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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-I_kildene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_kildene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>I kildene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_kildene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_vurderinger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_vurderinger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Moderne vurderinger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_vurderinger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iturea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 20 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itureen" title="Itureen – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Itureen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يطوريون – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يطوريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itur%C3%A4a" title="Ituräa – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ituräa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιτουραία – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιτουραία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itur%C3%A9e" title="Iturée – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iturée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יטורים – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יטורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itur%C4%97ja" title="Iturėja – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iturėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeturit%C3%A1k" title="Jeturiták – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jeturiták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itureia" title="Itureia – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Itureia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Итурея – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итурея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Ітурея – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ітурея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1514777#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Iturea" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iturea"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iturea"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Iturea" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Iturea" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&oldid=23832897" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Iturea&id=23832897&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIturea"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIturea"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iturea&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1514777" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mount_Lebanon,_Illustration_for_La_Terre-Sainte_et_les_lieux_illustr%C3%A9s_par_les_ap%C3%B4tres,_by_Adrien_Egron,_1837_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mount_Lebanon%2C_Illustration_for_La_Terre-Sainte_et_les_lieux_illustr%C3%A9s_par_les_ap%C3%B4tres%2C_by_Adrien_Egron%2C_1837_%2823%29.jpg/250px-Mount_Lebanon%2C_Illustration_for_La_Terre-Sainte_et_les_lieux_illustr%C3%A9s_par_les_ap%C3%B4tres%2C_by_Adrien_Egron%2C_1837_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mount_Lebanon%2C_Illustration_for_La_Terre-Sainte_et_les_lieux_illustr%C3%A9s_par_les_ap%C3%B4tres%2C_by_Adrien_Egron%2C_1837_%2823%29.jpg/375px-Mount_Lebanon%2C_Illustration_for_La_Terre-Sainte_et_les_lieux_illustr%C3%A9s_par_les_ap%C3%B4tres%2C_by_Adrien_Egron%2C_1837_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mount_Lebanon%2C_Illustration_for_La_Terre-Sainte_et_les_lieux_illustr%C3%A9s_par_les_ap%C3%B4tres%2C_by_Adrien_Egron%2C_1837_%2823%29.jpg/500px-Mount_Lebanon%2C_Illustration_for_La_Terre-Sainte_et_les_lieux_illustr%C3%A9s_par_les_ap%C3%B4tres%2C_by_Adrien_Egron%2C_1837_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Libanonfjellene, hvor Iturea skal ha ligget, illustrasjon fra et fransk verk 1837.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iturea</b> er det <a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">greske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinske</a> navnet for en region i <a href="/wiki/Israels_land" title="Israels land">Israels land</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneere">hasmoneerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huset_Herodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Huset Herodes">Huset Herodes</a>, og <a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">romersk</a> tid. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I_kildene">I kildene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: I kildene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen I kildene"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stedet er nevnt kun i <a href="/wiki/Det_nye_testamente" class="mw-redirect" title="Det nye testamente">den kristne Bibelen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lukas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mens i historiske kilder opptrer navnet på folket, itureere (gresk: Ἰτουραῖοι eller Ἰτυραῖοι). Sistnevnte er først nevnt av <a href="/wiki/Eupolemus" title="Eupolemus">Eupolemus</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme">hellenistisk</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder">jødisk</a> historiker, som en av stammene som ble erobret <a href="/wiki/David_av_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="David av Israel">David av Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og deretter av den <a href="/wiki/Oldtidens_Hellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldtidens Hellas">greske</a> geograf og historiker <a href="/wiki/Strabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, den romerske forfatteren <a href="/wiki/Plinius_den_eldre" title="Plinius den eldre">Plinius den eldre</a>, den jødiske historikeren Josefus og andre, og de betegner itureerne som tilhørende folket eller etterkommerne til <a href="/wiki/Ismael" title="Ismael">Ismael</a>, sønn av patriarken <a href="/wiki/Abraham_(bibelsk_person)" title="Abraham (bibelsk person)">Abraham</a>. De er kjent av romerne som et røverfolk,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men ble også oppskattet for å være gode bueskyttere som var ønsket som leiesoldater.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itureerne ble erobret av den hasmoneiske kong <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaios" title="Alexander Jannaios">Alexander Jannaios</a> og ble med makt tvunget til å konvertere til <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8dedom" title="Jødedom">jødedommen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mange kristne teologer, blant dem <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(pave)" title="Eusebius (pave)">Eusebius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> har vurdert avsnittet i <a href="/wiki/Lukasevangeliet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukasevangeliet">Lukasevangeliet</a> hvor Iturea er plassert i nærheten av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachonitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trachonitis (ikke skrevet ennå)">Trachonitis</a>, noe som synes å motsi alle historiske kilder. I henhold til Josefus,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lå det ituriske kongedømmet nord for <a href="/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea">Galilea</a> og i år 105 f.Kr. hadde <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> beseiret dem og annektert deres land inn under <a href="/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Israel" class="mw-disambig" title="Kongedømmet Israel">Israel</a>, og påtvunget innbyggerne jødedommen. Strabo<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inkluderte landet til itureerne inn under kongedømmet til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolomaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptolomaeus (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ptolomaeus</a>, sønn av Mennæus, hvis bolig var ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkis_(Syria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkis (Syria) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kalkis</a> i Syria (?) og som styrte fra 85-40 f.Kr. Ptolomaeus ble etterfulgt av sin sønn Lysanias, som den romerske historieskriveren <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kalte for «konge av itureerne». En gang rundt 23 f.Kr. falt Iturea med de omliggende provinsene i hendene på en høvding ved navn Zenodorus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tre år senere, ved Zenodorus' død, ga keiser <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> landet Iturea til <a href="/wiki/Herodes_den_store" title="Herodes den store">Herodes den store</a> som i sin tid, i henhold til Josefus, lot det gå i arv til sin sønn <a href="/wiki/Herodes_Filippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodes Filippo">Herodes Filippo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Itureas beliggenhet lå i regionen til <a href="/wiki/Libanonfjellene" title="Libanonfjellene">Libanonfjellene</a> er bekreftet av en inskripsjon for året 6 e.Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vedrørende hvor en Q. Æmilius Secundus ble sendt av <a href="/wiki/Publius_Sulpicius_Quirinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Sulpicius Quirinius">Publius Sulpicius Quirinius</a>, romersk stattholder over Syria og Judea, mot itureerne i Libanonfjellene. I år <a href="/wiki/38" title="38">38</a> ga keiser <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> landet Iturea til en viss Soemus, som av Dio Cassius<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og av Tacitus<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ble kalt for «konge av itureerne». Etter at Soemus var død i år 49 ble hans kongedømme lagt inn under provinsen Syria, i henhold til Tacitus. Etter dette ble itureerne soldater i den romerske hæren, og betegnelsene «Ala I. Augusta Ituræorum» og «Cohors I. Augusta Ituræorum» finnes i inskripsjoner.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderne_vurderinger">Moderne vurderinger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Moderne vurderinger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Moderne vurderinger"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forskere som vurdert itureernes etnisitet har kommet fram til at de må ha vært enten et <a href="/wiki/Arabere" title="Arabere">arabisk</a> folk eller en <a href="/wiki/Arameere" title="Arameere">arameisk</a> stamme. Mark A. Chancey hevder at de var et arabisk folk basert hovedsakelig i nord og nordøst for Galilea, på og rundt Libanonfjellene. Ved et tidspunkt begynte de å innvandre inn i Galilea, men hvor langt de kom er ukjent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steve Mason mener også at de var arabere, berømt som bueskyttere, og holdt til i Libanonfjellene og <a href="/wiki/Bekaadalen" title="Bekaadalen">Bekaadalen</a> øst i Libanon og hadde en viss kontroll over områdene inn i Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det har vært foreslåtte ulike <a href="/wiki/Etymologi" title="Etymologi">etymologier</a> for navnet Iturea. Bibelforskeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lightfoot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lightfoot (ikke skrevet ennå)">John Lightfoot</a> vurdert på <a href="/wiki/1600-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1600-tallet">1600-tallet</a> en mulig utledning fra ordene <i>hittur</i> («rikdom»), <i>chitture</i> («skjerping») eller ordet for «kroning» (dvs 'ittur) eller for «ti» (dvs rotordet '-th-r), beslektet med Decapolis («de ti byer»). Han vurderte de siste til å være minst sannsynlig og foretrakk avledningen fra <i>chitture</i> i betraktning av beskrivelsen av landskapet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den skotske orientalisten <a href="/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a> har foreslått at det kan være avledet fra Jetur (hebraisk Yetur), en av de tidligere hagarittere (hebraisk hagri), i henhold til Bibelen en arabisk <a href="/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade">nomadestamme</a> som det ble sagt nedstammet fra <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>, en stamme som på kong <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Sauls</a> tid ble erobret av <a href="/wiki/Israelittene" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelittene">israelittene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imidlertid hos Josefus ble begge navnene nevnt, Jetur (<i>Ietour-</i>) er gjengitt forskjellig på gresk i forhold til Iturea (<i>Itour-</i>). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Bible_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's Bible Dictionary</a></i> forsøker å sette likhetstegn med den moderne arabiske regionen Jedur med både Jetur og Iturea, midlertid korresponderer arabiske j til hebraiske g og ikke til y, heller ikke tilsvarer arabiske d til hebraiske eller greske t, og forskernes felles syn er at Jedur tilsvarer til bibelske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedor (ikke skrevet ennå)">Gedor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lukas-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukas_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukas_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Nettbibelen: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120526221854/http://www.bibel.no/nb-NO/sitecore/content/Home/Hovedmeny/Nettbibelen.aspx?book=LUK&chapter=3"><i>Evangeliet etter Lukas 3:1</i></a>: «I keiser Tiberius’ femtende regjeringsår, mens Pontius Pilatus var landshøvding i Judea og Herodes var landsfyrste over Galilea, hans bror Filip over Iturea og Trakonitis, og Lysanias over Abilene»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius: <i>Præparatio Evangelica</i>, ix. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cicero: <i>Philippics</i>, ii. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cæsar: <i>Bellum Africanum</i>, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Onomasticon">Onomasticon</a>, red. Lagarde, ss. 268, 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ant. xiii. 11, § 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Strabo: xvi. 2, § 10, s. 753</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dio Cassius: xlix. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josephus (Josefus): l.c. xv. 10, § 1; idem, B. J. i. 20, § 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, Ant. xv. 10, § 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ephemeris Epigraphica</i>, 1881, ss. 537–542</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dio Cassius: lix. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus: <i>Annals</i>, xii. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ephemeris Epigraphica</i>, 1884, s. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, John (2004): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1pkPt0uD708C&pg=PA7&dq=itureans&hl=en&ei=ry4WTZ3TDJGbOvqwiIQJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=itureans&f=false"><i>Caesarea Philippi: Banias, The Lost City of Pan</i></a> (innbundet utg.). I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1850434409" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1850434409</a>. s. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Steve (2003): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e3jnUBqapi0C&pg=PA54&dq=itureans+arabs&hl=en&ei=NTEWTZFcips6geGNqgk&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=itureans%20arabs&f=false"><i>Flavius Josephus: Life of Josephus</i></a> (uinnbundne utg.). Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/039104205X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 039104205X</a>. s. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mendels, Doron (1987): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gnAWwn7HOvwC&pg=PA66&dq=itureans+arabs&hl=en&ei=IDEWTdLnMorsOeKQ2PoI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=itureans%20arabs&f=false"><i>The Land of Israel As a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in a Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land</i></a> (Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum) (innbundne utg.). J.C.B. Mohr. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/3161451473" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3161451473</a>. s. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Lightfoot, John (1658–1674): <i>A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica</i>, Cambridge and London, <i>Chorographical Notes, Chapter 1: Of the places mentioned in Luke 3, Iturea</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Muir, William: (1861): <i>The Life of Mohamet</i>, 4 bind, Smith, Elder & Co., London</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=374&letter=I&search=Iturea">Iturea</a> i <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>, utgave 1901-1906</li> <li>Myers, E. A. 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