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href="#Native_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Native schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Native_schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Native schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Native_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_language_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_language_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>English language teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_language_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_curriculum_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_curriculum_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other curriculum issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_curriculum_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Māori_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Māori_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline of Māori schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Māori_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Native schools</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Schools established to acculturate Māori into white New Zealander society</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the schools in New Zealand. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Native_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Native School (disambiguation)">Native School</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wesleyan_Native_School._Three_Kings,_near_Auckland_(1849).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wesleyan_Native_School._Three_Kings%2C_near_Auckland_%281849%29.jpg/200px-Wesleyan_Native_School._Three_Kings%2C_near_Auckland_%281849%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wesleyan_Native_School._Three_Kings%2C_near_Auckland_%281849%29.jpg/300px-Wesleyan_Native_School._Three_Kings%2C_near_Auckland_%281849%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wesleyan_Native_School._Three_Kings%2C_near_Auckland_%281849%29.jpg/400px-Wesleyan_Native_School._Three_Kings%2C_near_Auckland_%281849%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Painting of the Wesleyan Native School, <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings,_New_Zealand" title="Three Kings, New Zealand">Three Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> (April 1849)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whirinaki_Native_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Native school in Whirinaki, Te Tai Tokerau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Whirinaki_Native_School.jpg/200px-Whirinaki_Native_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Whirinaki_Native_School.jpg/300px-Whirinaki_Native_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Whirinaki_Native_School.jpg/400px-Whirinaki_Native_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5676" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Native school at <a href="/wiki/Whirinaki,_Northland" title="Whirinaki, Northland">Whirinaki</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Native schools</b> or <b>Māori schools</b> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> were established to provide education for <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> children. The first schools for Māori were established by the Anglican <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Church_Missionary_Society" title="New Zealand Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> (CMS) in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> starting in 1816. Catholic priests and brothers established schools for Māori throughout the country, including <a href="/wiki/Hato_Paora_College" title="Hato Paora College">Hato Paora College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feilding" title="Feilding">Feilding</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hato_Petera_College" title="Hato Petera College">Hato Petera College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>). <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_M%C4%81ori_Girls%27_College" title="St Joseph's Māori Girls' College">St Joseph's Māori Girls' College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taradale,_New_Zealand" title="Taradale, New Zealand">Taradale</a>) was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Missions" title="Congregation of Our Lady of the Missions">Sisters of Our Lady of the Missions</a>. </p><p>The Native Schools Act 1867 established a national system of village primary schools under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri#Native_Department_(1861–1893)" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Native Department</a>. As part of the Government's policy to assimilate Māori into Pākehā society, instruction was to be conducted entirely in English where practical. Under the Act, it was the responsibility of Māori communities to request a school for their children, form a school committee, supply land for the school and, until 1871, pay for half of the building costs and a quarter of the teacher's salary. Many communities were keen for their children to learn English as a second language and by 1879 there were 57 native schools. In 1880 the first inspector of native schools was appointed and a Native Schools Code was issued that prescribed a curriculum, established qualifications for teachers, and standardised operation for the Māori schools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_and_missionary_schools">Church and missionary schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Church and missionary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CMS founded its first mission at <a href="/wiki/Rangihoua_Bay" title="Rangihoua Bay">Rangihoua</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> in 1814 and over the next decade established schools in the Bay of Islands, the first being run by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kendall" title="Thomas Kendall">Thomas Kendall</a> from 1816 to 1818. Education of Māori children and adults advanced with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(missionary)" title="Henry Williams (missionary)">Henry Williams</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williams" title="Marianne Williams">Marianne</a> in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald2004-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2004-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1826 Henry's brother <a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(bishop)" title="William Williams (bishop)">William Williams</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jane_Williams_(missionary)" title="Jane Williams (missionary)">Jane</a> joined the CMS mission and settled at <a href="/wiki/Paihia" title="Paihia">Paihia</a> in the Bay of Islands, where schools were established. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(missionary)" title="Richard Taylor (missionary)">Richard Taylor</a> was appointed as head of the CMS school at <a href="/wiki/Te_Waimate_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Waimate mission">Te Waimate mission</a> in 1839 and remained there until 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-Feb1844_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb1844-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mar1844_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar1844-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schools for Māori children and adults were established in locations where the CMS established mission stations. For example, William Williams and his family arrived at Tūranga, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Bay" title="Poverty Bay">Poverty Bay</a>, on 20 January 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools run by William and Jane were well attended; the school opened with five classes for men, two classes for women and classes for boys. Classes covered practical knowledge as well as teaching of the scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-LF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early missionary schools were often conducted in the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a>, which was the predominant language throughout the early part of the 19th century. Māori who had attended mission schools set up their own schools back in their villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Calman2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calman2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1860s, three-quarters of the Māori population could read in Māori and two-thirds could write in Māori. </p><p>The Education Ordinance of 1847 provided some funding for mission schools and required them to conduct classes in English in order to receive the <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Aute_College" title="Te Aute College">Te Aute College</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Williams_(missionary)" title="Samuel Williams (missionary)">Samuel Williams</a> of the CMS in 1854. The Native Schools Act 1858 continued the subsidies for <a href="/wiki/Church_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Church school">church boarding schools</a> for Māori. The mission schools struggled to conduct all teaching in English, and many continued to teach in Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-Calman2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calman2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_M%C4%81ori_Girls%27_College" title="St Joseph's Māori Girls' College">St Joseph's Māori Girls' College</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Missions" title="Congregation of Our Lady of the Missions">Sisters of Our Lady of the Missions</a> in 1867. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> caused many of the mission schools to close.<sup id="cite_ref-Calman2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calman2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Te Aute College and St Joseph's Māori Girls' College, both in Hawke's Bay, were not impacted by the wars. The Anglican <a href="/wiki/Hukarere_Girls%27_College" title="Hukarere Girls' College">Hukarere Girls' College</a> was established in Napier in 1875. Catholic priests and brothers established other schools for Māori, including <a href="/wiki/Hato_Petera_College" title="Hato Petera College">Hato Petera College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>) in 1928 and <a href="/wiki/Hato_Paora_College" title="Hato Paora College">Hato Paora College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feilding" title="Feilding">Feilding</a>) in 1947. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_schools">Native schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Native schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Native Schools Act of 1867 was a major shift in policy. Rather than helping churches to rebuild mission schools after the wars, the government offered secular, state-controlled, primary schools to Māori communities who petitioned for them. In return for providing a suitable site, the government provided a school, teacher, books, and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngai_Tahu_report_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngai_Tahu_report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native school teachers frequently also provided medicines and medical advice to their pupils and their families,<sup id="cite_ref-Reports_from_officers_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reports_from_officers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_to_Journals_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_to_Journals-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Teachers'duties_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teachers'duties-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acted as liaison between rural communities and the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministerial_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministerial-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Praise_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praise-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools were transferred from the Native Department to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Education (New Zealand)">Department of Education</a> in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-Calman3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calman3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Pope_(educationalist)" title="James Pope (educationalist)">James Pope</a> was appointed the organising inspector of native schools in January 1880 and later that year he issued a Native Schools Code that prescribed a curriculum, established qualifications for teachers, and standardised operation for the native schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary mission was to <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilate</a> Māori into European culture. Māori could attend Board of Education schools and non-Māori could attend native schools, although the primary purpose of the native schools was providing European education for Māori. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_language_teaching">English language teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English language teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Section 21 of the Native Schools Act 1867 states:</p><blockquote><p>No school shall receive any grant unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the Colonial Secretary by the report of the inspector or otherwise as the Colonial Secretary shall think fit that the English language and the ordinary subjects of primary English education are taught by a competent teacher and that the instruction is carried on in the English language as far as practicable Provided always that it shall be lawful for the Colonial Secretary to contribute to the maintenance or salaries of such Native teachers as shall conduct Native Schools in remote districts when it may be found impossible to provide English teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The Native Schools Code published in 1880 stated that "the Native children must be taught to read and write the English language, and to speak it" and also</p><blockquote><p>It is not necessary that teachers should, at the time of their appointment, be acquainted with the Maori tongue; but they may find it desirable to learn enough Māori to enable them to communicate with the adult Natives. In all cases English is to be used by the teacher when he is instructing the senior classes. In the junior classes the Maori language may be used for the purpose of making the children acquainted with the meanings of English words and sentences. The aim of the teacher, however, should be to dispense with the use of Maori in school as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In 1906 the Inspector of Native Schools, William Bird, reported to the Inspector-General of Schools:</p><blockquote><p> I should like to impress upon both teachers and committees the necessity for encouraging the children to talk English on the playground, and to see that this is done as much as possible. There are many schools in which this habit is regularly practised, and it is very encouraging to hear the young Maori children calling to one another in English as they chase each other about the playground. I may inform teachers that it has been alleged that an important distinction exists in this very respect between the Maori children attending a Board school and those attending one of our own Native schools—namely, that the former speak English in the playground, while the latter speak Maori. I hope that teachers will do their best to give this statement a practical denial, and to take every care to impress upon the children the necessity of practising outside school the lessons they learn within it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although children were to be encouraged to speak English, there was never an official policy banning children from speaking Māori. However, some native school committees made rules to that effect,<sup id="cite_ref-Rules_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice that persisted well into the 20th century. This contributed to the decline in the general use of Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_curriculum_issues">Other curriculum issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other curriculum issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1800s, <a href="/wiki/George_Hogben" title="George Hogben">George Hogben</a>, Director of Education, implemented the policy of removing academic subjects, such as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, which were subjects that were part of the matriculation programme for entry to a university, and focused the curriculum of native schools on agricultural and technical instruction and domestic skills.<sup id="cite_ref-NZCER1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZCER1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was pointed out that there was nothing to stop a Māori from learning classics, maths and algebra (for example) at a regular public school.<sup id="cite_ref-Trust_report_1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trust_report_1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding Te Aute College, there was a recommendation in 1906 that "having regard to the circumstances of the Maoris as owners of considerable areas of suitable agricultural and pastoral land, it is necessary to give prominence in the curriculum to manual and technical instruction in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Trust_report_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trust_report_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was supported by Māori politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Watson_Bird" title="William Watson Bird">William Bird</a>, Inspector of Native Schools, expressed the opinion that the objective of Māori education should be to prepare pupils for life among Māori where they could take the skills they had learned to improve the lives of people in their home villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Trust_report_3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trust_report_3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, the government was considering handing control of native schools from the Education Department to local Education Boards. Members of Parliament <a href="/wiki/%C4%80pirana_Ngata" title="Āpirana Ngata">Āpirana Ngata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Buck_(anthropologist)" title="Peter Buck (anthropologist)">Te Rangihīroa</a> spoke against suddenly doing so, saying that "far better results were attained by Maori children at Native schools than at public schools. The reason was that at public schools Maori children, to whom English was a foreign language, were placed side by side with white children, who had obtained a colloquical [sic] knowledge of English in their own homes. In the Native schools special attention was paid to the teaching of English".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ngata said that Māori were suspicious that their children did not receive the same attention at board schools as at native schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1929 history was added to the native school curriculum, with teachers being advised to emphasise Māori and New Zealand history, and in 1930 a new primary school syllabus was introduced to board schools and (with modifications) to native schools.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new syllabus was criticised by an ex-Inspector of Native Schools in 1936. He stated that:</p><blockquote><p>The Maori language has been degraded and corrupted, and the young Maori has learned to aspire after pakeha ideas, sports and fashions and to despise Maori ways. The idea that the Maori would soon be absorbed into the pakeha population was one stultifying cause, and another was the lust for examination results inherent in a system run by ex-teachers and easily communicated to parents and the public. The most urgent reform in the education of the Maori is to restore and preserve the Maori language. Thousands of Maori children cannot speak Maori. This is a great loss.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>At a Māori conference in 1936 the subject of teaching Māori language was discussed and attendees pointed out that children in native schools were punished for speaking Māori. Academics at Auckland University College supported the view from the conference that Māori language and culture should be fostered at native schools,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 1939 the Inspector of Native Schools was able to state that pupils seemed to be thinking in English more often and translating more easily from Māori to English.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Māori_schools"><span id="Decline_of_M.C4.81ori_schools"></span>Decline of Māori schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline of Māori schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947 George Brown, the only Māori on the Hawkes Bay Education Board, suggested that board schools and native schools should be unified completely under one system. He pointed out that most Māori children attended board schools and felt there was no longer any need for separate schools, unless there was a demand for a completely separate system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Native schools became known as "Māori schools" following the Maori Purposes Act 1947, under which all government usage switched from 'Native' to 'Maori'. The number of Māori schools began to decline in the 1950s. In 1958 almost 70 per cent of Māori children attended a board school, but there were still 157 Māori schools (down from 166 in 1955). The government's long-term policy was to transfer Māori schools to the control of education boards, in consultation with local Māori communities. The New Zealand Official Yearbook stated:</p><blockquote><p>The language of instruction in the Maori schools is English, but the schools are not completely English in outlook, for Maori arts and crafts, song, legend, and history are taught. Methods of teaching are practical, and objectives closely related to the special needs of the Maori people. In many of the Maori schools, such equipment as woodwork rooms, cookery rooms, model cottages, baths, hot and cold showers, and laundries is supplied. Health education is featured in every Maori school.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The number of Māori schools continued to decline, and by 1968 there were only 108 Māori primary schools with a total of 8200 pupils, including 749 non-Māori children. 85 percent of Māori children attended state primary schools controlled by education boards, 11.1 percent were at Māori schools controlled directly by the Education Department, and 3.8 percent attended private schools (including Māori private schools).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal of Kaeo District High School noted that children from small Māori schools were hampered at secondary school because they did not have a good grasp of English. He stated that: “We have frequently discovered that children of even seven or eight years have no English word for quite common everyday things. Children such as these speak neither English nor Maori at home but a sort of pidgin mixture of both languages".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968 the Prime Minister announced that all state Māori schools would be put under the management of education boards, and the last 108 native schools were transferred to the control of boards by the beginning of 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Calman3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calman3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim was to deliver a better service to Māori pupils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_Zealand" title="History of education in New Zealand">History of education in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_kaupapa_M%C4%81ori" title="Kura kaupapa Māori">Kura kaupapa Māori</a> (Māori-language schools established from the 1980s onwards)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2011" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011). <i>Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North</i>. Huia Publishers, New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86969-439-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86969-439-5"><bdi>978-1-86969-439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Te+Wiremu%3A+Henry+Williams+%E2%80%93+Early+Years+in+the+North&rft.pub=Huia+Publishers%2C+New+Zealand&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86969-439-5&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald2004-2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald2004-2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2004" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004). <i>Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands</i>. Penguin Books, New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-301929-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-301929-5"><bdi>0-14-301929-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marianne+Williams%3A+Letters+from+the+Bay+of+Islands&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+New+Zealand&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-14-301929-5&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feb1844-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feb1844_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_02/8">"The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1844"</a></span>. <i>Missionary Meeting at Waimate, New Zealand</i>. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Matthew_Digital" title="Adam Matthew Digital">Adam Matthew Digital</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missionary+Meeting+at+Waimate%2C+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=The+Church+Missionary+Gleaner%2C+February+1844&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk%2FDocuments%2FImages%2FCMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_02%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mar1844-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mar1844_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_03/10">"The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1844"</a></span>. <i>A Native Congregation at Waimate – Contrast between the Past and the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Matthew_Digital" title="Adam Matthew Digital">Adam Matthew Digital</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Native+Congregation+at+Waimate+%E2%80%93+Contrast+between+the+Past+and+the+Present&rft.atitle=The+Church+Missionary+Gleaner%2C+March+1844&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk%2FDocuments%2FImages%2FCMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_03%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, William. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1841_01/23">"The Church Missionary Gleaner, April 1841"</a></span>. <i>Formation of a Church Mission at Turanga, or Poverty Bay, New Zealand</i>. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Matthew_Digital" title="Adam Matthew Digital">Adam Matthew Digital</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Formation+of+a+Church+Mission+at+Turanga%2C+or+Poverty+Bay%2C+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=The+Church+Missionary+Gleaner%2C+April+1841&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk%2FDocuments%2FImages%2FCMS_OX_Gleaner_1841_01%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LF-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LF_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1974" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Leo (1974). <i>Te Mana o Turanga</i>. Penrose Printing / N.Z. Historic Places Trust. p. 1 & 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Te+Mana+o+Turanga&rft.pages=1+%26+4&rft.pub=Penrose+Printing+%2F+N.Z.+Historic+Places+Trust&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calman2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calman2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calman2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calman2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalman2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Calman, Ross (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-education-matauranga/page-2">"Māori education – mātauranga – Missionaries and the early colonial period"</a>. <i>Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730211653if_/https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-education-matauranga/page-2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+education+%E2%80%93+m%C4%81tauranga+%E2%80%93+Missionaries+and+the+early+colonial+period&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Calman&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmaori-education-matauranga%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngai_Tahu_report-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ngai_Tahu_report_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022154002if_/http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=D5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91&chapter=132">Waitangi Tribunal Report on Ngai Tahu Schools and Hospitals</a> (Report). 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=D5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91&chapter=132">the original</a> on 22 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Waitangi+Tribunal+Report+on+Ngai+Tahu+Schools+and+Hospitals&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz%2Freports%2Fviewchapter.asp%3FreportID%3DD5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91%26chapter%3D132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reports_from_officers-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reports_from_officers_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1884-II.2.2.2.1">"Reports from officers in native districts"</a>. <i>Paperspast (Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1 January 1884)</i>. 1 January 1884. p. G1 p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220801234421/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1884-II.2.2.2.1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paperspast+%28Appendix+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1+January+1884%29&rft.atitle=Reports+from+officers+in+native+districts&rft.pages=G1+p.+1&rft.date=1884-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2FAJHR1884-II.2.2.2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appendix_to_Journals-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_to_Journals_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1894-I.2.2.3.8">"Education: Native Schools"</a>. <i>Paperspast (Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1 January 1894)</i>. p. E2, p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220801235121/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1894-I.2.2.3.8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paperspast+%28Appendix+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1+January+1894%29&rft.atitle=Education%3A+Native+Schools&rft.pages=E2%2C+p.+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2FAJHR1894-I.2.2.3.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teachers'duties-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teachers'duties_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OG19090625.2.25">"Native teachers: what their duties are"</a>. <i>Ohinemuri Gazette</i>. 25 June 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220801235552/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OG19090625.2.25">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohinemuri+Gazette&rft.atitle=Native+teachers%3A+what+their+duties+are&rft.date=1909-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FOG19090625.2.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ministerial-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ministerial_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18930208.2.9">"Ministerial"</a>. <i>Marlborough Express</i>. 8 February 1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220802012152/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MEX18930208.2.9">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marlborough+Express&rft.atitle=Ministerial&rft.date=1893-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FMEX18930208.2.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Praise-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Praise_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19120928.2.108">"Work of Native Schools: Native Minister's praise"</a>. <i>New Zealand Herald</i>. 28 September 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220802012525/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19120928.2.108">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Work+of+Native+Schools%3A+Native+Minister%27s+praise&rft.date=1912-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FNZH19120928.2.108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calman3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calman3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calman3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Calman, Ross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-education-matauranga/page-3">"Māori education – mātauranga – The native schools system, 1867 to 1969"</a>. <i>Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721041401if_/https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-education-matauranga/page-3">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+education+%E2%80%93+m%C4%81tauranga+%E2%80%93+The+native+schools+system%2C+1867+to+1969&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=Calman&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmaori-education-matauranga%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1880-I.2.2.3.7">"The Native Schools Code"</a>. <i>Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives</i>. 1880 Session I, H-1F: 1. 1880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220802012936/https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1880-I.2.2.3.7">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022 – via Paperspast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appendix+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=The+Native+Schools+Code&rft.volume=1880+Session+I%2C+H-1F&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatojs.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fatojs%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DAJHR1880-I.2.2.3.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/nsa186731v1867n41290/">"Native Schools Act 1867 (31 Victoriae 1867 No 41)"</a>. <i>www.nzlii.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407144024if_/http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/nsa186731v1867n41290/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nzlii.org&rft.atitle=Native+Schools+Act+1867+%2831+Victoriae+1867+No+41%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzlii.org%2Fnz%2Flegis%2Fhist_act%2Fnsa186731v1867n41290%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1906-II.2.2.3.7">"Education: Native Schools"</a>. <i>Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives</i>. Session II, E2: 11–12. 31 March 1906 – via Paperspast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appendices+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Education%3A+Native+Schools&rft.volume=Session+II%2C+E2&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1906-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2FAJHR1906-II.2.2.3.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rules-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rules_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19080129.2.7">"Educating the Maori: the Native School system"</a>. <i>New Zealand Herald</i>. 29 January 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505200540/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19080129.2.7">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span> – via Paperspast. <q>Maori committees are very enthusiastic sometimes. They make such rules as "Only English to be spoken in the playground."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Educating+the+Maori%3A+the+Native+School+system&rft.date=1908-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FNZH19080129.2.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ka'ai Mahuta, Rachael, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/117/108">The impact of colonisation on <i>te reo Māori</i>: A critical review of the State education system</a>", <i>Te Kaharoa</i>, vol. 4, 2011, pp. 203–204, 207–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZCER1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZCER1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchingsLee-Morgan2016" class="citation book cs1">Hutchings, Jessica; Lee-Morgan, Jenny, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/files/Chapter%201%20Ranginui%20Walker.pdf">"Chapter 1, Reclaiming Māori education, by Ranginui Walker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Decolonisation in Aotearoa: Education, research and practice</i>. NZCER Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947509-17-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947509-17-0"><bdi>978-0-947509-17-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407144022if_/https://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/files/Chapter%201%20Ranginui%20Walker.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%2C+Reclaiming+M%C4%81ori+education%2C+by+Ranginui+Walker&rft.btitle=Decolonisation+in+Aotearoa%3A+Education%2C+research+and+practice&rft.pub=NZCER+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-947509-17-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzcer.org.nz%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FChapter%25201%2520Ranginui%2520Walker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trust_report_1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trust_report_1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1906-II.2.2.5.5/5">"Te Aute and Wanganui School Trusts (Report and evidence of the Royal Commission on)"</a>. <i>Paperspast (Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1 January 1906)</i>. p. G5, 95–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624042141if_/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1906-II.2.2.5.5/5">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paperspast+%28Appendix+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1+January+1906%29&rft.atitle=Te+Aute+and+Wanganui+School+Trusts+%28Report+and+evidence+of+the+Royal+Commission+on%29&rft.pages=G5%2C+95-96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2FAJHR1906-II.2.2.5.5%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trust_report_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trust_report_2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1906-II.2.2.5.5/0">"Te Aute and Wanganui School Trusts (Report and evidence of the Royal Commission on)"</a>. <i>Paperspast (Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1 January 1906)</i>. 1906. p. G5, iv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624042143if_/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1906-II.2.2.5.5/0">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paperspast+%28Appendix+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1+January+1906%29&rft.atitle=Te+Aute+and+Wanganui+School+Trusts+%28Report+and+evidence+of+the+Royal+Commission+on%29&rft.pages=G5%2C+iv&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2FAJHR1906-II.2.2.5.5%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DOM19171005.2.80">"Native Schools"</a>. <i>Dominion</i>. 5 October 1917. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725193920/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DOM19171005.2.80">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paperspast+%28Appendix+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1+January+1906%29&rft.atitle=Te+Aute+and+Wanganui+School+Trusts+%28Report+and+evidence+of+the+Royal+Commission+on%29&rft.pages=G5%2C+93&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2FAJHR1906-II.2.2.5.5%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GIST19120926.2.22">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Danger of the color line.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Gisborne Times</i>. Press Association. 26 September 1912.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gisborne+Times&rft.atitle=%27Danger+of+the+color+line.%27&rft.date=1912-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FGIST19120926.2.22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1930-I.2.2.4.3">"Education of Native Children"</a>. <i>Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives</i>. Session 1, E3: 3, 5. 1930 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appendices+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Education+of+Native+Children&rft.volume=Session+1%2C+E3&rft.pages=3%2C+5&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2FAJHR1930-I.2.2.4.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NA19360208.2.99">"Education of the Maori"</a>. <i>Northern Advocate</i>. 8 February 1936. p. 12 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Advocate&rft.atitle=Education+of+the+Maori&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1936-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FNA19360208.2.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GIST19361002.2.41">"The Maori Youth"</a>. <i>Gisborne Times</i>. 2 October 1936. p. 5 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gisborne+Times&rft.atitle=The+Maori+Youth&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1936-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FGIST19361002.2.41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19361003.2.111">"Strong Support"</a>. <i>Auckland Star</i>. 3 October 1936. p. 13 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auckland+Star&rft.atitle=Strong+Support&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1936-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FAS19361003.2.111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19391212.2.37">"Growing Demand"</a>. <i>Auckland Star</i>. 12 September 1939. p. 5 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auckland+Star&rft.atitle=Growing+Demand&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1939-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FAS19391212.2.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1947" class="citation news cs1">Brown, George (6 May 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GISH19470506.2.27.4">"Unification of Schools"</a>. <i>Gisborne Herald</i>. p. 4 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gisborne+Herald&rft.atitle=Unification+of+Schools&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1947-05-06&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FGISH19470506.2.27.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.stats.govt.nz/New_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks/1960/NZOYB_%201960.html"><i>New Zealand Official Yearbook</i></a>. Department of Statistics. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Official+Yearbook&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.stats.govt.nz%2FNew_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks%2F1960%2FNZOYB_%25201960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.stats.govt.nz/New_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks/1970/NZOYB_1970.html"><i>New Zealand Official Yearbook</i></a>. Department of Statistics. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Official+Yearbook&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.stats.govt.nz%2FNew_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks%2F1970%2FNZOYB_1970.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19671220.2.14">"Mixing of Maoris urged"</a>. <i>Press</i>. 20 December 1967 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press&rft.atitle=Mixing+of+Maoris+urged&rft.date=1967-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FCHP19671220.2.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19680507.2.205">"Maori Schools' Service to End"</a>. <i>Press</i>. 7 May 1968. p. 32 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press&rft.atitle=Maori+Schools%27+Service+to+End&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1968-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FCHP19680507.2.205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+schools" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barrington, John. <i>Separate but Equal?: Māori Schools and the Crown, 1867–1969</i> (Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University Press">Victoria University Press</a>, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780864735867" title="Special:BookSources/9780864735867">9780864735867</a></li> <li>Simon, Judith, ed. <i>The Native Schools System 1867–1969: Ngā Kura Māori</i> (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_schools&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68595986/Wai718.pdf">Māori Education in New Zealand: A Historical Overview</a> <i>The Wananga Capital Establishment Report</i> (Wananga Māori Education Funding claim) Wai 718 (22 Apr 1999) Chapter 2 of a <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> Report</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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