22-.262.516-.262.891 0 .4.091.696.279.892.187.196.433.296.741.296.155 0 .296-.017.413-.055a1.27 1.27 0 0 0 .517-.28c.058-.049.112-.099.154-.14h.158v1.062l-.246.108a2.925 2.925 0 0 1-.629.175 2.776 2.776 0 0 1-.417.026h-.004ZM30.867 26.033v-1.991c0-.196 0-.363-.013-.496a1.102 1.102 0 0 0-.062-.33.386.386 0 0 0-.167-.187.715.715 0 0 0-.317-.058.665.665 0 0 0-.279.062 1.99 1.99 0 0 0-.304.175v2.83h-1.242v-1.992c0-.192 0-.358-.012-.496a1 1 0 0 0-.067-.333.386.386 0 0 0-.166-.188.707.707 0 0 0-.313-.058c-.1 0-.2.025-.3.07-.096.05-.192.105-.283.167v2.83H26.1v-3.984h1.242v.438c.204-.175.396-.309.575-.405a1.27 1.27 0 0 1 .604-.145c.246 0 .458.058.642.175.183.116.325.287.42.516.238-.22.467-.391.675-.512.213-.121.425-.18.642-.18.183 0 .35.03.496.088.146.058.27.146.37.267.113.129.197.279.25.454.055.175.084.408.084.692v2.596h-1.242l.009-.005Z" fill="#fff"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-logo" viewBox="30.79 34.55 548.86 88.05"><path d="M54.75 71.41c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2H39.52c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2H51.9c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.23 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm44.5-4.68-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2H76.83c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h14.89c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.68 4.68c.8.8 1.2 1.77 1.2 2.85v20.6c0 1.08-.4 2.05-1.2 2.85zM93.6 44.42c0-.29-.11-.57-.34-.8l-2.23-2.23c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H78.31c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.23 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h11.92c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.23-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V44.42zm50.44 28.19V42.37l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V34.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5V72.6h-6.67zm52.65 0V42.37l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V34.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5V72.6h-6.67zm46.66-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-11.47c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85V34.55h6.85v28.18c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h8.5c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.23-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V34.55h6.85v29.33c-.01 1.08-.41 2.05-1.21 2.85zm32.69 5.88-12.55-29.5v29.5h-6.67V34.55h9.7l12.55 29.5v-29.5h6.67V72.6h-9.7zm20.82 0v-6.05h6.85V40.6h-6.85v-6.05h20.54v6.05h-6.85v25.96h6.85v6.05h-20.54zm53.46-1.2c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-12.38c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h12.38c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-9.41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm39.47 1.2-3.59-9.53h-15.18l-3.6 9.53h-6.85l14.09-38.05h8.1l13.98 38.05h-6.95zm-11.18-30.7-5.25 15.06h10.5l-5.25-15.06zm35.94-.85v31.55h-6.85V41.06h-11.01v-6.5h28.87v6.5h-11.01zm19.27 31.55v-6.05h6.85V40.6h-6.85v-6.05h20.54v6.05h-6.85v25.96h6.85v6.05h-20.54zm61.89-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-14.89c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h14.89c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.68 4.68c.8.8 1.2 1.77 1.2 2.85v20.6c0 1.08-.4 2.05-1.2 2.85zm-5.64-22.31c0-.29-.11-.57-.34-.8l-2.22-2.23c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-11.92c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.12.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h11.92c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.22-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V44.42zm37.65 28.19-12.55-29.5v29.5h-6.68V34.55h9.7l12.55 29.5v-29.5h6.68V72.6h-9.7zm50.72-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-15.92c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.85-4.85 4.56-4.62 3.82 3.82c.23.23.46.34.8.34h12.95c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.22-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8v-3.65c0-.57-.51-1.08-1.08-1.14l-20.48-2.74c-2.23-.29-3.94-2.28-3.94-4.45v-7.47c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h15.92c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.85 4.85-4.56 4.62-3.82-3.82c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H557.5c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v3.65c0 .57.46 1.08 1.03 1.14l20.54 2.74c2.22.29 3.94 2.28 3.94 4.45v7.47c-.01 1.08-.41 2.05-1.21 2.85zM263.05 90.51l-.88.88c-.15.15-.33.22-.54.22h-2.79a.79.79 0 0 1-.54-.22l-.88-.88a.732.732 0 0 1-.22-.54v-3.86c0-.2.07-.38.22-.54l.88-.88c.15-.15.33-.22.54-.22h2.79c.2 0 .39.07.54.22l.88.88c.15.15.22.33.22.54v3.86c0 .2-.07.39-.22.54zm-1.06-4.19a.22.22 0 0 0-.06-.15l-.42-.42a.204.204 0 0 0-.15-.06h-2.24c-.06 0-.11.02-.15.06l-.42.42a.22.22 0 0 0-.06.15v3.43c0 .05.02.11.06.15l.42.42c.04.04.09.06.15.06h2.24c.06 0 .11-.02.15-.06l.42-.42c.04-.04.06-.1.06-.15v-3.43zm5.41 2.33v2.96h-1.28v-7.13h4.78v1.22h-3.5v1.73h3.5v1.22h-3.5zm12.04-2.96v5.92h-1.28v-5.92h-2.06v-1.22h5.41v1.22h-2.07zm8.45 5.92v-2.96h-2.86v2.96h-1.28v-7.13h1.28v2.95h2.86v-2.95h1.28v7.13h-1.28zm4.43 0v-7.13h4.78v1.22h-3.5v1.73h3.5v1.22h-3.5v1.74h3.5v1.22h-4.78zm30.16 30.99-3.59-9.53h-15.18l-3.59 9.53h-6.85l14.09-38.05h8.1l13.98 38.05h-6.96zM311.3 91.91l-5.25 15.06h10.5l-5.25-15.06zm49.12 29.49c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-12.38c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h12.38c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-9.41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.12.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.12.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm47.51 1.2V92.36l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V84.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5v38.05h-6.67z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-facebook"><path d="m22.723 20 .445-2.896h-2.779v-1.879c0-.792.388-1.564 1.633-1.564h1.263v-2.465S22.139 11 21.043 11c-2.289 0-3.784 1.387-3.784 3.898v2.206h-2.544V20h2.544v7h3.13v-7h2.334Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-twitter"><path d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-linkedin"><path d="M14.117 12.74c0 .96-.773 1.738-1.726 1.738a1.732 1.732 0 0 1-1.725-1.739c0-.96.772-1.739 1.725-1.739.953 0 1.726.78 1.726 1.74Zm.013 3.13h-3.478V27h3.479V15.87Zm5.553 0h-3.456V27h3.457v-5.843c0-3.248 4.194-3.514 4.194 0V27h3.47v-7.048c0-5.481-6.207-5.282-7.665-2.583v-1.5Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-reddit"><path d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-avatar-blank" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><g> <circle cx="20" cy="20" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)" r="19" stroke="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)" stroke-width="2"></circle> <path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 33.23v-.73c0-4.987 9.994-7.5 15-7.5s15 2.513 15 7.5v.73A19.952 19.952 0 0 1 20 40a19.952 19.952 0 0 1-15-6.77ZM20 8.333a7.498 7.498 0 0 0-7.5 7.5c0 4.143 3.356 7.5 7.5 7.5s7.5-3.357 7.5-7.5c0-4.144-3.356-7.5-7.5-7.5Z" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200)" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </g></symbol></svg><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="site-header-wrapper" data-component="siteHeader"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header site-header--no-js"> <div class="site-header-container"> <button class="site-header-hamburger" aria-label="Main Menu"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-closed"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 25 25"> <path d="M.2.2h24.6v2.6H.2zm0 11h24.6v2.7H.2zm0 11h24.6v2.6H.2z" style="fill:#1a1a1a"/> </svg> </span> <span class="site-header-hamburger-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 25 25"> <path d="M1.7.9 24 23.8m-23 0L23.3.9" style="fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:1.3"/> </svg> </span> </button> <a class="site-header-logo" aria-label="Home" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#000"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#FFF"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> </a> <div class="site-header-topics-menu"> <button class="site-header-topics-menu-toggle"> Explore Topics <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="8" fill="none"> <path stroke="#1A1A1A" stroke-width="1.5" d="m1.5 1.5 5.5 5 5.5-5"/> </svg> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Topics Menu" class="site-header-topics-menu-expanded" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="site-header-topics-menu-list"> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu"> <button class="site-header-magazine-menu-toggle"> Latest Issue <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="8" fill="none"> <path stroke="#1A1A1A" stroke-width="1.5" d="m1.5 1.5 5.5 5 5.5-5"/> </svg> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Magazine Menu" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issue/november-2023/"> <figure class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-image"> <div class="image-wrapper"><img width="1000" height="1338" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?w=1000" class="attachment-original size-original" alt="November 2023 CACM cover" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg 1000w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=224,300 224w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=768,1028 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Nov.2023.Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=765,1024 765w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></div> </figure> </a> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-text"> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-current"> <h2 class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-heading"> Latest Issue </h2> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issue/november-2023/" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-issue"><b>November 2023</b>, Vol. 66 No. 11</a> </div> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-previous"> <h2 class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-heading"> Previous Issue </h2> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issue/march-2024/" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-issue"><b>March 2024</b>, Vol. 67 No. 3</a> </div> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/issues" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-link"> Explore the archive <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="10" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <path fill="#000" d="m7 0-.715.697 3.79 3.803H0v1h10.075l-3.79 3.787L7 10l5-5-5-5Z"/> </svg> </a> </div> </nav> </div> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/?s=" aria-label="Search" class="site-header-search"> <span class="site-header-search-text"> Search </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="site-header-search-icon"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-search"></use></svg></a> <nav class="site-header-membership-nav"> <button class="site-header-membership-nav__button"> <span class="site-header-membership-nav__button-text">Open Membership Navigation</span> <span class="site-header-membership-nav__button-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="40" height="40" tabindex="-1"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-avatar-blank"></use></svg> </span> </button> <div class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-container" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="site-header-membership-nav__menu"> <li class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/account/settings">Settings</a> </li> <li class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-item"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/logout/">Sign Out</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <a class="site-header-member-login-link" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-login.php?saml_sso">Sign In</a> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/join-acm" class="site-header-cta-membership"> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-container"> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-text"> Join ACM <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="10" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <path fill="#000" d="m7 0-.715.697 3.79 3.803H0v1h10.075l-3.79 3.787L7 10l5-5-5-5Z"/> </svg> </div> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-logo"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="48" height="48"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"></use></svg> </div> </div> </a> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main Menu" class="site-header-hamburger-menu" aria-hidden="true"> <!-- Search bar --> <form role="search" action="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net" method="get" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search"> <label for="site-navigation-expanded-search"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="21" fill="none"> <path fill="#4C4C4C" d="m21 19.902-5.866-5.867a8.558 8.558 0 1 0-1.099 1.099L19.902 21 21 19.902ZM1.581 8.572a6.99 6.99 0 1 1 6.99 6.99 6.999 6.999 0 0 1-6.99-6.99Z"/> </svg> </span> <input type="text" name="s" id="site-navigation-expanded-search" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search-input" placeholder="Search" value="" /> </label> </form> <!-- Topics menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-topics site-header-hamburger-menu-topics--expanded"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Topics <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-topics-menu"> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- Sections menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-sections"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Sections <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-sections-menu"> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/"> Research and Advances </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/opinion/"> Opinion </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/practice/"> Practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/careers/"> Careers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- Magazine menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-magazine"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Magazine <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul id="menu-magazine-header" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-magazine-menu"><li id="menu-item-217988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217988"><a href="/issue/latest/" id="menu-link-1">Latest Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217989"><a href="/issues/" id="menu-link-2">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224644"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/editorial-staff-board/" id="menu-link-3">Editorial Staff and Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-751386" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-751386"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines#CACMsubmission" id="menu-link-4">Submit an Article</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224585"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/feeds-2/" id="menu-link-5">Alerts & Feeds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224645"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines/" id="menu-link-6">Author Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-logo"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="49" height="48"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"></use></svg> </span> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-heading"> CACM Web Account </h2> <p class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-text">Membership in ACM includes a subscription to Communications of the ACM (CACM), the computing industry's most trusted source for staying connected to the world of advanced computing.</p> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-login.php?saml_sso" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons-log-in"> Sign In </a> <a href="https://accounts.acm.org/" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons-sign-up"> Sign Up </a> </div> </div> <!-- Communications menu --> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-communications"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Communications of the ACM <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul id="menu-communications-header" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-communications-menu"><li id="menu-item-224641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224641"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/about-us/" id="menu-link-7">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224663"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/faq/" id="menu-link-8">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224640"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/contact-us/" id="menu-link-9">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-social"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Follow Us </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-social-menu"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cacmmag"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Twitter</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#1DA1F2" d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"/> <path fill="#000" d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheOfficialACM"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Reddit</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#FF4500" d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"/> <path fill="#000" d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/36836/"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#000" d="M14.117 12.74c0 .96-.773 1.738-1.726 1.738a1.732 1.732 0 0 1-1.725-1.739c0-.96.772-1.739 1.725-1.739.953 0 1.726.78 1.726 1.74Zm.013 3.13h-3.478V27h3.479V15.87Zm5.553 0h-3.456V27h3.457v-5.843c0-3.248 4.194-3.514 4.194 0V27h3.47v-7.048c0-5.481-6.207-5.282-7.665-2.583v-1.5Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title">Systems and Networking</h1> </header> <section class="archive-featured-post"> <section class="post-list post-list--archive-featured-post" data-layout="single" data-component="postList" > <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-751299" class="post-list__post post-751299 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-systems-and-networking issue-february-2024 section-research"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 14 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/taming-algorithmic-priority-inversion-in-mission-critical-perception-pipelines/">Taming Algorithmic Priority Inversion in Mission-Critical Perception Pipelines</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> This paper discusses algorithmic priority inversion in mission-critical machine inference pipelines used in modern neural-network-based perception subsystems and describes a solution to mitigate its effect. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <div class="author-dropdown meta-dropdown" data-component="metaDropdown"><button class="author-dropdown__button meta-dropdown__button">Shengzhong Liu, Shuochao Yao, Xinzhe Fu, Rohan Tabish, and 5 more authors<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="13" height="13"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg></span></button><ul class="author-dropdown__list meta-dropdown__list"><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/shengzhong-liu/" title="Posts by Shengzhong Liu" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shengzhong Liu</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/shuochao-yao/" title="Posts by Shuochao Yao" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shuochao Yao</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/xinzhe-fu/" title="Posts by Xinzhe Fu" class="author url fn" rel="author">Xinzhe Fu</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/rohan-tabish/" title="Posts by Rohan Tabish" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rohan Tabish</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/simon-yu/" title="Posts by Simon Yu" class="author url fn" rel="author">Simon Yu</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/ayoosh-bansal/" title="Posts by Ayoosh Bansal" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ayoosh Bansal</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/heechul-yun/" title="Posts by Heechul Yun" class="author url fn" rel="author">Heechul Yun</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/lui-sha/" title="Posts by Lui Sha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lui Sha</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/tarek-abdelzaher/" title="Posts by Tarek Abdelzaher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tarek Abdelzaher</a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/taming-algorithmic-priority-inversion-in-mission-critical-perception-pipelines/" aria-label="Taming Algorithmic Priority Inversion in Mission-Critical Perception Pipelines" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Shutter.RH-Taming-AlgorithmicA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="steel framework" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Shutter.RH-Taming-AlgorithmicA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Shutter.RH-Taming-AlgorithmicA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Shutter.RH-Taming-AlgorithmicA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Shutter.RH-Taming-AlgorithmicA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Shutter.RH-Taming-AlgorithmicA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Shutter.RH-Taming-AlgorithmicA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <div class="ad ad-mobile ad--is-loading" data-component="ad" data-platform="mobile" data-show-ad="false"> <div class="cacm-ad-unit"> <p class="ad-label">Advertisement</p> <div class="ad-unit" data-pipeline-id="684700" data-dimension-id="599027"></div> <noscript><a href="https://acm.nui.media/pipeline/684700/0/cc?z=acm"><img src="https://acm.nui.media/pipeline/684700/0/vc?z=acm&dim=599027&kw=&click=&abr=$imginiframe" alt="" ></a></noscript> </div> </div> <section class="post-list post-list--list-archive the-latest" data-layout="list-twenty-four" data-component="postList" > <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-563954" class="post-list__post post-563954 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-systems-and-networking issue-february-2024 section-research"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 14 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/technical-perspective-bridging-ai-with-real-time-systems/">Technical Perspective: Bridging AI with Real-Time Systems</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> "Taming Algorithmic Priority Inversion in Mission-Critical Perception Pipelines," by Shengzhong Liu et al., proposes a new methodology for overcoming the limitations of current AI frameworks to enable the use of deep neural networks in mission-critical systems. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/giorgio-buttazzo/" title="Posts by Giorgio Buttazzo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Giorgio Buttazzo</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/technical-perspective-bridging-ai-with-real-time-systems/" aria-label="Technical Perspective: Bridging AI with Real-Time Systems" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Getty_.TP-Bridging-AIA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="numbered elevator buttons" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Getty_.TP-Bridging-AIA.jpg 1735w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Getty_.TP-Bridging-AIA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Getty_.TP-Bridging-AIA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Getty_.TP-Bridging-AIA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/011224.Getty_.TP-Bridging-AIA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-751068" class="post-list__post post-751068 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-systems-and-networking section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 8 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/the-state-of-the-metaverse/">The State of the Metaverse</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> After years and many attempts to build out a metaverse and make use of it, is there anything out there? </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/esther-shein/" title="Posts by Esther Shein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Esther Shein</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/the-state-of-the-metaverse/" aria-label="The State of the Metaverse" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_shutterstock_Metaverse1.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_shutterstock_Metaverse1.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_shutterstock_Metaverse1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_shutterstock_Metaverse1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_shutterstock_Metaverse1.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_shutterstock_Metaverse1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/020824_shutterstock_Metaverse1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-750879" class="post-list__post post-750879 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-computing-applications category-society category-systems-and-networking section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Feb 1 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/the-role-of-autonomous-machine-computing-in-shaping-the-autonomy-economy/">The Role of Autonomous Machine Computing in Shaping the Autonomy Economy</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> The role of Autonomous Machine Computing in fostering the Autonomy Economy. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/shaoshan-liu/" title="Posts by Shaoshan Liu" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shaoshan Liu</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/the-role-of-autonomous-machine-computing-in-shaping-the-autonomy-economy/" aria-label="The Role of Autonomous Machine Computing in Shaping the Autonomy Economy" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/012224.BLOG_.Shaoshan-Liu.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Shaoshan Liu" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/012224.BLOG_.Shaoshan-Liu.jpg 2123w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/012224.BLOG_.Shaoshan-Liu.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/012224.BLOG_.Shaoshan-Liu.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/012224.BLOG_.Shaoshan-Liu.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/012224.BLOG_.Shaoshan-Liu.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/012224.BLOG_.Shaoshan-Liu.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-750836" class="post-list__post post-750836 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-systems-and-networking section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 30 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/governments-are-spying-on-your-push-notifications/">Governments Are Spying on Your Push Notifications</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Companies are being compelled to turn over potentially valuable push notification metadata to authorities. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/logan-kugler/" title="Posts by Logan Kugler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Logan Kugler</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/governments-are-spying-on-your-push-notifications/" aria-label="Governments Are Spying on Your Push Notifications" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/013024_Shutterstock_pusha.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/013024_Shutterstock_pusha.jpg 2048w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/013024_Shutterstock_pusha.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/013024_Shutterstock_pusha.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/013024_Shutterstock_pusha.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/013024_Shutterstock_pusha.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-586533" class="post-list__post post-586533 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-security-and-privacy category-systems-and-networking issue-january-2024 section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 10 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/protecting-life-saving-medical-devices-from-cyberattack/">Protecting Life-Saving Medical Devices From Cyberattack</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Alex Vakulov ponders how to protect the Internet of Medical Things. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/alex-vakulov/" title="Posts by Alex Vakulov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Vakulov</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/protecting-life-saving-medical-devices-from-cyberattack/" aria-label="Protecting Life-Saving Medical Devices From Cyberattack" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="cybersecurity researcher Alex Vakulov" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-586482" class="post-list__post post-586482 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-systems-and-networking issue-january-2024 section-research content-type-has-video"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 8 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/on-specifying-for-trustworthiness/">On Specifying for Trustworthiness</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> As autonomous systems increasingly become part of our lives, it is crucial to foster trust between humans and these systems, to ensure positive outcomes and mitigate harmful ones. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <div class="author-dropdown meta-dropdown" data-component="metaDropdown"><button class="author-dropdown__button meta-dropdown__button">Dhaminda B. Abeywickrama, Amel Bennaceur, Greg Chance, Yiannis Demiris, and 11 more authors<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="13" height="13"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg></span></button><ul class="author-dropdown__list meta-dropdown__list"><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/dhaminda-b-abeywickrama/" title="Posts by Dhaminda B. Abeywickrama" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dhaminda B. Abeywickrama</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/amel-bennaceur/" title="Posts by Amel Bennaceur" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amel Bennaceur</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/greg-chance/" title="Posts by Greg Chance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Greg Chance</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/yiannis-demiris/" title="Posts by Yiannis Demiris" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yiannis Demiris</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/anastasia-kordoni/" title="Posts by Anastasia Kordoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Anastasia Kordoni</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/mark-levine/" title="Posts by Mark Levine" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Levine</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/luke-moffat/" title="Posts by Luke Moffat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Moffat</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/luc-moreau/" title="Posts by Luc Moreau" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luc Moreau</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/mohammad-reza-mousavi/" title="Posts by Mohammad Reza Mousavi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mohammad Reza Mousavi</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/bashar-nuseibeh/" title="Posts by Bashar Nuseibeh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bashar Nuseibeh</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/subramanian-ramamoorthy/" title="Posts by Subramanian Ramamoorthy" class="author url fn" rel="author">Subramanian Ramamoorthy</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/jan-oliver-ringert/" title="Posts by Jan Oliver Ringert" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jan Oliver Ringert</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/james-wilson/" title="Posts by James Wilson" class="author url fn" rel="author">James Wilson</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/shane-windsor/" title="Posts by Shane Windsor" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shane Windsor</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/kerstin-eder/" title="Posts by Kerstin Eder" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kerstin Eder</a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/on-specifying-for-trustworthiness/" aria-label="On Specifying for Trustworthiness" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Research.On-SpecifyingA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="a young girl looks at and leans into the face of a humanoid robot" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Research.On-SpecifyingA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Research.On-SpecifyingA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Research.On-SpecifyingA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Research.On-SpecifyingA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Research.On-SpecifyingA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Research.On-SpecifyingA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-586418" class="post-list__post post-586418 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-systems-and-networking issue-january-2024 section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 8 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/achievement-in-microarchitecture/">Achievement in Microarchitecture</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> David Papworth, a 30-year veteran of Intel, on what led to the P6 microprocessor and how that changed the microarchitectural paradigm. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/leah-hoffmann/" title="Posts by Leah Hoffmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leah Hoffmann</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/achievement-in-microarchitecture/" aria-label="Achievement in Microarchitecture" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Opinion.David-PapworthA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="2022 ACM Charles P. 'Chuck' Thacker Breakthrough in Computing Award recipient David Papworth in front of a circuit background" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Opinion.David-PapworthA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Opinion.David-PapworthA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Opinion.David-PapworthA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Opinion.David-PapworthA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Opinion.David-PapworthA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.Opinion.David-PapworthA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-586388" class="post-list__post post-586388 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-systems-and-networking issue-january-2024 section-news content-type-has-video"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 8 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/epigenomics-now/">Epigenomics Now</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Computer power helps biologists track the regulation of genetic information. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/don-monroe/" title="Posts by Don Monroe" class="author url fn" rel="author">Don Monroe</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/epigenomics-now/" aria-label="Epigenomics Now" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.EpigenomicsA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="computer display shows a DNA sequence and graphs" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.EpigenomicsA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.EpigenomicsA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.EpigenomicsA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.EpigenomicsA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.EpigenomicsA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/121823.News_.EpigenomicsA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-750233" class="post-list__post post-750233 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-computing-profession category-data-and-information category-security-and-privacy category-systems-and-networking section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Jan 8 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/are-you-confident-in-your-backups/">Are You Confident in Your Backups?</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Assessing data security. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/alex-vakulov/" title="Posts by Alex Vakulov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Vakulov</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/are-you-confident-in-your-backups/" aria-label="Are You Confident in Your Backups?" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="cybersecurity researcher Alex Vakulov" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Vakulov.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-586067" class="post-list__post post-586067 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-systems-and-networking category-theory issue-december-2023 section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 14 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/tales-of-topological-qubits/">Tales of Topological Qubits</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Emulating the behavior of exotic quantum states may give quantum computing a better way of squeezing out troublesome noise and errors. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/chris-edwards/" title="Posts by Chris Edwards" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris Edwards</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/tales-of-topological-qubits/" aria-label="Tales of Topological Qubits" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.News_.Tales-of-TopologicalA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="chip facsimile on a 3D block, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.News_.Tales-of-TopologicalA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.News_.Tales-of-TopologicalA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.News_.Tales-of-TopologicalA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.News_.Tales-of-TopologicalA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.News_.Tales-of-TopologicalA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.News_.Tales-of-TopologicalA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-563932" class="post-list__post post-563932 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-systems-and-networking issue-december-2023 section-research"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 13 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/maximum-flow-through-a-network/">Maximum Flow Through a Network: A Storied Problem and a Groundbreaking Solution</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> “Almost-Linear-Time Algorithms for Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow,” by Li Chen et al., comes within striking distance of answering the question: “Does maximum flow have a scalable algorithm?” </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/shang-hua-teng/" title="Posts by Shang-Hua Teng" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shang-Hua Teng</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/maximum-flow-through-a-network/" aria-label="Maximum Flow Through a Network: A Storied Problem and a Groundbreaking Solution" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.TP-Maximum-FlowA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="abstract bands, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.TP-Maximum-FlowA.jpg 2040w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.TP-Maximum-FlowA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.TP-Maximum-FlowA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.TP-Maximum-FlowA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.TP-Maximum-FlowA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-563935" class="post-list__post post-563935 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-systems-and-networking issue-december-2023 section-research content-type-has-video"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 13 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/almost-linear-time-algorithms-for-maximum-flow-and-minimum-cost-flow/">Almost-Linear-Time Algorithms for Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> We present an algorithm that computes exact maximum flows and minimum-cost flows on directed graphs with m edges and polynomially bounded integral demands, costs, and capacities in m1+o(1) time. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <div class="author-dropdown meta-dropdown" data-component="metaDropdown"><button class="author-dropdown__button meta-dropdown__button">Li Chen, Rasmus Kyng, Yang P. Liu, Richard Peng, and 2 more authors<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="13" height="13"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg></span></button><ul class="author-dropdown__list meta-dropdown__list"><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/li-chen/" title="Posts by Li Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Li Chen</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/rasmus-kyng/" title="Posts by Rasmus Kyng" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasmus Kyng</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/yang-p-liu/" title="Posts by Yang P. Liu" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yang P. Liu</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/richard-peng/" title="Posts by Richard Peng" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Peng</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/maximilian-probst-gutenberg/" title="Posts by Maximilian Probst Gutenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maximilian Probst Gutenberg</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/sushant-sachdeva/" title="Posts by Sushant Sachdeva" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sushant Sachdeva</a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/almost-linear-time-algorithms-for-maximum-flow-and-minimum-cost-flow/" aria-label="Almost-Linear-Time Algorithms for Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.Almost-LinearA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="high speed light streaks, glow lines, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.Almost-LinearA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.Almost-LinearA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.Almost-LinearA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.Almost-LinearA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.Almost-LinearA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/111623.RH_.Almost-LinearA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-750110" class="post-list__post post-750110 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-profession category-education category-society category-systems-and-networking section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 28 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/what-does-digitization-mean-and-when-did-it-begin/">What Does Digitization Mean, and When Did It Begin?</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Digitization is on everyone's lips. What does digitization mean and when did it begin? </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/herbert-bruderer/" title="Posts by Herbert Bruderer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Herbert Bruderer</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/what-does-digitization-mean-and-when-did-it-begin/" aria-label="What Does Digitization Mean, and When Did It Begin?" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Herbert-Bruderer.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="technology historian and retired ETH Zurich lecturer Herbert Bruderer" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Herbert-Bruderer.jpg 1426w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Herbert-Bruderer.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Herbert-Bruderer.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Herbert-Bruderer.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-750028" class="post-list__post post-750028 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-computing-applications category-computing-profession category-hci category-security-and-privacy category-society category-systems-and-networking section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/all-photos-are-fake-until-proven-real/">All Photos are Fake Until Proven Real</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> The blurred lines of photographic reality in the AI Era. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/carlos-baquero/" title="Posts by Carlos Baquero" class="author url fn" rel="author">Carlos Baquero</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/all-photos-are-fake-until-proven-real/" aria-label="All Photos are Fake Until Proven Real" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/082223.BLOG_.Carlos-Baquero.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="University of Porto Professor Carlos Baquero" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/082223.BLOG_.Carlos-Baquero.jpg 1280w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/082223.BLOG_.Carlos-Baquero.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/082223.BLOG_.Carlos-Baquero.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/082223.BLOG_.Carlos-Baquero.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500635" class="post-list__post post-500635 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-data-and-information category-systems-and-networking issue-november-2023 section-news content-type-has-video"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/quantum-speedup-for-the-fast-fourier-transform/">Quantum Speedup for the Fast Fourier Transform?</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> It is difficult to improve on the widely used, already-efficient algorithm. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/don-monroe/" title="Posts by Don Monroe" class="author url fn" rel="author">Don Monroe</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/quantum-speedup-for-the-fast-fourier-transform/" aria-label="Quantum Speedup for the Fast Fourier Transform?" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Quantum-SpeedupA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="impressionistic waves, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Quantum-SpeedupA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Quantum-SpeedupA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Quantum-SpeedupA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Quantum-SpeedupA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Quantum-SpeedupA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Quantum-SpeedupA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500639" class="post-list__post post-500639 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-systems-and-networking issue-november-2023 section-news content-type-has-video"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/whats-old-is-new-again/">What’s Old Is New Again</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Analog computing offers one possible solution to the downsides of digital computing. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/logan-kugler/" title="Posts by Logan Kugler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Logan Kugler</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/whats-old-is-new-again/" aria-label="What’s Old Is New Again" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Whats-OldA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="EAI analog computer installation at the German Aerospace Center" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Whats-OldA.jpg 1490w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Whats-OldA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Whats-OldA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.News_.Whats-OldA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500649" class="post-list__post post-500649 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-systems-and-networking issue-november-2023 section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/machine-learning-sensors/">Machine Learning Sensors</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> A design paradigm for the future of intelligent sensors. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <div class="author-dropdown meta-dropdown" data-component="metaDropdown"><button class="author-dropdown__button meta-dropdown__button">Pete Warden, Matthew Stewart, Brian Plancher, Sachin Katti, and 1 more author<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="13" height="13"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg></span></button><ul class="author-dropdown__list meta-dropdown__list"><li>Pete Warden</li><li>Matthew Stewart</li><li>Brian Plancher</li><li>Sachin Katti</li><li>Vijay Janapa Reddi</li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/machine-learning-sensors/" aria-label="Machine Learning Sensors" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.ML-SensorsA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="house sits on a circuit board, both covered in numbers, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.ML-SensorsA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.ML-SensorsA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.ML-SensorsA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.ML-SensorsA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.ML-SensorsA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.ML-SensorsA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500660" class="post-list__post post-500660 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-hci category-systems-and-networking issue-november-2023 section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/the-infrapolitics-of-algorithmic-resistance/">The Infrapolitics of Algorithmic Resistance</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Exploring the complex interactions between humans and machines governed by algorithms. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> Ricardo Fabrino Mendonça, Fernando Filgueiras, and Virgílio Almeida </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/the-infrapolitics-of-algorithmic-resistance/" aria-label="The Infrapolitics of Algorithmic Resistance" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.The-InfrapoliticsA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="a wagon sits in the near-empty Pariser Platz in Berlin, Germany" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.The-InfrapoliticsA.jpg 2400w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.The-InfrapoliticsA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.The-InfrapoliticsA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.The-InfrapoliticsA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.The-InfrapoliticsA.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101723.Opinion.The-InfrapoliticsA.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500631" class="post-list__post post-500631 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-computing-applications category-computing-profession category-data-and-information category-hci category-society category-software-engineering-and-programming-languages category-systems-and-networking section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Oct 19 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/how-to-ace-it-product-localization-the-101-guide/">How to Ace IT Product Localization: The 101 Guide</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Unlock global success with IT product localization. Discover how you can expand your reach and boost customer satisfaction through effective localization strategies. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/alex-tray/" title="Posts by Alex Tray" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Tray</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/how-to-ace-it-product-localization-the-101-guide/" aria-label="How to Ace IT Product Localization: The 101 Guide" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Tray.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Alex Tray" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Tray.jpg 1771w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Tray.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Tray.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Tray.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/091823.BLOG_.Alex-Tray.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-231642" class="post-list__post post-231642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-data-and-information category-systems-and-networking section-news content-type-has-video"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Oct 18 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/looking-within/">Looking Within</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> Understanding what is taking place inside the human body is at the heart of medicine. For centuries, scientists have looked for better ways to detect problems, conditions, and diseases ranging from high blood pressure to cancer. An array of sensing devices—from thermometers and blood pressure cuffs to blood oximeters—have made it easier to monitor vital […] </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/samuel-greengard/" title="Posts by Samuel Greengard" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samuel Greengard</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/looking-within/" aria-label="Looking Within" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="1024" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Image of Covid-19" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg 1050w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/csm_v2_Front-Banner_5fcfd019cc.jpg?resize=1024,1024 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500626" class="post-list__post post-500626 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-profession category-data-and-information category-education category-society category-systems-and-networking section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Oct 16 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/the-israeli-social-protest-from-a-data-science-perspective-part-one/">The Israeli Social Protest from a Data Science Perspective: Part One</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> The challenge of data. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/orit-hazzan/" title="Posts by Orit Hazzan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Orit Hazzan</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/blogcacm/the-israeli-social-protest-from-a-data-science-perspective-part-one/" aria-label="The Israeli Social Protest from a Data Science Perspective: Part One" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/092123.BLOG_.Orit-Hazzan.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Technion faculty member Orit Hazzan" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/092123.BLOG_.Orit-Hazzan.jpg 1280w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/092123.BLOG_.Orit-Hazzan.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/092123.BLOG_.Orit-Hazzan.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/092123.BLOG_.Orit-Hazzan.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500527" class="post-list__post post-500527 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-hci category-systems-and-networking issue-october-2023 section-research"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Oct 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/technical-perspective-sensing-interaction-with-everyday-objects-using-near-field-communication-in-textiles/">Technical Perspective: Sensing Interaction with Everyday Objects Using Near-Field Communication in Textiles</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> "Locating Everyday Objects Using NFC Textiles," by Jingxian Wang et al., describes the potential of Near-Field Communication for advanced home automation. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/polly-huang/" title="Posts by Polly Huang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Polly Huang</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/research/technical-perspective-sensing-interaction-with-everyday-objects-using-near-field-communication-in-textiles/" aria-label="Technical Perspective: Sensing Interaction with Everyday Objects Using Near-Field Communication in Textiles" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/091823_Shopify_TP-Sensing-InteractionA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="two handheld devices emit wireless waves, illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/091823_Shopify_TP-Sensing-InteractionA.jpg 1280w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/091823_Shopify_TP-Sensing-InteractionA.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/091823_Shopify_TP-Sensing-InteractionA.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/091823_Shopify_TP-Sensing-InteractionA.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-500529" class="post-list__post post-500529 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-computing-profession category-security-and-privacy category-software-engineering-and-programming-languages category-systems-and-networking category-theory issue-october-2023 section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Oct 1 2023</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/the-dilemma-of-scale/">The Dilemma of Scale</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> The barriers to information generation and sharing have plummeted; information consumers can choose among billions of potential sources. This is information at scale. </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author/vinton-g-cerf/" title="Posts by Vinton G. Cerf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Vinton G. Cerf</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/opinion/the-dilemma-of-scale/" aria-label="The Dilemma of Scale" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img width="250" height="250" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/062216_Vinton-Cerf.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Google Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist Vinton G. Cerf" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/062216_Vinton-Cerf.jpg 250w, https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/062216_Vinton-Cerf.jpg?resize=150,150 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text"> Posts navigation </h2> <div class="nav-links"> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/page/2/">2</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/page/416/">416</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/page/2/"><span class="screen-reader-only">Next</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="21.77" height="14" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-arrow-right"></use></svg></a> </div> </nav> </div> </section> <div class="cta-membership cta-membership--no-js" data-component="ctaMembership"> <section class="cta-become-a-member"> <div class="cta-become-a-member__inner container"> <h3 class="cta-become-a-member__heading"> Shape the Future of Computing </h3> <p class="cta-become-a-member__description"> ACM encourages its members to take a direct hand in shaping the future of the association. There are more ways than ever to get involved. </p> <a class="cta-become-a-member__link" href="https://www.acm.org/about-acm/get-involved"> Get Involved </a> </div> </section> <section class="cta-open-access"> <div class="cta-open-access__inner container"> <h3 class="cta-open-access__heading"> Communications of the ACM (CACM) is now a fully Open Access publication. </h3> <p class="cta-open-access__description"> By opening CACM to the world, we hope to increase engagement among the broader computer science community and encourage non-members to discover the rich resources ACM has to offer. </p> <a class="cta-open-access__link" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/news/cacm-is-becoming-open-access"> Learn More </a> </div> </section> </div> </main> </div> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__inner container"> <div class="site-footer__columns"> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-branding"> <a class="site-footer__logo" aria-label="Home" href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#FFF"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> </a> <nav class="social-navigation"> <ul class="social-navigation__list"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cacmmag"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Twitter</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-twitter"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheOfficialACM"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Reddit</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-reddit"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/36836/"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on LinkedIn</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-linkedin"></use></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-topics"> <div class="site-footer__topics-menu"> <p class="site-footer__heading"> Topics </p> <ul class="site-footer__topics-menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-about"> <div class="site-footer__menu-magazine"> <p class="site-footer__heading">Magazine</p> <ul id="menu-magazine-footer" class="site-footer__menu-magazine-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217988"><a href="/issue/latest/" id="menu-link-10">Latest Issue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217989"><a href="/issues/" id="menu-link-11">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224644"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/editorial-staff-board/" id="menu-link-12">Editorial Staff and Board</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-751386"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines#CACMsubmission" id="menu-link-13">Submit an Article</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224585"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/feeds-2/" id="menu-link-14">Alerts & Feeds</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224645"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/author-guidelines/" id="menu-link-15">Author Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__menu-communications"> <p class="site-footer__heading">Communications of the ACM</p> <ul id="menu-communications-footer" class="site-footer-communications-menu"><li id="menu-item-224637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224637"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/about-us/" id="menu-link-16">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224664"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/faq/" id="menu-link-17">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224638"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/contact-us/" id="menu-link-18">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217972"><a href="https://www.acm.org/publications/advertising" id="menu-link-19">For Advertisers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224639"><a href="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/join-acm/" id="menu-link-20">Join ACM</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__info"> <div class="site-footer__info__inner"> <p class="site-footer__info-copyright"><small> © 2024 Communications of the ACM. All Rights Reserved. </small></p> <div class="menu-policy-menu-container"><ul id="menu-policy-footer" class="site-footer__info-policy-list"><li id="menu-item-217993" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217993"><a href="https://www.acm.org/cookie-notice" id="menu-link-21">Cookie Notice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217994"><a href="https://www.acm.org/about-acm/privacy-policy" id="menu-link-22">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/js/global.bundle.min.js?ver=e97a984b44ccc756957f" id="cacm-global-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/js/archive.bundle.min.js?ver=26ed572cc3bda6516b88" id="cacm-archive-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202447.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"212686555\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"cacm-acm-org-preprod.go-vip.net\",\"hp\":\"vip\",\"j\":\"1:13.9.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "212686555", "0" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <!-- Mopinion Pastea.se start --><script type="text/javascript">(function(){var id="Sh2m7XRvbVWoA8uJG6g2wIBNDLfpsOxFx1ciwKwo";var js=document.createElement("script");js.setAttribute("type","text/javascript");js.setAttribute("src","//deploy.mopinion.com/js/pastease.js");js.async=true;document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(js);var t=setInterval(function(){try{Pastease.load(id);clearInterval(t)}catch(e){}},50)})();</script> <!-- Mopinion Pastea.se end --> </body> </html>