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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_Protestant_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Shared Protestant doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_Protestant_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Millerism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Disappointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Disappointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 The Great Disappointment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Disappointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_development_following_The_Great_Disappointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_development_following_The_Great_Disappointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Theological development following The Great Disappointment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_development_following_The_Great_Disappointment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theological development following The Great Disappointment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_development_following_The_Great_Disappointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Present_Truth"_and_the_Pillars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Present_Truth"_and_the_Pillars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 "Present Truth" and the Pillars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Present_Truth"_and_the_Pillars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Advent_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Advent_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Second Advent of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Advent_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Angels’_Messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Angels’_Messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Three Angels’ Messages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Angels’_Messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleansing_the_Heavenly_Sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleansing_the_Heavenly_Sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Cleansing the Heavenly Sanctuary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleansing_the_Heavenly_Sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Advent_Judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Advent_Judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Pre-Advent Judgment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Advent_Judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unity_and_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_and_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Unity and variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_and_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theological_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Theological spectrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_and_cultural_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_and_cultural_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Regional and cultural differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_and_cultural_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctive_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctive_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Distinctive doctrines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinctive_doctrines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distinctive doctrines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distinctive_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sabbath_and_the_Biblical_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabbath_and_the_Biblical_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sabbath and the Biblical Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabbath_and_the_Biblical_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_Law_and_the_Ten_Commandments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_Law_and_the_Ten_Commandments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Biblical Law and the Ten Commandments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_Law_and_the_Ten_Commandments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Seventh-Day_Sabbath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Seventh-Day_Sabbath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 The Seventh-Day Sabbath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Seventh-Day_Sabbath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 The Great Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavenly_Sanctuary_and_Pre-Advent_Judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavenly_Sanctuary_and_Pre-Advent_Judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Heavenly Sanctuary and Pre-Advent Judgment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavenly_Sanctuary_and_Pre-Advent_Judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Heavenly_Sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Heavenly_Sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 The Heavenly Sanctuary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Heavenly_Sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigative_Judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigative_Judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Investigative Judgment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigative_Judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Eschatology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Remnant_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Remnant_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 The Remnant Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Remnant_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_coming_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_coming_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Second coming of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_coming_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hell_and_the_state_of_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hell_and_the_state_of_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Hell and the state of the dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hell_and_the_state_of_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirit_of_Prophecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirit_of_Prophecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Spirit of Prophecy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirit_of_Prophecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus_Christ,_God_the_Son" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus_Christ,_God_the_Son"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Jesus Christ, God the Son </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus_Christ,_God_the_Son-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Holy Spirit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_human_nature_of_Jesus_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_human_nature_of_Jesus_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 The human nature of Jesus Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_human_nature_of_Jesus_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_doctrinal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_doctrinal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other doctrinal issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_doctrinal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other doctrinal issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_doctrinal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soteriology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soteriology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Soteriology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soteriology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Original sin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soteriology_and_free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soteriology_and_free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Soteriology and free will </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soteriology_and_free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinless_perfection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinless_perfection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Sinless perfection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinless_perfection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ministry and worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordination_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordination_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Ordination of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordination_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Holy Communion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Spiritual gifts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_scapegoat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_scapegoat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 The scapegoat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_scapegoat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunday_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunday_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Sunday law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunday_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Angels’_Messages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Angels’_Messages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Three Angels’ Messages </div> </a> <ul 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Category:Seventh-day Adventist Church">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:James_and_Ellen_White_(1864)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James and Ellen White"><img alt="James and Ellen White" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Disappointment" title="Great Disappointment">Great Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Minneapolis_General_Conference_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="1888 Minneapolis General Conference (Adventist)">1888 General Conference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28_Fundamental_Beliefs" title="28 Fundamental Beliefs">28 Fundamental Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pillars of Adventism">Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism">Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_judgment" title="Investigative judgment">Pre-Second Advent Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">Conditional immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remnant (Adventist)">Remnant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference</a></li></ul> Divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East-Central_Africa_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="East-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists">East-Central Africa Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Euro-Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Euro-Asia Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Inter-American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Inter-American Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-European_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Inter-European Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Inter-European Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">North American Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia-Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Northern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Northern Asia-Pacific Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa-Indian_Ocean_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Africa-Indian Ocean Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Africa-Indian Ocean Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="South American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">South American Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="South Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">South Pacific Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia-Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia-Pacific Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Trans-European Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Trans-European Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West-Central_Africa_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="West-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists">West-Central Africa Division</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_periodicals" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist periodicals">Periodicals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Review">Adventist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_Times_(magazine)" title="Signs of the Times (magazine)">Signs of the Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ellen_White_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ellen White writings">List of Ellen White writings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Service</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Development_and_Relief_Agency" title="Adventist Development and Relief Agency">Adventist Development and Relief Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranatha_Volunteers_International" title="Maranatha Volunteers International">Maranatha Volunteers International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinders_(Seventh-day_Adventist)" title="Pathfinders (Seventh-day Adventist)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventurers_(Seventh-day_Adventist)" title="Adventurers (Seventh-day Adventist)">Adventurers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Cadet_Corps" title="Medical Cadet Corps">Medical Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_education" title="Seventh-day Adventist education">Seventh-day Adventist education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_secondary_schools" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools">Secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_colleges_and_universities" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_hospitals" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist hospitals">Hospitals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Media_ministries_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Media ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Media ministries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Channel" title="Hope Channel">Hope Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda_Broadcasting_Network" title="Loma Linda Broadcasting Network">Loma Linda Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Written" title="It Is Written">It Is Written</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Prophecy" title="Voice of Prophecy">Voice of Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">Three Angels Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Facts" title="Amazing Facts">Amazing Facts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="List of Seventh-day Adventists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._White" title="James S. White">James S. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bates_(Adventist)" title="Joseph Bates (Adventist)">Joseph Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._N._Andrews" title="J. N. Andrews">J. N. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_Smith" title="Uriah Smith">Uriah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">J. H. Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Caleb_Jackson" title="James Caleb Jackson">James Caleb Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._C._White" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. White">W. C. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Nichol" class="mw-redirect" title="F. D. Nichol">F. D. Nichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._L._Andreasen" title="M. L. Andreasen">M. L. Andreasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Roy_Froom" title="Le Roy Froom">Le Roy Froom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._White" title="Arthur L. White">Arthur L. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vandeman" title="George Vandeman">George Vandeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._M._S._Richards" title="H. M. S. Richards">H. M. S. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heppenstall" title="Edward Heppenstall">Edward Heppenstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Douglass" title="Herbert E. Douglass">Herbert E. Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Venden" title="Morris Venden">Morris Venden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuele_Bacchiocchi" title="Samuele Bacchiocchi">Samuele Bacchiocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Cleveland" title="E. E. Cleveland">E. E. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Veith" title="Walter Veith">Walter Veith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Finley" title="Mark Finley">Mark Finley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-size:smaller;"> <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Template:Seventh-day Adventism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Template talk:Seventh-day Adventism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seventh-day Adventism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> resembles early <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, combining elements from <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan-Arminian">Wesleyan-Arminian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> branches of Protestantism. Adventists believe in the infallibility of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a>'s teaching regarding salvation, which comes from grace through faith in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/28_Fundamentals" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Fundamentals">28 fundamental beliefs</a> constitute the church's current doctrinal positions, but they are revisable under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, and are not a creed. There are many teachings held exclusively by Seventh-day Adventists. Some distinctive doctrines of the Seventh-Day Adventist church which differentiate it from other Christian churches include: the perpetuity of the seventh-day <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">the state of unconsciousness in death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">conditional immortality</a>, an atoning ministry of Jesus Christ in the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_sanctuary" title="Heavenly sanctuary">heavenly sanctuary</a>, and an '<a href="/wiki/Investigative_judgment" title="Investigative judgment">investigative judgment</a>' that commenced in 1844. Furthermore, a traditionally <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christian_eschatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicism (Christian eschatology)">historicist</a> approach to prophecy has led Adventists to develop a unique system of <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> beliefs which incorporates a commandment-keeping '<a href="/wiki/Remnant_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remnant (Adventist)">remnant</a>', a universal end-time crisis revolving around the law of God, and the visible return of Jesus Christ prior to a <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennial</a> reign of believers in heaven. (For differing theological perspectives, see the articles on <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Adventist">Progressive Adventists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Adventist">Historic Adventists</a>.) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_beliefs">Official beliefs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official beliefs">edit</a>]</div> The Seventh-day Adventist denomination expresses its official teachings in a formal statement known as the 28 Fundamental Beliefs. This statement of beliefs was originally adopted by the church's <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference</a> in 1980, with an additional belief (number 11) being added in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The General Conference session in San Antonio, Texas in 2015 made some changes to the wording of several fundamental beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Also significant are the <a href="/wiki/Adventist_baptismal_vow" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist baptismal vow">baptismal vows</a>, of which there are two versions; candidates for church membership are required to accept one. In addition to the fundamental beliefs, a number of "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/statements/index.html">Official Statements</a>" have been voted on by the church leadership, although only some of these are doctrinal in nature. The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary is a significant expression of Adventist theological thought. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_of_authority">Source of authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Source of authority">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="View_of_Scripture">View of Scripture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: View of Scripture">edit</a>]</div> The first fundamental belief of the church stated that "The Holy Scriptures are the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible</a> revelation of [God's] will." Adventist theologians generally reject the "verbal inspiration" position on Scripture held by many conservative <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">evangelical Christians</a>. They believe instead that God inspired the thoughts of the biblical authors, and that the authors then expressed these thoughts in their own words.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This view is popularly known as "thought inspiration", and most Adventist members hold to that view. According to Ed Christian, former <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Adventist_Theological_Society" title="Journal of the Adventist Theological Society">JATS</a> editor, "few if any <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Theological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Theological Society">ATS</a> members believe in verbal inerrancy".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Adventists generally reject <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher critical</a> approaches to Scripture. The 1986 statement Methods of Bible Study, "urge[s] Adventist Bible students to avoid relying on the use of the presuppositions and the resultant deductions associated with the historical-critical method." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_Ellen_White">Role of Ellen White</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role of Ellen White">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inspiration_of_Ellen_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspiration of Ellen White">Inspiration of Ellen White</a></div> Seventh-day Adventist approaches to theology are affected by the level of authority accorded the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a>. Mainstream Adventists believe that White had the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gift</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>, but that her writings are subject to testing by the Bible, which has ultimate authority. According to one church document, "her expositions on any given Bible passage offer an inspired guide to the meaning of texts without exhausting their meaning or preempting the task of exegesis."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> "The Inspiration and Authority of the Ellen G. White Writings", document was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Research Institute">Biblical Research Institute</a> of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. It has received worldwide review and input, although is not an official statement. It concludes that a proper understanding will avoid the two extremes of regarding her "writings as functioning on a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> level identical with Scripture, or […] considering them as ordinary Christian literature."<a href="#cite_note-A&D-6">[6]</a> Because of Ellen's endorsement in 1888, of some of Jones and Waggoner's positions, many went on to accept nearly everything they said a truth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEknight200098-7">[7]</a> However, Jones lead those who would not seek Bible counsel alone into four false ideas, 1) to use Ellen's works as basis for sermons, 2) verbal inspiration of all her writings, 3) her writings were inerrant with no factual errors, and 4) literary and historical context of a statement was not important. Ellen rejected these positions and Jones eventually became Ellen's most vocal enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200098–100-8">[8]</a> Some SDAs still accept and promote these flawed uses of Ellen's writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200098–100-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_other_groups">Relation to other groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relation to other groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_interfaith_relations" title="Seventh-day Adventist interfaith relations">Seventh-day Adventist interfaith relations</a></div> Adventist theology is distinctly Protestant, and holds much in common with Evangelicalism in particular. However, in common with many <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">restorationist</a> groups, Adventists have traditionally taught that the majority of Protestant churches have failed to "complete" the Reformation by overturning the errors of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a>) and "restoring" the beliefs and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">primitive church</a>—including Sabbath keeping, <a href="/wiki/Believers_baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Believers baptism">adult baptism</a> and conditional immortality.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Adventists typically do not consider themselves part of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Christianity">Fundamentalist Christianity</a> community: "Theologically, Seventh-day Adventists have a number of beliefs in common with Fundamentalists, but for various reasons have never been identified with the movement... On their part, Adventists reject as unbiblical a number of teachings held by many (though not all) Fundamentalists..."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_background">Theological background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theological background">edit</a>]</div> Seventh-day Adventist theology has undergone development since the beginning of the movement. These developments have been associated with significant events, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Disappointment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Disappointment">the Great Disappointment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1888_Minneapolis_General_Conference" title="1888 Minneapolis General Conference">1888 Minneapolis General Conference</a> and discussions with evangelicals in the middle of the 20th century which prompted the publication of <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists_Answer_Questions_on_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine">Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_roots">Theological roots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theological roots">edit</a>]</div> While <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> is a child of the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> initiated by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Zwingli">Ulrich Zwingli</a>, its theological orientation really finds itself at home with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a>. Anabaptists went back to the original early church teachings and rejected <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> and state support of the church. They called for a believer's church where baptism followed faith, and stood for a separation of church and state. Anabaptists viewed the Major Reformation churches as not being consistent in the belief of <a href="/wiki/Sola_Scriptura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Scriptura">Sola Scriptura</a>. They sought to get back towards New Testament church ideals, rather than stick to where Luther, Calvin or Zwingli did theologically, moving away from church traditions and creedal formulas. Anabaptism influence permeated the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> denominations of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200030–31-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Restorationism</a> was a vital force in many 19th century American religious movements. Restorationists believe that the Reformation, which began in the 16th century, would not be complete until the last vestiges of tradition were gone. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> errors needed to be overturned and the teaching of the Bible firmly in place. They espoused Sola Scriptura, wanting Biblical evidence for every position. The Bible was to be their only guide-book in faith and practice. Its largest impact was the fostering of the getting back to the Bible attitude. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Connexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Connexion">Christian Connexion</a> made an extremely large impact on <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerite</a> Adventism and <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism" title="Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarian</a> Adventism. Adventist theology is distinctly Protestant, and holds much in common with Evangelicalism. However, like many restorationist groups, Adventists have typically taught that the majority of Protestant churches have failed to "complete" the Reformation by "restoring" the beliefs and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">primitive church</a>—including Sabbath keeping, <a href="/wiki/Believers_baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Believers baptism">adult baptism</a> and conditional immortality. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bates_(Adventist)" title="Joseph Bates (Adventist)">Captain Joseph Bates</a> described the seventh-day Sabbath as one of things that needed to be restored to the church before Christ would return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200031–32-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005189-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a> movement was influential in early 19th-century America. Its <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freewill</a> orientation (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> heritage) seemed to line up with the experience of a nation nurtured in a frontier mentality where anything could be accomplished if one willed it and worked at it. Methodism popularized such ideas as Christ dying for all people rather than for just a predestined elect; that people had free will rather than a predestined will; that God's Spirit worked with every person through <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a> to wake them up to a sense of their need to turn to Christ; that people could accept <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> through a faith response to God's Holy Spirit; that one could resist grace and harden the heart; and that a Christian could fall from grace through apostasy. Those theological concepts stood in sharp contrast to the inherited Puritan/<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinistic</a> mentality that had dominated colonial Christianity. Adventists also accepted with Wesley the Reformation concept of <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith</a>. To counteract <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a>, Wesley emphasized <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a> as a process of becoming more like Jesus. Justification was the work of a moment while sanctification was the work of a lifetime. The concept the perfection was the dynamic biblical concept in which one lived in a growing state of perfect love toward God and other people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200032–33-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> also influenced SDA theology. William Miller had been a Deist before his conversion. His generation lived in a world highly appreciative of rational approaches to everything, including religion. Miller utilized this logical approach in his study of the Bible, referring to his experience as a "feast of reason." His evangelistic method aimed at his hearers' heads rather than their emotions. Such an intellectualist approach to religion found a central role in Sabbatarian and eventually Seventh-day Adventism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200034-15">[15]</a> The Puritan influence played a large part in shaping the thought of 19th-century America. They placed a major emphasis on the authority of the Bible and a Christian's obligation to the law. They specifically stressed the importance of strict Sabbath observance (by Sabbath they meant the "<a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>" -- Sunday). Their "Lord's Day" was not merely for worship but it also had relational overtones, where by if society is faithful to God, He will bless it, but if it is disobedient He will remove the blessings. This led to endless attempts to legislate Christian morality. By the 19th-century Puritan ideas on <a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">sabbatarianism</a> had infiltrated the general thinking of religious people in the US. This brought the importance of the seventh-day Sabbath to the minds of early Adventists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200035-16">[16]</a> Along with most Americans, Adventists had confidence in the ability of the "common person" to do almost anything, including theology. Theology had once been the domain of trained scholars, but the impact of a more radical democracy in the early 19th-century opened up possibilities for laypersons to take leadership initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller18424-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200036-18">[18]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Baconian_method" title="Baconian method">Baconianism</a>, where facts of science were found by examining the world, amassing information and then deriving conclusions, so too was the Bible studied in like manner. Gather all the relevant biblical facts (or texts) on a topic, and you will be correct in your interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200036-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_Protestant_doctrine">Shared Protestant doctrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shared Protestant doctrine">edit</a>]</div> Seventh-day Adventists uphold the central doctrines of Protestant Christianity:<a href="#cite_note-qod_chapt1-19">[19]</a> <ol><li>"That God is the Sovereign Creator, upholder, and ruler of the universe, and that He is eternal, omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent.</li> <li>That the Godhead, the Trinity, comprises God the Father, Christ the Son, and the Holy Spirit.</li> <li>That the Scriptures are the inspired revelation of God to men; and that the Bible is the sole rule of faith and practice.</li> <li>That Jesus Christ is very God, and that He has existed with the Father from all eternity.</li> <li>That the Holy Spirit is a personal being, sharing the attributes of deity with the Father and the Son.</li> <li>That Christ, the Word of God, became incarnate through the miraculous conception and the virgin birth; and that He lived an absolutely sinless life here on earth.</li> <li>That the vicarious, atoning death of Jesus Christ, once for all, is all-sufficient for the redemption of a lost race.</li> <li>That Jesus Christ arose literally and bodily from the grave.</li> <li>That He ascended literally and bodily into heaven.</li> <li>That He now serves as our advocate in priestly ministry and mediation before the Father.</li> <li>That He will return in a premillennial, personal, imminent second advent.</li> <li>That man was created sinless, but by his subsequent fall entered a state of alienation and depravity.</li> <li>That salvation through Christ is by grace alone, through faith in His blood.</li> <li>That entrance upon the new life in Christ is by regeneration, or the new birth.</li> <li>That man is justified by faith.</li> <li>That man is sanctified by the indwelling Christ through the Holy Spirit.</li> <li>That man will be glorified at the resurrection or translation of the saints, when the Lord returns.</li> <li>That there will be a judgment of all men.</li> <li>That the gospel is to be preached as a witness to all the world."</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millerism">Millerism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Millerism">edit</a>]</div> The theological foundation of Seventh-Day Adventism is traced back to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a>. Four topics were especially important in understanding that substructure; 1) Miller's use of the Bible, 2) his <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, 3) his perspective on the 1st and 2nd angel's messages of Revelation 14, and 4) the seventh-month movement that ended with the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Disappointment" title="Great Disappointment">Great Disappointment</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200038-20">[20]</a> <dl><dt>Bible use</dt></dl> Miller's approach to Bible study was thorough and methodical, intensive and extensive. His central principle of Bible interpretation was the idea that "all scripture is necessary". He said, "bring all scriptures together on the subject you wish to know; then let every word have its proper influence, and if you can form your theory without a contradiction you cannot be in error." He held that the Bible should be its own expositor. By comparing scripture with scripture a person could unlock the meaning of the Bible. Thus the Bible became a person's authority, rather than a creed or traditional writings. If a creed of other individuals or their writings served as the basis of authority, then that external authority becomes central rather than the Bible itself. Miller's guidelines concerning the interpretation Bible prophecy was built upon the same four concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller18424-17">[17]</a> The Bible, so far as millers and his followers were concerned was the supreme authority in all matters of faith and doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200039–42-21">[21]</a> <dl><dt>Second Advent</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology_(Daniel%27s_prophecies)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology (Daniel's prophecies) (page does not exist)">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology (Daniel's prophecies)</a></div> Millerism was essentially a one-doctrine movement--the visual, literal, premillennial return of Jesus. Miller was not alone in his interest in prophecies. The unprecedented upheaval of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in the 1790s was one of several factors that turned the eyes of Bible students around the world to the prophecies of Daniel and Revelation. Coming to the Bible with a <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicist</a> scheme of interpretation and the concept that a prophetic <a href="/wiki/Day-year_principle" title="Day-year principle">day equals a real time year</a>, Bible scholars began to study the time prophecies. Of special interest to many was the 1260 prophetic day time prophecy of Daniel. Many concluded that the end of the 1260-day prophecy initiated the "time of the end", which they dated to the 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200042–44-22">[22]</a> <dl><dt>1st & 2nd Angels' messages of Revelation 14</dt></dl> The first angel proclaimed the "everlasting gospel" and "the hour of [God's] judgment is come." Miller believed that the first angel's message had recently been fulfilled with "the sending out of Missionaries and Bibles into every part of the world, which began about 1798." His followers came to see "the hour of his judgment" as when Jesus would return. Throughout the 1830s increasing numbers of Protestant churches opened their doors to his preaching, not so much because of his "peculiar" preaching but because of his ability to bring converts to fill their churches. But a message that seemed harmless enough at first threatened to disrupt the churches by 1843. Millerism was not a separate movement at that time and the majority of believers remained members of the various churches. As 1843 approached, and Millerites became more assertive on the truth of the Bible over creeds, they increasingly found themselves forbidden to speak of their beliefs in their own congregations. When they persisted they were disfellowshipped. Also, large numbers of congregations expelled pastors who supported Miller's teachings, and refused to listen to Second Advent preaching. Millerite preacher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fitch" title="Charles Fitch">Charles Fitch</a> tied this to the second angels message of "Babylon is fallen .. come out of her my people." Fitch included those protestant churches which rejected the Millerite teachings of the imminent second Advent with the Rome Catholic Church as being "Babylon." He called for his hearers to "come out of Babylon or perish." He provided his fellow Adventists a theological rationale for separating from their churches. It is difficult to overestimate the impact on the Adventist movement by Fitch's call. By 1844 some estimate that more than 50,000 Millerite believers had left their churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200047–50-23">[23]</a> <dl><dt>7th-month movement</dt></dl> Miller originally resisted being too specific about the exact time of Christ's return. Eventually, though, his message "about the year 1943" morphed into sometime between March 21, 1843 and March 21, 1844. Although this time passed, the spring disappointment did not greatly affect the movement. Then, S.S. Snow argued that the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Atonement">Day of Atonement</a>, which fell on October 22 in 1844, would be the day that Christ would come. At first, Miller and Himes were reluctant to accept this date, however by October 6, they both came out in support of the 22nd of October. With the expectation of the Second Advent at an all-time high, October 22, 1844, was the climax of Millerism. The day arrived and went, thus encouraging scoffers and fearful, and leaving the Millerites is total disarray. Whereas once the movement knew exactly where it was going, it was now in a state of uncertainty and in a state of crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200050–54-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Great_Disappointment">The Great Disappointment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Great Disappointment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Disappointment" title="Great Disappointment">Great Disappointment</a></div> The vast majority of Millerites suffered loss of faith and some even left Christianity altogether. The minority that remained split into several camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200055-25">[25]</a> Joshua V. Himes rapidly concluded that the prediction of the Advent of Jesus was correct, but they were wrong about the time. He believed that they "should watch and wait for the coming of Christ as an event that may take place at any hour."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The smallest group of Millerites consisted of a few dozen Bible students scattered across New England. They did not become well acquainted until about 1847. They held on to the fulfillment of the 2300 days prophecy of Daniel 8:14 as 1844, but disagreed with the other Millerites on the event that took place. Future leaders of Seventh-day Adventism came from this group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200055–58-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_development_following_The_Great_Disappointment">Theological development following The Great Disappointment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theological development following The Great Disappointment">edit</a>]</div> In the early days of the movement, Seventh-day Adventist typically focused on those doctrines that were distinctive to Adventism.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Present_Truth"_and_the_Pillars">"Present Truth" and the Pillars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: "Present Truth" and the Pillars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pillars of Adventism">The Pillars of Adventism</a></div> Pioneering Adventists emphasized the concept of "present truth"—see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Peter+1:12&version=nkjv">2 Peter 1:12</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">NKJV</a>). James White explained, “The church [has] ever had a present truth. The present truth now, is that which shows present duty, and the right position for us…” ”Present truth is present truth, and not future truth, and the Word as a lamp shines brightly where we stand, and not so plainly on the path in the distance.” Ellen White pointed out that “present truth, which is a test to the people of this generation, was not a test to the people of generations far back.”<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite18461-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite185761-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1868693-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200019–20-32">[32]</a> The founders of the SDA church had a dynamic concept of what they called present truth, opposed to creedal rigidity, and had an openness to new theological understandings that built upon the landmark doctrines, or Pillars of Adventism that had made them a people.<a href="#cite_note-Knight2000-33">[33]</a> Still, the possibilities of dynamic change in Seventh-day Adventist beliefs are not unlimited.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The landmark doctrines are non-negotiables in Adventist theology. Collectively they provide Seventh-day Adventists with an identity.<a href="#cite_note-Knight2000-33">[33]</a> These pillars of their faith were thoroughly studied out in the Scripture and attested to by the convicting power of the Holy Spirit. Ellen White said, "When the power of God testifies as to what is truth, that truth is to stand forever as the truth. ... Men will arise with interpretations of Scripture which are to them truth, but which are not truth. The truth for this time God has given as a foundation for our faith."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Robert Johnston noted, “Without repudiating the past leading of the Lord, it [the Seventh-day Adventist church] seeks even to understand better what that leading was. It is always open to better insights to learn—to seek for truth as for hid treasure. … Adventists are still pilgrims on a doctrinal journey who do not repudiate the way marks, but neither do they remain stopped at any of them.”<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> White further said that there is more truth to be revealed and that true doctrine will stand close investigation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> But there is a solid foundation to build new truth upon.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> By early 1848, the first primary and closely related doctrinal pillars were adopted by Adventists: 1) The Second Advent, 2) The Heavenly Sanctuary, 3) The seventh-day Sabbath, and 4) the state of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200074-39">[39]</a> These foundations, pillars, and landmarks are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigative Judgement">the investigative judgement</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_sanctuary" title="Heavenly sanctuary">the sanctuary that brings this judgment to light</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">the three angels' messages of Revelation</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Commandments" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Commandments">the law of God</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">the faith of Jesus</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">the Sabbath</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">the state of the dead, and</a></li> <li>the special gift of prophecy.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Advent_of_Jesus">Second Advent of Jesus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second Advent of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> Although the Second Coming [Advent] of Jesus is shared by all Christian churches, it was and is of special emphasis to the SDA church given its roots in Millerism and its inclusion in its name. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adventist_1863_chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adventist_1863_chart.jpg/220px-Adventist_1863_chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adventist_1863_chart.jpg/330px-Adventist_1863_chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adventist_1863_chart.jpg/440px-Adventist_1863_chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>Seventh-day Adventist prophetic time chart from 1863, about the prophecies of Daniel and Revelation</figcaption></figure> Seventh-day Adventists believe in an imminent, universally visible (every eye will see him)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Second Coming of Christ, which will be preceded by a "time of trouble".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The second coming will coincide with the resurrection and translation of the righteous, as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Thessalonians%204:16">1 Thessalonians 4:16</a>. The unrighteous, or wicked, will die during the Second Coming then be resurrected after the millennium.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> As compared to other Christian views of eschatology, the Seventh-day Adventist view is closest to Historic (or post-tribulational) Premillennialism. Conditions on earth are expected to steadily deteriorate until the "time of trouble"<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> (which is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tribulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a> of classic premillennialist teaching), when civil and religious authorities will combine to unleash intense persecution upon God's people, particularly those who keep the seventh-day Sabbath. The time of trouble will be ended by the glorious appearing of Christ, which will also mark the commencement of the millennium. Adventists reject <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensationalist">dispensationalist</a> theology and the pretribulation <a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">rapture</a>, believing that the church will remain on earth throughout the end-time crisis. A further difference is that the millennial reign of Christ will take place in heaven, not on earth, and will involve all of the redeemed people of God, not just national Israel<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> (see Fundamental Beliefs, no. 26 & 27). Seventh-day Adventists interpret <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> using the historicist method that includes some still future events. (see: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology_(Revelation%27s_prophecies)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology (Revelation's prophecies) (page does not exist)">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology (Revelation's prophecies)</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_Angels’_Messages">Three Angels’ Messages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Three Angels’ Messages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></div> The Three Angels are, according to SDAs, symbolic of three successive global movements that spread specific, important messages during the end times before the second coming of Jesus. They teach that these messages are given to prepare the world for the second coming of Jesus, and see themselves as a central part of the mission. The 3 Angels' messages: <ul><li>Angel One (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2014:6">Revelation 14:6</a>): The everlasting gospel is to be preach to all who are on the earth, "for the hour of his judgment has come." Worship Him who made heaven and Earth the Sea and Springs of water.</li> <li>Angel Two (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2014:8">Revelation 14:8</a>): Babylon the great is fallen because she caused all nations to drink of the wrath of her fornication.</li> <li>Angel Three (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2014:9">Revelation 14:9</a>): If anyone worships the beast, & receives its mark, they shall drink of the cup of the wrath of God.</li></ul> <dl><dt><big>First Angel</big></dt></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cleansing_the_Heavenly_Sanctuary">Cleansing the Heavenly Sanctuary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cleansing the Heavenly Sanctuary">edit</a>]</div> From the time of <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> the <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerite</a> movement proclaimed the soon return of Jesus. Adventists have traditionally interpreted the Millerite movement as the first of the <a href="/wiki/Three_angels%27_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Three angels' messages">three angels' messages</a>. After the October 1844, Great Disappointment, it became progressively clear to a minority of the Milleries that the sanctuary of Daniel 8:14 could not be the earth and that the cleansing could not be the Second Advent. It occurred to Hiram Edson that instead of the High Priest coming out of the Most Holy and going to the earth on October 22, he proceeded into the Most Holy place to do a final work there prior to the Second Advent. After extensive bible study, Hiram and several others concluded that: <ol><li>A literal sanctuary exists in heaven.</li> <li>The Moses' tabernacle system, patterned after the heavenly temple, was a visual representation of the plan of salvation.</li> <li>Just as the earthly priests had a two-phase ministry in the tabernacle, so too Christ had a two-phase ministry in the heavenly. The first began in the Holy Place at His Ascension, the second, on October 22, the date of the antitypical Day of Atonement, when He moved to the Most Holy Place.</li> <li>The first phase of Christ's ministry dealt with forgiveness, while the second involved the blotting out of sins thus cleansing both the sanctuary and individual believers.</li> <li>The cleansing of Daniel 8:14 was a cleansing from sin accomplished by blood rather than by fire. 6) Christ would not return to earth until he completed his second-apartment ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200061–64-45">[45]</a></li></ol> Adventists therefore believe that Christ's work of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> encompasses both his death on the Cross and his ministration in the heavenly sanctuary. As W. G. C. Murdock, SDA Theological Seminary Dean during discussion in the 1980 General Conference Session, Dallas, said, "Seventh-day Adventists have always believed in a complete [sufficient] atonement that is not completed [finished]." Venden points out that the atonement must have been complete at the cross— i.e., the sacrifice was sufficient. For when Jesus died for man's sin, it was enough to purchase man's salvation and man cannot add anything to it. Yet, says Venden, the atonement involves more that just sacrifice. The process of redemption, the restoration of man's broken relationship to at-one-ment with God, was not finished at the cross, else there would be no more sin or sickness or pain or sorrow or separation or battered children or hospitals or funeral trains or tombstones or broken hearts. It is the winning of men back to a love relationship with God that is not yet completed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenden1996140–141-46">[46]</a> Early Adventists emphasized the two parts to the atonement: "[Jesus] ascended on high to be our only mediator in the sanctuary in Heaven, where, with his own blood he makes atonement for our sins; which atonement so far from being made on the cross, which was but the offering of the sacrifice, is the very last portion of his work as priest..."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> They refer to his mediatorial work in heaven as an "atoning ministry"<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Advent_Judgment">Pre-Advent Judgment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pre-Advent Judgment">edit</a>]</div> The pre-(Second) Advent judgment is a doctrine unique to Seventh-day Adventism. This judgment is the first phase of the final judgment and began on October 22, 1844. Adventists find the pre-Advent judgment portrayed in texts such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%207:9–10&version=nrsv">Daniel 7:9–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%204:17&version=nrsv">1 Peter 4:17</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2020:12&version=nrsv">Revelation 20:12</a>. The purpose of this judgment is to vindicate those who have accepted salvation in the eyes of the onlooking universe, to prepare them for Jesus' imminent Second Coming, and to exonerate God's righteous character from the Devil's false accusations in the minds of all created beings. This judgment will distinguish true believers from those who falsely claim to be ones.<a href="#cite_note-webfundamentals-49">[49]</a> The biblical basis of the pre-Advent judgment teaching was challenged in 1980 by ex-Adventist professor <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Ford" title="Desmond Ford">Desmond Ford</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Glacier_View_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier View controversy">Glacier View controversy</a>.) The world church has officially reaffirmed its basic position on the doctrine since then. Still a minority progressive wing continues to be critical of the teaching. According to a 2002 worldwide survey, local church leaders estimated 86% of church members accept the doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unity_and_variation">Unity and variation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unity and variation">edit</a>]</div> A 2002 survey of Adventists worldwide showed 91% acceptance of the following beliefs:<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strategic-52">[52]</a> <table border="1"> <caption>Results from 2002 Survey<a href="#cite_note-Strategic-52">[52]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Doctrine </td> <td>Percentage of Adventists who agree </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sabbath </td> <td>96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second coming </td> <td>93% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soul sleep </td> <td>93% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanctuary and 1844 </td> <td>86% (35% believe there may be more than one interpretation of this doctrine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Authority of Ellen White </td> <td>81% (50% see a need for modern reinterpretation of White's writings) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salvation through Christ alone </td> <td>95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Creation in 6 days </td> <td>93% </td></tr></tbody></table> A "<a href="/wiki/Valuegenesis" title="Valuegenesis">Valuegenesis</a>" study in 2000 of students at Adventist high schools in North America showed a generally high acceptance of the church's beliefs, with some such as marriage within the same faith, the remnant, Ellen White's gift of prophecy, and the investigative judgment with acceptance rates less than 63% percent.<a href="#cite_note-news.adventist.org-53">[53]</a> "In looking at the research this may be because over the first ten years of Valuegenesis research, fewer young people were reading their Bibles and Ellen White. And for a church that values a written revelation of God, less reading of the Bible probably means less understanding of its beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-news.adventist.org-53">[53]</a> In a 1985 questionnaire, the percentage of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">North American Adventist</a> lecturers who nominated various beliefs as contributions they believed Adventists had made to contemporary theology are:<a href="#cite_note-Intellectual-54">[54]</a> <table border="1"> <caption>Results from 1985 questionnaire of North American Adventist Theologians<a href="#cite_note-Intellectual-54">[54]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Doctrine </td> <td>Percentage contribution </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wholism </td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eschatology </td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sabbath </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great Controversy </td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanctuary </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>(None) </td> <td>11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salvation </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scriptural interpretation </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mission theology </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Health </td> <td>4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theological_spectrum">Theological spectrum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theological spectrum">edit</a>]</div> A theological spectrum exists within Adventism, with several different theological streams existing alongside the mainstream. The conservative "historic" movement holds to certain traditional positions that have been challenged since the 1950s. By contrast, those who consider themselves progressive Adventists typically question some of the church's distinctive teachings, and some of the <a href="/wiki/28_Fundamental_Beliefs_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Fundamental Beliefs (Adventist)">fundamental beliefs</a> of the church that are held by mainstream Adventists.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In a 1985 survey of North American Adventist lecturers, 45% described themselves as liberal compared to other church members, 40% as mainstream, 11% as conservative, and 4% gave no response to the question.<a href="#cite_note-Intellectual-54">[54]</a> There are two main organizations of Adventist scholars or interested laypeople. The <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Theological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Theological Society">Adventist Theological Society</a> describes its beliefs as "balanced and conservative Adventist theology",<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> whereas the <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Society_for_Religious_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Society for Religious Studies">Adventist Society for Religious Studies</a> is more progressive by comparison. <a href="/wiki/Jon_Paulien" title="Jon Paulien">Jon Paulien</a> has identified four brands of Adventism – evangelists and frontier missionaries whose beliefs are traditional yet creatively expressed, scholars concerned with an accurate understanding of the Bible, the typical church member (including most of the younger, <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodern</a> generation) who is most concerned with what is relevant to ordinary life and not concerned with most doctrines, and those in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> who are similarly concerned for a <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimal</a> belief set and passionate about their faith.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_and_cultural_differences">Regional and cultural differences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Regional and cultural differences">edit</a>]</div> There is a common perception that different cultures and regions of the world vary in their theology. According to Edwin Hernández, the principal investigator of the <a href="/wiki/AVANCE" class="mw-redirect" title="AVANCE">AVANCE</a> study into Latino Adventists in the North American Division, "There was a very high degree (95 percent) of fidelity to the orthodox teachings of the church."<a href="#cite_note-AVANCE-58">[58]</a> All of these doctrines, with the exception of item 11 (regarding the <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennial</a> return of Christ), are widely held amongst conservative or <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Protestants. (Different Protestant groups hold varying views on the millennium.) Regarding salvation, a major statement was the 1980 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/Dynamics%20of%20Salvation.htm">The Dynamics of Salvation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093024/http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/Dynamics%20of%20Salvation.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctive_doctrines">Distinctive doctrines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Distinctive doctrines">edit</a>]</div> Seventh-day Adventists have often focused on those doctrines which are distinctive to Adventism. This was particularly true in the early days of the movement, when it was assumed that most people the church witnessed to were already Christian, and that they already understood the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabbath_and_the_Biblical_Law">Sabbath and the Biblical Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sabbath and the Biblical Law">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biblical_Law_and_the_Ten_Commandments">Biblical Law and the Ten Commandments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biblical Law and the Ten Commandments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Biblical law in Seventh-day Adventism">Biblical law in Seventh-day Adventism</a></div> Seventh-day Adventists believe that "the great principles of God's law are embodied in the Ten Commandments", and that these are "binding upon all people in every age" (Fundamental Belief no. 19). While the ceremonial and sacrificial laws of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> were fulfilled by the death of Jesus Christ, the 10 commandments are held to remain in force for Christian believers. The words of Jesus Christ in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%205:17–20">Matthew 5:17–20</a> are foundational to this conviction: <dl><dd>"Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them. I tell you the truth, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished. Anyone who breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever practices and teaches these commands will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Seventh-Day_Sabbath">The Seventh-Day Sabbath</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Seventh-Day Sabbath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism">Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism</a></div> Seventh-day Adventists believe that the seventh day of the week, Saturday, is the biblical <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a> which God set "apart for the lofty purpose of enriching the divine-human relationship".<a href="#cite_note-sdasbelieve-60">[60]</a> The Sabbath is a recurring message in the Bible, mentioned in the Creation account, at Sinai, in the ministry of Jesus Christ and in the ministries of the apostles. The Sabbath serves as a weekly memorial to Creation and is a symbol of redemption, from both Egypt and sin. By keeping the Sabbath, Adventists are reminded of the way that God can make them holy, like he did the Sabbath, and they show their loyalty to God by keeping the commandment in the Decalogue. The Sabbath is also a time for Adventists to spend with other people and with God.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> Adventists believe that the Sabbath is not just a holiday but rather is intended as a rest for believers to grow spiritually. Although Seventh-day Adventists do not believe that they are saved by keeping Saturday as the Sabbath, they attach considerably greater significance to Saturday-Sabbath keeping than other denominations attach to worship on Sunday. Adventists do not see salvation as a works-based doctrine, but rather righteousness comes solely through faith in Christ alone. The Sabbath commandment is seen as an act of faith in God's ideal for the believer, although its significance may not be seen by non-believers. They believe that the Sabbath is a whole day dedicated for worship and fellowship with believers, laying aside non-religious projects and labor.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> Seventh-day Adventists teach that there is no evidence of the Sabbath being changed to Sunday in the Bible. They teach instead that it was changed by gradual acceptance of Sunday worship gatherings which came into the early church in Rome to distinguish Christians from the Jews and to align Christianity with political authorities. This change became more universally accepted with the establishment of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine's</a> Sunday law of 321 AD and the decree at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a> that in canon 29 declared that Christians should avoid work on Sunday. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Great_Controversy">The Great Controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Great Controversy">edit</a>]</div> Seventh-day Adventists believe that prior to the beginning of human history, a challenge occurred in heaven between God and <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> (Satan) over "the character of God, His law, and His sovereignty over the universe" (Fundamental Belief no. 8). Lucifer was subsequently cast out of heaven, and, acting through the serpent in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, led Adam and Eve into sin. God has permitted Lucifer's rebellion to continue on Earth in order to demonstrate to angels and beings on other worlds that his Law is righteous and necessary, and that the breaking of the 10 commandments leads to moral catastrophe.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This understanding of the origin of evil is derived from the Bible (see Rev. 12:4–9; Isa. 14:12–14; Eze. 28:12–18; Gen. 3; Rom. 1:19–32; 5:12–21; 8:19–22; Gen. 6–8; 2 Peter 3:6; 1 Cor. 4:9; Heb. 1:14.).<a href="#cite_note-Fundamental_Beliefs-62">[62]</a> The book entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Controversy_(book)" title="The Great Controversy (book)">The Great Controversy</a> by Ellen G. White, particularly chapter 29, The Origin of Evil shows how this dispute originated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavenly_Sanctuary_and_Pre-Advent_Judgment">Heavenly Sanctuary and Pre-Advent Judgment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Heavenly Sanctuary and Pre-Advent Judgment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Heavenly_Sanctuary">The Heavenly Sanctuary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Heavenly Sanctuary">edit</a>]</div> The Seventh-day Adventist church teaches that there is a sanctuary in heaven which was foreshadowed by the Mosaic <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">tabernacle</a>, according to their interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> chapters 8 and 9. After his death, resurrection and ascension, Jesus Christ entered the heavenly sanctuary as the great High Priest, "making available to believers the benefits of His atoning sacrifice" (Fundamental Belief no. 24). Adventists hold that Christ ministered his blood in the first section of the sanctuary (the holy place) until October 1844; after that time he entered the second section of the sanctuary (the Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies) in fulfillment of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Adventists therefore believe that Christ's work of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> encompasses both his death on the Cross and his ministration in the heavenly sanctuary <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Seventh-day Adventists have always believed in a complete atonement that is not completed.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>W. G. C. Murdock, SDA Theological Seminary Dean, 1980, Discussion, General Conference Session, Dallas<a href="#cite_note-venden-64">[64]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Venden points out that the atonement must have been complete at the cross—the sacrifice was sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> For when Jesus died for man's sin, it was enough to purchase man's salvation and man cannot add anything to it. Yet, the atonement involves more than just sacrifice. The process of redemption, the restoration of man's broken relationship to at-one-ment with God, was not completed at the cross, else there would be no more sin or suffering. It is the winning of men back to a love relationship with God that is not yet completed.<a href="#cite_note-venden-64">[64]</a> Early Adventists emphasized the two parts to the atonement: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[Christ] ascended on high to be our only mediator in the sanctuary in Heaven, where, with his own blood he makes atonement for our sins; which atonement so far from being made on the cross, which was but the offering of the sacrifice, is the very last portion of his work as priest..."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fundamental Principles taught and practiced by the Seventh-day Adventists, proposition II (1872)</cite></div></blockquote> They refer to his mediatorial work in heaven as an "atoning ministry" (as in Fundamental Belief no. 24).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Investigative_Judgment">Investigative Judgment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Investigative Judgment">edit</a>]</div> Most Christians believe in a judgement that comes before Christ separates <a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">the saints from the sinners</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> which is a common belief.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The investigative judgment is a doctrine unique to Seventh-day Adventism, and teaches that the judgment of God's professed people began on October 22, 1844, when Christ entered the Holy of Holies in the heavenly sanctuary. Adventists find the investigative judgment portrayed in texts such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%207:9–10&version=nrsv">Daniel 7:9–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%204:17&version=nrsv">1 Peter 4:17</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2020:12&version=nrsv">Revelation 20:12</a>. The purpose of this judgment is to vindicate the saints before the onlooking universe, to prepare them for Christ's imminent Second Coming, and to demonstrate God's righteous character in His dealings with humanity. This judgment will also separate true believers from those who falsely claim to be ones.<a href="#cite_note-webfundamentals-49">[49]</a> The biblical basis of the investigative judgment teaching was challenged in 1980 by ex-Adventist professor <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Ford" title="Desmond Ford">Desmond Ford</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Glacier_View_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier View controversy">Glacier View controversy</a>.) While the church has officially reaffirmed its basic position on the doctrine since 1980, many of those within the church's progressive wing continue to be critical of the teaching. According to a 2002 worldwide survey, local church leaders estimated 86% of church members accept the doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Eschatology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Remnant_Church">The Remnant Church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Remnant Church">edit</a>]</div> The Seventh-day Adventist church regards itself as the "remnant" of Revelation 12:17 (KJV). The Remnant church "announces the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent" (Fundamental Belief no. 13). The duty of the Remnant is summed up in the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a>" of Revelation 14:6–12, and its two distinguishing marks are seventh-day Sabbath observance and the Spirit of Prophecy (see below). At baptism, Adventists may be asked the following question: "Do you accept and believe that the Seventh-day Adventist Church is the remnant church of Bible prophecy and that people of every nation, race, and language are invited and accepted into its fellowship?"<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> (NB. In 2005 an alternative set of baptismal vows was created, which does not contain a reference to the Adventist church as the remnant. Candidates may now choose whether to take the original vow or the new one.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>)<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adventist_1863_chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adventist_1863_chart.jpg/440px-Adventist_1863_chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="611" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adventist_1863_chart.jpg/660px-Adventist_1863_chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adventist_1863_chart.jpg/880px-Adventist_1863_chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>Seventh-day Adventist prophetic time chart from 1863, about the prophecies of Daniel and Revelation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_coming_of_Christ">Second coming of Christ</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Second coming of Christ">edit</a>]</div> Seventh-day Adventists believe in an imminent, universally visible Second Coming of Christ, which will be preceded by a "time of trouble".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The teaching that Christ will be universally visible is based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%201:7">Revelation 1:7</a> which states that "every eye will see him." The second coming will coincide with the resurrection and translation of the righteous, as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Thessalonians%204:16">1 Thessalonians 4:16</a>. Adventists believe that the unrighteous, or wicked, will be raised after the millennium.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> As compared to other Christian views of eschatology, the Seventh-day Adventist view is closest to Historic (or post-tribulational) Premillennialism. Conditions on earth are expected to steadily deteriorate until the "time of trouble" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc39.html">The Great Controversy</a> (which is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tribulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a> of classic premillennialist teaching), when civil and religious authorities will combine to unleash intense persecution upon God's people, particularly those who keep the seventh-day Sabbath. The time of trouble will be ended by the glorious appearing of Christ, which will also mark the commencement of the millennium. Adventists reject <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensationalist">dispensationalist</a> theology and the pretribulation <a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">rapture</a>, believing that the church will remain on earth throughout the end-time crisis. A further difference is that the millennial reign of Christ will take place in heaven, not on earth, and will involve all of the redeemed people of God, not just national Israel<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> (See Fundamental Beliefs, no. 26 & 27.) Seventh-day Adventism interprets the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">book of Revelation</a> using the historicist method, but also holds that some of the events it predicts are still future (see: <a href="/wiki/Summary_of_Christian_eschatological_differences#Interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary of Christian eschatological differences">interpretations of the Book of Revelation</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hell_and_the_state_of_the_dead">Hell and the state of the dead</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hell and the state of the dead">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism#Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Annihilationism">Annihilationism § Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">Intermediate state (Christianity)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christian_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hell in Christian beliefs">Hell in Christian beliefs</a></div> Seventh-day Adventists believe that <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> is a state of <a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">unconscious sleep</a> until the resurrection. They base this belief on biblical texts such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ecclesiastes%209:5">Ecclesiastes 9:5</a> which states "the dead know nothing", and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Thessalonians%204:13–18">1 Thessalonians 4:13–18</a> which contains a description of the dead being raised from the <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">grave</a> at the second coming. These verses, it is argued, indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> Adventists teach that the resurrection of the righteous will take place at the second coming of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, while the resurrection of the wicked will occur after the millennium of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2020">Revelation 20</a>. They reject the traditional doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> as a state of everlasting conscious torment, believing instead that the wicked will be permanently destroyed after the millennium. The <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> term for this teaching is <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">Annihilationism</a>. The Adventist views about death and hell reflect an underlying belief in: (a) conditional immortality (or <a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">conditionalism</a>), as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Physical_Immortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Immortality">immortality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>; and (b) the <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> (or monistic) <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Christian anthropology</a> or nature of <a href="/wiki/Human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Human beings">human beings</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Bipartite_(theology)" title="Bipartite (theology)">bipartite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_(theology)" title="Tripartite (theology)">tripartite</a> views. Adventist education hence strives to be holistic in nature, involving not just the mind but all aspects of a person.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> This belief in conditional immortality has been one of the doctrines used by critics (particularly in the past) to claim that the church is not a mainstream Christian denomination.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, this view is becoming more mainstream within evangelicalism, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance" title="Evangelical Alliance">Evangelical Alliance</a> ACUTE report, which states the doctrine is a "significant minority evangelical view" which has "grown within evangelicalism in recent years".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Evangelical theologian and conditionalist <a href="/wiki/Clark_Pinnock" title="Clark Pinnock">Clark Pinnock</a> suggests Adventist <a href="/wiki/Le_Roy_Edwin_Froom" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roy Edwin Froom">Le Roy Edwin Froom</a>'s The Conditionalist Faith of our Fathers, 2 vols., is "a classic defense on conditionalism".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desire_of_Ages_working_pages_80-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Desire_of_Ages_working_pages_80-81.jpg/310px-Desire_of_Ages_working_pages_80-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Desire_of_Ages_working_pages_80-81.jpg/465px-Desire_of_Ages_working_pages_80-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Desire_of_Ages_working_pages_80-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Portion of working pages 80–81 of Desire of Ages, with editorial handwriting from one of Ellen White's literary assistants</figcaption></figure> Adventists believe there is a reward of the wicked and sinners, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">lake of fire</a>, that will eternally destroy them and they along with all evil will cease to exist, and is the hell we are shown by scripture. <a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirit_of_Prophecy">Spirit of Prophecy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Spirit of Prophecy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inspiration_of_Ellen_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspiration of Ellen White">Inspiration of Ellen White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Prophecy_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit of Prophecy (Adventist)">Spirit of Prophecy (Adventist)</a></div> The church believes the spiritual gift of prophecy was manifested in the ministry of Ellen White, whose writings are sometimes referred to as the "Spirit of Prophecy". The church's 28 Fundamental Beliefs state: <dl><dd>"her writings are a continuing and authoritative source of truth which provide for the church comfort, guidance, instruction, and correction. They also make clear that the Bible is the standard by which all teaching and experience must be tested."<a href="#cite_note-webfundamentals-49">[49]</a></dd></dl> Two other official statements regarding the prophetic ministry of Ellen White have recently been voted at <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_Session" class="mw-redirect" title="General Conference Session">General Conference Sessions</a>. The June 1995 document <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003184326/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/statements/main_stat24.html">A Statement of Confidence in the Spirit of Prophecy</a> states that White "did the work of a prophet, and more", and that her writings "carry divine authority, both for godly living and for doctrine"; and recommended that "as a church we seek the power of the Holy Spirit to apply to our lives more fully the inspired counsel contained in the writings of Ellen G White." The 2005 document <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003184010/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/statements/spirit-of-prophecy.html">Resolution on the Spirit of Prophecy</a> called upon "Seventh-day Adventists throughout the world to prayerfully study her writings, in order to understand more fully God's purpose for His remnant people", describing her writings as "theological stimulus". There has been an increasing tendency in the church to view White in more human terms, although still inspired. Whatever the prominence assigned to her writings for doctrinal authority, Adventists are agreed that the Bible takes precedence as the final authority.<a href="#cite_note-adventist.org-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus_Christ,_God_the_Son">Jesus Christ, God the Son</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Jesus Christ, God the Son">edit</a>]</div> Seventh-day Adventists believe that "God the eternal Son became incarnate in Jesus Christ. Through Him all things were created, the character of God is revealed, the salvation of humanity is accomplished, and the world is judged. Forever truly God, He became also truly human, Jesus the Christ. He was conceived of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. He lived and experienced temptation as a human being, but perfectly exemplified the righteousness and love of God. By His miracles He manifested God's power and was attested as God's promised Messiah. He suffered and died voluntarily on the cross for our sins and in our place, was raised from the dead, and ascended to heaven to minister in the heavenly sanctuary on our behalf. He will come again in glory for the final deliverance of His people and the restoration of all things (Isa. 53:4–6; Dan. 9:25–27; Luke 1:35; John 1:1–3, 14; 5:22; 10:30; 14:1–3, 9, 13; Rom. 6:23; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4; 2 Cor. 3:18; 5:17–19; Phil. 2:5–11; Col. 1:15–19; Heb. 2:9–18; 8:1, 2). (Taken from "Seventh-day Adventists BELIEVE—An exposition of the fundamental beliefs of the Seventh-day Adventist Church".) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Spirit">Holy Spirit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Holy Spirit">edit</a>]</div> The early Adventists came from many different traditions, and hence there was also diversity on their views of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. Some held an impersonal view of the Spirit, as emanating from God, or only a "power" or "influence". However the main emphasis at this time was on Adventist distinctives, not on topics such as the Holy Spirit. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._H._Waggoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. H. Waggoner (page does not exist)">J. H. Waggoner</a> called it "that awful and mysterious power which proceeds from the throne of the universe".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Smith" title="Uriah Smith">Uriah Smith</a> similarly described it as "a mysterious influence emanating from the Father and the Son, their representative and the medium of their power"<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and a "divine afflatus".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Yet by the middle of 19th century, Adventists generally agreed the Spirit is a personal being, and part of the Trinity. Ellen White was influential in bringing about an understanding of the Holy Spirit and spoke of "the Third Person of the Godhead" repeatedly<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and "a divine person".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Some Adventist books include Le Roy Froom, The Coming of the Comforter (1928); <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Branson" title="William Henry Branson">W. H. Branson</a>, The Holy Spirit (1933); G. B. Thompson, The Ministry of the Spirit (1914); <a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Wilcox" title="Francis M. Wilcox">Francis M. Wilcox</a>, The Early and the Latter Rain (1938).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Some scholars have denied that Ellen White was a major influence in the Adventist shift toward Trinitarian doctrine and have argued that early Adventism had neither an Arian, Semi-Arian, nor Trinitarian theology, but rather a materialist one.<a href="#cite_note-McElwain_2010_p.-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_human_nature_of_Jesus_Christ">The human nature of Jesus Christ</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: The human nature of Jesus Christ">edit</a>]</div> Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been ongoing debate within Adventism concerning the nature of Jesus Christ, specifically whether Jesus Christ took on a fallen or an unfallen nature in the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>. This was precipitated by the publication of <a href="/wiki/Questions_on_Doctrine" title="Questions on Doctrine">Questions on Doctrine</a> in 1957 which some Adventists felt did not agree with what the church held.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The debate revolves around the interpretation of several biblical texts: <dl><dd>"For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do. By sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh." Romans 8:3 (ESV)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin." <a href="/wiki/Hebrews_4:15" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrews 4:15">Hebrews 4:15</a> (KJV)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"...concerning his Son (Jesus), who was descended from David according to the flesh..." Romans 1:3 (ESV)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Therefore, in all things He had to be made like His brethren, that He might be a merciful and faithful High Priest in things pertaining to God, to make propitiation for the sins of the people." Hebrews 2:17 NKJV</dd></dl> According to Adventist historian George Knight, most early Adventists (until 1950) believed that Jesus Christ was born with a human nature that was not only physically frail and subject to temptation, but that he also had sinful inclinations and desires.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Since 1950, the "<a href="/wiki/Historic_Adventism" title="Historic Adventism">historic</a>" wing of the church continues to hold this fallen view of Christ's human nature. Adventists since 1950 believe that Jesus was made in the "likeness of sinful flesh," as He inherited the fallen human nature of Adam,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> with its physical and mental weaknesses and was tempted on all points. However His spiritual nature was unfallen and did not have the propensity to sin. Christ was tested by temptation, but did not have ungodly desires or sinful inclinations.<a href="#cite_note-The_SDA_Commentary-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Ellen White states: "Those who claim that it was not possible for Christ to sin, cannot believe that He really took upon Himself human nature. But was not Christ actually tempted, not only by Satan in the wilderness, but all through His life, from childhood to manhood? In all points He was tempted as we are, and because He successfully resisted temptation under every form, He gave man the perfect example, and through the ample provision Christ has made, we may become partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption which is in the world through lust."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The controversy within Adventism over Christ's human nature is linked to the debate over whether it is possible for a "last generation" of Christian believers to achieve a state of <a href="#Sinless_perfection">sinless perfection</a>. These matters were discussed at the Questions on Doctrine 50th Anniversary Conference.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Both points of view are currently represented at the Biblical Research Institute.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> According to Woodrow W. Whidden II (himself a supporter of the "unfallen" position), proponents of the view that Christ possessed a "fallen" nature include M. L. Andreasen, Joe Crews, Herbert Douglass, Robert J. Wieland, Thomas Davis, C. Mervyn Maxwell, Dennis Priebe, Bobby Gordon and Ralph Larson. Proponents of the view that Christ's nature was "unfallen" include <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heppenstall" title="Edward Heppenstall">Edward Heppenstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_K._LaRondelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans K. LaRondelle">Hans K. LaRondelle</a>, Raoul Dederen, Norman Gulley, R. A. Anderson, <a href="/wiki/Leroy_E._Froom" class="mw-redirect" title="Leroy E. Froom">Leroy E. Froom</a> and W. E. Read.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_doctrinal_issues">Other doctrinal issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other doctrinal issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soteriology">Soteriology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Soteriology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_sin">Original sin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Original sin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness, but not a doctrine of inherited guilt.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Adventists believe that humans are sinful primarily due to the fall of Adam,<a href="#cite_note-The_SDA_Commentary-88">[88]</a> but they do not accept the <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustinian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinistic</a> understanding of original sin, taught in terms of original guilt. According to Augustine and Calvin, humanity inherits not only Adam's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression, and Adventists look more toward the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-Pfandl_original_sin-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In part, the Adventist position on original sin reads: <blockquote>"The nature of the penalty for original sin, i.e., Adam's sin, is to be seen as literal, physical, temporal, or actual death – the opposite of life, i.e., the cessation of being. By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity. God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner. That was Adam’s own doing. All die the first death because of Adam’s sin regardless of their moral character – children included."<a href="#cite_note-Pfandl_original_sin-97">[97]</a></blockquote> The early Adventists (such as George Storrs and <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Smith" title="Uriah Smith">Uriah Smith</a>) wrote articles that de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam, while stressing the importance of actual, personal sins committed by the individual. They thought of the "sinful nature" in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity.<a href="#cite_note-Pfandl_original_sin1-99">[99]</a> Traditionally, Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions. They base their belief on texts such as "Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law." (1 John 3:4)<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A few Adventists have adopted a more evangelical view of original sin, which believes in humanity's inherently corrupt nature and spiritual separation from God. They conceive of original sin as a state into which all humans are born, and from which we cannot escape without the grace of God.<a href="#cite_note-Pfandl_original_sin-97">[97]</a> As one recent Adventist writer has put it, "Original sin is not per se wrong doing, but wrong being."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soteriology_and_free_will">Soteriology and free will</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Soteriology and free will">edit</a>]</div> The Seventh-day Adventist church stands in the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Wesleyan</a> tradition (which in turn is an expression of <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>) in regard to its <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriological</a> teachings. Wesley's views are opposed to the Augustinian/Tridentine version of justification which understood divine acquittal and forgiveness as the fruit of an infused righteousness.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> This is significant in two respects. Firstly, there is a strong emphasis in Adventist teaching on <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a> as a necessary and inevitable consequence of salvation in Christ. Such an emphasis on obedience is not considered to detract from the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">reformation</a> principle of <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a> ("faith alone"), but rather to provide an important balance to the doctrine of justification by faith, and to guard against <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> While asserting that Christians are saved entirely by the grace of God, Adventists also stress obedience to the law of God as the proper response to salvation. Secondly, Adventist teaching strongly emphasises free will; each individual is free either to accept or reject God's offer of salvation. Adventists therefore oppose the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinistic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a> doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a>), <a href="/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">limited atonement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">perseverance of the saints</a> ("once saved always saved"). <a href="/wiki/Questions_on_Doctrine" title="Questions on Doctrine">Questions on Doctrine</a> stated that Adventists believe "That man is free to choose or reject the offer of salvation through Christ; we do not believe that God has predetermined that some men shall be saved and others lost."<a href="#cite_note-qod_chapt1-19">[19]</a> The freedom of each individual to accept or reject God is integral to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Controversy_theme" title="Great Controversy theme">Great Controversy theme</a>. <dl><dd>"God could have prevented sin by creating a universe of robots that would do only what they were programmed to do. But God's love demanded that He create beings who could respond freely to His love—and such a response is possible only from beings who have the power of choice."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></dd></dl> Assurance of salvation in Christ is part of the official beliefs,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and an estimated 69% of Adventists "Have assurance of salvation", according to a 2002 worldwide survey of local church leaders.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinless_perfection">Sinless perfection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sinless perfection">edit</a>]</div> The question of whether Christians can overcome sin and achieve a state of sinless perfection is a controversial topic for Seventh-day Adventists, as it is among the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>. Mainstream Adventists hold that Christ is our example and shows mankind the path to overcome sin, and to manifest Christ's perfect and righteous character.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> They hold to the <a href="/wiki/28_Fundamental_Beliefs_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Fundamental Beliefs (Adventist)">28 Fundamental Beliefs of Seventh-day Adventists</a> which in #10 states 'we are given the power to live a holy life' and right before that 'we are born again and sanctified' through the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Ellen White wrote that the saints through faith in Christ would reach a state such as Adam before the Fall, and refers in many of her writings that through Christ, He made it possible to overcome sin.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In his book The Sanctuary Service (1947), <a href="/wiki/M._L._Andreasen" title="M. L. Andreasen">M. L. Andreasen</a> taught that sinless perfection can be achieved;<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> his theology continues to be influential among Adventists. Some Adventists insist that a final generation of believers, who will live through the "time of trouble" (between the close of probation and second coming of Christ), who receive the seal of God mentioned in Revelation 7:3, must and will attain a state of sinlessness comparable to the pre-<a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">fall</a> condition of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>. They believe that historically this is the authentic Adventist position on the issue as taught by Ellen White,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and that denominational leaders along with <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Adventists">Progressive Adventists</a>, have erred in moving away from it. Larry Kirkpatrick and the "<a href="/wiki/Last_Generation_Theology" title="Last Generation Theology">Last Generation</a>" movement <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010070754/http://lastgenerationtheology.org/">www.LastGenerationTheology.org—The Final Atonement is Now Underway</a> are representative of this stream of teaching.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Such quote various texts such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Now, while our great High Priest is making the atonement for us, we should seek to be-come perfect in Christ. Not even by a thought could our Saviour be brought to yield to the power of temptation. Satan finds in human hearts some point where he can gain a foot-hold; some sinful desire is cherished, by means of which his temptations assert their power. But Christ declared of Himself: ‘The prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in Me.’ John 14:30. Satan could find nothing in the Son of God that would enable him to gain the victory. He had kept His Father’s commandments, and there was no sin in Him that Satan could use to his advantage. This is the condition in which those must be found who shall stand in the time of trouble.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Great Controversy, Ellen White, p. 623</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The ideal of Christian character is Christlikeness. As the Son of man was perfect in His life, so His followers are to be perfect in their life. Jesus was in all things made like unto His brethren. He became flesh, even as we are. He was hungry and thirsty and weary. He was sustained by food and refreshed by sleep. He shared the lot of man; yet He was the blameless Son of God. He was God in the flesh. His character is to be ours. The Lord says of those who believe in Him, "I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people." 2 Cor. 6:16. Christ is the ladder that Jacob saw, the base resting on the earth, and the topmost round reaching to the gate of heaven, to the very threshold of glory. If that ladder had failed by a single step of reaching the earth, we should have been lost. But Christ reaches us where we are. He took our nature and overcame, that we through taking His nature might overcome. Made "in the likeness of sinful flesh" (Rom. 8:3), He lived a sinless life. Now by His divinity He lays hold upon the throne of heaven, while by His humanity He reaches us. He bids us by faith in Him attain to the glory of the character of God. Therefore are we to be perfect, even as our "Father which is in heaven is perfect."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Desire of Ages. Ellen White, Page 311-312</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Are we striving with all our God-given powers to reach the measure of the stature of men and women in Christ? Are we seeking for His fullness, ever reaching higher and higher, trying to attain to the perfection of His character? When God’s servants reach this point, they will be sealed in their foreheads. The recording angel will declare, “It is done.” They will be complete in Him whose they are by creation and by redemption.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Selected Messages 3", Ellen White, p. 427</cite></div></blockquote> However, some Adventist theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heppenstall" title="Edward Heppenstall">Edward Heppenstall</a> have argued the view that this state of absolute sinlessness or perfection is not possible in this life, and that Christians will always rely on forgiving grace—even after the "close of probation". It is argued that "perfection" in the Bible refers to spiritual maturity, having "the continual counteracting presence of the Holy Spirit" to be "victorious over sin and the sinful nature within us", as opposed to absolute sinlessness.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministry_and_worship">Ministry and worship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ministry and worship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist worship">Seventh-day Adventist worship</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordination_of_women">Ordination of women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ordination of women">edit</a>]</div> The Adventist Church world church does not support the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> to ministry within its standard procedures. Instead women pastors in the denomination hold the title of "commissioned" rather than "ordained," which allows them to perform almost all of the pastoral functions their male colleagues perform but with a lesser title. This compromise was reached during the 1990s, with disagreement primarily occurring along cultural lines.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> has no written policy forbidding the ordination of women, it has traditionally ordained only men. From its formation, Adventists traditionally held to the view that no precedent for the practice of ordaining women can be found in Scripture or in the writings of Ellen G. White and the early Seventh-day Adventist Church. However, in recent years the ordination of women has been the subject of heated debate, especially in North America and Europe. In the Adventist church, candidates for ordination are chosen by local conferences (which usually administer about 50–150 local congregations) and approved by unions (which serve about 6–12 conferences). The world headquarters—the General Conference—says that the GC has the right to set the worldwide qualifications for ordination, including gender requirements. GC leaders have never taken the position that ordination of women is contrary to the Bible, but they have insisted that no one ordain women until it is acceptable to all parts of the world church.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 1990 the General Conference in world session voted not to establish a worldwide policy permitting the ordination of women, but they did not vote a policy forbidding such either.<a href="#cite_note-astr-120">[120]</a> In 1995 GC delegates voted not to authorize each of the 13 world divisions to establish ordination policies specific to its part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-astr-120">[120]</a> In 2010, the North American Division of the church voted to allow commissioned pastors to lead a Conference or Mission, as well as ordained ones.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2011, the North American Division, without GC approval, voted to permit women to serve as conference presidents. In early 2012, the GC responded to the NAD action with an analysis of church history and policy, demonstrating that divisions do not have the authority to establish policy different from GC policy.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The NAD immediately rescinded their action. But in their analysis the GC reminded the world membership that the “final responsibility and authority” for deciding who is ordained resides at the union level. This led to decisions by several unions to approve ordinations without regard to gender. In March 2012, several unions and conferences voted to support the ordination of women. These are the Mid America Union,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> the Pacific Union Conference,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> the Southeastern California conference,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> the Columbia Union,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Potomac Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">Potomac Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> On April 23, 2012, the North German Union voted to ordain women as ministers,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> but by late 2013 had not yet ordained a woman. On July 29, 2012, the Columbia Union Conference voted to "authorize ordination without respect to gender."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> On August 19, 2012, the Pacific Union Conference also voted to ordain without regard to gender.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Both unions began immediately approving ordinations of women.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> By mid-2013, about 25 women had been ordained to the ministry in the Pacific Union Conference, plus several in the Columbia Union. On May 12, 2013, the Danish Union voted to treat men and women ministers the same, and to suspend all ordinations until after the topic is considered at the next GC session in 2015. On May 30, 2013, the Netherlands Union voted to ordain female pastors, recognizing them as equal to their male colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On Sept. 1, 2013, a woman was ordained in the Netherlands Union.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2012–2013 the General Conference assembled several committees to study the issue and make a recommendation to be voted at the 2015 world General Conference session.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On October 27, 2013, Sandra Roberts became the first woman to lead a Seventh-day Adventist conference when she was elected as president of the Southeastern California Conference.<a href="#cite_note-blog.pe.com-135">[135]</a> However, the worldwide Seventh-day Adventist church did not recognize this because presidents of conferences must be ordained pastors and the worldwide church did not recognize the ordination of women.<a href="#cite_note-blog.pe.com-135">[135]</a> As Protestant Christians who accept the Bible as their only rule of faith and practice, Seventh-day Adventists on both sides of the issue employ the same Bible texts and arguments used by other Protestants (e.g. 1 Tim. 2:12 and Gal. 3:28), but the fact that the most prominent and authoritative co-founder of the church—<a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a>—was a woman, also affects the discussion. Proponents of ordaining women point out that Adventists believe that Ellen White was chosen by God as a leader, preacher and teacher; that she remains the highest authority, outside the Bible, in the Seventh-day Adventist Church today; that she was regularly issued ordination credentials, which she carried without objection; and that she supported the ordination of women to at least some ministry roles. Opponents argue that because she was a prophet her example does not count, and that although she said she was ordained by God, she was never ordained in the ordinary way, by church leaders.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On July 8, 2015, delegates to the General Conference Business Session, in San Antonio, Texas, voted 1,381–977 against allowing divisions the authority to ordain women. <a href="/wiki/Ted_N._C._Wilson" title="Ted N. C. Wilson">Ted N. C. Wilson</a>, President of the General Conference, appealed to the world church to accept the decision, and also stated that "the vote means we maintain the current policy" (commissioning women, ordaining men as pastors). In 2022, the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) approved ordaining women pastors.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptism">Baptism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Baptism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adventist_baptismal_vow" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist baptismal vow">Adventist baptismal vow</a></div> Seventh-day Adventists practice believer's baptism by full immersion in a similar manner to the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>. They argue that baptism requires knowing consent and moral responsibility. Hence, they do not baptize infants or children who do not demonstrate knowing consent and moral responsibility, but instead dedicate them, which is symbolic of the parents', the community's, and the church's gratefulness to God for the child, and their commitment to raising the child to love <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Seventh-day Adventists believe that baptism is a public statement to commit one's life to Jesus and is a prerequisite for church membership. Baptism is only practiced after the candidate has gone through Bible lessons. According to the Bible, the act of baptism shows that the person has repented of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and wishes to live a life in Christ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%208:36–37">Acts 8:36–37</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_Communion">Holy Communion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Holy Communion">edit</a>]</div> Seventh-day Adventists believe that the bread and wine (grape juice) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> are "symbols" of the body and blood of Jesus; however, Christ is also "present to meet and strengthen His people" in the experience of communion.<a href="#cite_note-webfundamentals-49">[49]</a> Adventists practice "the ordinance of footwashing" prior to each celebration of the Lord's Supper, on account of the gospel account of John 13:1–16. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritual_gifts">Spiritual gifts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Spiritual gifts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prophecy_in_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Prophecy in the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Prophecy in the Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongues_in_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongues in the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Tongues in the Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></div> The 17th fundamental belief of the church affirms that the spiritual gifts <a href="/wiki/Continuationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuationism">continue</a> into the present. Adventists generally believe the legitimate gift of tongues is of <a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">speaking unlearned human languages</a> only, and are generally critical of the gift as practiced by charismatic and Pentecostal Christians today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creationism">Creationism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Creationism">edit</a>]</div> The Seventh-day Adventist doctrine of creationism is based on believing that the opening chapters of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> should be <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">interpreted</a> as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal</a> history. Adventist belief holds that all Earthly life originated during a six-day period some 6000 years ago, and a <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">global flood</a> destroyed all land based animals and humans except for those saved on <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>. Traditional Adventists oppose theories which propose interpreting the days of creation symbolically.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Adventists reject the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">naturalistic</a> views of <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. Although Adventists hold that creation week was a recent event, they believe the Bible speaks of other worlds populated by intelligent beings elsewhere in the universe, which pre-existed the Earth's creation.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The Seventh-day Adventist Ministerial Association's Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2005), explains that the opening chapters of Genesis describe a limited creation: <dl><dd>'The "heavens" of Genesis 1 and 2 probably refer to our sun and its system of planets. Indeed, the earth, instead of being Christ's first creation, was most likely His last one. The Bible pictures the sons of God, probably the Adams of all the unfallen worlds, meeting with God in some distant corner of the universe (Job 1:6–12). So far, space probes have discovered no other inhabited planets. They apparently are situated in the vastness of space—well beyond the reach of our sin-polluted solar system quarantined against the infection of sin.'<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></dd></dl> While the majority of Adventists believe that all biological life was originally created recently during a literal week, there is a range of positions amongst Adventists regarding when the inorganic material of the universe and planet Earth was created.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Some Adventists hold that the entire physical universe was created at the commencement of the literal Creation week, though it is generally recognised that the creation of angels and the conflict between Lucifer and God would need to have occurred prior to the Creation event described in Genesis 1. Other Adventists hold that the universe was created prior to the Creation week, but that planet Earth and its immediate surroundings were created de novo at the commencement of that week.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Another mainstream Adventist position is that the inorganic matter of planet Earth was created prior to the Creation week and was reshaped into its present inhabitable form during that week. All of these Adventist positions agree that the computed radiometric dates of standard geology are largely irrelevant to dating the creation of life on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-C._L._Webster-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Clyde Webster calls radiometric dating an "interpretive science" with uncertainties. He stated that "it would seem logical, almost compelling to seriously consider other sources of data for determining the time of Creation" concluding that for a Christian scientist "such a primary source is the Holy Scripture."<a href="#cite_note-C._L._Webster-143">[143]</a> Adventists were influential in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">redevelopment of creationism</a> in the 20th century. Seventh-day Adventist geologist <a href="/wiki/George_McCready_Price" title="George McCready Price">George McCready Price</a> was responsible for reviving <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a> in the early 20th century. He was quoted heavily by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Monkey_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Monkey Trial">Scopes Monkey Trial</a>. His ideas were later borrowed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Morris" title="Henry M. Morris">Henry Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Whitcomb" title="John C. Whitcomb">John Whitcomb</a> for their landmark 1961 creationist text <a href="/wiki/The_Genesis_Flood:_The_Biblical_Record_and_Its_Scientific_Implications" class="mw-redirect" title="The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications">The Genesis Flood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Morris and Whitcomb position is distinct from Seventh-day Adventism because they postulate both a young earth and a young universe.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> About the time that The Genesis Flood was having a large impact in the evangelical world, a number of progressive Adventist scholars educated in secular universities began promoting Theistic Evolution.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Some Progressive Adventists no longer hold the literal view of Genesis 1.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Other Adventist scholars have identified the consequences of moving away from understanding that the Creation week involved a recent literal week.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 2009, the Seventh-day Adventist Church held an international creation emphasis day as part of a "worldwide denominational celebration of the biblical account of creation."<a href="#cite_note-creation_emphasis_day-154">[154]</a> The event was part of a church initiative to underscore its commitment to a literal creation model.<a href="#cite_note-creation_emphasis_day-154">[154]</a> In 2010, the World Seventh-day Adventist Church's highest ecclesiastical body, the World General Conference Session, officially reaffirmed the Church's position in support of a literal six-day creation week.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_scapegoat">The scapegoat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: The scapegoat">edit</a>]</div> Adventists teach that the <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a>, is a symbol for <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. They believe that Satan will finally have to bear the responsibility for the sins of the believers of all ages, and that this was foreshadowed on the Day of Atonement when the high priest confessed the sins of Israel over the head of the scapegoat (Leviticus 16:21). This belief has drawn criticism from some Christians, who feel this gives Satan the status of sin-bearer alongside Jesus Christ. Adventists have responded by insisting that Satan is not a saviour, nor does he provide atonement for sin; Christ alone is the substitutionary sacrifice for sin, but holds no responsibility for it. In the final judgment, responsibility for sin is passed back to Satan who first caused mankind to sin. As the responsible party, Satan receives the wages for his sin and the sins of all the saved—namely, death. Thus, the unsaved are held responsible for their own sin, while the saved are no longer held responsible for theirs.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunday_law">Sunday law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sunday law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">Blue law</a></div> Traditionally, Adventists have taught there will be a time before the Second Advent in which the message of the Ten Commandments and in particular the keeping of the seventh day of the week, Saturday, as Sabbath will be conveyed to the whole world. Protestants and Catholics will unite to enforce <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">legislation requiring the observance of Sunday worship</a>. In reference to the creation of an Image to the Beast <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#Chapter_13" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 13</a>-<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#Chapter_17" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">17</a>, Ellen G. White stated: <blockquote style="background: #F0F0F0; border: 1px solid black; padding: .3em;">"When the leading churches of the United States, uniting on such points of doctrines as are held by them in common, shall influence the state to enforce their decrees and to sustain their institutions; then Protestant America will have formed an image of the Roman hierarchy, and the infliction of civil penalties upon dissenters will inevitably result." –Great Controversy p. 445</blockquote> Jon Paulien maintains that the central issue of the "final crisis of earth’s history has to do with the Sabbath", based on the strong allusion of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2014:7">Revelation 14:7</a> to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2020:11">Exodus 20:11</a> (the Sabbath commandment of the Ten Commandments), and also other verses and themes in Revelation.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Angels’_Messages_2">Three Angels’ Messages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Three Angels’ Messages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></div> From the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerite</a> movement proclaimed the soon return of Jesus. Adventists have traditionally interpreted this as the initial proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Three_angels%27_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Three angels' messages">three angels' messages</a>. The "three angels' messages" is an interpretation of the messages given by three <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2014:6–12">14:6–12</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> church teaches that these messages are given to prepare the world for the <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, and sees them as a central part of its own mission. The Seventh-day Adventist Church has traditionally believed that it is the <a href="/wiki/Remnant_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remnant (Adventist)">remnant church</a> of Bible prophecy, and that its mission is to proclaim the three angels' messages. <dl><dd>"The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but in the last days, a time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus. This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent. This proclamation is symbolized by the three angels of Revelation 14; it coincides with the work of judgment in heaven and results in a work of repentance and reform on earth. Every believer is called to have a personal part in this worldwide witness."</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/28_Fundamentals" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Fundamentals">Fundamental Beliefs</a> of the Seventh-day Adventist Church <a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"In accordance with God's uniform dealing with mankind, warning them of coming events that will vitally affect their destiny, He has sent forth a proclamation of the approaching return of Christ. This preparatory message is symbolized by the three angels’ messages of Revelation 14, and meets its fulfillment in the great Second Advent Movement today. This has brought forth the remnant, or Seventh-day Adventist Church, keeping the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus."</dd> <dd>Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></dd></dl> The Mission Statement of the church declares: <dl><dd>"The mission of the Seventh-day Adventist Church is to proclaim to all peoples the everlasting gospel of God's love in the context of the three angels' messages of Revelation 14:6–12, and as revealed in the life, death, resurrection, and high priestly ministry of Jesus Christ, leading them to accept Jesus as personal Saviour and Lord and to unite with His remnant church; and to nurture believers as disciples in preparation for His soon return."<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></dd></dl> Some critics and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Adventist">Progressive Adventists</a>, typically reject the claim that the three angels' messages find unique fulfillment in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Mainstream Adventists believe that God has led the Christian movements in history,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> but progressives tend to deny putting Adventism on that level. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28_Fundamental_Beliefs_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Fundamental Beliefs (Adventist)">28 Fundamental Beliefs (Adventist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerites" class="mw-redirect" title="Millerites">Millerites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_hospitals" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist hospitals">List of Seventh-day Adventist hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_medical_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist medical schools">List of Seventh-day Adventist medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_secondary_schools" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools">List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_colleges_and_universities" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities">List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129114541/http://news.adventist.org/specials/2005/gcsession/voted_docs/growinginchrist.html">"Growing in Christ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adventist_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist News Network">Adventist News Network</a>. 2005-07-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.adventist.org/specials/2005/gcsession/voted_docs/growinginchrist.html">the original</a> on 2005-11-29. Retrieved 2006-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Growing+in+Christ&rft.date=2005-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.adventist.org%2Fspecials%2F2005%2Fgcsession%2Fvoted_docs%2Fgrowinginchrist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2015-07-07/delegates-approve-landmark-update-of-fundamental-beliefs/">Delegates Approve Landmark Update of Fundamental Beliefs</a>, ADVENTIST NEWS NETWORK, 8 July 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delegates+Approve+Landmark+Update+of+Fundamental+Beliefs&rft.pub=ADVENTIST+NEWS+NETWORK&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.adventist.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Fnews%2Fgo%2F2015-07-07%2Fdelegates-approve-landmark-update-of-fundamental-beliefs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists 2005</a>, pp. 14–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoday.com/magazine/2001/11/adventist-theological-society-0">The Adventist Theological Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225063148/http://www.atoday.com/magazine/2001/11/adventist-theological-society-0">Archived</a> 2007-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an interview of Ed Christian by John McLarty. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists1986" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723205020/http://adventist.org/beliefs/other-documents/other-doc4.html">"Methods of Bible Study (Official statement)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adventist.org/beliefs/other-documents/other-doc4.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methods+of+Bible+Study+%28Official+statement%29&rft.date=1986&rft.au=General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Fother-documents%2Fother-doc4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988">. Compare <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Seventh-day Adventists believe, 2nd ed. 2005. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+believe%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=259&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A&D-6"><a href="#cite_ref-A&D_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiblical_Research_Institute1982">Biblical Research Institute 1982</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEknight200098-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEknight200098_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFknight2000">knight 2000</a>, p. 98. sfn error: no target: CITEREFknight2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200098–100-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200098–100_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200098–100_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 98–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists 2005</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeufeld1976">Neufeld 1976</a>, pp. 577–578 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200030–31-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200030–31_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200031–32-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200031–32_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005189-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005189_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists 2005</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200032–33-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200032–33_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200034-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200034_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200035-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200035_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller18424-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller18424_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller18424_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1842">Miller 1842</a>, p. 4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMiller1842 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200036-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200036_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200036_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-qod_chapt1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qod_chapt1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qod_chapt1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors1957" class="citation book cs1">Editors (1957). "Chapter 1 "Doctrines We Share With Other Christians."". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm">Questions on Doctrine</a>. Washington D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+%22Doctrines+We+Share+With+Other+Christians.%22&rft.btitle=Questions+on+Doctrine&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Editors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fbooks%2Fqod%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200038-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200038_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200039–42-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200039–42_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 39–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200042–44-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200042–44_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 42–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200047–50-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200047–50_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 47–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200050–54-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200050–54_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 50–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200055-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200055_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Midnight Cry". Midnight Cry. November 7, 1844. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midnight+Cry&rft.atitle=Midnight+Cry&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1844-11-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200055–58-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200055–58_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 55–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.adventist.org/en/beliefs/">https://www.adventist.org/en/beliefs/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite18461-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite18461_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1846">White 1846</a>, p. 1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1846 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite185761-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite185761_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1857">White 1857</a>, p. 61. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1857 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1868693-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1868693_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1868">White 1868</a>, p. 693. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1868 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200019–20-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200019–20_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2000-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2000_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2000_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnston, R. (September 15, 1983). "Adventist Review". Adventist Review. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adventist+Review&rft.atitle=Adventist+Review&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1983-09-15&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988">; from <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1946">White 1946</a>, p. 35 "There is no excuse for anyone in taking the position that there is no more truth to be revealed, and that all our expositions of Scripture are without an error. The fact that certain doctrines have been held as truth for many years by our people, is not a proof that our ideas are infallible. Age will not make error into truth, and truth can afford to be fair. No true doctrine will lose anything by close investigation." </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation book cs1">White, Ellen. Testimonies For The Church. Vol. 8. p. 297. <q>Let none seek to tear away the foundations of our faith—the foundations that were laid at the beginning of our work by prayerful study of the word and by revelation. Upon these foundations we have been building for the last fifty years. Men may suppose that they have found a new way and that they can lay a stronger foundation than that which has been laid. But this is a great deception. Other foundation can no man lay than that which has been laid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimonies+For+The+Church&rft.pages=297&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200074-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200074_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a>, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Morris_Venden" title="Morris Venden">Venden, Morris</a>, 1982, The Pillars, Pacific Press, pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%201:7">Revelation 1:7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/George_R._Knight" title="George R. Knight">George R. Knight</a>, "Adventist Approaches to the Second Coming". Ministry 73 (June–July 2000), p. 28–32 for more details </li> <li id="cite_note-adventist.org-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventist.org_43-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adventist.org/en/beliefs/">"Beliefs: The Official Site of the Seventh-day Adventist world church"</a>. www.adventist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adventist.org&rft.atitle=Beliefs%3A+The+Official+Site+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+world+church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fen%2Fbeliefs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc39.html">The Great Controversy, chapter 39</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight200061–64-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight200061–64_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2000">Knight 2000</a>, pp. 61–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenden1996140–141-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenden1996140–141_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVenden1996">Venden 1996</a>, pp. 140–141. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVenden1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Fundamental Principles taught and practiced by the Seventh-day Adventists, proposition II (1872) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> See also Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia, Review and Herald Publishing Assn, pages 127-129 </li> <li id="cite_note-webfundamentals-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webfundamentals_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webfundamentals_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webfundamentals_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webfundamentals_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">"Fundamental Beliefs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">the original</a> on 2006-03-10. Retrieved 2006-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Beliefs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ffundamental%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202185642/http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p14, 20 for first statistic and original question; p20, 29 for second statistic and original question </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown 2003</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Strategic-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strategic_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strategic_52-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">Three Strategic Issues: A World Survey</a>". Presented to the General Conference Annual Council on 7 October 2002. Accessed 2008-04-24. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/ExpectedOutcomes.pdf">reprint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120074007/http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/ExpectedOutcomes.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Adventist Review website. For reports on the survey, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/annualcouncil.html">Annual Council 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820020513/http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/annualcouncil.html">Archived</a> 2008-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Special Report. Adventist Review 10 October 2002; including "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/council8.html">World Survey Gets Mixed Reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120054228/http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/council8.html">Archived</a> 2008-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" by Nathan Brown. The survey was only very approximate. </li> <li id="cite_note-news.adventist.org-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.adventist.org_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.adventist.org_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillespie2010">Gillespie 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intellectual-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intellectual_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intellectual_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intellectual_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullLockhart1987">Bull & Lockhart 1987</a>, pp. 32–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Koranteng-Pipim" title="Samuel Koranteng-Pipim">Samuel Koranteng-Pipim</a> has criticized the theologians as "liberal". <a href="#CITEREFKoranteng-Pipim1996">Koranteng-Pipim 1996</a>, pp. 198–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdventist_Theological_Society" class="citation web cs1">Adventist Theological Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040949/http://www.atsjats.org/article.php?id=6">"Adventist Theological Society Membership"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsjats.org/article.php?id=6">the original</a> on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2011-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventist+Theological+Society+Membership&rft.au=Adventist+Theological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsjats.org%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulien" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Paulien" title="Jon Paulien">Paulien, Jon</a>. Questions on Doctrine and the Church: Present and Future.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Questions+on+Doctrine+and+the+Church%3A+Present+and+Future&rft.aulast=Paulien&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> Publication on the internet forthcoming. Conference attendees received a copy of all the papers presented </li> <li id="cite_note-AVANCE-58"><a href="#cite_ref-AVANCE_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hernández, Edwin I. (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrummagazine.org/spectrum/archive21-25/25-2hernandez.pdf">"The Browning of American Adventism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(magazine)" title="Spectrum (magazine)">Spectrum</a>. 25 (2). <a href="/wiki/Roseville,_California" title="Roseville, California">Roseville</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Forums" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Forums">Adventist Forums</a>: 29–50. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-0264">0890-0264</a>. Retrieved 2007-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum&rft.atitle=The+Browning+of+American+Adventism&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-50&rft.date=1995-12&rft.issn=0890-0264&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Edwin+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectrummagazine.org%2Fspectrum%2Farchive21-25%2F25-2hernandez.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] (this quote p. 36) See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrummagazine.org/spectrum/archive21-25/25-2branson.pdf">editor's introduction</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/Dynamics%20of%20Salvation.htm">The Dynamics of Salvation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093024/http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/Dynamics%20of%20Salvation.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Adventist Review, July 31, 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-sdasbelieve-60"><a href="#cite_ref-sdasbelieve_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthe_Ministerial_Association,_General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists1988" class="citation book cs1">the Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (1988). "19. The Sabbath". Seventh-day Adventists Believe... Hagerstown, Maryland 21740: Review and Herald Publishing Association. p. 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19.+The+Sabbath&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe....&rft.place=Hagerstown%2C+Maryland+21740&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1988&rft.au=the+Ministerial+Association%2C+General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistdefenseleague.com/2008/07/1-john-34-sin-is-transgression-of-which.html">"The Official Adventist Defense League"</a>. Retrieved Jun 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Adventist+Defense+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistdefenseleague.com%2F2008%2F07%2F1-john-34-sin-is-transgression-of-which.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fundamental_Beliefs-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Fundamental_Beliefs_62-0">^</a> need to fix </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistdefenseleague.com/2007/11/investigative-judgment-in-matthew.html">"The Investigative Judgment in Matthew | Adventist Defense League"</a>. 13 November 2007. Retrieved Jun 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Investigative+Judgment+in+Matthew+%26%23124%3B+Adventist+Defense+League&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistdefenseleague.com%2F2007%2F11%2Finvestigative-judgment-in-matthew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-venden-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-venden_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venden_64-1">b</a> Venden, Morris, 1996, Never without an intercessor, pp. 140–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Sausa, Diego D. Kippur – the Final Judgment: Apocalyptic Secrets of the Hebrew Sanctuary, Fort Myers, Florida: The Vision Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9788346-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9788346-1-5">0-9788346-1-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> See also Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia, Review and Herald Publishing Assn, pages 127–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotquestions.org/parable-sheep-goats.html">"What is the meaning of the Parable of the Sheep and Goats?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+meaning+of+the+Parable+of+the+Sheep+and+Goats%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotquestions.org%2Fparable-sheep-goats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202185642/http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 14, 20 for first statistic and original question; pp. 20, 29 for second statistic and original question </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/church_manual/Seventh-day-Adventist-Church-Manual-17th-edition.pdf">Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121113713/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/church_manual/Seventh-day-Adventist-Church-Manual-17th-edition.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 17th edition, revised 2005, page 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.adventist.org/data/2005/06/1120840514/index.html.en">Delegates Debate Baptismal Vows</a>, July 8, 2005, Hulbert, V. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/George_R._Knight" title="George R. Knight">George R. Knight</a>, "Adventist Approaches to the Second Coming". Ministry 73 (June–July 2000), pp. 28–32 for more details </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter Martin</a>, Kingdom of the Cults, Zondervan 1965, pp. 385–394 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelical_Alliance_Commission_on_Unity_and_Truth_among_Evangelicals_(ACUTE)2000" class="citation web cs1">Evangelical Alliance Commission on Unity and Truth among Evangelicals (ACUTE) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eauk.org/theology/key_papers/upload/THE%20NATURE%20OF%20HELL%20Concusions%20&%20recommendations%20(final).pdf">"The Nature of Hell"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Hell&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Evangelical+Alliance+Commission+on+Unity+and+Truth+among+Evangelicals+%28ACUTE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eauk.org%2Ftheology%2Fkey_papers%2Fupload%2FTHE%2520NATURE%2520OF%2520HELL%2520Concusions%2520%26%2520recommendations%2520%28final%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Clark Pinnock, "The Conditional View" in Four Views on Hell, <a href="/wiki/William_Crockett" class="mw-redirect" title="William Crockett">William Crockett</a> (editor), Zondervan, 1992, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.adventist.org/death-and-resurrection/">https://www.adventist.org/death-and-resurrection/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.askanadventistfriend.com/death/do-seventh-day-adventists-believe-in-hell/">"Do Seventh-day Adventists Believe in Hell?"</a>. 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe+in+Hell%3F&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.askanadventistfriend.com%2Fdeath%2Fdo-seventh-day-adventists-believe-in-hell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> J. H. Waggoner, The Spirit of God: Its Offices and Manifestations, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Uriah Smith, The Biblical Institute (1878), p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Uriah Smith, Looking Unto Jesus, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> For instance Ellen White, <a href="/wiki/Desire_of_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Desire of Ages">Desire of Ages</a>, p. 671 etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Ellen White, Evangelism, p. 617 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> This section all cited from the Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia first edition, pp. 525–526 </li> <li id="cite_note-McElwain_2010_p.-83"><a href="#cite_ref-McElwain_2010_p._83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElwain2010" class="citation book cs1">McElwain, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mD6hXwAACAAJ">"11"</a>. Adventism and Ellen White: A Phenomenon of Religious Materialism. Studier av inter-religiösa relationer. Vol. 48. Swedish Science Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89652-38-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89652-38-5"><bdi>978-91-89652-38-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=Adventism+and+Ellen+White%3A+A+Phenomenon+of+Religious+Materialism&rft.series=Studier+av+inter-religi%C3%B6sa+relationer&rft.pub=Swedish+Science+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-91-89652-38-5&rft.aulast=McElwain&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmD6hXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_R._Knight2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_R._Knight" title="George R. Knight">George R. Knight</a>, ed. (2003). Questions on Doctrine: Annotated Edition. Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University Press. pp. v, 516–522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883925-41-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-883925-41-X"><bdi>1-883925-41-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+on+Doctrine%3A+Annotated+Edition&rft.place=Berrien+Springs%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=v%2C+516-522&rft.pub=Andrews+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-883925-41-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Questions on Doctrine, page 60, (The Desire of Ages, p. 25), He "took upon Himself human nature" (The SDA Bible Commentary, vol.5, p. 1128), He "took the nature of man" (The Desire of Ages, p. 117), He took "our sinful nature" (Medical Ministry, p. 181), He took "our fallen nature" (Special Instruction Relating to The Review and Herald Office, p. 13, May 26, 1896), He took "man's nature in its fallen condition" (Signs of the Times, June 9, 1898). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Questions on Doctrine, annotated edition, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> 'He was made in the "likeness of sinful flesh," or "sinful human nature," or "fallen human nature," (cf. Rom. 8:3).11 This in no way indicates that Jesus Christ was sinful, or participated in sinful acts or thoughts. Though made in the form or likeness of sinful flesh, He was sinless and His sinlessness is beyond questioning.' Seventh-day Adventists Believe... p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_SDA_Commentary-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_SDA_Commentary_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_SDA_Commentary_88-1">b</a> The SDA Bible Commentary, vol. 5, pp. 1081, 1128–1131. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> The SDA Bible Commentary, vol. 4, p. 1147 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodrow_W._Whidden_II1997" class="citation cs2">Woodrow W. Whidden II (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/wwhc/">The Humanity of Christ</a>, Review and Herald Publishing Association</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Humanity+of+Christ&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Woodrow+W.+Whidden+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fbooks%2Fwwhc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Seventh-day Adventists Believe, 1988, pp. 47–49</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe&rft.pages=47-49&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> SDA Bible Commentary, vol. 7 (EGW), p. 929 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qod.andrews.edu/index.html">Questions on Doctrine 50th Anniversary Conference</a>, Andrews University, October 24–27, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215051535/http://www.adventistworld.org/issue.php?issue=2009-1012&page=20">"Adventist World : Perfection"</a>. 2009-12-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistworld.org/issue.php?issue=2009-1012&page=20">the original</a> on 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2023-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventist+World+%3A+Perfection&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistworld.org%2Fissue.php%3Fissue%3D2009-1012%26page%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodrow_W._Whidden_II1997" class="citation book cs1">Woodrow W. Whidden II (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/wwhc/index.htm">Ellen White on the Humanity of Christ</a>. Review and Herald Publishing Association. pp. 12–13 (footnotes).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellen+White+on+the+Humanity+of+Christ&rft.pages=12-13+%28footnotes%29&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Woodrow+W.+Whidden+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fbooks%2Fwwhc%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> E. G. White, Signs of the Times, August 29, 1892 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfandl_original_sin-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfandl_original_sin_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfandl_original_sin_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfandl_original_sin_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Pfandl" class="citation journal cs1">Gerhard Pfandl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/sites/default/files/pdf/sinoriginal-web.pdf">"Some thoughts on Original Sin"</a> (PDF). Biblical Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+thoughts+on+Original+Sin&rft.au=Gerhard+Pfandl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fsinoriginal-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodrow_W._Whidden" class="citation cs2">Woodrow W. Whidden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/materials/adventist-heritage/adventist-theology-wesleyan-connection">Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventist+Theology%3A+The+Wesleyan+Connection&rft.au=Woodrow+W.+Whidden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fmaterials%2Fadventist-heritage%2Fadventist-theology-wesleyan-connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfandl_original_sin1-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Pfandl_original_sin1_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Pfandl" class="citation journal cs1">Gerhard Pfandl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093406/http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/sinoriginal-web.pdf">"Some thoughts on Original Sin"</a> (PDF). Biblical Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/sinoriginal-web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2006-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+thoughts+on+Original+Sin&rft.au=Gerhard+Pfandl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fdocuments%2Fsinoriginal-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qod.andrews.edu/docs/16_larry_kirkpatrick.doc">"Questions on Doctrines Documents via Andrews University"</a>. Retrieved Jun 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+on+Doctrines+Documents+via+Andrews+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqod.andrews.edu%2Fdocs%2F16_larry_kirkpatrick.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeppenstall" class="citation journal cs1">Heppenstall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/mangod/index.htm">"The Man Who is God"</a>. Copyright 1977 by the Review and Herald Publishing Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+is+God&rft.au=Heppenstall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fbooks%2Fmangod%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905132327/http://www.bibelschule.info/streaming/Woodrow-W.-Whidden---Adventist-Theology---The-Wesleyan-Connection_23617.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibelschule.info/streaming/Woodrow-W.-Whidden---Adventist-Theology---The-Wesleyan-Connection_23617.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibelschule.info%2Fstreaming%2FWoodrow-W.-Whidden---Adventist-Theology---The-Wesleyan-Connection_23617.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Woodrow W. Whidden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/wesleyanconnectionSDA.htm">Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729054637/http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/wesleyanconnectionSDA.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Copyright, Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/27/index.htm">Seventh-day Adventists Believe (A Biblical Exposition of 27 Fundamental Doctrines)</a>. Copyright 1988 by the Ministerial Association General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Chapter 7 "The Nature of Man". </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Number 10, "Experience of Salvation" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/council8.html">http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/council8.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120054228/http://www.adventistreview.org/2002-1541/council8.html">Archived</a> 2008-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">Three Strategic Issues: A World Survey</a>". General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 2002, p. 17. See question 11. Also question 87, "The clear presentation of the assurance of salvation in Christ" as one of the "reasons people might want to join your local church", for which an 81% figure was given </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "To be our example. To set the example as to how people should live, Christ must live a sinless life as a human being. As the second Adam He dispelled the myth that humans cannot obey God's law and have victory over sin. He demonstrated that it is possible for humanity to be faithful to God's will. Where the first Adam fell, the second Adam gained the victory over sin and Satan and became both our Saviour and our perfect example. In His strength His victory can be ours (John 16:33)...By beholding Him, people "are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory" (2 Cor. 3:18). "Let us fix our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of our faith... . Consider him who endured such opposition from sinful men, so that you will not grow weary and lose heart" (Heb. 12:2, 3, NIV). Truly, Christ "suffered for us, leaving us an example, that you should follow His steps" (1 Peter 2:21; cf. John 13:15)."[Seventh-day Adventists Believe, pp. 49–50] </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "Christ is waiting with longing desire for the manifestation of Himself in His church. When the character of Christ shall be perfectly reproduced in His people, then He will come to claim them as His own." Christ Object Lessons, page 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> "The urgency for attaining perfection comes from the knowledge that the remnant must live perfectly during the time of trouble at the end to prove to the universe that fallen human beings can keep the law of God. Ellen White states, “When He leaves the sanctuary, darkness covers the inhabitants of the earth. In that fearful time the righteous must live in the sight of a holy God without an intercessor.” (GC 614). </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/doctrines/gc28.htm">"28 Fundamental Beliefs of Seventh-day Adventists. File: gc28.htm"</a>. www.sdanet.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sdanet.org&rft.atitle=28+Fundamental+Beliefs+of+Seventh-day+Adventists.+File%3A+gc28.htm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fdoctrines%2Fgc28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> "Those only who through faith in Christ obey all of God's commandments will reach the condition of sinlessness in which Adam lived before his transgression." "Everyone who surrenders fully to God is given the privilege of living without sin." "We need not retain one sinful propensity." "Christ died to make it possible for you to cease to sin." "To be redeemed means to cease from sin." Ellen White, SDA Commentary, Vol. VI, p. 1118. Review and Herald, Sept. 27, 1906. SDA Commentary, Vol. V, p.1128; ibid, Vol 7, p. 943. Review and Herald, Aug. 28, 1894. Review and Herald, Sept. 25, 1900. The Great Controversy, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._L._Andreasen1947" class="citation book cs1">M. L. Andreasen (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806040359/http://www.lastgenerationtheology.org/lgt/doc/mis/tlg/and-tlg1947.php">The Sanctuary Service</a>. Review and Herald Publishing Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastgenerationtheology.org/lgt/doc/mis/tlg/and-tlg1947.php">the original</a> on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2007-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanctuary+Service&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1947&rft.au=M.+L.+Andreasen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastgenerationtheology.org%2Flgt%2Fdoc%2Fmis%2Ftlg%2Fand-tlg1947.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> "Those that overcome the world, the flesh, and the devil, will be the favored ones who shall receive the seal of the living God.—Testimonies to Ministers and Gospel Workers, 445 (c. 1886). Last Day Events 221.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Selected Messages 2:263 (1850). Last Day Events 222.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lastgenerationtheology.org/lgt/ori/ori-lgt14.php">Last Generation Theology in 14 Points</a>, from www.lastgenerationtheology.org </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Edward Heppenstall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/How%20Perfect%20Is%20Perfect.htm">How Perfect Is "Perfect" Or Is Christian Perfection Possible?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093702/http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/How%20Perfect%20Is%20Perfect.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/perfection%20Heppenstall.htm">Some Theological Considerations of Perfection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710090615/http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents/perfection%20Heppenstall.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Copyright, Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Voting was generally along geographic lines – the majority of Adventists in Western nations support treating women ministers the same as men in all respects, but the majority of Adventists in developing nations do not. Laura L. Vance discusses gender issues in Seventh-day Adventism in Crisis: Gender and Sectarian Change in an Emerging Religion. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 1999. One review is by Douglas Morgan in <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a>, 22 September 1999; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_25_116/ai_56183352/">reprint</a>. The independent journal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventists_Affirm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventists Affirm (page does not exist)">Adventists Affirm</a> is opposed to women's ordination. Books include Women in Ministry: Biblical and Historical Perspectives edited by Nancy Vyhmeister. <a href="/wiki/Andrews_University_Press" title="Andrews University Press">Andrews University Press</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrews.edu/universitypress/catalog.cgi?key=147">publisher's page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225193941/http://www.andrews.edu/universitypress/catalog.cgi?key=147">Archived</a> 2007-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121104407/http://www.spectrummagazine.org/files/archive/archive11-15/15-2nembhard.pdf">Women Pastors Begin Baptizing</a>" by Judith P. Nembhard. Spectrum 15:2 (August 1984); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrummagazine.org/blog/2009/07/17/1984_women_begin_baptizing">Reprinted</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221413/http://www.spectrummagazine.org/blog/2009/07/17/1984_women_begin_baptizing">Archived</a> 2009-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Spectrum blog 18 July 2009 with an introduction by Bonnie Dwyer. See the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/wo/index.htm">Women in Ministry</a>" section of SDANet.org AtIssue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710194011/http://jewel.andrews.edu:82/search/dOrdination+of+women">Articles with subject "ordination of women"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712153402/http://jewel.andrews.edu:82/search/dWomen+clergy">"women clergy"</a> cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index. Possibly see also <a href="/wiki/Seeking_a_Sanctuary" title="Seeking a Sanctuary">Seeking a Sanctuary</a>, chapter "Gender" </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> In 1999, the Southeastern California Conference adopted recommendations including "7. That equal credentials be granted to all pastors, both male and female." Quoted by [Editors], "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoday.com/magazine/1999/11/southeastern-california-conference-supports-women-ministry-ordination-initiative-0">Southeastern California Conference Supports Women in Ministry with Ordination Initiative</a>". Adventist Today 7:6 (November–December 1999). On the other hand, for instance, one author commented the "primary focus" of the magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventists_Affirm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventists Affirm (page does not exist)">Adventists Affirm</a> is "opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alden_Thompson" title="Alden Thompson">Thompson, Alden</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.wallawalla.edu/~alden.thompson/text/unpublished_lectures_sermons_papers/the_future_of_adventism.rtf">"The Future of Adventism: Where's The Church Headed?"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a>). AldenThompson.com. Retrieved 2007-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AldenThompson.com&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Adventism%3A+Where%27s+The+Church+Headed%3F&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.wallawalla.edu%2F~alden.thompson%2Ftext%2Funpublished_lectures_sermons_papers%2Fthe_future_of_adventism.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://session.adventistfaith.org/assets/393496">An Appeal For Unity in Respect to Ministerial Ordination Practices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820053540/http://session.adventistfaith.org/assets/393496">Archived</a> August 20, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PDF download </li> <li id="cite_note-astr-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astr_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-astr_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistarchives.org/gc-session-actions#.Ul38q1CbNyV">"GC Session Actions"</a>. Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Retrieved 2013-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Archives%2C+Statistics%2C+and+Research&rft.atitle=GC+Session+Actions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistarchives.org%2Fgc-session-actions%23.Ul38q1CbNyV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Mark Kellner, "[Ordained or Commissioned Ministers Can Lead Conferences, Division Says]". Adventist Review (October 28, 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> (The GC and its Division) downloadable from this site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://session.adventistfaith.org">http://session.adventistfaith.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2012" class="citation news cs1">Dwyer, Bonnie (March 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314030841/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/09/mid-america-union-votes-support-ordination-women/">"The Mid-America Union Votes to Support the Ordination of Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum Blog">Spectrum Blog</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/09/mid-america-union-votes-support-ordination-women">the original</a> on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Mid-America+Union+Votes+to+Support+the+Ordination+of+Women&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F03%2F09%2Fmid-america-union-votes-support-ordination-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChudleigh2012" class="citation news cs1">Chudleigh, Gerry (March 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321091447/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/15/pacific-union-reaffirms-ordination-women-makes-plans-action/">"The Pacific Union Reaffirms the Ordination of Women, Makes Plans for Action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum Blog">Spectrum Blog</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/15/pacific-union-reaffirms-ordination-women-makes-plans-action">the original</a> on March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Pacific+Union+Reaffirms+the+Ordination+of+Women%2C+Makes+Plans+for+Action&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.aulast=Chudleigh&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F03%2F15%2Fpacific-union-reaffirms-ordination-women-makes-plans-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2012" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Jared (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325083049/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/22/southeastern-california-conference-executive-committee-votes-ordain-women">"Southeastern California Conference Executive Committee Votes to Ordain Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum Blog">Spectrum Blog</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/22/southeastern-california-conference-executive-committee-votes-ordain-women">the original</a> on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+Blog&rft.atitle=Southeastern+California+Conference+Executive+Committee+Votes+to+Ordain+Women&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F03%2F22%2Fsoutheastern-california-conference-executive-committee-votes-ordain-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2012" class="citation news cs1">Carpenter, Alexander (March 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322094500/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/20/columbia-union-reaffirms-request-ordain-women/">"Columbia Union Reaffirms Request to Ordain Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum Blog">Spectrum Blog</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/20/columbia-union-reaffirms-request-ordain-women">the original</a> on March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+Blog&rft.atitle=Columbia+Union+Reaffirms+Request+to+Ordain+Women&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F03%2F20%2Fcolumbia-union-reaffirms-request-ordain-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2012" class="citation news cs1">Dwyer, Bonnie (March 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331065202/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/27/potomac-conference-moves-ahead-intention-ordain-women/">"Potomac Conference Moves Ahead with Intention to Ordain Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum Blog">Spectrum Blog</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/03/27/potomac-conference-moves-ahead-intention-ordain-women">the original</a> on March 31, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+Blog&rft.atitle=Potomac+Conference+Moves+Ahead+with+Intention+to+Ordain+Women&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F03%2F27%2Fpotomac-conference-moves-ahead-intention-ordain-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eud.adventist.org/news/detail/date/2012/05/09/north-german-union-conference-constituency-session-votes-to-ordain-women/">"North German Union Conference Constituency Session Votes to Ordain Women: Inter-European Division – Seventh-Day Adventist Church"</a>. Eud.adventist.org. Retrieved 2013-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+German+Union+Conference+Constituency+Session+Votes+to+Ordain+Women%3A+Inter-European+Division+%E2%80%93+Seventh-Day+Adventist+Church&rft.pub=Eud.adventist.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feud.adventist.org%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fdate%2F2012%2F05%2F09%2Fnorth-german-union-conference-constituency-session-votes-to-ordain-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> (Report: Women's Ordination Approved in CUC, Spectrum Magazine) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/07/29/report-womens-ordination-approved-cuc">http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/07/29/report-womens-ordination-approved-cuc</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630212447/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2012/07/29/report-womens-ordination-approved-cuc">Archived</a> 2014-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> (Source: Pacific Union Recorder, September, 2012)<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pacificunionrecorder.adventistfaith.org/issue/68/16/1248">http://pacificunionrecorder.adventistfaith.org/issue/68/16/1248</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927013153/http://pacificunionrecorder.adventistfaith.org/issue/68/16/1248">Archived</a> 2013-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> (see for example, Union Executive Committee Approves 14 Women and Two Men for Ordination, Pacific Union Recorder, October, 2012, p. 40) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pacificunionrecorder.adventistfaith.org/issue/69">http://pacificunionrecorder.adventistfaith.org/issue/69</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.nl/2013/07/06/netherlands-union-conference-votes-to-ordain-female-pastors/">"Netherlands Union Conference Votes to Ordain Female Pastors | Kerkgenootschap der Zevende-dags Adventisten"</a>. Adventist.nl. 2013-09-22. Retrieved 2013-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands+Union+Conference+Votes+to+Ordain+Female+Pastors+%26%23124%3B+Kerkgenootschap+der+Zevende-dags+Adventisten&rft.pub=Adventist.nl&rft.date=2013-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.nl%2F2013%2F07%2F06%2Fnetherlands-union-conference-votes-to-ordain-female-pastors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Netherlands Ordains First Woman Pastor in Europe <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2013/09/22/netherlands-ordains-first-woman-pastor-europe">http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2013/09/22/netherlands-ordains-first-woman-pastor-europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013192953/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2013/09/22/netherlands-ordains-first-woman-pastor-europe">Archived</a> 2013-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistarchives.org/about-tosc">"About the Theology of Ordination Study Committee (TOSC)"</a>. adventistarchives.org. Retrieved 2023-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adventistarchives.org&rft.atitle=About+the+Theology+of+Ordination+Study+Committee+%28TOSC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistarchives.org%2Fabout-tosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blog.pe.com-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blog.pe.com_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blog.pe.com_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201159/http://blog.pe.com/multicultural-empire/2013/10/27/religion-coronas-sandra-roberts-makes-adventist-history/">"RELIGION: Corona's Sandra Roberts makes Adventist history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.pe.com/multicultural-empire/2013/10/27/religion-coronas-sandra-roberts-makes-adventist-history/">the original</a> on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RELIGION%3A+Corona%27s+Sandra+Roberts+makes+Adventist+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.pe.com%2Fmulticultural-empire%2F2013%2F10%2F27%2Freligion-coronas-sandra-roberts-makes-adventist-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> (Source: Ministry Magazine, December 1988, February 1989, article: Ellen G. White and Women in ministry by William Fagal) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrummagazine.org/news/2022/rocky-mountain-conference-votes-ordain-women-pastors">"Rocky Mountain Conference Votes to Ordain Women Pastors"</a>. spectrummagazine.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=spectrummagazine.org&rft.atitle=Rocky+Mountain+Conference+Votes+to+Ordain+Women+Pastors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2Frocky-mountain-conference-votes-ordain-women-pastors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117161432/http://grisda.net/subGi/earth-antedated-by-other-created-worlds/">"Earth Antedated by Other Created Worlds | Faith & Science"</a>. 2016-01-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grisda.net/subGi/earth-antedated-by-other-created-worlds/">the original</a> on 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2023-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth+Antedated+by+Other+Created+Worlds+%7C+Faith+%26+Science&rft.date=2016-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrisda.net%2FsubGi%2Fearth-antedated-by-other-created-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/27/index.htm">Seventh-day Adventists Believe (A Biblical Exposition of 27 Fundamental Doctrines)</a>, copyright 1988 by the Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Chapter 6 "Creation". </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Richard_M.2015" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Richard M. (2015). "The Genesis Account of Origins". In Klingbeil, Gerald. A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701175747/https://www.andrews.edu/universitypress/catalog.php?key=226">The Genesis Creation Account and its Reverberations in the Old Testament</a>. Andrews University Press. pp. 87–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781940980096" title="Special:BookSources/9781940980096"><bdi>9781940980096</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andrews.edu/universitypress/catalog.php?key=226">the original</a> on 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2019-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+Account+of+Origins&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+Creation+Account+and+its+Reverberations+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=87-102&rft.pub=Andrews+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781940980096&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrews.edu%2Funiversitypress%2Fcatalog.php%3Fkey%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreasen,_Niels-Erik1981" class="citation journal cs1">Andreasen, Niels-Erik (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grisda.org/origins-08013">"The Meaning of the Word "Earth" in Genesis 1:1"</a>. Origins. 8 (1): 13–19. Retrieved 2019-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Origins&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Word+%22Earth%22+in+Genesis+1%3A1&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-19&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Andreasen%2C+Niels-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grisda.org%2Forigins-08013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._L._Webster-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C._L._Webster_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._L._Webster_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, C. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grisda.org/publications/georeports/gr21_01.htm">"GENESIS AND TIME: What Radiometric Dating Tells Us"</a>. Geoscience Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GENESIS+AND+TIME%3A+What+Radiometric+Dating+Tells+Us&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrisda.org%2Fpublications%2Fgeoreports%2Fgr21_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Groot" class="citation journal cs1">de Groot, Mart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721220909/http://dialogue.adventist.org/articles/17_1_groot_e.htm">"Genesis and the cosmos: A unified picture?"</a>. Dialogue. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialogue.adventist.org/articles/17_1_groot_e.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genesis+and+the+cosmos%3A+A+unified+picture%3F&rft.aulast=de+Groot&rft.aufirst=Mart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialogue.adventist.org%2Farticles%2F17_1_groot_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegalado" class="citation journal cs1">Regalado, Ferdinand O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223132402/http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=54&journal=1&type=pdf">"The Creation Account in Genesis 1: Our World Only or the Universe?"</a>. Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 13/2:108–120. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=54&journal=1&type=pdf">the original</a> on 2018-02-23. Retrieved 2010-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Adventist+Theological+Society+13%2F2%3A108%E2%80%93120&rft.atitle=The+Creation+Account+in+Genesis+1%3A+Our+World+Only+or+the+Universe%3F&rft.aulast=Regalado&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsjats.org%2Fpublication_file.php%3Fpub_id%3D54%26journal%3D1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Groot" class="citation journal cs1">de Groot, Mart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiias.edu/ict/vol_31B/31Bcc_159-181.pdf">"The Bible and Astronomy"</a> (PDF). Education Department, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bible+and+Astronomy&rft.aulast=de+Groot&rft.aufirst=Mart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiias.edu%2Fict%2Fvol_31B%2F31Bcc_159-181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald L. Numbers">Ronald L. Numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Creationists" title="The Creationists">The Creationists</a>. Excerpt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070621033807/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/pdf/NUMCRX_excerpt.pdf">available online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoperski" class="citation web cs1">Koperski, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.svsu.edu/~koperski/Creationism.htm">"Creationism"</a>. <q>This means that universe was created between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creationism&rft.aulast=Koperski&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.svsu.edu%2F~koperski%2FCreationism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> see Creation Reconsidered ed. James L. Hayward. A 1994 Adventist Today article documents a survey of North American Division science educators. 60% responded, of which 83½% held doctoral degrees. Just 43% of the respondents affirmed the traditional statement "God created live organisms during 6 days less than 10,000 years ago."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoday.com/magazine/1994/11/science-faculty-vary-views-creationism-0">Science Faculty Vary in Views on Creationism</a> Adventist Today </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> See Lynden Rogers, "A Growing View of Creation". Record 114:41 (October 24, 2009), pp. 12–13 for a history of Adventist views on creation. This was a special Record issue entitled "In the beginning..." </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718000907/http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2011/07/14/what-biologos-summer-reading-group-i">"What is BioLogos?: Summer Reading Group I | Spectrum Magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/blog/2011/07/14/what-biologos-summer-reading-group-i">the original</a> on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+BioLogos%3F%3A+Summer+Reading+Group+I+%26%23124%3B+Spectrum+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F07%2F14%2Fwhat-biologos-summer-reading-group-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulley,_Norman_R.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gulley, Norman R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/jats/vol15/iss2/4/">"What Happens to Biblical Truth if the SDA Church Accepts Theistic Evolution?"</a>. Journal of the Adventist Theological Society. 15 (2): 40–58. Retrieved 2019-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Adventist+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=What+Happens+to+Biblical+Truth+if+the+SDA+Church+Accepts+Theistic+Evolution%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-58&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Gulley%2C+Norman+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fjats%2Fvol15%2Fiss2%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounker,_Randall_W.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Younker, Randall W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/jats/vol15/iss2/3/">"Consequences of Moving Away from a Recent Six-Day Creation"</a>. Journal of the Adventist Theological Society. 15 (2): 59–70. Retrieved 2019-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Adventist+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+Moving+Away+from+a+Recent+Six-Day+Creation&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-70&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Younker%2C+Randall+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fjats%2Fvol15%2Fiss2%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-creation_emphasis_day-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creation_emphasis_day_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-creation_emphasis_day_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2009" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Ansel (October 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.adventist.org/en/archive/articles/2009/10/26/adventist-churches-worldwide-hold-creation-emphasis-day">"Adventist churches worldwide hold creation emphasis day"</a>. Adventist News Network. Retrieved December 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adventist+News+Network&rft.atitle=Adventist+churches+worldwide+hold+creation+emphasis+day&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Ansel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.adventist.org%2Fen%2Farchive%2Farticles%2F2009%2F10%2F26%2Fadventist-churches-worldwide-hold-creation-emphasis-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.adventist.org/en/404/">"Oops, page not found :: Adventist News Network"</a>. news.adventist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.adventist.org&rft.atitle=Oops%2C+page+not+found+%3A%3A+Adventist+News+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.adventist.org%2Fen%2F404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm">Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine</a>, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington D.C., 1957. Chapters 34 The Meaning of Azazel and 35 The Transaction With the Scapegoat. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulien1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Paulien" title="Jon Paulien">Paulien, Jon</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318174351/http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=174&journal=1&type=pdf">"Revisiting the Sabbath in the Book of Revelation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Adventist_Theological_Society" title="Journal of the Adventist Theological Society">Journal of the Adventist Theological Society</a>. 9 (1–2). Adventist Theological Society: 179–186. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-7378">1550-7378</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=174&journal=1&type=pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2006-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Adventist+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Sabbath+in+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=179-186&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=1550-7378&rft.aulast=Paulien&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsjats.org%2Fpublication_file.php%3Fpub_id%3D174%26journal%3D1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">"Fundamental Beliefs of the Seventh-day Adventist Church"</a>. Adventist.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">the original</a> on 2006-03-10. Retrieved 2007-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Beliefs+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church&rft.pub=Adventist.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ffundamental%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408181450/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/church_manual/index.html">"Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual"</a>. Adventist.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/church_manual/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-08. Retrieved 2007-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventist+Church+Manual&rft.pub=Adventist.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Fchurch_manual%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/statements/main_stat1.html">Mission Statement of the Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100503043415/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/statements/main_stat1.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Official statement approved by the General Conference Executive Committee at the Spring Meeting in Silver Spring, Maryland, April 1993; and amended on October 10, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/George_Vandeman" title="George Vandeman">George Vandeman</a>'s book What I Like About...: The Lutherans, The Baptists, The Methodists, The Charismatics, The Catholics, Our Jewish Friends, The Adventists: Rescuers of Neglected Truth, in which he sees many groups restoring certain of God's "truths" </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005" class="citation book cs1">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Ministerial Association (2005). Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed.). Pacific Press Publishing Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pacific+Press+Publishing+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rft.aufirst=Ministerial+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_R._Knight" title="George R. Knight">Knight, George</a> (2000). A Search for Identity. Review and Herald Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Search+for+Identity&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Pub.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoranteng-Pipim1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Koranteng-Pipim" title="Samuel Koranteng-Pipim">Koranteng-Pipim, Samuel</a> (1996). Receiving the Word: How New Approaches to the Bible Impact Our Biblical Faith and Lifestyle. <a href="/wiki/Berrien_Springs,_Michigan" title="Berrien Springs, Michigan">Berrien Springs</a>, Michigan: Berean Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890014-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-890014-00-1"><bdi>1-890014-00-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36080195">36080195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Receiving+the+Word%3A+How+New+Approaches+to+the+Bible+Impact+Our+Biblical+Faith+and+Lifestyle&rft.place=Berrien+Springs%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Berean+Books&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36080195&rft.isbn=1-890014-00-1&rft.aulast=Koranteng-Pipim&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld1976" class="citation book cs1">Neufeld, Don, ed. (1976). "Fundamentalism". Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia. Commentary Reference Series. Vol. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fundamentalism&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventist+Encyclopedia&rft.series=Commentary+Reference+Series&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers2006" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ron (2006). The Creationists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creationists&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1998" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Ariel (1998). Origins: Linking Science and Scripture. Review and Herald Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins%3A+Linking+Science+and+Scripture&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1864" class="citation book cs1">White, Ellen (1864). Spiritual Gifts. Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Gifts&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1890" class="citation book cs1">White, Ellen (1890). Patriarchs and Prophets.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriarchs+and+Prophets&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">White, Ellen</a> (1946). "Attitude to New Light". Counsels to Writers and Editors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attitude+to+New+Light&rft.btitle=Counsels+to+Writers+and+Editors&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiblical_Research_Institute1982" class="citation journal cs1">Biblical Research Institute (Dec 23, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616182709/http://www.whiteestate.org/issues/scripsda.html">"The Inspiration and Authority of the Ellen G. White Writings"</a>. Adventist Review. White Estate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteestate.org/issues/scripsda.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adventist+Review&rft.atitle=The+Inspiration+and+Authority+of+the+Ellen+G.+White+Writings&rft.date=1982-12-23&rft.au=Biblical+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whiteestate.org%2Fissues%2Fscripsda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(writer)" title="Nathan Brown (writer)">Brown, Nathan</a> (June 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614052005/http://www.adventistreview.org/2003-1525/story4.html">"Liberalism as a Form of Legalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Review">Adventist Review</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Review_and_Herald_Publishing_Association" title="Review and Herald Publishing Association">Review and Herald</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-1119">0161-1119</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistreview.org/2003-1525/story4.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-14. Retrieved 2008-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adventist+Review&rft.atitle=Liberalism+as+a+Form+of+Legalism&rft.date=2003-06-19&rft.issn=0161-1119&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistreview.org%2F2003-1525%2Fstory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullLockhart1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bull, Malcolm; Lockhart, Keith (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530000422/http://spectrummagazine.org/files/archive/archive16-20/18-1bull.pdf">"The Intellectual World of Adventist Theologians"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(magazine)" title="Spectrum (magazine)">Spectrum</a>. 18 (1). <a href="/wiki/Roseville,_California" title="Roseville, California">Roseville</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Forums" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Forums">Adventist Forums</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-0264">0890-0264</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrummagazine.org/files/archive/archive16-20/18-1bull.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum&rft.atitle=The+Intellectual+World+of+Adventist+Theologians&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1987-10&rft.issn=0890-0264&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrummagazine.org%2Ffiles%2Farchive%2Farchive16-20%2F18-1bull.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Web</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2010" class="citation web cs1">Gillespie, V. Bailey (3 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.adventist.org/2010/05/research-on-faith-va.html">"Studies suggest ways church can develop faith in its young people"</a>. Adventist News Network. Retrieved 2011-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studies+suggest+ways+church+can+develop+faith+in+its+young+people&rft.pub=Adventist+News+Network&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=V.+Bailey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.adventist.org%2F2010%2F05%2Fresearch-on-faith-va.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Andrews Study Bible, 2010. The <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a> (NKJV), with commentary by Seventh-day Adventist scholars</li> <li>Biblical Research Institute series: George W. Reid, ed., Understanding Scripture: An Adventist Approach vol. 1; Gerhard Pfandl, ed., Interpreting Scripture Bible Questions and Answers vol. 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Commentary_Reference_Series" title="Seventh-day Adventist Commentary Reference Series">Seventh-day Adventist Commentary Reference Series</a>, including the Bible Commentary, Encyclopedia, and the Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology</li> <li>Damsteegt, P. Gerard, et al. (1988). Seventh-day Adventists Believe: a Biblical Exposition of 27 Fundamental Doctrines. Washington, D.C.: Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8280-0466-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8280-0466-8">0-8280-0466-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rice_(theologian)" title="Richard Rice (theologian)">Rice, Richard</a> (1997). Reign of God (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Berrien_Springs,_Michigan" title="Berrien Springs, Michigan">Berrien Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MN</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrews_University_Press" title="Andrews University Press">Andrews University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883925-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-883925-16-9"><bdi>1-883925-16-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reign+of+God&rft.place=Berrien+Springs%2C+MN&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Andrews+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-883925-16-9&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> First edition 1985</li> <li>Norman Gulley, Systematic Theology series (in process). Vol. 1, Prolegomena</li> <li>Seventh-day Adventists Believe (A Biblical Exposition of 27 Fundamental Doctrines). Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1998</li> <li>Fritz Guy, Thinking Theologically: Adventist Christianity and the Interpretation of Faith. Berrien Springs, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Andrews_University_Press" title="Andrews University Press">Andrews University Press</a>, 1999 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrews.edu/universitypress/catalog.cgi?key=152">publisher's page</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIverRoennfeldt2000" class="citation book cs1">McIver, Robert K.; Roennfeldt, Ray C. W., eds. (2000). Meaning for the New Millennium: The Christian Faith from a Seventh-day Adventist Perspective. <a href="/wiki/Cooranbong,_New_South_Wales" title="Cooranbong, New South Wales">Cooranbong</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a>: <a href="/wiki/Avondale_College" title="Avondale College">Avondale</a> Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9599337-6-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9599337-6-X"><bdi>0-9599337-6-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaning+for+the+New+Millennium%3A+The+Christian+Faith+from+a+Seventh-day+Adventist+Perspective&rft.place=Cooranbong%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Avondale+Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9599337-6-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"> This book "constitute[s] how a representative group of Australian teachers explain their beliefs."</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Pöhler (page does not exist)">Rolf Pöhler</a>, Continuity and Change in Adventist Teaching: A Case Study in Doctrinal Development. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111200632/http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?vID=33200&vLang=E&vHR=1&vUR=2&vUUR=1">publisher's page</a>). Pöhler, and possibly Knight, are reviewed in Alden Thompson, "Gored by Every Sharp Tongue?" Spectrum 29 (Summer 2001), pp. 68–71</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists_Department_of_Education1952" class="citation book cs1">The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Department of Education (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231061454/http://temcat.com/L-4-Reference-Library/Sermons/Principles%20of%20Life%20From%20God's%20Word.pdf">Principles of life from the Word of God: a systematic study of the major doctrines of the Bible</a> (PDF). Poona, India: Oriental Watchman Publishing House. p. 268. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temcat.com/L-4-Reference-Library/Sermons/Principles%20of%20Life%20From%20God%27s%20Word.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2012-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+life+from+the+Word+of+God%3A+a+systematic+study+of+the+major+doctrines+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Poona%2C+India&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Oriental+Watchman+Publishing+House&rft.date=1952&rft.au=The+General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists+Department+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temcat.com%2FL-4-Reference-Library%2FSermons%2FPrinciples%2520of%2520Life%2520From%2520God%2527s%2520Word.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeventh-day+Adventist+theology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh-day_Adventist_theology&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">Fundamental Beliefs</a> on the church's official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/">Biblical Research Institute</a> of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117161432/http://jewel.andrews.edu:82/search/dTheology">Theology articles</a> as cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI). See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrews.edu/library/ASDAL/">Selected subject index</a> by the Association of Seventh-day Adventist Librarians (ASDAL)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #304590; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Template:Seventh-day Adventist Church"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Seventh-day Adventist Church (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seventh-day Adventist Church"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbatical</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; background:#FFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Disappointment" title="Great Disappointment">Great Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Minneapolis_General_Conference_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="1888 Minneapolis General Conference (Adventist)">1888 General Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Adventist_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seventh-day Adventist logo"><img alt="Seventh-day Adventist logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Adventist_Symbol.svg/120px-Adventist_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Adventist_Symbol.svg/180px-Adventist_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Adventist_Symbol.svg/240px-Adventist_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="170" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; background:#FFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28_Fundamental_Beliefs" title="28 Fundamental Beliefs">28 Fundamental Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pillars of Adventism">Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism">Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_judgment" title="Investigative judgment">Pre-Second Advent Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">Conditional immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remnant (Adventist)">Remnant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; background:#FFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference</a></li> <li>Divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East-Central_Africa_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="East-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists">East-Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Euro-Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Euro-Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Inter-American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Inter-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-European_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Inter-European Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Inter-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia-Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Northern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Northern Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa-Indian_Ocean_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Africa-Indian Ocean Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Africa-Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="South American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">South American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="South Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">South Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia-Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Trans-European Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Trans-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West-Central_Africa_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="West-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists">West-Central Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_periodicals" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist periodicals">Periodicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; background:#FFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Review">Adventist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_Times_(magazine)" title="Signs of the Times (magazine)">Signs of the Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ellen_White_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ellen White writings">List of Ellen White writings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;">Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; background:#FFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Development_and_Relief_Agency" title="Adventist Development and Relief Agency">Adventist Development and Relief Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranatha_Volunteers_International" title="Maranatha Volunteers International">Maranatha Volunteers International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinders_(Seventh-day_Adventist)" title="Pathfinders (Seventh-day Adventist)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventurers_(Seventh-day_Adventist)" title="Adventurers (Seventh-day Adventist)">Adventurers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Cadet_Corps" title="Medical Cadet Corps">Medical Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_education" title="Seventh-day Adventist education">Seventh-day Adventist education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_secondary_schools" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools">Secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_colleges_and_universities" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_hospitals" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist hospitals">Hospitals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Media_ministries_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Media ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Media ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; background:#FFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Channel" title="Hope Channel">Hope Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda_Broadcasting_Network" title="Loma Linda Broadcasting Network">Loma Linda Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Written" title="It Is Written">It Is Written</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Prophecy" title="Voice of Prophecy">Voice of Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">Three Angels Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Facts" title="Amazing Facts">Amazing Facts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #6e7db3; color:white; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="List of Seventh-day Adventists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; background:#FFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._White" title="James S. White">James S. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bates_(Adventist)" title="Joseph Bates (Adventist)">Joseph Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._N._Andrews" title="J. N. Andrews">J. N. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_Smith" title="Uriah Smith">Uriah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">J. H. Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Caleb_Jackson" title="James Caleb Jackson">James Caleb Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._C._White" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. White">W. C. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Nichol" class="mw-redirect" title="F. D. Nichol">F. D. Nichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._L._Andreasen" title="M. L. Andreasen">M. L. Andreasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Roy_Froom" title="Le Roy Froom">Le Roy Froom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._White" title="Arthur L. White">Arthur L. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vandeman" title="George Vandeman">George Vandeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._M._S._Richards" title="H. M. S. Richards">H. M. S. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heppenstall" title="Edward Heppenstall">Edward Heppenstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Douglass" title="Herbert E. Douglass">Herbert E. Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Venden" title="Morris Venden">Morris Venden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuele_Bacchiocchi" title="Samuele Bacchiocchi">Samuele Bacchiocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Cleveland" title="E. E. Cleveland">E. E. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Veith" title="Walter Veith">Walter Veith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Finley" title="Mark Finley">Mark Finley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center; background: #304590; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Category:Seventh-day Adventist Church">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a 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