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<ul id="toc-Spread_of_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burned-over_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burned-over_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Burned-over district</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burned-over_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_and_Tidewater_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_and_Tidewater_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>West and Tidewater South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_and_Tidewater_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_membership_soars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_membership_soars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Church membership soars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_membership_soars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>New movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adventism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adventism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Adventism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adventism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holiness_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holiness_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Holiness movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holiness_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Restoration Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prominent figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Great Awakening</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صحوة كبرى ثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحوة كبرى ثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segon_Gran_Despertar" title="Segon Gran Despertar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segon Gran Despertar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A9_velk%C3%A9_probuzen%C3%AD" title="Druhé velké probuzení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhé velké probuzení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Gran_Despertar" title="Segundo Gran Despertar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segundo Gran Despertar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Granda_Veki%C4%9Do" title="Dua Granda Vekiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Granda Vekiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Esnatze_Handia" title="Bigarren Esnatze Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Esnatze Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="بیداری بزرگ دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیداری بزرگ دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_grand_r%C3%A9veil" title="Second grand réveil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Second grand réveil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8C%80%EA%B0%81%EC%84%B1_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="제2차 대각성 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 대각성 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Kebangunan_Rohani_Kedua" title="Gerakan Kebangunan Rohani Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Kebangunan Rohani Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_grande_risveglio" title="Secondo grande risveglio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secondo grande risveglio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velia_Grande_Du" title="Velia Grande Du – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Velia Grande Du" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_nagy_%C3%A9bred%C3%A9s" title="Második nagy ébredés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második nagy ébredés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifohazam-panahy_lehibe_faharoa" title="Fifohazam-panahy lehibe faharoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fifohazam-panahy lehibe faharoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Second Great Awakening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%9A%E9%86%92" title="第二次大覚醒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次大覚醒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Grande_Despertar" title="Segundo Grande Despertar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segundo Grande Despertar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Great Awakening" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_suuri_her%C3%A4tys" title="Toinen suuri herätys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen suuri herätys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_stora_v%C3%A4ckelsen" title="Andra stora väckelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra stora väckelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Друге велике пробудження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друге велике пробудження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%BA%E9%86%92" title="第二次大覺醒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次大覺醒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q285667#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protestant religious revival in the early 19th-century United States</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a> in America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1755</span>)</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1790–1840</span>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1855–1930</span>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1960–1980</span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_awakenings" title="Template:Great awakenings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_awakenings" title="Template talk:Great awakenings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_awakenings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great awakenings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Second Great Awakening</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> religious <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revival</a> during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Church</a> used <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuit riders</a> to reach people in <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a> locations. </p><p>The Second Great Awakening led to a period of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antebellum" class="extiw" title="wikt:antebellum">antebellum</a> social reform and an emphasis on salvation by institutions. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>. New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>. The Second Great Awakening also led to the founding of several well-known colleges, seminaries, and mission societies. </p><p>Historians named the Second Great Awakening in the context of the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> of the 1730s and 1750s and of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a> of the late 1850s to early 1900s. The First Awakening was part of a much larger <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_revivals">Spread of revivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spread of revivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> reflected <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rejected the skepticism, <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> left over from the <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cott_p15_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott_p15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the same time that similar movements flourished in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> was sweeping <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germanic countries</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicalism</a> was waxing strong in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however, the revivals were very similar.<sup id="cite_ref-Cott_p15_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott_p15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement quickly spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ohio">southern Ohio</a>, as well as other regions of the United States and Canada. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuit riders</a>, who sought out people in remote frontier locations. The circuit riders came from among the common people, which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmillennialist">Postmillennialist</a> theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century. Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the "<a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennium</a>", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. Christians thus had a duty to purify society in preparation for that return. This duty extended beyond American borders to include <a href="/wiki/Christian_Restorationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Restorationism">Christian Restorationism</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">George Fredrickson</a> argues that Postmillennial theology "was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out."<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviners</a> expected the Millennium to arrive in a few years. By the late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> pursuit of reform and progress.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burned-over_district">Burned-over district</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Burned-over district"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burned-over_district" title="Burned-over district">Burned-over district</a></div> <p>Beginning in the 1820s, <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a> State experienced a series of popular religious revivals that would later earn this region the nickname "the <a href="/wiki/Burned-over_district" title="Burned-over district">burned-over district</a>," which implied the area was set ablaze with spiritual fervor. This term, however, was not used by contemporaries in the first half of the nineteenth century, as it originates from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a>'s <i>Autobiography of Charles G Finney</i> (1876), in which he writes, "I found that region of country what, in the western phrase, would be called, a 'burnt district.' There had been, a few years previously, a wild excitement passing through that region, which they called a revival of religion, but which turned out to be spurious."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, a number of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> sects flourished in the region. </p><p>The extent to which religious fervor actually affected the region was reassessed in last quarter of the twentieth century. Linda K. Pritchard used statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River Valley</a> in the lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent works, however, have argued that these revivals in Western New York had a unique and lasting impact upon the religious and social life of the entire nation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_and_Tidewater_South">West and Tidewater South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: West and Tidewater South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, evangelical denominations, especially <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, sent missionary preachers and exhorters to meet the people in the backcountry in an effort to support the growth of church membership and the formation of new congregations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meeting</a>. These outdoor religious gatherings originated from field meetings and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Communion_season" title="Communion season">Holy Fairs</a>", which were brought to America in the mid-eighteenth century from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and Britain's border counties. Most of the Scotch-Irish immigrants before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> settled in the backcountry of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and down the spine of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where Presbyterian emigrants and Baptists held large outdoor gatherings in the years prior to the war. The Presbyterians and Methodists sponsored similar gatherings on a regular basis after the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The denominations that encouraged the revivals were based on an interpretation of man's spiritual equality before God, which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races. Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a> South, where an increasing number of common planters, <a href="/wiki/Plain_Folk_of_the_Old_South" title="Plain Folk of the Old South">plain folk</a>, and slaves were converted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West">West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></div> <p>In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preachers. Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. This differed from the Calvinists' belief in predestination as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, which emphasized the inability of men to save themselves and decreed that the only way to be saved was by God's electing grace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a> in <a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Kentucky" title="Logan County, Kentucky">Logan County, Kentucky</a>, began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. The first informal camp meeting began in June, when people began camping on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Meeting_House" title="Red River Meeting House">Red River Meeting House</a>. Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Gasper_River" title="Gasper River">Gasper River</a> and Muddy River congregations. All three of these congregations were under the ministry of Presbyterian Reverend James McGready. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge,_Kentucky" title="Cane Ridge, Kentucky">Cane Ridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_County,_Kentucky" title="Bourbon County, Kentucky">Bourbon County, Kentucky</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Barton_W._Stone" title="Barton W. Stone">Barton W. Stone</a> (1772–1844) with numerous <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in the services. The six-day gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, although the exact number of attendees was not formally recorded. Due to the efforts of such leaders as Stone and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a> (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival spread religious enthusiasm and became a major mode of church expansion, especially for the Methodists and Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Case3-4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case3-4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presbyterians and Methodists initially worked together to host the early camp meetings, but the Presbyterians eventually became less involved because of the noise and often raucous activities that occurred during the protracted sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Case3-4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case3-4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the Revival of 1800, the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church">Cumberland Presbyterian Church</a> was founded in 1810 near Dickson, Tennessee<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Revs: Samuel McAdow,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finis Ewing,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Samuel King<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a strong supporter of the revivalist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, which consisted of non-denominational churches committed to what they viewed as the original, fundamental Christianity of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. Churches with roots in this movement include the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Christian Church in Canada">Evangelical Christian Church in Canada</a>. The congregations of these denomination were committed to individuals' achieving a personal relationship with Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Sydney_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sydney-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_membership_soars">Church membership soars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Church membership soars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1839-meth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg/280px-1839-meth.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg/420px-1839-meth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>1839 Methodist camp meeting</figcaption></figure> <p>The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains in increasing church membership. To a lesser extent the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> also gained members, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church">Cumberland Presbyterian Church</a> in sparsely settled areas. As a result, the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period—the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, Presbyterians, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>. Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>,<a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Christian Church in Canada">Evangelical Christian Church in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sydney_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sydney-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECott197515–16_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECott197515–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_movements">New movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adventism">Adventism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adventism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Advent</a> Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America, and was preached by ministers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a>, whose followers became known as <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerites</a>. The name refers to belief in the soon <a href="/wiki/Second_Advent_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Advent of Jesus">Second Advent of Jesus</a> (popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">Second coming</a>) and resulted in several major religious denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advent_Christian_Church" title="Advent Christian Church">Advent Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holiness_movement">Holiness movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Holiness movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></div> <p>Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a> teachings on <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a> emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_Movement">Restoration Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Restoration Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></div> <p>The idea of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89–94">: 89–94 </span></sup> This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening, including the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period:<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–94">: 90–94 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in the United States seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled – "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" – and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup></li> <li>A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Campbell (clergyman)">Thomas Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>, resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by <a href="/wiki/Barton_W._Stone" title="Barton W. Stone">Barton W. Stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> The Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_Empire" title="Benevolent Empire">Benevolent Empire</a></div> <p>Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> of the late 19th century. Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society, which meant eradicating sin in all its forms. Thus, evangelical converts were leading figures in a variety of 19th century reform movements.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalists</a> set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier. Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith, and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> Publication and education societies promoted Christian education; most notable among them was the <a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a>, founded in 1816. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones. These organizations were primarily sponsored by affluent women. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women's social benevolence work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199665_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199665-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social activism influenced <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a> groups and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">Temperance movement</a>. They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill. They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baptists and Methodists in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">South</a> preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. "<a href="/wiki/Black_Harry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Harry">Black Harry</a>" Hosier, an illiterate <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> who drove <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> on his <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuits</a>, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister.<sup id="cite_ref-slacou_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slacou-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sermon at <a href="/wiki/Thomas%27_Methodist_Episcopal_Chapel" title="Thomas' Methodist Episcopal Chapel">Thomas Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chapeltown,_Delaware" title="Chapeltown, Delaware">Chapeltown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-blafir_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blafir-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a><sup id="cite_ref-intro_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the best in the world by <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Thomas_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Thomas Coke">Bishop Thomas Coke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-blafir_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blafir-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Conference" title="Christmas Conference">Christmas Conference</a> that formally established American Methodism. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a>, the other black attendee, was ordained by the Methodists in 1799, but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination. They founded the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal" class="mw-redirect" title="African Methodist Episcopal">African Methodist Episcopal</a> Church (AME) in Philadelphia. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in the United States in 1816. Soon after, the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a> (AME Zion) was founded as another denomination in New York City. </p><p>Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. By the early 19th century, independent African-American congregations numbered in the several hundreds in some cities of the South, such as <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, and Richmond and <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raboteau_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raboteau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growth in congregations and churches, Baptist associations formed in Virginia, for instance, as well as Kentucky and other states. </p><p>The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom. In 1800, out of African-American revival meetings in Virginia, a plan for slave rebellion was devised by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a>, although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite white attempts to control independent African-American congregations, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> uprising of 1831, a number of African-American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. State legislatures<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> passed laws requiring them always to have a white man present at their worship meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-Raboteau_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raboteau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. Various scholarly theories<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (April 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women, a communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. Husbands, especially in the South, sometimes disapproved of their wives' conversion, forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses. Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home, providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199659–61_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199659–61-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the predominance of women in the movement, they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. Leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Finney" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Finney">Charles Finney</a> saw women's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199661–62_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199661–62-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women also took crucial roles in the conversion and religious upbringing of children. During the period of revival, mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family, and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1978614_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1978614-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. In the 1830s, female moral reform societies rapidly spread across the North making it the first predominantly female social movement.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the <a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1978619_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1978619-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199662–63_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199662–63-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_figures">Prominent figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prominent figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a>, founder, <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a>, Methodist, circuit rider and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalist</a>, son of Lyman Beecher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Brown Blackwell</a>, Congregationalist and later Unitarian, the first ordained female minister in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>, Presbyterian, and early leader of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Campbell (clergyman)">Thomas Campbell</a>, Presbyterian, then early leader of the Restoration Movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(exhorter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Cartwright (exhorter)">Peter Cartwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Dow" title="Lorenzo Dow">Lorenzo Dow</a>, Methodist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV" title="Timothy Dwight IV">Timothy Dwight IV</a>, Congregationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a>, Presbyterian and anti-<a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>, second president of <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Black_Harry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Harry">Black Harry</a>" Hosier, Methodist, the first African American to preach to a white congregation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Judson" title="Adoniram Judson">Adoniram Judson</a>, early Baptist missionary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Lee" title="Ann Lee">Ann Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarena_Lee" title="Jarena Lee">Jarena Lee</a>, Methodist, a female AME circuit rider</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Matthews_(religious_figure)" title="Robert Matthews (religious figure)">Robert Matthews</a>, cult following as Matthias the Prophet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a>, forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Nettleton" title="Asahel Nettleton">Asahel Nettleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Randall" title="Benjamin Randall">Benjamin Randall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Rice" title="Luther Rice">Luther Rice</a>, Baptist missionary to India, and Baptist missionary in the US South</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, early leader of the Restoration Movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Barton Stone">Barton Stone</a>, Presbyterian non-Calvinist, then early leader of the Restoration Movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_William_Taylor" title="Nathaniel William Taylor">Nathaniel William Taylor</a>, heterodox Calvinist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> prophetess</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_implications">Political implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of the Awakening continued in the form of more secular movements.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the midst of shifts in theology and <a href="/wiki/Church_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Church polity">church polity</a>, American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. Known commonly as <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement#United_States:_1840s–1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">antebellum reform</a>, this phenomenon included reforms against the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">consumption of alcohol</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition of slavery</a>, and a multitude of other issues faced by society.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians stress the common understanding among participants of reform as being a part of God's plan. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation, and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene, the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role it would play.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church">Cumberland Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Leigh Heyrman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken.htm">The First Great Awakening</a>". <i>Divining America</i>, TeacherServe. National Humanities Center.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenry_B._Clark1982" class="citation book cs1">Henry B. Clark (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJQNxqTxJwC&pg=PA16"><i>Freedom of Religion in America: Historical Roots, Philosophical Concepts, Contemporary Problems</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878559251" title="Special:BookSources/9780878559251"><bdi>9780878559251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+in+America%3A+Historical+Roots%2C+Philosophical+Concepts%2C+Contemporary+Problems&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780878559251&rft.au=Henry+B.+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sJQNxqTxJwC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott_p15-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_p15_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_p15_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCott1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Cott">Cott, Nancy</a> (1975). "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England". <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 15–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518952">10.2307/3518952</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0003.103">2027/spo.0499697.0003.103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518952">3518952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=Young+Women+in+the+Second+Great+Awakening+in+New+England&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0003.103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518952%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3518952&rft.aulast=Cott&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Schwarz2005" class="citation book cs1">Hans Schwarz (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologyinglobal0000schw"><i>Theology in a Global Context: The Last Two Hundred Years</i></a></span>. Williamm B. Eerdmans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologyinglobal0000schw/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802829863" title="Special:BookSources/9780802829863"><bdi>9780802829863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+in+a+Global+Context%3A+The+Last+Two+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Williamm+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780802829863&rft.au=Hans+Schwarz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologyinglobal0000schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Cyril_Gill1937" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Cyril Gill (1937). <i>The Romantic Movement and Methodism: A Study of English Romanticism and the Evangelical Revival</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romantic+Movement+and+Methodism%3A+A+Study+of+English+Romanticism+and+the+Evangelical+Revival&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Frederick+Cyril+Gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1996" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, Susan Hill (1996). <i>You Have Stept Out of Your Place: a History of Women and Religion in America</i>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Have+Stept+Out+of+Your+Place%3A+a+History+of+Women+and+Religion+in+America&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=Susan+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredrickson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fredrickson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fredrickson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George M. Fredrickson, "The Coming of the Lord: The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerStoutWilson1998" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Randall M.; Stout, Harry S.; Wilson, Charles Reagan, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3NZ6LvDfikC&pg=PA115"><i>Religion and the American Civil War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 110–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198028345" title="Special:BookSources/9780198028345"><bdi>9780198028345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pages=110-30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198028345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3NZ6LvDfikC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney R. Cross, <i>The Burned-over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New, 1800–1850</i> (1951)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Wellman, <i>Grassroots Reform in the Burned-over District of Upstate New York: Religion, Abolitionism, and Democracy</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Grassroots-Reform-Burned-over-District-Upstate/dp/0815337922/">excerpt and text search</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeordan_HammondWilliam_Gibson2012" class="citation book cs1">Geordan Hammond; William Gibson (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxglaxiqXsoC&pg=PA32"><i>Wesley and Methodist Studies</i></a>. Clements. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781926798134" title="Special:BookSources/9781926798134"><bdi>9781926798134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wesley+and+Methodist+Studies&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Clements&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.isbn=9781926798134&rft.au=Geordan+Hammond&rft.au=William+Gibson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjxglaxiqXsoC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pritchard, Linda K. (1984). "The burned-over district reconsidered: A portent of evolving religious pluralism in the United States". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 243–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170853">10.2307/1170853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170853">1170853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=The+burned-over+district+reconsidered%3A+A+portent+of+evolving+religious+pluralism+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243-265&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170853%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Linda+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2004" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Paul (2004). <i>A shopkeeper's millennium: Society and revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837</i> (1st rev. ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809016358" title="Special:BookSources/9780809016358"><bdi>9780809016358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shopkeeper%27s+millennium%3A+Society+and+revivals+in+Rochester%2C+New+York%2C+1815-1837&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+rev.&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780809016358&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruczek-Aaron2015" class="citation book cs1">Kruczek-Aaron, Hadley (2015). <i>Everyday religion: An archaeology of protestant belief and practice in the nineteenth century</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813055503" title="Special:BookSources/9780813055503"><bdi>9780813055503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+religion%3A+An+archaeology+of+protestant+belief+and+practice+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780813055503&rft.aulast=Kruczek-Aaron&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerriby" class="citation web cs1">Ferriby, Peter Gavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001193810/https://library.sacredheart.edu/american_christianity">"History of American Christian Movements: Introduction"</a>. <i>Sacred Heart University Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.sacredheart.edu/american_christianity">the original</a> on 2020-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Heart+University+Library&rft.atitle=History+of+American+Christian+Movements%3A+Introduction&rft.aulast=Ferriby&rft.aufirst=Peter+Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.sacredheart.edu%2Famerican_christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimberly_Bracken_Long2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kimberly Bracken Long (2002). "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier". <i>Journal of Presbyterian History</i>. <b>80</b> (1): 3–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Presbyterian+History&rft.atitle=The+Communion+Sermons+of+James+Mcgready%3A+Sacramental+Theology+and+Scots-Irish+Piety+on+the+Kentucky+Frontier&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kimberly+Bracken+Long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-3883">0022-3883</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23336302">23336302</a>. See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Semancik1997" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth Semancik (May 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug97/albion/areligio.html">"Backcountry Religious Ways: The North British Field-Meeting Style"</a>. <i>Albion's Seed Grows in the Cumberland Gap</i>. University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albion%27s+Seed+Grows+in+the+Cumberland+Gap&rft.atitle=Backcountry+Religious+Ways%3A+The+North+British+Field-Meeting+Style&rft.date=1997-05-01&rft.au=Elizabeth+Semancik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~ug97%2Falbion%2Fareligio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolte2019" class="citation book cs1">Holte, Jim (2019-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppu4DwAAQBAJ&q=Tidewater+South,+second+great++awakening&pg=PA9"><i>Imagining the End: The Apocalypse in American Popular Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6102-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6102-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-6102-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+the+End%3A+The+Apocalypse+in+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6102-4&rft.aulast=Holte&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpu4DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTidewater%2BSouth%2C%2Bsecond%2Bgreat%2B%2Bawakening%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/22c.asp">"Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening"</a>. <i>U.S. History Online Textbook</i>. ushistory.org. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+History+Online+Textbook&rft.atitle=Religious+Transformation+and+the+Second+Great+Awakening&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fus%2F22c.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson_D._Bruce_Jr.1974" class="citation book cs1">Dickson D. Bruce Jr. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andtheyallsangha00bruc"><i>And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800–1845</i></a></span>. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870491571" title="Special:BookSources/0870491571"><bdi>0870491571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+They+All+Sang+Hallelujah%3A+Plain+Folk+Camp-Meeting+Religion%2C+1800%E2%80%931845&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0870491571&rft.au=Dickson+D.+Bruce+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandtheyallsangha00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Foster, et al., <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case3-4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Case3-4_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case3-4_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley_Case2018" class="citation book cs1">Riley Case (2018). <i>Faith and Fury: Eli Farmer on the Frontier, 1794–1881</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871954299" title="Special:BookSources/9780871954299"><bdi>9780871954299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Fury%3A+Eli+Farmer+on+the+Frontier%2C+1794%E2%80%931881&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780871954299&rft.au=Riley+Case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cumberland.org/center/CPC_Home_Page/About_Us.html">"About Us"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumberland.org%2Fcenter%2FCPC_Home_Page%2FAbout_Us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cumberland.org/hfcpc/minister/McAdowS.htm">"Rev. Samuel McAdow, 1760-1844"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rev.+Samuel+McAdow%2C+1760-1844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumberland.org%2Fhfcpc%2Fminister%2FMcAdowS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cumberland.org/hfcpc/minister/EwingF.htm">"Rev. Finis Ewing, 1773-1841"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rev.+Finis+Ewing%2C+1773-1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumberland.org%2Fhfcpc%2Fminister%2FEwingF.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cumberland.org/hfcpc/minister/KingS.htm">"Rev. Samuel King, 1775-1842"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rev.+Samuel+King%2C+1775-1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumberland.org%2Fhfcpc%2Fminister%2FKingS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._C._Rudolph1995" class="citation book cs1">L. C. Rudolph (1995). <i>Hoosier Faiths: A History of Indiana's Churches and Religious Groups</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 117–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253328829" title="Special:BookSources/0253328829"><bdi>0253328829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosier+Faiths%3A+A+History+of+Indiana%27s+Churches+and+Religious+Groups&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=117-22&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0253328829&rft.au=L.+C.+Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sydney-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sydney_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sydney_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydney E. Ahlstrom, <i>A Religious History of the American People</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melton, <i>Encyclopedia of American Religions</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECott197515–16-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECott197515–16_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCott1975">Cott (1975)</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Land, <i>Adventism in America: A History</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, <i>Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ,</i> Abilene Christian University Press, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89112-006-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89112-006-8">0-89112-006-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Great Awakenings</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth J.Clapp, and Julie Roy Jeffrey, ed., Women, Dissent and Anti-slavery in Britain and America, 1790–1865, (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011): 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in Clio's Consciousness Raised, edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner. New York: Octagon Books, 1976, 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Mary (1978). "A Woman's Awakening: Evangelical Religion and the Families of Utica, New York, 1800 to 1840". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Quarterly" title="American Quarterly">American Quarterly</a></i>. <b>30</b> (5): 616–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712400">10.2307/2712400</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712400">2712400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Woman%27s+Awakening%3A+Evangelical+Religion+and+the+Families+of+Utica%2C+New+York%2C+1800+to+1840&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=616-19&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2712400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2712400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Great+Awakening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199665-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199665_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1996">Lindley (1996)</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slacou-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slacou_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Philip. <i>Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavecounterpoin00morg/page/655">p. 655</a>. UNC Press (<a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>), 1998. Accessed 17 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blafir-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blafir_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blafir_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Jessie C. <i>Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events</i> (3rd ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=steLXpuOONEC&pg=RA13-PA1820">pp. 1820–1821</a>. "Methodists: 1781". Visible Ink Press (<a href="/wiki/Canton,_MI" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton, MI">Canton</a>), 2013. Accessed 17 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intro_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, Stephen H. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/11895">Introducing Black Harry Hoosier: The History Behind Indiana's Namesake</a>". <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>, Vol. XCVIII (March 2002). Trustees of Indiana University. Accessed 17 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raboteau-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raboteau_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raboteau_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3AQUK-6A2cC&pg=PA188">Albert J. Raboteau, <i>Slave Religion: The 'Invisible Institution' in the Antebellum South</i></a>, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 137, accessed 27 Dec 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Brinkley, <i>The Unfinished Nation</i>, p 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199659–61-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199659–61_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1996">Lindley (1996)</a>, pp. 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199661–62-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199661–62_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1996">Lindley (1996)</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1978614-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1978614_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan1978">Ryan (1978)</a>, p. 614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Introduction" in <i>What Was the Appeal of Moral Reform to Antebellum Northern Women, 1835–1841?</i>, by Daniel Wright and Kathryn Kish Sklar. (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York at Binghamton, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1978619-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1978619_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan1978">Ryan (1978)</a>, p. 619.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley199662–63-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley199662–63_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1996">Lindley (1996)</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in <i>Clio's Consciousness Raised</i>, edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner. New York: Octagon Books, 1976, 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timothy-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy L. Smith, <i>Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War</i> (1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Felt Tyler, <i>Freedom's Ferment: Phases of American Social History from the Colonial Period to the Outbreak of the Civil War</i> (1944).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Meardon, "From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor: Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System," <i>History of Political Economy,</i> Winter 2008 Supplement, Vol. 40, p. 265-298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Walker Howe, "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System", The Journal of American History 77, no. 4 (March 1991), p. 1218 and 1237.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abzug, Robert H. <i>Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination</i> (1994) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-04568-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-195-04568-8">0-195-04568-8</a>)</li> <li>Ahlstrom, Sydney. <i>A Religious History of the American People</i> (1972) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-11164-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-11164-9">0-385-11164-9</a>)</li> <li>Billington, Ray A. <i>The Protestant Crusade.</i> New York: The Macmillan Company, 1938.</li> <li>Birdsall, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order", <i>Church History</i> 39 (1970): 345–364. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3163469">3163469</a>.</li> <li>Bratt, James D. "Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America", <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (2004) 24(1): 65–106. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0275-1275">0275-1275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141423">4141423</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Kenneth O. <i>Holy Ground; a Study on the American Camp Meeting.</i> Garland Publishing, Inc., (1992).</li> <li>Brown, Kenneth O. <i>Holy Ground, Too, the Camp Meeting Family Tree.</i> Hazleton: Holiness Archives, (1997).</li> <li>Bruce, Dickson D. Jr. <i>And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800–1845</i> (1974)</li> <li>Butler, Jon. <i>Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People.</i> 1990.</li> <li>Carwardine, Richard J. <i>Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America.</i> Yale University Press, 1993.</li> <li>Carwardine, Richard J. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", <i>Journal of American History</i> 59 (1972): 327–340. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1890193">1890193</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1890193">10.2307/1890193</a>.</li> <li>Cott, Nancy F. "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England," <i>Feminist Studies,</i> (1975), 3#1 pp. 15–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518952">3518952</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518952">10.2307/3518952</a></li> <li>Cross, Whitney, R. <i>The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850</i>, (1950).</li> <li>Foster, Charles I. <i>An Errand of Mercy: The Evangelical United Front, 1790–1837</i>, (University of North Carolina Press, 1960)</li> <li>Grainger, Brett. <i>Church in the Wild: Evangelicals in Antebellum America</i> (Harvard UP, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54193">online review</a></li> <li>Hambrick-Stowe, Charles. <i>Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism.</i> (1996).</li> <li>Hankins, Barry. <i>The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists.</i> Greenwood, 2004.</li> <li>Hatch, Nathan O. <i>The Democratization of American Christianity</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.</li> <li>Heyrman, Christine Leigh. <i>Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt</i> (1997).</li> <li>Johnson, Charles A. "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840", <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1950) 37#1 pp. 91–110. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888756">1888756</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1888756">10.2307/1888756</a>.</li> <li>Kyle, I. Francis, III. <i>An Uncommon Christian: James Brainerd Taylor, Forgotten Evangelist in America's Second Great Awakening</i> (2008). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uncommonchristian.com/">Uncommon Christian Ministries</a></li> <li>Long, Kimberly Bracken. "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier", <i>Journal of Presbyterian History</i>, 2002 80(1): 3–16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-3883">0022-3883</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23336302">23336302</a>.</li> <li>Loveland Anne C. <i>Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order, 1800–1860</i>, (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._McLoughlin" title="William G. McLoughlin">McLoughlin William G.</a> <i>Modern Revivalism</i>, 1959.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._McLoughlin" title="William G. McLoughlin">McLoughlin William G.</a> <i>Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977</i>, 1978.</li> <li>Marsden, George M. <i>The Evangelical Mind and the New School Presbyterian Experience: A Case Study of Thought and Theology in Nineteenth-Century America</i> (1970).</li> <li>Meyer, Neil. "Falling for the Lord: Shame, Revivalism, and the Origins of the Second Great Awakening." <i>Early American Studies</i> 9.1 (2011): 142–166. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546634">23546634</a>.</li> <li>Posey, Walter Brownlow. <i>The Baptist Church in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1776–1845</i> (1957)</li> <li>Posey, Walter Brownlow. <i>Frontier Mission: A History of Religion West of the Southern Appalachians to 1861</i> (1966)</li> <li>Raboteau, Albert. <i>Slave Religion: The "invisible Institution' in the Antebellum South</i>, (1979)</li> <li>Roth, Randolph A. <i>The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850</i>, (1987)</li> <li>Smith, Timothy L. <i>Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War</i> (1957)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Conforti, Joseph. "The Invention of the Great Awakening, 1795–1842". <i>Early American Literature</i> (1991): 99–118. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25056853">25056853</a>.</li> <li>Griffin, Clifford S. "Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815–1860", <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>, (1957) 44#3 pp. 423–444. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1887019">1887019</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1887019">10.2307/1887019</a>.</li> <li>Mathews, Donald G. "The Second Great Awakening as an organizing process, 1780–1830: An hypothesis". <i>American Quarterly</i> (1969): 23–43. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710771">2710771</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2710771">10.2307/2710771</a>.</li> <li>Shiels, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut: Critique of the Traditional Interpretation", <i>Church History</i> 49 (1980): 401–415. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3164815">3164815</a>.</li> <li>Varel, David A. "The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 1945–2005". <i>Madison Historical Review</i> (2014) 8#4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=mhr">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Restoration_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Restoration_Movement" title="Template:Restoration Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Restoration_Movement" title="Template talk:Restoration Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Restoration_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Restoration Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Restoration_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/World_Convention_of_Churches_of_Christ" title="World Convention of Churches of Christ">World Convention of Churches of Christ</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; 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text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Great Awakening</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Christians (Stone Movement)">Christians</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ_(Campbell_Movement)" title="Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)">Disciples</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Kelly" title="James O'Kelly">James O'Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Christian Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_W._Stone" title="Barton W. Stone">Barton W. Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Meeting_House" title="Cane Ridge Meeting House">Cane Ridge Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Presbytery" title="Springfield Presbytery">Springfield Presbytery</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Last_Will_and_Testament_of_The_Springfield_Presbytery" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery">Last Will and Testament</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Purviance" title="David Purviance">David Purviance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(minister)" title="Thomas Campbell (minister)">Thomas Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Association_of_Washington" title="Christian Association of Washington">Christian Association of Washington</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Address" title="Declaration and Address">Declaration and Address</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(minister)" title="Alexander Campbell (minister)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Run_Church" title="Brush Run Church">Brush Run Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Baptist_Association" title="Redstone Baptist Association">Redstone Baptist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Baptist_Association" title="Mahoning Baptist Association">Mahoning Baptist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott_(clergyman)" title="Walter Scott (clergyman)">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Restoration_Movement)" title="John Smith (Restoration Movement)">"Raccoon" John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbellite" title="Campbellite">Campbellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">United Movement (1832–1906)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:100%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Turner_Barclay" title="James Turner Barclay">James Turner Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Huntington_Bakewell_Campbell" title="Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell">Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Errett" title="Isaac Errett">Isaac Errett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbert_Fanning" title="Tolbert Fanning">Tolbert Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(clergyman)" title="Benjamin Franklin (clergyman)">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lipscomb" title="David Lipscomb">David Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb_(clergyman)" title="William Lipscomb (clergyman)">William Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Lister" title="Charles J. Lister">Charles J. Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Martindale" title="Elijah Martindale">Elijah Martindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_McGarvey" title="John William McGarvey">John William McGarvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Neville_Pearre" title="Caroline Neville Pearre">Caroline Neville Pearre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sommer" title="Daniel Sommer">Daniel Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="American Christian Missionary Society">American Christian Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Woman%27s_Board_of_Missions" title="Christian Woman's Board of Missions">Christian Woman's Board of Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="Foreign Christian Missionary Society">Foreign Christian Missionary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">20th Century</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">21st Century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Craddock" title="Fred Craddock">Fred Craddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Keeble" title="Marshall Keeble">Marshall Keeble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clayton_Morrison" title="Charles Clayton Morrison">Charles Clayton Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Taylor" title="Preston Taylor">Preston Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Trout" title="Jessie Trout">Jessie Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Barber_II" title="William Barber II">William Barber II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Hord_Owens" title="Teresa Hord Owens">Teresa Hord Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_E._Watkins" title="Sharon E. Watkins">Sharon E. Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><b>Periodicals</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Baptist" title="Christian Baptist">Christian Baptist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Messenger" title="Christian Messenger">Christian Messenger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Harbinger" title="Millennial Harbinger">Millennial Harbinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Millennial_Harbinger" title="The British Millennial Harbinger">The British Millennial Harbinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Standard" title="Christian Standard">Christian Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Advocate" title="Gospel Advocate">Gospel Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firm_Foundation" title="Firm Foundation">Firm Foundation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Word_and_Work" title="Word and Work">Word and Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Chronicle" title="The Christian Chronicle">The Christian Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truth_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth Magazine">Truth Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Quarterly" title="Restoration Quarterly">Restoration Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Magazine_(Churches_of_Christ)" title="Christianity Magazine (Churches of Christ)">Christianity Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DisciplesWorld" title="DisciplesWorld">DisciplesWorld</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Methodist_Episcopal_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Template:Methodist Episcopal Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Template talk:Methodist Episcopal Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodist Episcopal Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Methodist_Episcopal_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="History of the Episcopal Church (United States)">in North America</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">History of Methodism in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lovely_Lane_Methodist_Church" title="Lovely Lane Methodist Church">Lovely Lane Methodist Church</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barratt%27s_Chapel" title="Barratt's Chapel">Barratt's Chapel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Conference" title="Christmas Conference">Christmas Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Great Awakening</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">Methodist Church (USA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Association" title="Evangelical Association">Evangelical Association</a> (1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(Canada)" title="Methodist Church (Canada)">Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(denomination)" title="Christian Union (denomination)">Christian Union</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Holiness)" title="Church of God (Holiness)">Church of God (Holiness)</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Sanctified_Holy_Church" title="Christ's Sanctified Holy Church">Christ's Sanctified Holy Church</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church" title="Pilgrim Holiness Church">Pilgrim Holiness Church</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" title="International Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church of North Carolina</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lumber_River_Conference_of_the_Holiness_Methodist_Church" title="Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church">Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Mountain_Holiness_Association" title="Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association">Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association</a> (1925)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Republican Methodist Church</a><br />(1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Christian Connection</a> (1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="Congregational Christian Churches">Congregational Christian Churches</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="National Association of Congregational Christian Churches">National Association of Congregational Christian Churches</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (1957)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a><br />(1841)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Daniel%27s_Band" title="Church of Daniel's Band">Church of Daniel's Band</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fire-Baptized_Holiness_Church" title="Fire-Baptized Holiness Church">Fire-Baptized Holiness Church</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Methodist_Church" title="Missionary Methodist Church">Missionary Methodist Church</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Churches" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Churches">Bible Methodist Connection of Churches</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Tennessee" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee">Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a><br />(1844)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Methodist_Church" title="Congregational Methodist Church">Congregational Methodist Church</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Congregational_Methodist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Congregational Methodist Church (page does not exist)">New Congregational Methodist Church</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Methodist_Church" title="The People's Methodist Church">People's Methodist Church</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_Church" title="Southern Methodist Church">Southern Methodist Church</a> (1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a><br />(1860)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Free_Methodist_Church" title="Reformed Free Methodist Church">Reformed Free Methodist Church</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Churches" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Churches">United Holiness Church</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a> (1963)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodism" title="Category:Methodism">Category</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=1251771191">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=1251771191</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Category:Christians (Stone Movement)">Christians (Stone Movement)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Category:History of Christianity in the United States">History of Christianity in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_revivals" title="Category:Christian revivals">Christian revivals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Protestantism" title="Category:19th-century Protestantism">19th-century Protestantism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2019">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_examples" title="Category:All articles needing examples">All articles needing examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_examples_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles needing examples from April 2024">Articles needing examples from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_navbox_columns_without_the_first_column" title="Category:Pages using navbox columns without the first column">Pages using navbox columns without the first column</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 October 2024, at 00:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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