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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Telescopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telescopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visitor_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitor_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Visitor Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitor_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_from_Sunspot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_from_Sunspot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Views from Sunspot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_from_Sunspot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sunspot Solar Observatory<br /><div class="nickname">Sacramento Peak</div></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1947<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1947</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">basic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category">Solar Physics, Space Weather</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Address</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span class="adr"><span class="street-address">Highway 6563</span>, <span class="locality">Sunspot</span>, <span class="region">NM</span>, <span class="postal-code">88349</span>, <span class="country-name">USA</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunspot,_New_Mexico" title="Sunspot, New Mexico">Sunspot</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, USA<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&params=32.7882_N_105.8195_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°47′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°49′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.7882°N 105.8195°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.7882; -105.8195</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP code</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data label">88349</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">Affiliations</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Universities_for_Research_in_Astronomy" title="Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy">AURA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunspot.solar">www<wbr />.sunspot<wbr />.solar</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sunspot Solar Observatory (SSO)</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> designed for the study of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. The observatory is operated by <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a> (NMSU) and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Solar_Observatory" title="National Solar Observatory">National Solar Observatory</a> (NSO). It is split between operations at the telescope facility at <a href="/wiki/Sunspot,_New_Mexico" title="Sunspot, New Mexico">Sunspot</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and data and management at the Department of Astronomy at <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a>. The Sunspot telescope facility is in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)" title="Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)">Sacramento Mountains</a>, approximately 18 miles (29 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Cloudcroft,_New_Mexico" title="Cloudcroft, New Mexico">Cloudcroft</a>. Access to the facility telescopes and grounds are open for to the public for guided tours. It is funded by the National Science Foundation in partnership with the state of New Mexico. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_information">General information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunn_And_Sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dunn_And_Sun.jpg/220px-Dunn_And_Sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dunn_And_Sun.jpg/330px-Dunn_And_Sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dunn_And_Sun.jpg/440px-Dunn_And_Sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The tower of the DST. Taken from the ground looking up at the Sun.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sunspot telescope facility is located in <a href="/wiki/Sunspot,_New_Mexico" title="Sunspot, New Mexico">Sunspot, New Mexico</a>, and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_National_Forest" title="Lincoln National Forest">Lincoln National Forest</a> on the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)" title="Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)">Sacramento Mountains</a>. The ~250 acres (100 ha) area is located on <a href="/wiki/National_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forest Service">National Forest Service</a> lands, managed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> (USFS), Lincoln National Forest, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacramento_Ranger_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacramento Ranger District (page does not exist)">Sacramento Ranger District</a>. Established by the U.S. Air Force (USAF) via a Memorandum of Agreement with the USFS in 1950, the facility was transferred to NSF in 1976. NSF and the USFS executed a land use agreement (1980) to formalize this transfer and the continued use of the land for the NSO. It was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Peak_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento Peak Observatory">Sacramento Peak Observatory</a>, and as one site of the <a href="/wiki/National_Solar_Observatory" title="National Solar Observatory">National Solar Observatory</a> (NSO). In 2018, all scientific research and public outreach at the telescope facility was taken over by the Sunspot Solar Observatory and AURA remain the operator of infrastructure on the site, including maintenance. </p><p>Sunspot Solar Observatory is a global consortium that currently consists of personnel both in <a href="/wiki/Sunspot,_New_Mexico" title="Sunspot, New Mexico">Sunspot, New Mexico</a>, at <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a>, and other institutes across the world </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telescopes">Telescopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Telescopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DST_with_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/DST_with_flowers.jpg/220px-DST_with_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/DST_with_flowers.jpg/330px-DST_with_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/DST_with_flowers.jpg/440px-DST_with_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Mountain top DST image</figcaption></figure> <p>The flagship telescope at the Sacramento Peak Observatory is the <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Dunn_Solar_Telescope" title="Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope">Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope</a> (DST), previously known as the Vacuum Tower Telescope. </p><p>In addition to the DST, Sunspot Solar Observatory hosts four other telescopes. </p><p>The John W. Evans Solar Facility (originally built 1952) hosted instruments for the <a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Observatory" title="High Altitude Observatory">High Altitude Observatory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Research Lab">Air Force Research Lab</a> and until 2009 obtained daily observations of million degree coronal emission that were used to predict the onset of the following <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">solar cycle</a>. </p><p>The other two Dome buildings (Hilltop Dome 1963, Grain Bin Dome 1950) are not used for research. </p><p>An Antarctic Mount telescope is situated beside the Visitors' Center on site and provides a light feed into the Visitors' Center. As the name suggests, this telescope was previously deployed in the Antarctic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visitor_Center">Visitor Center</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Visitor Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_and_Antarctic_mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sun_and_Antarctic_mount.jpg/220px-Sun_and_Antarctic_mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sun_and_Antarctic_mount.jpg/330px-Sun_and_Antarctic_mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sun_and_Antarctic_mount.jpg/440px-Sun_and_Antarctic_mount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The scale model finish at the Sun, on highway 6563, New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunspot_Astronomy_and_Visitor%27s_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sunspot_Astronomy_and_Visitor%27s_Center.jpg/220px-Sunspot_Astronomy_and_Visitor%27s_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sunspot_Astronomy_and_Visitor%27s_Center.jpg/330px-Sunspot_Astronomy_and_Visitor%27s_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sunspot_Astronomy_and_Visitor%27s_Center.jpg/440px-Sunspot_Astronomy_and_Visitor%27s_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Sunspot Astronomy and Visitors' Center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visitors_Center_Sunspot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Visitors_Center_Sunspot.jpg/220px-Visitors_Center_Sunspot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Visitors_Center_Sunspot.jpg/330px-Visitors_Center_Sunspot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Visitors_Center_Sunspot.jpg/440px-Visitors_Center_Sunspot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Inside the visitors' center</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sunspot Astronomy and Visitor Center provides an interactive astronomical experience through activities, displays, and informational exhibits. The Center is operated by <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a> through support from the state of New Mexico and provides guided tours of the site and the telescope for the public on Saturday and Sunday. Self-guided tours are available during other times. The Visitor Center contains exhibits from the <a href="/wiki/Dunn_Solar_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunn Solar Telescope">Dunn Solar Telescope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Point_Observatory" title="Apache Point Observatory">Apache Point Observatory</a>, and the Lincoln National Forest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">Sunspot</a> as a Solar Observatory date back to the sudden increased interest of <a href="/wiki/Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">solar physics</a> to the US military during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Observatory" title="High Altitude Observatory">High Altitude Observatory</a> (HAO) was established in 1940 in Climax, Colorado, by Walter Orr Roberts and Donald Menzel. It was associated with both Harvard College Observatory and the University of Colorado and was incorporated in 1946. At the time it was the world's highest permanent observatory for astronomy, at an elevation of over 11,000 feet, and was designed purely for studying the Sun. Roberts worked with the Bureau of Standards, "forecasting radio conditions on the basis of solar observations".<sup id="cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bushnell_1962-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such studies of the upper atmosphere were critical for predicting conditions for radio communication, guided missiles, and supersonic aircraft and, as a result, solar observations "became essential to the war effort". Suddenly the field of <a href="/wiki/Solar_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar astronomy">solar astronomy</a> became an appealing goal for both astronomers and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-hao.ucar.edu_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hao.ucar.edu_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liebowitz_2002_pp._193–211_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebowitz_2002_pp._193–211-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sacramento Peak Observatory was conceived as a complementary telescope to the existing facilities in Climax, as Roberts had realized that "there were long periods of cloudiness, especially during the winter, when it was not possible to make observations",<sup id="cite_ref-Liebowitz_2002_pp._193–211_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebowitz_2002_pp._193–211-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence a second dedicated solar observatory should be established. The practical applications for solar research, as discovered by the military during World War II, regarding the impact solar activity had on radio communication spurred the US Congress to provide for a military-funded observatory. It became an important mission of the USAF to establish a solar observatory and "after the war, when the Air Force recognized the need to organize its own long-range program of solar studies, it quite naturally turned for specialized assistance to the recently formed High Altitude Observatory (HAO)".<sup id="cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bushnell_1962-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1947, the USAF issued a contract to HAO and Harvard University to conduct a survey and thereby identify an appropriate site for a new solar observatory and to determine which instruments to install at the new site. </p><p>Any seasonal cloud cover at the new site needed to arrive in the opposite season to that at Climax, in order to then provide for year-round coverage of the Sun. Similar to Climax, the atmosphere above the new site should be exceptionally free from haze and dust in order to permit for the best possible observing. Roberts and Menzel examined the White Sands Proving Ground (an area used as a research rocket firing range near <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Holloman Air Force Base</a> in Alamogordo, New Mexico). They "concluded that the section of the Sacramento Mountains in which Sacramento Peak is located would be especially promising for a solar research site. Further inquiries and inspection tended to confirm this initial reaction".<sup id="cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bushnell_1962-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holloman Air Force Base could be used to supply the equipment and any supplies. Sacramento Peak was, at 9200 feet was also low enough to be more accessible to researchers than Climax at 11,000 feet and the thickly forested setting blocked interference from rising air currents up the mountain. </p><p>A small crew of five made the initial camp at the Sunspot site. This crew included Roberts, John "Jack" W. Evans (a student of Menzel's), and Rudy Cook (who had worked with Robert in Climax).<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsey_2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsey_2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook's companions soon returned home, leaving Cook and his dog Rocky to man the site. By the end of 1947, Menzel and Roberts made the recommendation that Sacramento Peak be chosen as the solar research site for USAF. By April 1948, the Committee on Geophysical Sciences (then within the War Department's Research and Development Board) formally accepted this recommendation and a contract was written, mandating the Air Force to complete the observatory. The specifics of the contract called for "the preparation of detailed plans for an integrated solar research facility, which would combine observational, analytical, and data-reduction activities, all on a larger scale than at any comparable observatory; design, development, and fabrication of the required optical device; and concurrently, theoretical studies of solar structure and characteristics"<sup id="cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bushnell_1962-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_from_Sunspot">Views from Sunspot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views from Sunspot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the western side of the Sacramento peak,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are wide open views of <a href="/wiki/Apache_Point_Observatory" title="Apache Point Observatory">Apache Point Observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey</a> telescopes. From the overlook beside the telescope, <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands National Park</a> stands out as gypsum white<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the sandy background of the desert. On a clear day it is possible to see all the way south to the cities of <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, Mexico, and all the way north to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity test site</a>. The overlook can also be used for viewing rocket launches from <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DST_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DST at night"><img alt="DST at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DST_at_night.jpg/103px-DST_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DST_at_night.jpg/154px-DST_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DST_at_night.jpg/206px-DST_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">DST at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SDSS_from_Sunspot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SDSS from Sunspot"><img alt="SDSS from Sunspot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SDSS_from_Sunspot.jpg/220px-SDSS_from_Sunspot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SDSS_from_Sunspot.jpg/330px-SDSS_from_Sunspot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SDSS_from_Sunspot.jpg/440px-SDSS_from_Sunspot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8928" data-file-height="2332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SDSS from Sunspot</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories" title="List of astronomical observatories">List of astronomical observatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_telescopes" title="List of solar telescopes">List of solar telescopes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bushnell_1962-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushnell_1962_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBushnell1962" class="citation book cs1">Bushnell, D. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZCjQgAACAAJ"><i>The Sacramento Peak Observatory, 1947–1962</i></a>. OAR (United States. Air Force. Office of Aerospace Research). Historical Division, Office of Information, Office of Aerospace Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacramento+Peak+Observatory%2C+1947%E2%80%931962&rft.series=OAR+%28United+States.+Air+Force.+Office+of+Aerospace+Research%29&rft.pub=Historical+Division%2C+Office+of+Information%2C+Office+of+Aerospace+Research&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Bushnell&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZCjQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunspot+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hao.ucar.edu_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hao.ucar.edu_2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720180938/http://www.hao.ucar.edu/hao/history.php">"History of HAO, Walter Orr Roberts, Sun Research, National Center for Atmospheric Research"</a>. <i>hao.ucar.edu</i>. July 20, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hao.ucar.edu/hao/history.php">the original</a> on July 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hao.ucar.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+HAO%2C+Walter+Orr+Roberts%2C+Sun+Research%2C+National+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hao.ucar.edu%2Fhao%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunspot+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liebowitz_2002_pp._193–211-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liebowitz_2002_pp._193–211_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liebowitz_2002_pp._193–211_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebowitz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Liebowitz, Ruth Prelowski (2002). "Donald Menzel and the Creation of the Sacramento Peak Observatory". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>33</b> (2). SAGE Publications: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JHA....33..193L">2002JHA....33..193L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182860203300207">10.1177/002182860203300207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8286">0021-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120255395">120255395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Donald+Menzel+and+the+Creation+of+the+Sacramento+Peak+Observatory&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182860203300207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120255395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8286&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JHA....33..193L&rft.aulast=Liebowitz&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Prelowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunspot+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsey_2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsey_2002_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2002" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5CjPQAACAAJ"><i>New Mexico Sunspot: Sacramento Peak Observatory in the Beginning</i></a>. Essence Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55306-484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55306-484-8"><bdi>978-1-55306-484-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Mexico+Sunspot%3A+Sacramento+Peak+Observatory+in+the+Beginning&rft.pub=Essence+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55306-484-8&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5CjPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunspot+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latitude.to/articles-by-country/us/united-states/167321/richard-b-dunn-solar-telescope"><i>GPS coordinates</i></a>, 2018-07-18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GPS+coordinates&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatitude.to%2Farticles-by-country%2Fus%2Funited-states%2F167321%2Frichard-b-dunn-solar-telescope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunspot+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/gypsum.htm"><i>NPS website</i></a>, 2018-07-18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NPS+website&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fwhsa%2Flearn%2Fgypsum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunspot+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunspot_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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