CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gleichschaltung - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"007e91ad-13db-4298-af32-0f9e373b2fc8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gleichschaltung","wgTitle":"Gleichschaltung","wgCurRevisionId":1259157974,"wgRevisionId":1259157974,"wgArticleId":12213,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use American English from February 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles containing German-language text","Pages with German IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with excerpts","Society of Nazi Germany","Nazi terminology","German words and phrases", "Politics of Nazi Germany","Democratic backsliding in the interwar period"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gleichschaltung","wgRelevantArticleId":12213,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q313768","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gleichschaltung - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gleichschaltung rootpage-Gleichschaltung skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gleichschaltung" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gleichschaltung" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gleichschaltung" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gleichschaltung" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_of_the_German_Länder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_of_the_German_Länder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coordination of the German <i>Länder</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_of_the_German_Länder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_and_societal_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_and_societal_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Propaganda and societal integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_and_societal_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_of_the_trade_union_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_of_the_trade_union_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Coordination of the trade union movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coordination_of_the_trade_union_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coordination of the trade union movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coordination_of_the_trade_union_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strength_Through_Joy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strength_Through_Joy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Strength Through Joy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strength_Through_Joy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Gleichschaltung</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="جلايش شالتونج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلايش شالتونج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гляйхшальтунг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гляйхшальтунг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Глайхшалтунг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глайхшалтунг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%D7%94" title="האחדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האחדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="გლაიხშალტუნგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გლაიხშალტუნგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%8C%96" title="強制的同一化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強制的同一化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гляйхшальтунг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гляйхшальтунг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazityskland#Gleichschaltung" title="Nazityskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nazityskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87" title="ไกลช์ชัลทุง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไกลช์ชัลทุง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gleichschaltung" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гляйхшальтунг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гляйхшальтунг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96_(%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD)" title="一体化 (纳粹术语) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="一体化 (纳粹术语)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313768#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gleichschaltung" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gleichschaltung" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gleichschaltung" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&oldid=1259157974" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gleichschaltung&id=1259157974&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGleichschaltung"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGleichschaltung"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gleichschaltung&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gleichschaltung" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313768" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of Nazification</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.8em 0 1.4em;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NSDAP_(1920%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1916)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/25-point_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="25-point Program">25-point Program</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenkunde_des_deutschen_Volkes" title="Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes">Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_America_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="White America (book)">White America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(novel)" title="Michael (novel)">Michael</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gel%C3%B6bnis_treuester_Gefolgschaft" title="Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft">Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ich_K%C3%A4mpfe" title="Ich Kämpfe">I Fight</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1942)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church" title="German Evangelical Church">German Evangelical Church</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">Deutsche Christen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism_in_Nazism" title="Occultism in Nazism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion <i>under</i> Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views of Adolf Hitler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Outside of Germany</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></i></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_sidebar" title="Template:Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi term">Nazi term</a> <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡlaɪçʃaltʊŋ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1a\/De-Gleichschaltung2.ogg\/De-Gleichschaltung2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Gleichschaltung2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/De-Gleichschaltung2.ogg/De-Gleichschaltung2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Gleichschaltung2.ogg" title="File:De-Gleichschaltung2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), roughly "<b>coordination</b>", was the process of <b>Nazification</b> by which <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>—leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>—successively established a system of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> control and coordination over all aspects of German society "from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrupp2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrupp2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> remained nominally in effect until Germany's surrender following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, near total Nazification had been secured by the 1935 resolutions approved during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a>, when the symbols of the Nazi Party and the state were fused (see <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Nazi Germany">Flag of Nazi Germany</a>) and German Jews were deprived of their citizenship (see <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>). The tenets of <i>Gleichschaltung</i> also applied to territories occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">the Nazis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> is a compound word that comes from the German words <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gleich</i></span> (same) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schaltung</i></span> (circuit) and was derived from an electrical engineering term meaning that all switches are put on the same circuit so that all can be activated by throwing a single master switch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017248_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017248-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first use is credited to <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Justice" title="Reich Ministry of Justice">Reich Justice Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997940_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997940-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been variously translated as "coordination",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999479_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999479-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000272_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000272-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Nazification of state and society",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld2014101,_164_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld2014101,_164-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "synchronization",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997940_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997940-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "bringing into line".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld2014101,_164_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld2014101,_164-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English texts often use the untranslated German word to convey its unique historical meaning. In their seminal work on National Socialist vernacular, <i>Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich</i>, historians Robert Michael and Karin Doerr define <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> as: "Consolidation. All of the German <a href="/wiki/Volk#German_national_identity" title="Volk">Volk's</a> social, political, and cultural organizations to be controlled and run according to Nazi ideology and policy. All opposition to be eliminated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaelDoerr2002192_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaelDoerr2002192-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This accords with the general description provided by historian Jane Caplan, who characterized the term as "the coordination of German institutions into a cohesive, Nazified whole."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaplan201960_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan201960-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_basis">Legal basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nazis were able to put <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> into effect due to multiple legal measures enacted by the Reich government during the 20 months following 30 January 1933, when <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">Chancellor of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–390_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–390-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><i>Reichstag</i> Fire Decree.</b> The day after the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, acting at Hitler's request and based on the emergency powers in <a href="/wiki/Article_48_(Weimar_Constitution)" title="Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)">article 48</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, issued the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> (28 February 1933). This decree, formally titled "Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State," suspended most <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> enshrined in the constitution, including the right of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>,</i> freedom of speech, press, assembly and privacy of communications. This allowed for the arrest of political adversaries, mostly <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communists</a>, and for terrorizing of other voters by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA) (Nazi paramilitary branch) before the upcoming election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003332–333_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003332–333-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this atmosphere, the <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">general election</a> of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></i></span> took place on 5 March 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003339–340_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003339–340-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazis had hoped to win an outright majority and push aside their <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition partners</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP). However, the Nazis won only 43.9 percent of the vote, short of a majority and well below the number needed to amend the federal constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003340_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003340-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Wels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Otto_Wels.jpg/200px-Otto_Wels.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Otto_Wels.jpg/300px-Otto_Wels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Otto_Wels.jpg/400px-Otto_Wels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>During the debate on the Enabling Act, Social Democrat chairman <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wels" title="Otto Wels">Otto Wels</a> spoke the last free words in the Reichstag: "Freedom and life can be taken from us, but not our honor." The subsequent passage of the Act did away with parliamentary democracy.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Enabling Act.</b> When the newly elected <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichstag</i></span> convened – not including the Communist delegates whose participation in politics had been banned – it passed the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a> (23 March 1933). This law, formally titled "Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Reich," gave the government (the Reich Chancellor and his cabinet) the right to enact laws for a period of four years without the involvement of the <i>Reichstag</i> or the Reich President. Under certain circumstances, these laws could "deviate from the Constitution." As a constitutional amendment, it required a two-thirds majority for passage. Even with the proscription of the Communists, the Nazis and their ally the DNVP were still short of this number. Through intimidation of deputies by surrounding the <i>Reichstag</i> with a cordon of SA members, and through promises of religious freedom protections to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Catholic Centre Party</a>, the required supermajority was obtained. With only the SPD in opposition, the Enabling Act passed 444–94. For all intents and purposes, the entire Weimar Constitution was rendered void.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003351–354_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003351–354-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It formed the cornerstone on which Hitler circumvented the constitutional framework of the Weimar Republic and was able to impose his will on the nation by decree. For all intents and purposes, it converted his government into a legal dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990199–200_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990199–200-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich.</b> Enacted by the Reich government using the Enabling Act, the "<a href="/wiki/Provisional_Law_on_the_Coordination_of_the_States_with_the_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich">Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich</a>" (31 March 1933) dissolved the sitting parliaments of all <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">German states</a> except the recently elected <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Prussian parliament</a>, which the Nazis already controlled. It also ordered the state parliaments reconstituted based on the state votes cast in the 5 March <i>Reichstag</i> election (except for Communist seats, which were not filled). Under this provision, the Nazis and their DNVP partners were able to attain working majorities in all the parliaments. It further mandated the simultaneous dissolution of all state parliaments after the <i>Reichstag</i> was dissolved. It also gave the state governments the same powers to enact legislation that the Reich government possessed under the Enabling Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200728–30_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200728–30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich.</b> In order to further extend their power over the German states, the Reich government enacted the "<a href="/wiki/Second_Law_on_the_Coordination_of_the_States_with_the_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich">Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich</a>" (7 April 1933). This measure deployed one <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Reichsstatthalter</a></i></span> (Reich Governor) in each state. These officers, appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chancellor, were responsible to <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Interior (Germany)">Interior Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> and were intended to act as local <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsuls</a> in each state, with near-complete control over the state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200730_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200730-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were empowered to preside over meetings of the state government, appoint and dismiss the state <a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">minister-president</a> as well as other high officials and judges, dissolve the state parliament, call new elections and promulgate state laws. The law conferred the office of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsstatthalter</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> on the Reich Chancellor himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981106–107_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981106–107-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service.</b> Another measure of Nazi <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> was the enactment of the "<a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_a_Professional_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service</a>" (7 April 1933), which mandated the "co-ordination" of the civil service – which in Germany included not only bureaucrats, but also schoolteachers and professors, judges, prosecutors, and other professionals – at the federal, state and municipal level, and authorized the removal of Jews and Communists from these positions, with limited exceptions for those who had fought in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> or had lost a father or son in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003382,_437_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003382,_437-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Law on the Trustees of Labour.</b> On 2 May 1933, trade union offices were attacked and occupied by SA stormtroopers. The offices were closed, their newspapers shuttered, funds confiscated and leaders arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357–358_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357–358-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to impose coordination on private sector workers, the <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Trustees_of_Labour" title="Law on the Trustees of Labour">Law on the Trustees of Labour</a> (19 May 1933) established the position of <a href="/wiki/Trustee_of_Labour" title="Trustee of Labour">Trustee of Labour</a>, each of which was assigned to one of thirteen large economic areas (<i>Wirtschaftsgebiete</i>). They were charged with ensuring industrial peace and regulating employment contracts, including the setting of wages and the resolution of employer–employee disputes. This effectively supplanted collective bargaining and strikes, as the trustees were authorized to impose legally-binding settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960202–203_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960202–203-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Law Against the Formation of Parties.</b> The Communist Party had effectively been outlawed in all but name by the Reichstag Fire Decree, and was completely banned from 6 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003336_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following additional months of violence and intimidation against the Social Democratic Party, the government seized all its assets, and banned it outright on 22 June 1933, canceling all SPD electoral mandates in both the <i>Reichstag</i> and the state parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003355–359_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003355–359-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early July, all other parties, even the Nazis' erstwhile allies the DNVP, had been intimidated into dissolving themselves rather than face arrests and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a> imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261–265_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261–265-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the DNVP (27 June) the <a href="/wiki/German_State_Party" title="German State Party">German State Party</a> (28 June), the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> (4 July), the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> (4 July) and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> (5 July) all formally disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990201_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990201-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Law_Against_the_Formation_of_Parties" title="Law Against the Formation of Parties">Law Against the Formation of Parties</a>" (14 July 1933) declared the NSDAP as the country's only legal political party, formalizing what had already been accomplished through the campaign of Nazi terror and the complete capitulation of the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200734_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200734-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State</b>. With the Nazi Party as the only remaining legal party, Hitler now sought to extend the Party's grasp over all the levers of state power and administration through the "<a href="/wiki/Law_to_Secure_the_Unity_of_Party_and_State" title="Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State">Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State</a>" (1 December 1933), which was enacted by the Reich government under the provisions of the Enabling Act. The Nazi Party was legally established as a <a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">public corporation</a> with jurisdiction over its members. The Party and the SA became official organs of the German Reich. The Deputy <i>Führer</i> of the Party (<a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Stabschef" title="Stabschef">Stabschef</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>), were made <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> members of the Reich government as <a href="/wiki/Ministers_without_portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers without portfolio">ministers without portfolio</a>, further interlocking the leadership of the Party and State. Government agencies, including public safety and law enforcement authorities such as the police, public prosecutors and the courts, were obligated to provide the Party and the SA with administrative and legal information and investigatory assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Law_to_Safeguard_the_Unity_of_Party_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Law_to_Safeguard_the_Unity_of_Party-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party courts (<i>Parteigerichte</i>) received the status of official legal institutions of the State and any crime committed against the Party now was considered a crime against the State. These courts were now authorized to impose detention or imprisonment as punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKale1974118–119_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKale1974118–119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich.</b> All the state parliaments had been dissolved (along with the <i>Reichstag</i>) on 14 October 1933, and while new <i>Reichstag</i> elections took place on 12 November, no new state parliamentary elections were scheduled. Now, on the one-year anniversary of coming to power, the Reich government passed through the <i>Reichstag</i>, by a unanimous vote, the "<a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Reconstruction_of_the_Reich" title="Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich">Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich</a>" (30 January 1934). This was one of only seven laws passed by the <i>Reichstag</i> in the 19 sessions held during the entire Nazi regime, as opposed to 986 laws enacted solely by the Reich government under the authority of the Enabling Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher_Bundestag2023_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher_Bundestag2023-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law, in the form of a constitutional amendment, formally did away with the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>. The state parliaments were abolished altogether and state <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> passed to the Reich government. The states, though not themselves eliminated, were reduced to mere administrative bodies subordinated to the Reich, effectively converting Germany into a highly centralized <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>. By destroying the autonomy of the historic German states, Hitler achieved what <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> and the Weimar Republic had never dared to attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990200–201_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990200–201-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Law on the Abolition of the <i>Reichsrat.</i></b> Within two weeks of the abolition of the state parliaments, the Reich government enacted the "<a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Abolition_of_the_Reichsrat" title="Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat">Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat</a>" (14 February 1934) formally abolishing the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Reichsrat</a></i>, the second chamber of the national parliament that represented the states. This was a clear violation of the Enabling Act. While Article 2 of the Enabling Act allowed the government to pass laws that deviated from the Constitution, it explicitly protected the existence of the <i>Reichstag</i> and <i>Reichsrat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand19847_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand19847-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich.</b> With Reich President von Hindenburg fatally ill, the Reich government enacted the "<a href="/wiki/Law_Concerning_the_Head_of_State_of_the_German_Reich" title="Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich">Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich</a>" (1 August 1934). This law was signed by the entire Reich cabinet. It combined the office of Reich President with that of Reich Chancellor under the title of "<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer"><i>Führer</i> and Reich Chancellor</a>," and was drawn up to become effective on the death of the Reich President, which occurred the next day. Again, this flagrantly violated Article 2 of the Enabling Act, which forbade any actions interfering with the office of the Reich President. With this law, Hitler became not only Germany's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017289_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017289-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also removed the last remedy by which Hitler could be legally removed from office, and with it all checks on his power.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coordination_of_the_German_Länder"><span id="Coordination_of_the_German_L.C3.A4nder"></span>Coordination of the German <i>Länder</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coordination of the German Länder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg/260px-Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg/390px-Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg/520px-Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>While the <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">German states</a> were not formally abolished (excluding <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> in 1934 and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">Lübeck in 1937</a>), their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended. <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a> <a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fenschlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußenschlag">was already under federal administration</a> when <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Hitler came to power</a>, providing a model for the process.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png/260px-Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png/390px-Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png/520px-Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="2031" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Nazi Party Gaue</a> effectively replaced the federal government structure.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party had control of only five of the seventeen German <i>Länder</i> (states).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlow1969277_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlow1969277-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Nazis acted swiftly to eliminate any potential centers of opposition arising in the remaining states. Immediately following the Reichstag election of 5 March 1933, the central government began in earnest its campaign to take over the state governments that it did not yet control, and within a very short period they achieved dominance over the administration in every state. </p> <blockquote><p>The pattern was in each case similar: pressure on the non-Nazi state governments to place a National Socialist in charge of the police; threatening demonstrations from SA and SS troops in the big cities; the symbolic raising of the swastika banner on town halls; the capitulation with hardly any resistance of the elected governments; the imposition of a Reich Commissar under the pretext of restoring order … Despite the semblance of legality, the usurpation of the powers of the <i>Länder</i> by the Reich was a plain breach of the Constitution. Force and pressure by the Nazi organizations themselves – political blackmail – had been solely responsible for creating the 'unrest' that had prompted the alleged restorations of 'order'. The terms of the emergency decree of 28 February provided no justification since there was plainly no need for defence from any 'communist acts of violence endangering the state'. The only such acts were those of the Nazis themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008278–279_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008278–279-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The following table presents an overview of the process of <i>Gleichschaltung</i> as it was applied to the Nazification of the German <i>Länder</i> governments. While, strictly speaking, the <i>Gleichschaltung</i> process did not start until after the Nazi seizure of power at the Reich level at the end of January 1933, the table also presents earlier Nazi Party successes in infiltrating and taking charge of several German state administrations during 1930–1932. In most of these instances, they took the portfolio of the state interior ministries from which they controlled the police, installing Nazi adherents and purging opponents. </p><p>Most coalition cabinets that the Nazis formed were with the participation of their conservative nationalist ally, the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP). The "Law Against the Founding of New Parties" (14 July 1933) banned all parties except the Nazi Party. The DNVP members of the remaining coalition cabinets eventually either joined the Party or were replaced by Nazis, resulting in one-party government in all the <i>Länder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003372–373_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003372–373-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Key: </td> <td style="background:#dfffdf">Entered into a coalition government led by a non-Nazi </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">Formed a coalition government led by a Nazi </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">Formed an all-Nazi government </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable float-right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Nazi Seizure of Power in the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4nder" title="Länder">Länder</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198196–104_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198196–104-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Date </th> <th><i>Länder</i> </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Thuringia" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </td> <td>23 January 1930 </td> <td style="background:#dfffdf">First Nazi enters a coalition cabinet with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> appointed Minister of the Interior and Public Education </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>26 August 1932 </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a> </td> <td>1 October 1930 </td> <td style="background:#dfffdf">Nazis enter coalition cabinet with <a href="/wiki/Anton_Franzen" title="Anton Franzen">Anton Franzen</a> appointed Minister of the Interior and Public Education </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>9 May 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">All Nazi cabinet formed under Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Klagges" title="Dietrich Klagges">Dietrich Klagges</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> </td> <td>8 April 1932 </td> <td style="background:#dfffdf">Nazis enter coalition cabinet with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stichtenoth" title="Fritz Stichtenoth">Fritz Stichtenoth</a> appointed <i>Staatsrat</i> (State Councillor) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>29 May 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">All Nazi cabinet formed under Minister of State <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stichtenoth" title="Fritz Stichtenoth">Fritz Stichtenoth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> </td> <td>21 May 1932 </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">First Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under <a href="/wiki/Minister-President" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President">Minister-President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Freyberg" title="Alfred Freyberg">Alfred Freyberg</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a> </td> <td>16 June 1932 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">First all Nazi cabinet formed under Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Carl_R%C3%B6ver" title="Carl Röver">Carl Röver</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> </td> <td>13 July 1932 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">All Nazi cabinet formed under Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Granzow" title="Walter Granzow">Walter Granzow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a> </td> <td>30 January 1933 </td> <td style="background:#dfffdf">Nazis enter coalition cabinet formed under <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> becomes Minister of the Interior </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>11 April 1933 </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Minister-President Hermann Göring </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a> </td> <td>7 February 1933 </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Chairman of the <i>Landespräsidien</i> (State Presidency) <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krappe" title="Ernst Krappe">Ernst Krappe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td>8 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Senate President and <i><a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">Bürgermeister</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Vincent_Krogmann" title="Carl Vincent Krogmann">Carl Vincent Krogmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a> </td> <td>8 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">Appointment of <i>Reichskommissar</i> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Matthaei" title="Kurt Matthaei">Kurt Matthaei</a>; on 1 April, an all Nazi cabinet formed under State Councillor <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Riecke" title="Hans-Joachim Riecke">Hans-Joachim Riecke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>10 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">All Nazi cabinet formed under <i>Reichskommissar</i> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ritter_von_Epp" title="Franz Ritter von Epp">Franz Ritter von Epp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td>10 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under <i>Reichskommissar</i> <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Freiherr_von_Killinger" title="Manfred Freiherr von Killinger">Manfred Freiherr von Killinger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a> </td> <td>10 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">All Nazi cabinet formed under <i>Reichskommissar</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinrich_Wagner" title="Robert Heinrich Wagner">Robert Heinrich Wagner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a> </td> <td>11 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">Appointment of <i>Reichskommissar</i> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_V%C3%B6ltzer" title="Friedrich Völtzer">Friedrich Völtzer</a>; on 31 May, <a href="/wiki/Otto-Heinrich_Drechsler" title="Otto-Heinrich Drechsler">Otto-Heinrich Drechsler</a> named Senate President and <i>Bürgermeister</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td>13 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">All Nazi cabinet formed under <i>Staatspräsident</i> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Werner" title="Ferdinand Werner">Ferdinand Werner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> </td> <td>15 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#cfcfff">Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Murr" title="Wilhelm Murr">Wilhelm Murr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> </td> <td>18 March 1933 </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb">All Nazi cabinet formed under Senate President and acting <i>Bürgermeister</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Markert" title="Richard Markert">Richard Markert</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propaganda_and_societal_integration">Propaganda and societal integration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propaganda and societal integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502,_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/175px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/263px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/350px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most critical steps towards <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> of German society was the introduction of the "Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda" under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> in March 1933 and the subsequent steps taken by the Propaganda Ministry to assume complete control of the press and all means of social communication. This included oversight of newspapers, magazines, films, books, public meetings and ceremonies, foreign press relations, theater, art and music, radio, and television.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBytwerk200458–66_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBytwerk200458–66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, Goebbels said: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he secret of propaganda [is to] permeate the person it aims to grasp, without his even noticing that he is being permeated. <i>Of course</i> propaganda has a purpose, but the purpose must be concealed with such cleverness and virtuosity that the person on whom this purpose is to be carried out doesn't notice it at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005127_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005127-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This was also the purpose of "co-ordination": to ensure that every aspect of the lives of German citizens was permeated with the ideas and prejudices of the Nazis. From March to July 1933 and continuing afterward, the Nazi Party systematically eliminated or co-opted non-Nazi organizations that could potentially influence people. Those critical of Hitler and the Nazis were suppressed, intimidated, or murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–390_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–390-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Every national voluntary association, and every local club, was brought under Nazi control, from industrial and agricultural pressure groups to sports associations, football clubs, male voice choirs, women's organizations—in short, the whole fabric of associational life was Nazified. Rival, politically oriented clubs or societies were merged into a single Nazi body. Existing leaders of voluntary associations were either unceremoniously ousted, or knuckled under of their own accord. Many organizations expelled leftish or liberal members and declared their allegiance to the new state and its institutions. The whole process ... went on all over Germany. ... By the end, virtually the only non-Nazi associations left were the army and the Churches with their lay organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200514_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200514-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For example, in 1934, the government founded the <i>Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen</i>, later the <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Reichsbund_f%C3%BCr_Leibes%C3%BCbungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen">Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen</a></i>, as the official sports governing body. All other German sport associations gradually lost their freedom and were coopted into it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2004389–390_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2004389–390-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides sports, another more important part of the "co-ordination" effort was the purging of the civil service, both at the Federal and state level. Top Federal civil servants—the State Secretaries—were largely replaced if they were not sympathetic to the Nazi program, as were the equivalent bureaucrats in the states, but Nazification took place at every level. Civil servants rushed to join the Nazi Party, fearing they would lose their jobs if they did not. At the local level, mayors and councils were terrorized by Nazi stormtroopers of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> and <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> into resigning or following orders to replace officials and workers at local public institutions who were Jewish or belonged to other political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–383_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–383-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span></i> also included the formation of various organizations with compulsory membership for segments of the population, particularly the youth of Germany. Boys first served as apprentices in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Pimpfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimpfen">Pimpfen</a></i></span> (cubs), beginning at the age of six, and at age ten, entered the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span> (Young German Boys) and served there until joining the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> proper at age fourteen. Boys remained there until age eighteen, at which time they entered into the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeitsdienst">Arbeitsdienst</a></i></span> (Labor Service) and the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">armed forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200773–77_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200773–77-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girls became part of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4del" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungmädel">Jungmädel</a></i></span> (Young Maidens) at age ten and at age fourteen were enrolled in the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_M%C3%A4del" class="mw-redirect" title="Bund Deutscher Mädel">Bund Deutscher Mädel</a></i></span></i> (League of German Maidens). At eighteen, <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">BDM</a> members generally went to the eastern territory for their <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pflichtdienst</i></span>, or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landjahr</i></span>, a year of labor on a farm. By 1940, membership in the Hitler Youth numbered some eight million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachura1998479_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachura1998479-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coordination_of_the_trade_union_movement">Coordination of the trade union movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coordination of the trade union movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">German trade union movement</a> had a long history, dating to the mid-nineteenth-century. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, its largest grouping was the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Trade_Union_Federation" title="General German Trade Union Federation">General German Trade Union Federation</a> (ADGB). This was an umbrella organization that was formed in July 1919 and was originally composed of 52 unions with about 8 million workers. It was generally affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Germany)">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) and was on the left of the political spectrum. In March 1920, it was instrumental in calling a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> that led to the collapse of the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> that attempted to overthrow the republic. It was led from January 1921 by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Leipart" title="Theodor Leipart">Theodor Leipart</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">economic downturn of 1929</a>, the resulting sharp rise in unemployment caused a large drop-off in membership but, by 1932, it still represented an estimated 3.5 million workers in some 30 unions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMO,_Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMO,_Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Nazis came to power at the end of January 1933, there was some sentiment for a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> by SPD politicians and trade unionists, but the national leadership was wary of such an action in the face of the worst unemployment crisis the nation had experienced. Though there were some sporadic isolated incidents, no general policy of resistance was undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003319_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003319-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazis embarked on a policy of violence and intimidation against all their opponents, including the SPD-affiliated trade unions. In an effort to safeguard his organization and its members, Leipart declared the ADBG politically "neutral" within weeks of the Nazis coming to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Prohibition_of_Free_Trade-Unions_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Prohibition_of_Free_Trade-Unions-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Party leaders convinced conservative elements among the police, the judiciary, prison administrators and civil servants that suppression of the labor movement was justified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003337_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003337-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Nazi gains in the <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">Reichstag election of 5 March 1933</a>, violent episodes increased in intensity, with <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> stormtroopers ransacking trade union offices, assaulting staff, destroying furniture and equipment, stealing funds and burning documents. By 25 March, union offices in some 45 towns throughout the Reich had been attacked. At this point, the trade unions began to distance themselves from the SPD in an attempt to seek an accommodation with the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003341,_355_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003341,_355-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 April, the ADGB agreed to move toward unification with the conservative Christian and the bourgeois liberal trade union groups, to form a single national labor organization in the new Nazi state. Leipart also supported the announcement by Goebbels that May Day would be celebrated as a public holiday for the first time, a long-sought goal of the labor movement. However, any efforts at reconciliation on the part of the unions were to prove futile, as the Nazis had already begun to plot a complete takeover of the trade union movement, as demonstrated by Goebbels' diary entry of 17 April: </p> <blockquote><p>On 1 May we shall arrange May Day as a grandiose demonstration of the German people's will. On 2 May the trade union offices will be occupied. Coordination in this area too. There might possibly be a row for a few days, but then they will belong to us. We must make no allowances anymore. … Once the trade unions are in our hands the other parties and organizations will not be able to hold out for much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Accordingly, 1 May 1933 was declared the Day of National Labor, a day of parades, speeches and propaganda displays to celebrate the unity of the German labor movement with the nation, featuring SA military bands, swastika flags and fireworks. It culminated with a huge rally and speech by Hitler at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Berlin Tempelhof Airport</a> that was attended by over one million people. Many workers, particularly those in state employment, were compelled to participate by threats of dismissal for not attending. The next day, as Goebbels had indicated, the German labor movement was crushed under a wave of unprecedented violence at the hands of SA and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> troops. All SPD-supported trade union offices were occupied, their newspapers and periodicals were discontinued, their banks and credit unions were closed and their assets were confiscated and turned over to the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Factory_Cell_Organization" title="National Socialist Factory Cell Organization">National Socialist Factory Cell Organization</a>. Leipart and other union leaders were taken into "protective custody" and sent to concentration camps. Violence was inflicted on many and, in the most brutal incident, four union officials were beaten to death in <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003356–358_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003356–358-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_33T1_052_0285.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_33T1_052_0285.jpg/220px-Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_33T1_052_0285.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_33T1_052_0285.jpg/330px-Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_33T1_052_0285.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_33T1_052_0285.jpg/440px-Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_33T1_052_0285.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="3344" /></a><figcaption>Promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Trustees_of_Labour" title="Law on the Trustees of Labour">Law on the Trustees of Labour</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgesetzblatt" title="Reichsgesetzblatt">Reichsgesetzblatt</a></i> of 20 May 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>Two days later, other non-SPD-aligned union amalgamations, such as the conservative <a href="/wiki/German_National_Association_of_Commercial_Employees" title="German National Association of Commercial Employees">German National Association of Commercial Employees</a> and the liberal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirsch-Dunckersche_Gewerkvereine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirsch-Dunckersche Gewerkvereine (page does not exist)">Hirsch-Dunckersche Gewerkvereine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsch-Dunckersche_Gewerkvereine" class="extiw" title="de:Hirsch-Dunckersche Gewerkvereine">de</a>]</span>, placed themselves under the Action Committee for the Protection of German Labor, headed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>, the <i>Stabschef</i> (chief of staff) of the Nazi Party organization. The last remaining union umbrella agency, the Christian-oriented <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund_(1919%E2%80%931933)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (1919–1933) (page does not exist)">Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (1919–1933)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund_(1919%E2%80%931933)" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (1919–1933)">de</a>]</span> was absorbed at the end of June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981140_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981140-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this process, there were no strikes, no demonstrations and no protests. Even the Nazis were surprised. The most highly organized and powerful trade union movement in Europe offered no resistance and disappeared virtually overnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its place, the <a href="/wiki/German_Labor_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="German Labor Front">German Labor Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</i> or DAF), a Nazi Party organization led by Ley, was established on 10 May. Its goal was coordination of the entire labor force under Nazi leadership. On 19 May, the government enacted the <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Trustees_of_Labour" title="Law on the Trustees of Labour">Law on the Trustees of Labour</a> that decreed an end to collective bargaining. It established <a href="/wiki/Trustee_of_Labour" title="Trustee of Labour">Trustees of Labour</a>, who were appointed by Hitler and charged with regulating labor contracts and maintaining labor peace. Since their decisions were legally binding, strikes were effectively outlawed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strength_Through_Joy">Strength Through Joy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Strength Through Joy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An all-embracing recreational organization for workers, called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kraft_durch_Freude" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraft durch Freude">Kraft durch Freude</a></i></span> ("Strength Through Joy") was set up under the auspices of the German Labor Front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbies were regimented and all private clubs, whether chess, football, or woodworking, were brought under the control of Strength Through Joy, which also provided vacation trips, skiing, swimming, concerts, and ocean cruises. Some 43 million Germans enjoyed trips via the Strength Through Joy initiative. This effort inspired the idea of Germans acquiring automobiles and the construction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a></i>. It was the largest of the many organizations established by the Nazis and a propaganda success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310–311_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310–311-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers were also brought in line with the party through activities such as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsberufswettkampf" title="Reichsberufswettkampf">Reichsberufswettkampf</a></i></span>, a national vocational competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenbaum199795_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenbaum199795-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many unemployed people were also drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Labour_Service" title="Reich Labour Service">Reich Labour Service</a> where they were given uniforms and tools and put to work; the disappearance of unemployed people from the streets contributed to the perception that the Nazis were improving the economic conditions of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Claudia Koonz</a> explains that the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> stems from the arena of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, where it refers to converting power from <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> to <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a>, which is called "<a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectification</a>" in English; the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> translates literally as "phasing". Used in its socio-political sense, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> has no equivalent in any other language. The Nazis also used other similar terms, such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ausschaltung</i></span>, which constituted the removal or "switching off" of anyone who stained or soiled the German nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seemingly clinical terminology captured both the mechanical and biological meaning for members of German society; as one German citizen visiting London explained, "It means the same stream will flow through the ethnic body politic [<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskörper</i></span>]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372–73_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372–73-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former University of <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> professor of romance languages, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Klemperer" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Klemperer">Viktor Klemperer</a>—dismissed from his post for being Jewish in 1935 and who only survived his time in Germany due to being married to a prominent German woman—collected a list of terms employed in everyday speech by the Nazis, which he discussed in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/LTI_%E2%80%93_Lingua_Tertii_Imperii" title="LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii">LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii</a></i>, published in English as <i>The Language of the Third Reich</i>. In this work, Klemperer contends that the Nazis made the German language itself a servant to their ideology through its repetitive use, eventually permeating the very "flesh and blood" of its people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemperer200014_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemperer200014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, if it was sunny and pleasant, it was described as "Hitler weather", or if you failed to comply with Nazi ideals of racial and social <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>, you were "switched off."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200373_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200373-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the blatant emphasis on racial hatred of others seemed to reach an impasse in the school system, through radio broadcasts, or on film reels, the overseers of Nazi <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> propaganda switched to strategies that focused more on togetherness and the "we-consciousness" of the collective Volk, but the mandates of Nazi "coordination" remained: pay homage to the Führer, expel all foreigners, sacrifice for the German people, and welcome future challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003161–162_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003161–162-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While greater German social and economic unity was produced through the <i>Gleichschaltung</i> initiatives of the regime, it was at the expense of individuality and to the social detriment of any nonconformist;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997109_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997109-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worse—it contributed to and reinforced the social and racial exclusion of anyone deemed an enemy by National Socialist doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazi <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> or "synchronization" of German society—along with a series of Nazi legislation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997110_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997110-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—was part and parcel to Jewish economic disenfranchisement, the violence against political opposition, the creation of concentration camps, the Nuremberg Laws, the establishment of a racial <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksgemeinschaft</i></span>, the seeking of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span>, and the violent <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">mass destruction of human life</a> deemed somehow less valuable by the National Socialist government of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildt20129,_109,_125–128_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildt20129,_109,_125–128-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241–251_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241–251-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Gleichschaltung</i> measures were used to give the Nazi regime the appearance of legality. Thousands of decrees, including many of the <i>Gleichschaltung</i> laws, were based explicitly on the Reichstag Fire Decree, and hence on Article 48. The <i>Reichstag</i> renewed the Enabling Act twice, though this was a foregone conclusion with all other parties banned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caplan remains critical of the term <i>Gleichschaltung</i> as an equalizing ideological structure within Nazi Germany; she claims the notion represents a "fraudulent edifice", since the extant social power structures and economic stratification more or less remained intact, despite Nazi propaganda suggesting otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaplan201960_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan201960-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrupp2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrupp2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrupp2013">Strupp 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017248-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017248_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997940-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997940_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997940_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1997">Zentner & Bedürftig 1997</a>, p. 940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999479-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999479_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000272-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000272_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurleigh2000">Burleigh 2000</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld2014101,_164-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld2014101,_164_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld2014101,_164_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirschfeld2014">Hirschfeld 2014</a>, pp. 101, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaelDoerr2002192-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaelDoerr2002192_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaelDoerr2002">Michael & Doerr 2002</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan201960-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaplan201960_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaplan201960_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaplan2019">Caplan 2019</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–390-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–390_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–390_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 381–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003332–333-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003332–333_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 332–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003339–340-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003339–340_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003340-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003340_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003351–354-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003351–354_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 351–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990199–200-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990199–200_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200728–30-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200728–30_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenz2007">Benz 2007</a>, pp. 28–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200730-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200730_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenz2007">Benz 2007</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981106–107-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981106–107_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroszat1981">Broszat 1981</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003382,_437-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003382,_437_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 382, 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357–358-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357–358_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960202–203-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960202–203_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003336-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003336_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003355–359-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003355–359_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 355–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261–265-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261–265_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, pp. 261–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990201-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990201_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200734-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200734_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenz2007">Benz 2007</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Law_to_Safeguard_the_Unity_of_Party-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Law_to_Safeguard_the_Unity_of_Party_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGHDI,_Law_to_Safeguard_the_Unity_of_Party">GHDI, Law to Safeguard the Unity of Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKale1974118–119-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKale1974118–119_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKale1974">McKale 1974</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher_Bundestag2023-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher_Bundestag2023_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeutscher_Bundestag2023">Deutscher Bundestag 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990200–201-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990200–201_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand19847-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand19847_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHildebrand1984">Hildebrand 1984</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017289-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017289_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlow1969277-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlow1969277_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlow1969">Orlow 1969</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008278–279-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008278–279_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003372–373-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003372–373_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 372–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198196–104-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198196–104_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroszat1981">Broszat 1981</a>, pp. 96–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBytwerk200458–66-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBytwerk200458–66_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBytwerk2004">Bytwerk 2004</a>, pp. 58–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005127-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005127_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200514-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200514_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2004389–390-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-Kolwe2004389–390_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedemeyer-Kolwe2004">Wedemeyer-Kolwe 2004</a>, pp. 389–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–383-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–383_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 381–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200773–77-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200773–77_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenz2007">Benz 2007</a>, pp. 73–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachura1998479-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachura1998479_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStachura1998">Stachura 1998</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMO,_Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMO,_Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeMO,_Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund">LeMO, Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003319-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003319_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Prohibition_of_Free_Trade-Unions-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGHDI,_Prohibition_of_Free_Trade-Unions_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGHDI,_Prohibition_of_Free_Trade-Unions">GHDI, Prohibition of Free Trade-Unions</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003337-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003337_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003341,_355-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003341,_355_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 341, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003357_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003356–358-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003356–358_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 356–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981140-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981140_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroszat1981">Broszat 1981</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017261_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310–311-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017310–311_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenbaum199795-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenbaum199795_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbaum1997">Schoenbaum 1997</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2001">Childers 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372–73-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200372–73_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemperer200014-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemperer200014_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlemperer2000">Klemperer 2000</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200373-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200373_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003161–162-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003161–162_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997109-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997109_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylorShaw1997">Taylor & Shaw 1997</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaqueurBaumel2001">Laqueur & Baumel 2001</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997110-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorShaw1997110_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylorShaw1997">Taylor & Shaw 1997</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildt20129,_109,_125–128-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildt20129,_109,_125–128_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildt2012">Wildt 2012</a>, pp. 9, 109, 125–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241–251-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001241–251_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaqueurBaumel2001">Laqueur & Baumel 2001</a>, pp. 241–251.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenz2007" class="citation book cs1">Benz, Wolfgang (2007). <i>A Concise History of the Third Reich</i>. Berkeley & Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52025-383-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52025-383-4"><bdi>978-0-52025-383-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Berkeley+%26+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-52025-383-4&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroszat1981" class="citation book cs1">Broszat, Martin (1981). <i>The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich</i>. New York: Longman Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48997-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48997-4"><bdi>978-0-582-48997-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+State%3A+The+Foundation+and+Development+of+the+Internal+Structure+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-582-48997-4&rft.aulast=Broszat&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Burleigh, Michael</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichnewhis00burl"><i>The Third Reich: A New History</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hill_and_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill and Wang">Hill and Wang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-9325-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-9325-1"><bdi>0-8090-9325-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8090-9325-1&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichnewhis00burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBytwerk2004" class="citation book cs1">Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004). <i>Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic</i>. East Lansing: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" title="Michigan State University Press">Michigan State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870137105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870137105"><bdi>978-0870137105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bending+Spines%3A+The+Propagandas+of+Nazi+Germany+and+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.place=East+Lansing&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0870137105&rft.aulast=Bytwerk&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2019" class="citation book cs1">Caplan, Jane (2019). <i>Nazi Germany: A Very Short Introduction</i>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19870-695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19870-695-3"><bdi>978-0-19870-695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19870-695-3&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2001" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Childers" title="Thomas Childers">Childers, Thomas</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wondrium.com/a-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition">"Racial Policy and the Totalitarian State"</a>. <i>A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition</i>. Episode 7. <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Courses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Courses">The Great Courses</a>. Event occurs at 12:20-12:41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hitler%27s+Empire%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.series=Episode+7&rft.pub=The+Great+Courses&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondrium.com%2Fa-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2017" class="citation book cs1">Childers, Thomas (2017). <i>The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3"><bdi>978-1-45165-113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-45165-113-3&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher_Bundestag2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deutscher Bundestag (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/geschichte/parlamentarismus/drittes_reich/">"Parlament (Nationalisozialismus)"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parlament+%28Nationalisozialismus%29&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Deutscher+Bundestag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fparlament%2Fgeschichte%2Fparlamentarismus%2Fdrittes_reich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Third Reich"><i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Publishing">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3"><bdi>0-14-303469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-303469-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_in_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich in Power"><i>The Third Reich in Power</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303790-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303790-0"><bdi>0-14-303790-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-303790-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGHDI,_Law_to_Safeguard_the_Unity_of_Party" class="citation web cs1">GHDI – German History in Documents and Images. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1502">"Law to Safeguard the Unity of Party and State"</a>. <i>German History in Documents and Images</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+History+in+Documents+and+Images&rft.atitle=Law+to+Safeguard+the+Unity+of+Party+and+State&rft.au=GHDI+%E2%80%93+German+History+in+Documents+and+Images&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghdi.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_document.cfm%3Fdocument_id%3D1502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGHDI,_Prohibition_of_Free_Trade-Unions" class="citation web cs1">GHDI – German History in Documents and Images. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1890">"Prohibition of Free Trade-Unions"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prohibition+of+Free+Trade-Unions&rft.au=GHDI+%E2%80%93+German+History+in+Documents+and+Images&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghdi.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_image.cfm%3Fimage_id%3D1890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrand1984" class="citation book cs1">Hildebrand, Klaus (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0000hild"><i>The Third Reich</i></a>. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0494-3033-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-0494-3033-5"><bdi>0-0494-3033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-0494-3033-5&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreich0000hild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeld2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Hirschfeld" title="Gerhard Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld, Gerhard</a> (2014). <i>The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317625728" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317625728"><bdi>978-1317625728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Policies+of+Genocide%3A+Jews+and+Soviet+Prisoners+of+War+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317625728&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33761-7"><bdi>978-0-393-33761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33761-7&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers"><i>Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04671-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04671-0"><bdi>0-393-04671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1889%E2%80%931936%3A+Hubris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-04671-0&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerhubris00kers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemperer2000" class="citation book cs1">Klemperer, Victor (2000). <i>Language of the Third Reich – LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii</i>. New York & London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82649-130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82649-130-5"><bdi>978-0-82649-130-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+Third+Reich+%E2%80%93+LTI%3A+Lingua+Tertii+Imperii&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-82649-130-5&rft.aulast=Klemperer&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonz2003" class="citation book cs1">Koonz, Claudia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naziconscience00koon"><i>The Nazi Conscience</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01172-4"><bdi>978-0-674-01172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Conscience&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+%28Harvard+University+Press%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01172-4&rft.aulast=Koonz&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaziconscience00koon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueurBaumel2001" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). <i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. New Haven & London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30008-432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30008-432-0"><bdi>978-0-30008-432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-30008-432-0&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Baumel%2C+Judith+Tydor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKale1974" class="citation book cs1">McKale, Donald M. (1974). <i>The Nazi Party Courts: Hitler's Management of Conflict in His Movement, 1921–1945</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0122-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0122-8"><bdi>0-7006-0122-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Party+Courts%3A+Hitler%27s+Management+of+Conflict+in+His+Movement%2C+1921%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7006-0122-8&rft.aulast=McKale&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeMO,_Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lebendiges Museum Online (LeMO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/adgb">"Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund"</a> [General German Trade Union Confederation] (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allgemeiner+Deutscher+Gewerkschaftsbund&rft.au=Lebendiges+Museum+Online+%28LeMO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fweimarer-republik%2Finnenpolitik%2Fadgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelDoerr2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert; Doerr, Karin (2002). <i>Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German</i>. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32106-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32106-X"><bdi>0-313-32106-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi-Deutsch%2FNazi-German&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-32106-X&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Doerr%2C+Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlow1969" class="citation book cs1">Orlow, Dietrich (1969). <i>The History of the Nazi Party: 1919–1933</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-3183-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-3183-4"><bdi>0-8229-3183-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Nazi+Party%3A+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-8229-3183-4&rft.aulast=Orlow&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenbaum1997" class="citation book cs1">Schoenbaum, David (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerssocialrev0000scho"><i>Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939</i></a></span>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39331-554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39331-554-7"><bdi>978-0-39331-554-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Social+Revolution%3A+Class+and+Status+in+Nazi+Germany%2C+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-39331-554-7&rft.aulast=Schoenbaum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerssocialrev0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1960). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-831-77404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-831-77404-2"><bdi>978-0-831-77404-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-831-77404-2&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1990). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. New York: MJF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1"><bdi>978-1-56731-163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-56731-163-1&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachura1998" class="citation book cs1">Stachura, Peter D. (1998). "Hitler Youth". In Dieter Buse; Juergen Doerr (eds.). <i>Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture, 1871–1990</i>. Vol. 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81530-503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81530-503-3"><bdi>978-0-81530-503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hitler+Youth&rft.btitle=Modern+Germany%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+People%2C+and+Culture%2C+1871%E2%80%931990&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-81530-503-3&rft.aulast=Stachura&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrupp2013" class="citation news cs1">Strupp, Christoph (30 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/marking-eighty-years-since-hitler-took-power-in-germany-a-880565.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Only a Phase': How Diplomats Misjudged Hitler's Rise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=%27Only+a+Phase%27%3A+How+Diplomats+Misjudged+Hitler%27s+Rise&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=Strupp&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fmarking-eighty-years-since-hitler-took-power-in-germany-a-880565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorShaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, James; Shaw, Warren (1997). <i>The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Reference</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14051-389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14051-389-9"><bdi>978-0-14051-389-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14051-389-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedemeyer-Kolwe2004" class="citation book cs1">Wedemeyer-Kolwe, James (2004). <i>Der neue Mensch: Körperkultur im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik</i>. Würzburg: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigshausen_%26_Neumann" title="Königshausen & Neumann">Königshausen & Neumann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-82602-772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-82602-772-7"><bdi>978-3-82602-772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+neue+Mensch%3A+K%C3%B6rperkultur+im+Kaiserreich+und+in+der+Weimarer+Republik&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigshausen+%26+Neumann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-82602-772-7&rft.aulast=Wedemeyer-Kolwe&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildt2012" class="citation book cs1">Wildt, Michael (2012). <i>Hitler's 'Volksgemeinschaft' and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Violence against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1919–1939</i>. Oxford & New York: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-322-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-322-8"><bdi>978-0-85745-322-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+%27Volksgemeinschaft%27+and+the+Dynamics+of+Racial+Exclusion%3A+Violence+against+Jews+in+Provincial+Germany%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-322-8&rft.aulast=Wildt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1997" class="citation book cs1">Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) [1991]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich">The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80793-0"><bdi>978-0-306-80793-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80793-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher, Karl Dietrich</a> (1972). "Stages of Totalitarian 'Integration' (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span>): The Consolidation of National Socialist Rule in 1933 and 1934", in <i>Republic To Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution Ten Essays</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Hajo Holborn</a>, New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 109–28</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="Everett Hughes (sociologist)">Hughes, Everett</a> (December 1955). "The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> of the German Statistical Yearbook: A Case in Professional Political Neutrality". <i>The American Statistician</i>. Vol. IX. pp. 8–11.</li> <li>Kroeschell, Karl (1989). <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte 3 (seit 1650)</i></span>, 2nd ed., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-22139-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-22139-6">3-531-22139-6</a></li> <li>Kroeschell, Karl (1992). <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rechtsgeschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8252-1681-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8252-1681-0">3-8252-1681-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1936" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Roger H. (April 1936). "The Liquidation of the German Länder". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>30</b> (2). American Political Science Association: 350–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1947263">10.2307/1947263</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1947263">1947263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147621323">147621323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Liquidation+of+the+German+L%C3%A4nder&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=350-361&rft.date=1936-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147621323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1947263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1947263&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Roger+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGleichschaltung" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/einparteienstaat/index.html">Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525152218/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/einparteienstaat/index.html">Archived</a> 2014-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Die Errichtung des Einparteienstaats 1933</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursera.org/lecture/holocaust-introduction-1/1933-gleichschaltung-WwsLz">1933: Gleichschaltung</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <ul><li>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities<br /> and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside<br />Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in <br /> German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313768#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132828-0">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&oldid=1259157974">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&oldid=1259157974</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Society of Nazi Germany">Society of Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_terminology" title="Category:Nazi terminology">Nazi terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_words_and_phrases" title="Category:German words and phrases">German words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Politics of Nazi Germany">Politics of Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_backsliding_in_the_interwar_period" title="Category:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period">Democratic backsliding in the interwar period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use American English from February 2020">Use American English from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 18:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gleichschaltung&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nhjc4","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.514","walltime":"1.731","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8529,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":237590,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7934,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":138317,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1510.400 1 -total"," 30.08% 454.268 1 Template:Nazism"," 29.96% 452.469 1 Template:Navbox"," 27.81% 420.049 8 Template:Excerpt"," 19.08% 288.238 1 Template:Nazism_sidebar"," 18.88% 285.203 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 14.01% 211.648 71 Template:Sfn"," 13.87% 209.480 104 Template:Lang"," 12.80% 193.343 26 Template:Cite_book"," 5.41% 81.709 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.091","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17056317,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBenz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroszat1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurleigh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBytwerk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilders2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilders2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher_Bundestag2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGHDI,_Law_to_Safeguard_the_Unity_of_Party\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGHDI,_Prohibition_of_Free_Trade-Unions\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHildebrand1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschfeld2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemperer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoonz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueurBaumel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeMO,_Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKale1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelDoerr2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlow1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenbaum1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStachura1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrupp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorShaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedemeyer-Kolwe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 36,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 71,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","200","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","180","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","11.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.1"],["tostring","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getDescription","40","3.4"],["[others]","160","13.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-clx47","timestamp":"20241123205128","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gleichschaltung","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gleichschaltung","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q313768","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q313768","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-12T19:29:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T18:12:09Z","headline":"process of nazification"}</script> </body> </html>