CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Burushaski - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2312fe6b-a485-4aa8-bb34-c12f294dd1a0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Burushaski","wgTitle":"Burushaski","wgCurRevisionId":1278052213,"wgRevisionId":1278052213,"wgArticleId":161692,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with plain IPA","Language articles citing Ethnologue 27","Pages with listed invalid ISBNs","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Articles containing Burushaski-language text","Ill-formatted infobox-language images","ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue","Pages with Burushaski IPA","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2024","Articles containing Munji-language text","Articles containing Urdu-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2011","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from July 2011","Burushaski","Language isolates of Asia","Languages of Pakistan","Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan","Languages of Jammu and Kashmir","Endangered languages of India","Hunza","Burusho people","Subject–object–verb languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Burushaski","wgRelevantArticleId":161692,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q216286","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="955"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="637"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="510"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Burushaski - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Burushaski rootpage-Burushaski skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Burushaski" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Burushaski" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Burushaski" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Burushaski" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Language contact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Writing system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Modern evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Aspirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Sample text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Noun classes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluralisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluralisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Pluralisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluralisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Pronouns and pronominal prefixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_11_positions_of_the_finite_verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_11_positions_of_the_finite_verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 The 11 positions of the finite verb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_11_positions_of_the_finite_verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_tenses_and_moods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_tenses_and_moods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Formation of tenses and moods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_tenses_and_moods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indication_of_the_subject_and_object" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indication_of_the_subject_and_object"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Indication of the subject and object </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indication_of_the_subject_and_object-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_d-_prefix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_d-_prefix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5 The d- prefix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_d-_prefix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Burushaski</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="بروشسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروشسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_burushaski" title="Idioma burushaski – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma burushaski" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buru%C5%9Faski_dili" title="Buruşaski dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buruşaski dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="بوریشاسکیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوریشاسکیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="বুরুশাস্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুরুশাস্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бурушаскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бурушаскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бурушаски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бурушаски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourouchaskeg" title="Bourouchaskeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bourouchaskeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruixaski" title="Buruixaski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buruixaski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buru%C5%A1ask%C3%AD" title="Burušaskí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Burušaskí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buru%C5%A1aski_keel" title="Burušaski keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Burušaski keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_buruchasquio" title="Idioma buruchasquio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma buruchasquio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buru%C5%9Da_lingvo" title="Buruŝa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Buruŝa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruxaski" title="Buruxaski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Buruxaski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان بروشسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان بروشسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourouchaski" title="Bourouchaski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bourouchaski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_burushaski" title="Lingua burushaski – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua burushaski" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%83%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4%EC%96%B4" title="부루샤스키어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부루샤스키어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վերշիկերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերշիկերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुशस्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुरुशस्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski_jezik" title="Burushaski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Burushaski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Burushaski" title="Bahasa Burushaski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_burushaski" title="Lingua burushaski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua burushaski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="בורושסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בורושסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%8F%D8%B4%D9%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بُرُشَسکی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بُرُشَسکی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiburushaski" title="Kiburushaski – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiburushaski" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buru%C5%A1%C5%B3_kalba" title="Burušų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Burušų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruxasci_(lingua)" title="Buruxasci (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Buruxasci (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusaszki_nyelv" title="Burusaszki nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burusaszki nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бурушаски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бурушаски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ബുറുശസ്‌കി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുറുശസ്‌കി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ブルシャスキー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルシャスキー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusjaski" title="Burusjaski – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Burusjaski" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroshaski" title="Boroshaski – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boroshaski" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਬੁਰੁਸ਼ਸਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਰੁਸ਼ਸਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بروشسکی زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بروشسکی زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_burushaski" title="Lenga burushaski – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga burushaski" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_buruszaski" title="Język buruszaski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język buruszaski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_burushaski" title="Língua burushaski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua burushaski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бурушаски – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бурушаски" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بروشسکی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بروشسکی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Burushaski" title="Gjuha Burushaski – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%8A" title="بروشسڪي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بروشسڪي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buri%C5%A1tina" title="Buriština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Buriština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بوروشەسکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بوروشەسکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buru%C5%A1askin_kieli" title="Burušaskin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burušaskin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бурушаски теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бурушаски теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาบูรุศซัสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาบูรุศซัสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buru%C5%9Faski" title="Buruşaski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buruşaski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бурушаскі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бурушаскі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بروشسکی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بروشسکی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Burushaski" title="Tiếng Burushaski – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="布鲁夏斯基语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布鲁夏斯基语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%AA%9E" title="布魯夏斯基語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布魯夏斯基語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Burushaski" title="Basa Burushaski – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Burushaski" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Burushaski" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Burushaski">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Burushaski">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Burushaski" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Burushaski" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&oldid=1278052213" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Burushaski&id=1278052213&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBurushaski">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBurushaski">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Burushaski&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burushaski_phrasebook" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216286" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language isolate spoken by Burusho people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Burushaski</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بُرُݸشَسکݵ burúśaski</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png/150px-Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png/225px-Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png/300px-Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="422" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Burushaski written in Nastaliq style.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">[bʊˈruːɕʌskiː]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hunza_District" title="Hunza District">Hunza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagar_District" title="Nagar District">Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghizer_District_(2019%E2%80%93)" title="Ghizer District (2019–)">Ghizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_District" title="Gilgit District">Gilgit</a> (Pakistan) and <a href="/wiki/Hari_Parbat" title="Hari Parbat">Hari Parbat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (India)<a href="#cite_note-Munshi2006-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Burusho_people" title="Burusho people">Burusho</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">130,000 (2018–2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Yasin</li> <li>Hunza-Nagar</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Script">Arabic Script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bsk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bsk">bsk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/buru1296">buru1296</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1614">Burushaski</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Burshaski-lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Burshaski-lang.png/250px-Burshaski-lang.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Burshaski-lang.png/375px-Burshaski-lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Burshaski-lang.png/500px-Burshaski-lang.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="552" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Burushaski is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Burushaski (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbʊrʊˈʃæski/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burushaski_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Burushaski language">Burushaski</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بُرُݸشَسکݵ, romanized: burúśaski,<a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol1-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bʊˈruːɕʌskiː]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Burusho_people" title="Burusho people">Burusho people</a>, who predominantly reside in northern <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> There are also a few hundred speakers of this language in northern <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2016-7">[7]</a> In Pakistan, Burushaski is spoken by the people of the <a href="/wiki/Hunza_District" title="Hunza District">Hunza District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nagar_District" title="Nagar District">Nagar District</a>, the northern <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_District" title="Gilgit District">Gilgit District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Valley" title="Yasin Valley">Yasin</a> Valley in the <a href="/wiki/Gupis-Yasin_District" title="Gupis-Yasin District">Gupis-Yasin District</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ishkoman_Valley" title="Ishkoman Valley">Ishkoman</a> Valley of the northern <a href="/wiki/Ghizer_District_(2019%E2%80%93)" title="Ghizer District (2019–)">Ghizer District</a>. Their native region is northern <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a>. It also borders the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamir corridor">Pamir corridor</a> to the north. In India, Burushaski is spoken in Botraj Mohalla of the <a href="/wiki/Hari_Parbat" title="Hari Parbat">Hari Parbat</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Munshi2006-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It is generally believed that the language was spoken in a much wider area in the past. It is also known as Werchikwar and Miśa:ski.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Attempts have been made to establish links between Burushaski and several different language families, although none has been accepted by a majority of <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a>. Some hypotheses posit a genealogical relationship between Burushaski and the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst201415–16-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, usually in proposed <a href="/wiki/Macrofamily" title="Macrofamily">macrofamilies</a>: <ul><li>The proposed but contended "<a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a>" macrofamily includes Burushaski alongside <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Another proposed family, known as "<a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a>",<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> links Burushaski with Yeniseian.</li> <li>A relationship to the proposed "<a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a> clade" of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European family</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> has been suggested by <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilija_%C4%8Ca%C5%A1ule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilija Čašule (page does not exist)">Ilija Čašule</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="mk:Илија Чашуле">mk</a>].<a href="#cite_note-hamp2013-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The various proposals linking Burushaski to Indo-European make divergent—or in the case of Čašule even contradictory—claims about the nature of the relationship, and are rejected by mainstream scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>A possible connection specifically to the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language contact">edit</a>]</div> Blench (2008) notes that the supposed evidence for external relationships of Burushaski rely on lexical data which may be better explained as originating from language contact. In particular, almost all Burushaski agricultural vocabulary appears to be borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Following Berger (1956), the <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">American Heritage</a> dictionaries suggested that the word *abel '<a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>', the only name for a fruit (tree) reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, may have been borrowed from a language ancestral to Burushaski. ("Apple" and "apple tree" are báalt in modern Burushaski.) Kashmiri linguist Sadaf Munshi stated that Burushaski may have developed alongside the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Indo-Aryan migration</a> to South Asia, mentioning the fact that both possess <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex sounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Munshi-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a>]</div> Burushaski is spoken by about 120,000 speakers in Pakistan, and also by a few hundred in India.<a href="#cite_note-npr-5">[5]</a> In Pakistan, it is spoken in three main valleys: <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Valley" title="Yasin Valley">Yasin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Valley" title="Nagar Valley">Nagar</a>. The varieties of Hunza and Nagar diverge slightly, but are clearly dialects of a single language. The Yasin variety, also known by the Khowar exonym Werchikwar, is much more divergent. Intelligibility between Yasin and Hunza-Nagar is difficult, and Yasin is sometimes considered a distinct language and thought to be the "pure" or "original" Burushaski by the speakers of Yasin valley itself.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Yasin is the least affected by <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">contact with neighboring languages</a>, though speakers are bilingual in <a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a>. Yasin is spoken by a quarter of Burushaski speakers.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski (JKB) "has developed divergent linguistic features which make it systematically different from the varieties spoken in Pakistan."<a href="#cite_note-2006Munshi-24">[24]</a> The dialect of Burushashki spoken in India has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Unique to JKB is the features of <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">vowel syncopation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Munshi2006-1">[1]</a> Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski shares more similarities with the dialect spoken in Nagar than with that spoken in Hunza.<a href="#cite_note-2006Munshi-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> variety of Burushaski has been known as low toned and is spoken a Kashmiri way of speaking the language.<a href="#cite_note-Srinagar_Burushaski-26">[26]</a> The Srinagar variety of Burushaski has only 300 speakers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Burushaski primarily has five vowels, /i e a o u/. There are two sets of long vowels, distinguished by whether it is the first or the second mora that bears a stress or higher pitch. Various contractions result in long vowels; stressed vowels (marked with acute accents in Berger's transcription) tend to be longer and less "open" than unstressed ones ([i e a o u] as opposed to [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ]). Some have described this as an intentional utterance of a rising tone or a falling tone. For example, a word óosanam <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>اوسَنَم‎ ‘i made them say’ has a falling tone and the stress is on first mora. Another word, oósanam <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݹسَنَم‎ ‘i did not say’ has a rising tone and stress is on the second mora.<a href="#cite_note-phonology-27">[27]</a> Long vowels only ever appear in stressed syllables, and will thus carry one tone or the other.<a href="#cite_note-phonology-27">[27]</a> As for short vowels, <a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open vowels</a> [e], [o], [a] can appear in either stressed syllables or unstressed syllables. Short <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a> [i] and [u] usually only appear in unstressed syllables. Furthermore, the pair [i] and [u] alternate with [e] and [o] respectively in a stressed syllable.<a href="#cite_note-phonology-27">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">i iː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">u uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">e eː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">o oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">a aː</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> All vowels have nasal counterparts in Hunza (in some expressive words) and in Nager (also in proper names and a few other words). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Berger (1998) finds the following consonants to be <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>, shown below in the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> and in his romanization scheme: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">(Alveolo-) palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> ⟨m⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> ⟨n⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> ⟨ṅ⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a> ⟨ph⟩<a href="#cite_note-footnote1-28">[1]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> ⟨th⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a> ⟨ṭh⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a> ⟨kh⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a> ⟨qh⟩<a href="#cite_note-footnote2-29">[2]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> ⟨p⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> ⟨t⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a> ⟨ṭ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> ⟨k⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> ⟨q⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> ⟨b⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> ⟨d⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> ⟨ḍ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> ⟨g⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a><a href="#cite_note-footnote3-30">[3]</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a> ⟨ch⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ɕʰ</a> ⟨ćh⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈ͡ʂʰ</a> ⟨c̣h⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> ⟨c⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a> ⟨ć⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈ͡ʂ</a> ⟨c̣⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a> ⟨j⟩<a href="#cite_note-footnote4-31">[4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">ɖ͡ʐ</a> ⟨j̣⟩<a href="#cite_note-footnote5-32">[5]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> ⟨s⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> ⟨ś⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> ⟨ṣ⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> ⟨h⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> ⟨z⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> ⟨ġ⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> ⟨r⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> ⟨l⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> ⟨y⟩<a href="#cite_note-footnote6-33">[6]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a> ⟨ỵ⟩<a href="#cite_note-footnote7-34">[7]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> ⟨w⟩<a href="#cite_note-footnote6-33">[6]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-footnote1-28"><a href="#cite_ref-footnote1_28-0">^</a> Pronunciation varies: [pʰ] ~ [p͡f] ~ [f]. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-footnote2_29-0">^</a> Pronunciation varies: [qʰ] ~ [q͡χ] ~ [χ]. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote3-30"><a href="#cite_ref-footnote3_30-0">^</a> The Yasin dialect lacks aspirated affricates and uses the plain ones instead. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote4-31"><a href="#cite_ref-footnote4_31-0">^</a> Sometimes pronounced [ʑ]. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote5-32"><a href="#cite_ref-footnote5_32-0">^</a> Sometimes pronounced [ʐ]. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote6-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnote6_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnote6_33-1">b</a> Berger (1998) regards [w] and [j] as allophones of /u/ and /i/ that occur in front of stressed vowels. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote7-34"><a href="#cite_ref-footnote7_34-0">^</a> This phoneme has various pronunciations, all of which are rare sounds cross-linguistically. Descriptions include: "a voiced retroflex sibilant with simultaneous dorso-palatal narrowing" (apparently [ʐʲ]) (Berger 1998); "a fricative r, pronounced with the tongue in the retroflex ('cerebral') position" (apparently [ɻ̝]/[ʐ̞], a sound which also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, written r in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>) (Morgenstierne 1945); and "a curious sound whose phonetic realizations vary from a retroflex, spirantized glide to a retroflex velarized spirant" (Anderson forthcoming). In any case, it does not occur in the Yasin dialect, and in Hunza and Nager it does not occur at the beginning of words. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Writing_system">Burushaski alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%DD%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ݳ">ݳ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DD%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ݴ">ݴ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ٹ">ٹ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݘ (page does not exist)">ݘ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݼ (page does not exist)">ݼ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%85" class="mw-redirect" title="څ">څ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ڎ">ڎ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ڈ">ڈ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ڑ">ڑ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݽ (page does not exist)">ݽ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ڞ">ڞ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DD%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ݣ">ݣ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ں">ں</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݸ (page does not exist)">ݸ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݹ (page does not exist)">ݹ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ھ">ھ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݶ (page does not exist)">ݶ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݷ (page does not exist)">ݷ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݺ (page does not exist)">ݺ</a> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr />Extended <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_evolution">Modern evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern evolution">edit</a>]</div> Burushaski is predominantly a spoken rather than a written language. One of the earliest examples of modern Burushaski literature was the poetry written by <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai</a> in the 1940s. He began by using the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a> to write the language, but soon realized that Urdu script was not adequate to the task, since it lacked the necessary letters to represent certain <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> unique to Burushaski. This led him to undertake the task of devising a standardised <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>-derived alphabet geared specifically to the accurate transcription of the Burushaski language. To this end, he went on to create the new consonants ݼ [tsʰ], څ [ʈʂ], ڎ [ts], ݽ [ʂ], ڞ [ʈʂʰ], and ݣ [ŋ].<a href="#cite_note-42">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[29]</a> Furthermore, innovative writers of Burushaski began to use <a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">superscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Urdu numbers</a> to indicate different stress patterns, tones and vowel-lengths. For example, in Burushaski, the letter ـو (waw) represents a long vowel with a falling tone, "óo". The letter ـݸ (waw with a superscript 2) represents a short vowel "o", and the letter ـݹ (waw with a superscript 3) represents a long vowel with a rising tone, "oó".<a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol1-4">[4]</a> Parallel to this, a Latin-derived orthography was created by Hermann Berger - a system which has found favour among many researchers and linguists. The "Burushaski Research Academy" currently recognises both the Urdu-based and the Latin-based orthography. In the years, 2006, 2009, and 2013, a 3-volume Burushaski-<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> Dictionary was compiled in a collaboration between the "Burushaski Research Academy" and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>, under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai</a> and published by the university's "Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation".<a href="#cite_note-44">[30]</a> This dictionary uses primarily the Urdu-derived alphabet, while employing Berger's Latin alphabet-derived orthography in a supplementary capacity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> sources record a Bru zha language of the Gilgit valley, which appears to have been Burushaski and the script of which was one of five used also to write the extinct <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhung language">Zhangzhung language</a>. Although Burushaski may once have been a significant <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>, no Bru zha manuscripts are known to have survived.<a href="#cite_note-45">[31]</a> There is a very voluminous Buddhist tantra of the 'Ancient' (rNying ma) school of Tibetan Buddhism, preserved in Tibetan as the mDo dgongs 'dus,<a href="#cite_note-46">[32]</a> which has been the subject of numerous Tibetological publications, including a recent monograph by Jacob P. Dalton, The Gathering of Intentions,<a href="#cite_note-47">[33]</a> which is supposed to be translated from the Burushaski (bru zha'i skad). It contains words that are not Sanskrit but which have not, thus far, been demonstrated satisfactorily to be relatable either to Burushaski, or to any other language (or, for that matter, to be purely "elfic"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">definition needed</a>]). If at least part of this text had actually been translated from Burushaski, it would make it one of the major monuments of an apparently lost literature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alphabet">edit</a>]</div> Below table shows the standardized orthography used in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>-published Burushaski-Urdu Dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol2-48">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol3-49">[35]</a> In addition, linguists working on Burushaski use various makeshift transcriptions based on the Latin alphabet, most commonly that by Berger (see below), in their publications. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Forms </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Isolated </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <td>- / A a / U u / I i </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>] ([<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ا‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ا‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ا">U+0627</a> </td> <td>Letter alif at the beginning of a word can serve two functions. First, it precedes vowel letters (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݸ‎) [o], (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />او / اُو‎) [óo][úu], (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݹ / اُݹ‎) [oó][uú], (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اِیـ / اِی‎) [íi], (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اِݶـ / اِݶ‎) [ií], (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݵـ / اݺ‎) [e], (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ایـ / اے‎) [ée], or (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݶـ / اݻ‎) [eé]. Second, it acts as a vowel carrier for diacritics of three short vowels of Burushaski, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اَ‎ [a], (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اُ‎) [u], and (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اِ‎) [i]. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Áa áa </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː˥˩</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />آ / ا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـا‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />آ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:آ">U+0622</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ا">U+0627</a> </td> <td>Vowel phoneme [aː˥˩] (long vowel [a] with a falling tone) is represented with (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />آ‎) when at the beginning of a word, and with (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـا / ا‎) when in the middle or end of a word. </td></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݳ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݳ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݳ">U+0773</a> </td> <td>Only occurs at the end of the word. Elsewhere, the short vowel [a] is represented with a zabar/fatha diacritic (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اَ / ◌َ / ـَ‎). Alternatively, a final he letter (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ه / ـہ‎) can also be used for a word-final short vowel [a] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aá aá </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː˨˦</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݴ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݴ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݴ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݴ">U+0774</a> </td> <td>Vowel phoneme [aː˨˦] represents a long vowel [a] with a rising tone. </td></tr> <tr> <td>B b </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ب‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـب‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـبـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />بـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ب">U+0628</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P p </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />پ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـپ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـپـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />پـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:پ">U+067e</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T t </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ت‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـت‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـتـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />تـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ت">U+062a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ṭ ṭ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ٹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـٹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـٹـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ٹـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٹ">U+0679</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>S s </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ث‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـث‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـثـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ثـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ث">U+062b</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>J j </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ج‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـج‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـجـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />جـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ج">U+062c</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ć ć </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />چ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـچ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـچـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />چـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">U+0686</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>H h </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ح‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـح‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـحـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />حـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ح">U+062d</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td>Ċh ċh </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡sʰ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݼ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݼ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݼـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݼـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݼ">U+077C</a> </td> <td>Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Urdu number</a> 4 ie <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۴, in place of 4 dots. However, the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ڇـ ـڇـ ـڇ ڇ‎ is also an acceptable alternative. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qh qh </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />خ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـخ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـخـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />خـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:خ">U+062e</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td>C̣ c̣ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈ͡ʂ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />څ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـڅ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـڅـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />څـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:څ">U+0685</a> </td> <td>Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. </td></tr> <tr> <td>D d </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />د‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـد‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:د">U+062f</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ḍ ḍ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ڈ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـڈ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڈ">U+0688</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>Z z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ذ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـذ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ذ">U+0630</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td>Ċ ċ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ڎ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـڎ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڎ">U+068E</a> </td> <td>Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. </td></tr> <tr> <td>R r </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ر‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـر‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ر">U+0631</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ṛ ṛ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ڑ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـڑ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڑ">U+0691</a> </td> <td>No word begins with this letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ز‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـز‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ز">U+0632</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ż ż </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">d̠͡ʐ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ژ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـژ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ژ">U+0698</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S s </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />س‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـس‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـسـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />سـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:س">U+0633</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ś ś </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ش‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـش‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـشـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />شـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ش">U+0634</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td>Ṣ ṣ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݽ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݽ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݽـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݽـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݽ">U+077D</a> </td> <td>Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Urdu number</a> 4 ie <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۴, in place of 4 dots. However, the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݜـ ـݜـ ـݜ ݜ‎ is also an acceptable alternative. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>S s </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ص‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـص‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـصـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />صـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ص">U+0635</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>Z z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ض‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـض‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـضـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ضـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ض">U+0636</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td>C̣h c̣h </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈ͡ʂʰ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ڞ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـڞ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـڞـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ڞـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڞ">U+069E</a> </td> <td>Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>T t </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ط‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـط‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـطـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />طـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ط">U+0637U</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>Z z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ظ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـظ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـظـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ظـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ظ">U+0638</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>- </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]/[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ع‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـع‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـعـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />عـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ع">U+0639</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ġ ġ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />غ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـغ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـغـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />غـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:غ">U+063a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td>F f </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">pʰ</a>~pf~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـفـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />فـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ف">U+0641</a> </td> <td>Only used in loanwords of foreign origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q q </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ق‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـق‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـقـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />قـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ق">U+0642</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K k </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ک‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـک‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـکـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />کـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ک">U+06a9</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td>Ṅ ṅ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݣ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݣ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݣـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݣـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݣ">U+0763</a> </td> <td>Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. No word begins with this letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>G g </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />گ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـگ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـگـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />گـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">U+06af</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L l </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ل‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـل‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـلـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />لـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ل">U+0644</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M m </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />م‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـم‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـمـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />مـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:م">U+0645</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N n </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ن‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـن‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـنـ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />نـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ن">U+0646</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ṇ ṇ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a>] </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ں">ں</a> ‎ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /> ـں ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ں">U+06BA</a> </td> <td>No word begins with this letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>W w / Óo óo / Úu úu </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː˥˩</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː˥˩</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />و‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـو‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />او / و‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:و">U+0648</a> </td> <td>This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant [w], or long vowels with falling tone, [oː˥˩], and [uː˥˩]. In order for this letter to represent vowel [u] and not [o], the letter before will have to carry a pesh/damma diacritic (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ؙو / ـُو‎). If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [w], it will be written standalone (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />و‎), if representing a vowel [oː˥˩] or [uː˥˩], it will be preceded by alif (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />او / اُو‎). For [u], alef will carry the pesh/damma diacritic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>O o / u </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݸ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݸ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݸ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݸ">U+0778</a> </td> <td>This letter represents short vowel [o]. When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݸ‎. In a final position, this letter also represents short vowel [u], with the preceding letter carrying a pesh/damma diacritic (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ؙݸ / ـُݸ‎). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oó oó / Uú uú </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː˨˦</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː˨˦</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݹ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݹ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݹ">U+0779</a> </td> <td>This letter represents vowel phonemes [oː˨˦] and [uː˨˦], long vowels [o] and [u] with a rising tone. When representing [u], the preceding letter will have to carry a pesh/damma diacritic (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ؙݹ / ـُݹ‎). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݸ / اُݸ‎). For [u], alef will carry the pesh/damma diacritic. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">H h </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ہ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـہ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـہـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ہـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a> </td> <td>At the end of the word, depending on context, this letter can represent the consonant [h] or the short vowel [a]. For a word-final vowel, an alef with superscript "2" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݳ / ـݳ‎) can also be used. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[◌ʰ]/[◌ʱ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ھ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـھ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـھـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ھـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">U+06BE</a> </td> <td>No word begins with this letter. Not a standalone letter, its only function is to be part of digraphs representing aspirated consonants. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td>Ỵ ỵ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݷ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݷ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݷـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݷـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݷ">U+0777</a> </td> <td>Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. No word begins with this letter. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Urdu number</a> 4 ie <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۴, in place of 4 dots. However, a letter ye with 4 dots below (<a href="/wiki/File:Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg/11px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg/16px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg/21px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="648" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_final.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_final.svg/11px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_final.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_final.svg/16px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_final.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_final.svg/22px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_final.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_medial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_medial.svg/5px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_medial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_medial.svg/7px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_medial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_medial.svg/9px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_medial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_initial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_initial.svg/3px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_initial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_initial.svg/5px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_initial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_initial.svg/7px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below_-_initial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="648" /></a>) is also an acceptable alternative. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y y </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ئ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـئ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـئـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ئـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئ">U+0626</a> </td> <td>No word begins with this letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y y / Ée ée / Íi íi </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː˥˩</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː˥˩</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ی‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـی‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـیـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ایـ / یـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ی">U+06CC</a> </td> <td>This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant [j], or long vowels with falling tone, [eː˥˩], and [iː˥˩]. In order for this letter to represent vowel [i] and not [e], the letter before will have to carry a zer/kasra diacritic (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ِیـ / ـِیـ‎). If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [j], it will be written standalone (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />یـ‎), if representing a vowel [eː˥˩] or [iː˥˩], it will be preceded by alif (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ایـ / اِیـ‎). For [i], alef will carry the zer/kasra diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel [e]. Instead, the letter big ye (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ے‎) is used. </td></tr> <tr> <td>E e / i </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݵ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݵـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݵـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݵ">U+0775</a> </td> <td>This letter represents short vowel [e]. When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݵـ‎. In a final position, this letter represents short vowel [i]. For writing short vowel [e] in final position, the letter big ye with a superscript "2" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݺ‎) is used. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eé eé / Ií ií </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː˨˦</a>][<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː˨˦</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݶ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݶ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݶـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݶـ‎ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݹ">U+0779</a> </td> <td>This letter represents vowel phonemes [eː˨˦] and [iː˨˦], long vowels [e] and [i] with a rising tone. When representing [i], the preceding letter will have to carry a zer/kasra diacritic (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ‎). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݶـ / اِݶـ‎. For [i], alef will carry the zer/kasra diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel [e]. Instead, the letter big ye with a superscript "3"' (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݻ‎) is used. </td></tr> <tr> <td> ée </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː˥˩</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ے‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـے‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ے">U+06D2</a> </td> <td>This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with falling tone [eː˥˩]. </td></tr> <tr> <td> e </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݺ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݺ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݺ">U+077A</a> </td> <td>This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents short vowel [e]. </td></tr> <tr> <td> eé </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː˨˦</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݻ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ـݻ‎ </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݻ">U+077B</a> </td> <td>This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with rising tone [eː˨˦]. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aspirates">Aspirates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aspirates">edit</a>]</div> Below table shows the digraphs, a combination of a consonant with the letter round he (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ھ‎) that represent <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated consonants</a> that occur in Burushaski.<a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol2-48">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-b-u-dict-vol3-49">[35]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Digraph </th> <th>Transcription </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پھ </td> <td>ph </td> <td>[pʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تھ </td> <td>th </td> <td>[tʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھ </td> <td>ṭh </td> <td>[ʈʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چھ </td> <td>ćh </td> <td>[t͡ɕʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کھ </td> <td>kh </td> <td>[kʰ] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Below tables show how vowels are written in different parts of the word. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Short Vowel </th></tr> <tr> <th>A</th> <th>O</th> <th>U</th> <th>E</th> <th>I </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the beginning of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اَ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݸ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اُ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݵـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اِ‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the middle of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌َ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݸ / ـݸ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ُ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݵـ / ـݵـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ِ‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the end of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݳ / ـݳ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ہ / ـہ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݸ / ـݸ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ُ / ◌ُݸ / ـُݸ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݺ / ـݺ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݵ / ـݵ‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Long vowel, falling tone /<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">˥˩</a>/ </th></tr> <tr> <th>Áa</th> <th>Óo</th> <th>Úu</th> <th>Ée </th> <th>Íi </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the beginning of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />آ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />او‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اُو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ایـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اِیـ‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the middle of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ا / ـا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />و / ـو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ُو / ـُو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />یـ / ـیـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ِیـ / ـِیـ‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the end of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ا / ـا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />و / ـو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ُو / ـُو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ے / ـے‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ی / ـی‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Long vowel, rising tone /<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">˨˦</a>/ </th></tr> <tr> <th>Aá</th> <th>Oó</th> <th>Uú</th> <th>Eé </th> <th>Ií </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the beginning of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݴ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اُݹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اݶـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />اِݶـ‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the middle of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݴ / ـݴ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݹ / ـݹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ُݹ / ـُݹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݶـ / ـݶـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowel at the end of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݴ / ـݴ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݹ / ـݹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />◌ُݹ / ـُݹ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݻ / ـݻ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ݶ / ـݶ‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sample text">edit</a>]</div> Below poetry, written in praise of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a> for its role in documentation and preservation of Burushaski language and literature, is presented as a sample text in Burushaski Arabic alphabet, alongside Urdu and English translation of each verse.<a href="#cite_note-50">[36]</a> <table cellpadding="6"> <tbody><tr> <th>Burushaski</th> <th>Urdu Translation</th> <th>English Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />ذاتِ خدا یَکُ ڎُم کھݸت بݺ اکھݵݽ رَحمتَن جامعهٔ کراچی میر اݹدِکِھرَس نِعمَتَن‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذات خدا کی طرف سے ہم پر یہ ایسی عجیب رحمت ہوئی کہ جامعہ کراچی کی نزدیکی اور ادبی سر پرستی کی لازوال نعمت ہمیں نصیب ہوئی. </td> <td>It has been such an incredible blessing from God that we have been granted with the eternal gift of proximity and literary patronage of University of Karachi. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23em; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />جامعهٔ کراچی میر تازہ جَہانَن بِلݳ چشمِ بصیرت پُھٹ اݺ عَقَلݺ نِشانَن بِلݳ‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جامعہ کراچی ہمارے لئے ایک جدید کا ئنات ہے۔ ساتھیو! چشم دل سے دیکھو اس امر میں اللہ کا ایک معجزہ ہے۔ </td> <td>University of Karachi is a modern institution for us. Colleagues! Look with your eyes and heart, there is a miracle of Allah in this matter. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23em; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />رَبِّ تَعالیٰ کرم! علم و ادب بُٹ اُیَم! اَلتݸ جَہانِݣ ݽِقَم! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اللہ تعالی کے فضل و کرم سے علم وادب بے حد شیریں ہیں، ان سے فیضیاب ہونے والوں کی دنیا و آخرت آباد ہو جاتی ہیں، یا اللہ ہمیں توفیق عطا فرما تا کہ ہم تیرا شکر کریں۔ </td> <td>Knowledge and literature are a limitlessly sweet by the grace and mercy of Allah almighty. Bountiful in this world and the next are those who are blessed by them. Oh Allah, grant us the ability to thank You. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23em; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />علم و ادبݺ صاحِبان، فضل و ہُنرݺ کامِلان! اُیون کݺ اُیون دوستان! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اس وسیلے سے علم وادب اور فضل و کامل والے تمام حضرات کی دوستی کی سعادت ہم کو نصیب ہوئی، خدایا اس نعمت پر ہم تیرا شکر کرتے ہیں۔ </td> <td>By means of this [university], we have been blessed with the friendship of all those who possess knowledge, literature, grace and perfection. God, we thank you for this blessing. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23em; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />جامِعَه کُڎ نامدار، اسپِ قلَمݺ شَہسَوار علم و ادبݺ تاجدار شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جامعہ والے تمام صاحبان نامور و نامدار ہیں، وہ رخش قلم کے میدان کے شہسوار ہیں۔ اور علم و ادب کے تاجدار بادشاہ ہیں۔ خدایا ہم تیرا شکر ادا کرتے ہیں۔ </td> <td>All the scholars of the University are famous and renowned, they are the knights of the field of pen. And the crowned kings of knowledge and literature. God we thank you. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23em; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />جامِعَه آبِ حیات مَعَلِّمِین اُبون باغبان شگِرِشݸ ڞا ݽِقَم بَسݵݣ شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جامعہ گویا سرچشمۂ آب حیات ہے، شاگرد سب اس معنی میں سدا بہار باغات ہیں کہ اساتذۂ کرام اُن کی آبیاری کرتے رہتے ہیں۔ خدایا ہم تیرا شکر ادا کرتے ہیں۔ </td> <td>The university is like the fountain of life, the students are all evergreen gardens in the sense that teachers keep irrigating them. God we thank you. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23em; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />تازہ گلابݺ نَس اُیَم، دوستیݺ تھݸمَلݺ تَھس اُیَم قَلَم گیݸ شان کݺ ہَس اُیَم شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جب گلاب نو شگفتہ ہو، تو اسکی خوشبو مثالی ہوتی ہے، جہاں دوستی کی دھنی اور اپنے ماضی کی دھنی بناتے ہیں تو اس کا دھواں بھی شیریں ہوتا ہے، اھل قلم کی شان و مرتبت لذیذ ہوتی ہے، یا اللہ تیرا شکر ہے۔ </td> <td>Just as a newly blooming rose, whose fragrance is ideal, where friendships and memories are made, then its scent is also sweet, the glory of the pen is delicious, O Allah, thanks be to you. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:23em; text-align:right"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" />یَرمݸ ہݸئیلتَرڎ نصیر! جامِعه گمَنا بݵیَم؟ تِک نُمݳ سݵن تِل اَکول شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!‎ </div> </td> <td style="width:18em; text-align:right"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">زمانہ قدیم کا چوپان نصیر! میں کیا جانوں کہ تو جامعہ ہو گیا ہے۔ خاک بن کرکہا کر «یا خدا تیرا شکر ہے»۔ </td> <td>Nasir, the shepherd of the old times! How should I know that you have completed university? By turning into dust and saying, "O God, thank you." </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> Burushaski is a <a href="/wiki/Double-marking_language" title="Double-marking language">double-marking language</a> and word order is generally <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> in Burushaski are divided into four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: human masculine, human feminine, countable objects, and uncountable ones (similar to <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass nouns</a>). The assignment of a noun to a particular gender is largely predictable. Some words can belong both to the countable and to the uncountable class, producing differences in meaning. For example, when countable, báalt means 'apple' but when uncountable, it means 'apple tree' (Grune 1998). Noun <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> consists of the noun stem, a <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessive</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a> (mandatory for some nouns, and thus an example of inherent possession), and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">case</a> <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffixes</a>. Distinctions in number are singular, plural, indefinite, and grouped. Cases include <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locatives</a>; the latter indicate both location and direction and may be compounded. Burushaski <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> have three basic stems: past tense, present tense, and consecutive. The past stem is the citation form and is also used for <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">nominalization</a>; the consecutive stem is similar to a past participle and is used for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">coordination</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> on the verb has both <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative</a> features: transitive verbs and unaccusatives mark both the subject and the object of a clause, while unergatives verbs mark only subject agreement on the verb.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Burushaski#Dubious" title="Talk:Burushaski">discuss</a>] Altogether, a verb can take up to four prefixes and six suffixes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_classes">Noun classes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noun classes">edit</a>]</div> In Burushaski, there are four <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>, similar to declensional classes in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, but unlike Indo-European, the nominal classes in Burushaski are associated with four grammatical "genders": <ul><li>m = male human beings, gods and spirits</li> <li>f = female human beings and spirits</li> <li>x = animals, <a href="/wiki/Countable" class="mw-redirect" title="Countable">countable</a> nouns</li> <li>y = abstract concepts, fluids, uncountable nouns</li></ul> Below, the abbreviation "h" will stand for the combination of the m- and f-classes, while "hx" will stand for the combination of the m-, f- and x-classes. Nouns in the x-class typically refer to countable, non-human beings or things, for example animals, fruit, stones, eggs, or coins; conversely, nouns in the y-class are as a rule uncountable abstractions or mass nouns, such as rice, fire, water, snow, wool, etc. However, these rules are not universal – countable objects in the y-class are sometimes encountered, e.g. ha, 'house'. Related words can subtly change their meanings when used in different classes – for example, bayú, when a member of the x-class, means salt in clumps, but when in the y-class, it means powdered salt. Fruit trees are understood collectively and placed in the y-class, but their individual fruits belong to the x-class. Objects made of particular materials can belong to either the x- or the y- class: stone and wood are in the x-class, but metal and leather in the y-class. The <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> and other attributes must be in <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> with the noun class of their subject. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pluralisation">Pluralisation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pluralisation">edit</a>]</div> There are two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> in Burushaski: singular and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. The singular is unmarked, while the plural is expressed by means of suffix, which vary depending on the class of the noun: <ul><li>h-class: possible suffixes -ting, -aro, -daro, -taro, -tsaro</li> <li>h- and x-class: possible suffixes -o, -išo, -ko, -iko, -juko; -ono, -u; -i, -ai; -ts, -uts, -muts, -umuts; -nts, -ants, -ints, -iants, -ingants, -ents, -onts</li> <li>y-class: possible suffixes -ng, -ang, -ing, -iang; -eng, -ong, -ongo; -ming, -čing, -ičing, -mičing, -ičang (Nagar dialect)</li></ul> Some nouns admit two or three different suffixes, while others have no distinctive suffix, and occur only in the plural, e.g. bras 'rice', gur 'wheat', bishké, 'fur', (cf. <a href="/wiki/Plurale_tantum" title="Plurale tantum">plurale tantum</a>). On the other hand, there are also nouns which have identical forms in the singular and plural, e.g. hagúr 'horses'. Adjectives have a unique plural suffix, whose form depends on the class of the noun they modify, e.g. burúm 'white' gives the x-class plural burum-išo and the y-class plural burúm-ing. Examples of pluralisation in Burushaski: <ul><li>wazíir (m), pl. wazíirishu 'vizier, minister'</li> <li>hir (m), pl. hiri 'man' (stress shifts)</li> <li>gus (f), pl. gushínga 'woman' (stress shifts)</li> <li>dasín (f), pl. daseyoo 'girl', 'unmarried woman'</li> <li>huk (x), pl. huká 'dog'</li> <li>thely (x), pl. tilí 'walnut'</li> <li>thely (y), pl. theleng 'walnut tree'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension">Declension</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Declension">edit</a>]</div> Burushaski is an <a href="/wiki/Ergativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergativity">ergative</a> language. It has five primary <a href="/wiki/Case_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (linguistics)">cases</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th>Case </th> <th>Ending </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></td> <td>unmarked</td> <td>The subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive ones. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></td> <td>-e</td> <td>The subject of transitive verbs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></td> <td>-e; -mo (f)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a>; the basis of secondary case endings </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></td> <td>-ar, -r</td> <td>Dative, <a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">allative</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></td> <td>-um, -m, -mo</td> <td>Indicates separation (e.g. 'from where?') </td></tr></tbody></table> The case suffixes are appended to the plural suffix, e.g. Huséiniukutse, 'the people of Hussein' (ergative plural). The genitive ending is irregular, /mo/, for singular f-class nouns, but /-e/ in all others (identical to the ergative ending). The dative ending, /-ar/, /-r/ is attached to the genitive ending for singular f-class nouns, but to the stem for all others. Examples: <ul><li>hir-e 'the man's', gus-mo 'the woman's' (gen.)</li> <li>hir-ar 'to the man', gus-mu-r 'to the woman' (dat.)</li></ul> The genitive is placed before the thing possessed: Hunzue tham, 'the Emir of Hunza.' The endings of the secondary cases are formed from a secondary case suffix (or infix) and one of the primary endings /-e/, /-ar/ or /-um/. These endings are directional, /-e/ being locative (answering 'where?'), /-ar/ being terminative (answering 'where to?'), and /-um/ being ablative (answering 'where from?'). The infixes, and their basic meanings, are as follows: <ol><li>-ts- 'at'</li> <li>-ul- 'in'</li> <li>-aṭ- 'on; with'</li> <li>-al- 'near' (only in the Hunza dialect)</li></ol> From these, the following secondary or compound cases are formed: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th>Infix </th> <th>Locative </th> <th>Terminative </th> <th>Ablative </th></tr> <tr> <td>-ts-</td> <td>-ts-e 'at'</td> <td>-ts-ar 'to'</td> <td>-ts-um 'from' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ul-</td> <td>-ul-e 'in'</td> <td>-ul-ar 'into'</td> <td>-ul-um 'out of' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-aṭ-</td> <td>-aṭ-e 'on','with'</td> <td>-aṭ-ar 'up to'</td> <td>-aṭ-um 'down from' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-al-</td> <td>-al-e 'near'</td> <td>-al-ar 'to'</td> <td>-al-um 'from' </td></tr></tbody></table> The regular endings /-ul-e/ and /-ul-ar/ are archaic and are now replaced by /-ul-o/ and /-ar-ulo/ respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes">Pronouns and pronominal prefixes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pronouns and pronominal prefixes">edit</a>]</div> Nouns indicating parts of the body and kinship terms are accompanied by an obligatory pronominal prefix. Thus, one cannot simply say 'mother' or 'arm' in Burushaski, but only 'my arm', 'your mother', 'his father', etc. For example, the root mi 'mother', is never found in isolation, instead one finds: <ul><li>i-mi 'his mother', mu-mi 'her mother', "gu-mi" 'your mother'(3f sg.), u-mi 'their mother' (3h pl.), u-mi-tsaro 'their mothers'(3h pl.).</li></ul> The pronominal, or personal, prefixes agree with the person, number and – in the third person, the class of their noun. A summary of the basic forms is given in the following table: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td>a- </td> <td>mi-, me- </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>gu-, go- </td> <td>ma- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">3rd person </th> <th>m </th> <td>i-, e- </td> <td>u-, o- </td></tr> <tr> <th>f </th> <td>mu- </td> <td>u-, o- </td></tr> <tr> <th>x </th> <td>i-, y- </td> <td>u-, o- </td></tr> <tr> <th>y </th> <td colspan="2">i-, e- </td></tr></tbody></table> Personal pronouns in Burushaski distinguish proximal and distal forms, e.g. khin 'he, this one here', but in, 'he, that one there'. In the oblique, there are additional abbreviated forms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> The Burushaski number system is <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a>, i.e. based on the number 20. For example, 20 altar, 40 alto-altar (2 times 20), 60 iski-altar (3 times 20) etc. The base numerals are: <ul><li>1 han (or hen, hak)</li> <li>2 altó (or altán)</li> <li>3 isko (or iskey)</li> <li>4 wálto</li> <li>5 čindó</li> <li>6 mishíndo</li> <li>7 thaló</li> <li>8 altámbo</li> <li>9 hunchó</li> <li>10 tóorumo (also toorimi and turma)</li> <li>100 tha</li></ul> Examples of compound numerals: 11 turma-han, 12 turma-alto, 13 turma-isko, ... , 19 turma-hunti; 20 altar, 30 altar-toorumo, 40 alto-altar, 50 alto-altar-toorumo, 60 iski-altar and so on; 21 altar-hak, 22 altar-alto, 23 altar-isko and so on. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The verbal morphology of Burushaski is extremely complicated and rich in forms. Many sound changes can take place, including <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deletion (linguistics)">deletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accent shift</a>, which are unique for almost every verb. Here, we can specify only certain basic principles. The Burushaski <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> falls into the following categories: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th>Category </th> <th>Possible forms </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a></td> <td>Present, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">Imperfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">Perfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">Pluperfect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mood_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood (linguistics)">Mood</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">Optatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conative (page does not exist)">Conative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a></td> <td>Singular, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></td> <td>1st, 2nd and 3rd Person (2nd person only in the imperative). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></td> <td>the four noun classes m, f, x and y (only in the 3rd person) </td></tr></tbody></table> For many <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verbs</a>, in addition to the subject, the (direct) object is also indicated, also by pronominal prefixes which vary according to person, number and class. All verbs have negative forms, and many intransitive verbs also have derived transitive forms. The <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> forms – which in Burushaski are the absolutives of the past and present, the perfect participle, and two infinitives – admit all the finite variations except tense and mood. Infinitive forms are made together with auxiliary verbs and periphrastic forms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_11_positions_of_the_finite_verb">The 11 positions of the finite verb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The 11 positions of the finite verb">edit</a>]</div> All verb forms can be constructed according to a complex but regular position system. Berger describes a total of 11 possible positions, or slots, although not all of these will be filled in any given verb form. Many positions also have several alternative contents (indicated by A/B/C below). The verb stem is in position 5, preceded by four possible prefixes and followed by seven possible suffixes. The following table gives an overview of the positions and their functions <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The positions of Burushaski finite verbs </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th>Position </th> <th>Affixes and their meanings </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Negative prefix a- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2a/b</td> <td>d-prefix (creates intransitive verbs) / n-prefix (absolutive prefix) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Pronominal prefixes: subject of intransitive, object of transitive verbs </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>s-prefix (creates secondary transitive verbs) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8;"> <td>5</td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Verb Stem </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Plural suffix -ya- on the verb stem </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Present stem mark -č- (or š, ts..) forming the present, future and imperfect </td></tr> <tr> <td>8a/b</td> <td>Pronominal suffix of the 1.sg. -a- (subject) / linking vowel (no semantic meaning) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9a</td> <td>m-suffix: forms the m-participle and m-optative from the simple / </td></tr> <tr> <td>9b</td> <td>m-suffix: forms the future and conditional from the present stem / </td></tr> <tr> <td>9c</td> <td>n-suffix: marks the absolutive (see position 2) / </td></tr> <tr> <td>9d</td> <td>š-suffix: forms the š-optative and the -iš-Infinitive / </td></tr> <tr> <td>9e</td> <td>Infinitive ending -as, -áas / optative suffix -áa (added directly to the stem) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10a</td> <td>Pronominal suffixes of the 2nd and 3rd Person and 1. pl. (subject) / </td></tr> <tr> <td>10b</td> <td>Imperative forms (added directly to the stem) / </td></tr> <tr> <td>10c</td> <td>Forms of the auxiliary verb ba- for forming the present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Nominal endings and particles </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_tenses_and_moods">Formation of tenses and moods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Formation of tenses and moods">edit</a>]</div> The formation of the tenses and moods involves the use of several positions, or slots, in complicated ways. The preterite, perfect, pluperfect and conative are formed from the 'simple stem,' whereas the present, imperfect, future and conditional are formed from the 'present stem,' which is itself formed from the simple stem by placing -č- in position 7. The optative and imperative are derived directly from the stem. Altogether, the schema is as follows: The formation of the tenses and moods of the verb her 'to cry', without prefixes: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Simple stem tenses </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th style="width:100px;">Grammatical category </th> <th style="width:350px;">Construction </th> <th style="width:200px;">Form and meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Conative</td> <td>stem + personal suffix</td> <td>her-i 'he starts to cry' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Preterite</td> <td>stem [+ linking vowel] + m-suffix + personal suffix</td> <td>her-i-m-i 'he cried' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perfect</td> <td>stem [+ linking vowel] + present auxiliary</td> <td>her-a-i 'he has cried' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pluperfect</td> <td>stem [+ linking vowel] + perfect auxiliary</td> <td>her-a-m 'he had cried' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Present stem tenses </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th style="width:100px;">Grammatical category </th> <th style="width:350px;">Construction </th> <th style="width:200px;">Form and meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Future</td> <td>stem + present marker [+ linking vowel + m-suffix] + personal ending</td> <td>her-č-i 'he will cry' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Present</td> <td>stem + present marker + linking vowel + present auxiliary</td> <td>her-č-a-i 'he is crying' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperfect</td> <td>stem + present marker + linking vowel + perfect auxiliary</td> <td>her-č-a-m 'he was crying, used to cry' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Conditional</td> <td>stem + present marker + linking vowel + m-Suffix (except 1. pl.) + če</td> <td>her-č-u-m-če '... he would cry', </td></tr> <tr> <td>stem + present marker + linking vowel + 1. pl. ending + če</td> <td>her-č-an-če 'we would cry' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Optatives and Imperative </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th style="width:100px;">Grammatical category </th> <th style="width:350px;">Construction </th> <th style="width:200px;">Form and meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>áa-optative</td> <td>stem + áa (in all persons)</td> <td>her-áa "... should.. cry" </td></tr> <tr> <td>m-optative</td> <td>stem [+ linking vowel] + m-suffix</td> <td>her-u-m "... should.. cry“ </td></tr> <tr> <td>š-optative</td> <td>stem + (i)š + personal suffix</td> <td>her-š-an "he should cry" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperative singular</td> <td>stem [+ é for ending-accented verbs]</td> <td>her "cry!" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperative plural</td> <td>stem + in</td> <td>her-in "cry!" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indication_of_the_subject_and_object">Indication of the subject and object</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indication of the subject and object">edit</a>]</div> The subject and object of the verb are indicated by the use of personal prefixes and suffixes in positions 3, 8 and 10 as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th>Affix </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prefixes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td>direct object of transitive verbs, subject of intransitive ones </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suffixes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">8/10</td> <td>subject of transitive and intransitive verbs </td></tr></tbody></table> The personal prefixes are identical to the pronominal prefixes of nouns (mandatory with body parts and kinship terms, as above). A simplified overview of the forms of the affixes is given in the following table: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal prefix <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(Position 3) </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th>Person/ noun class </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st Person</td> <td style="text-align:center;">a-</td> <td style="text-align:center;">mi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd Person</td> <td style="text-align:center;">gu-</td> <td style="text-align:center;">ma- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person m</td> <td style="text-align:center;">i-</td> <td style="text-align:center;">u- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person f</td> <td style="text-align:center;">mu-</td> <td style="text-align:center;">u- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person x</td> <td style="text-align:center;">i-</td> <td style="text-align:center;">u- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person y</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">i- </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal suffixes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(Positions 8 and 10) </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#c0f0f0;"> <th>Person/ noun class </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st/2nd Person</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-a</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-an </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person m</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-i</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-an </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person f</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-o</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-an </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person x</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-i</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-ie </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd Person y</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-i </td></tr></tbody></table> For example, the construction of the preterite of the transitive verb phus 'to tie', with prefixes and suffixes separated by hyphens, is as follows : <ul><li>i-phus-i-m-i "he ties him" (filled positions: 3-5-8-9-10)</li> <li>mu-phus-i-m-i "he ties her (f)"</li> <li>u-phus-i-m-i "he ties them (pl. hx)"</li> <li>mi-phus-i-m-i "he ties us"</li> <li>i-phus-i-m-an "we/you/they tie him"</li> <li>mi-phus-i-m-an "you/they tie us"</li> <li>i-phus-i-m-a "I tie it"</li> <li>gu-phus-i-m-a "I tie you"</li></ul> The personal affixes are also used when the noun occupies the role of the subject or the object, e.g. hir i-ír-i-mi 'the man died'. With intransitive verbs, the subject function is indicated by both a prefix and a suffix, as in: <ul><li>gu-ir-č-u-m-a "you will die" (future)</li> <li>i-ghurts-i-m-i "he sank" (preterite)</li></ul> Personal prefixes do not occur in all verbs and all tenses. Some verbs do not admit personal prefixes, others still do so only under certain circumstances. Personal prefixes used with intransitive verbs often express a volitional function, with prefixed forms indicating an action contrary to the intention of the subject. For example: <ul><li>hurúṭ-i-m-i "he sat down" (volitional action without prefix)</li> <li>i-ír-i-m-i "he died" (involuntary action with prefix)</li> <li>ghurts-i-mi "he went willingly underwater", "he dove" (without prefix)</li> <li>i-ghurts-i-m-i "he went unwillingly underwater", "he sank" (with prefix)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_d-_prefix">The d- prefix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The d- prefix">edit</a>]</div> A number of verbs – mostly according to their root form – are found with the d-prefix in position 2, which occurs before a consonant according to <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. The precise semantic function of the d-prefix is unclear. With primary transitive verbs the d-prefix, always without personal prefixes, forms regular intransitives. Examples: <ul><li>i-phalt-i-mi 'he breaks it open' (transitive)</li> <li>du-phalt-as 'to break open, to explode' (intransitive)</li></ul> A master's thesis research work of a native speaker of Burushaski on Middle Voice Construction in the Hunza Dialect claims that the [dd-] verbal prefix is an overt morphological middle marker for MV constructions, while the [n-] verbal prefix is a morphological marker for passive voice.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[37]</a> The data primarily come from the Hunza dialect of Burushaski, but analogous phenomena can be observed in other dialects. This research is based on a corpus of 120 dd-prefix verbs. This research has showed that position {-2} on the verb template is occupied by voice-marker in Burushaski. The author argues that the middle marker is a semantic category of its own and that it is clearly distinguished from the reflexive marker in this language. The middle marker (MM) means the grammatical device used to "indicate that the two semantic roles of Initiator and Endpoint refer to a single holistic entity" (Kemmer 1993: 47). In the view of that definition, I look at a middle marked verb in Burushaski and illustration follows the example.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[37]</a> <ul><li>hiles dd-i-il-imi 'the boy drenched'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Burushaski_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Burushaski Swadesh list">Burushaski Swadesh list</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Burushaski_comparative_vocabulary_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Burushaski comparative vocabulary list">Burushaski comparative vocabulary list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Valley" title="Nagar Valley">Nagar Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partawi_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Partawi Shah">Partawi Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Munshi2006-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munshi2006_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munshi2006_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munshi2006_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMunshi2006" class="citation book cs1">Munshi, Sadaf (2006). Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change. The University of Texas at Austin. p. 6. <q>The J & K Burushos – speakers of the variety of Burushaski spoken in Jammu & Kashmir (henceforth "JKB") in India – are settled in and around a small locality by the foothills of Hari Parbat Fort in Srinagar, the capital of the state of Jammu & Kashmir (henceforth "J & K").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammu+and+Kashmir+Burushashki%3A+Language%2C+Language+Contact%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=Sadaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27-2"><a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bsk">Burushaski</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh </li> <li id="cite_note-b-u-dict-vol1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol1_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol1_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol1_4-3">d</a> Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2006). Burushaski Urdu Dictionary – Volume 1 / بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد اول (الف تا څ). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-404-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/969-404-66-0">969-404-66-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1_20230728_20230728/mode/2up">Archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives">"Pakistan's 'Burushaski' Language Finds New Relatives"</a>. NPR. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2017. <q>It's spoken by about 90,000 people, the Burusho people, and nearly all of them live in Pakistan. A few hundred live in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+%27Burushaski%27+Language+Finds+New+Relatives&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F06%2F20%2F155454736%2Fpakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9018245/">"Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Original.britannica.com. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Original.britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriginal.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9018245%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2016-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2016_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Musavir (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fejecs%2F51">"Ethnicity, Identity and Group Vitality: A study of Burushos of Srinagar"</a>. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies. 3 (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fejecs%2F51">10.29333/ejecs/51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2149-1291">2149-1291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethnicity%2C+Identity+and+Group+Vitality%3A+A+study+of+Burushos+of+Srinagar&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29333%2Fejecs%2F51&rft.issn=2149-1291&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Musavir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.29333%252Fejecs%252F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/?topic=Dissertation+Abstracts">"Dissertation Abstracts"</a>. Linguist List. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202102405/http://linguistlist.org/pubs/diss/browse-diss-action.cfm?DissID=14723">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dissertation+Abstracts&rft.pub=Linguist+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistlist.org%2Fissues%2F%3Ftopic%3DDissertation%2BAbstracts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bsk">"Burushaski"</a>. Ethnologue. 19 February 1999. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burushaski&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=1999-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dbsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst201415–16-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst201415–16_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolst2014">Holst (2014)</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bengtson" title="John Bengtson">John Bengtson</a>, Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque). Cahiers de l’Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL) 30.4: 33-54, </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> John Bengtson and V. Blazek, "Lexica Dene–Caucasica". Central Asiatic Journal 39, 1995, 11-50 & 161-164 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a> (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill </li> <li id="cite_note-hamp2013-14"><a href="#cite_ref-hamp2013_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamp2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hamp, Eric P. (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf">"The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View"</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 239: 8. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Expansion+of+the+Indo-European+Languages%3A+An+Indo-Europeanist%27s+Evolving+View&rft.volume=239&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Hamp&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp239_indo_european_languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Casule, Ilija. 2003. Evidence for the Indo-European laryngeals in Burushaski and its genetic affiliation with Indo-European. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 31:1–2, pp 21–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Čašule, Ilija. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jies.org/DOCS/jies_index/Vol40.html">Correlation of the Burushaski Pronominal System with Indo-European and Phonological and Grammatical Evidence for a Genetic Relationship.</a> The Journal of Indo-European Studies 40:1–2, pp 59 ff, with review by Hamp, Huld, and Bengtson & Blazek </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkriley.com/JIES4012web/059-153Casule.pdf">I. Čašule. Correlation of the Burushaski pronominal system with Indo-European and phonological and grammatical evidence for a genetic relationship</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "Burushaski". In Lyle Campbell (ed.). Language isolates. Routledge Language Family Series. New York: Routledge. pp. 117–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burushaski&rft.btitle=Language+isolates&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexander+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdbengt.net/biblio.htm">"John D Bengtson"</a>. jdbengt.net. Retrieved 19 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jdbengt.net&rft.atitle=John+D+Bengtson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdbengt.net%2Fbiblio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlench2008" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, Roger (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/South%20Asia/Blench_paper%20LCHES%202007.pdf">"Re-evaluating the linguistic prehistory of South Asia"</a> (PDF). Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past: 169. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics%2C+Archaeology+and+the+Human+Past&rft.atitle=Re-evaluating+the+linguistic+prehistory+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=169&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2FSouth%2520Asia%2FBlench_paper%2520LCHES%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munshi-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Munshi_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunshi2006" class="citation book cs1">Munshi, Sadaf (2006). Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 12, 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammu+and+Kashmir+Burushashki%3A+Language%2C+Language+Contact%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=12%2C+105&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=Sadaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Backstrom & Radloff (1992), Anderson (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Anderson 1997: 1022 </li> <li id="cite_note-2006Munshi-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2006Munshi_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006Munshi_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunshi2006" class="citation book cs1">Munshi, Sadaf (2006). Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 13, 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammu+and+Kashmir+Burushashki%3A+Language%2C+Language+Contact%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=13%2C+19&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=Sadaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunshi2006" class="citation book cs1">Munshi, Sadaf (2006). Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 17–18. <q>Linguistic influence from Urdu on JKB is primarily via second language speakers of Urdu. This is because Urdu is the second language of the people of the state of Jammu & Kashmir. On the other hand, linguistic contact with Kashmiri is mediated through first language or native speakers of Kashmiri. In addition to language contact via spoken interaction, contact with Urdu is also mediated through local media and television. Television is also a source of linguistic influence from Hindi, which is very close to Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammu+and+Kashmir+Burushashki%3A+Language%2C+Language+Contact%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=Sadaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinagar_Burushaski-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Srinagar_Burushaski_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunshi2018" class="citation book cs1">Munshi, Sadaf (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKWODwAAQBAJ&q=purgi+language+pakistan">Srinagar Burushaski: A Descriptive and Comparative Account with Analyzed Texts</a>. Srinagar: University of Austin. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004387898" title="Special:BookSources/9789004387898"><bdi>9789004387898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srinagar+Burushaski%3A+A+Descriptive+and+Comparative+Account+with+Analyzed+Texts&rft.place=Srinagar&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Austin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004387898&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=Sadaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKWODwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpurgi%2Blanguage%2Bpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phonology-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phonology_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phonology_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phonology_27-2">c</a> Piar, Karim. 2012. « Phonological Sketch of the Hunza Dialect of Burushaski: The CVX Theory and Burushaski Syllable Structure ». University of Texas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/10829671/Phonological_Sketch_of_the_Hunza_Dialect_of_Burushaski">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBashirHussainAnderson2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bashir" title="Elena Bashir">Bashir, Elena</a>; Hussain, Sarmad; Anderson, Deborah (5 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf">"N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski"</a> (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N3117%3A+Proposal+to+add+characters+needed+for+Khowar%2C+Torwali%2C+and+Burushaski&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Hussain%2C+Sarmad&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2006%2F06149-bashir-prop.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07264-arabic-shaping.pdf">"Shaping behavior of Burushaski characters and other Arabic additions in L2/06-149"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaping+behavior+of+Burushaski+characters+and+other+Arabic+additions+in+L2%2F06-149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2007%2F07264-arabic-shaping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Burushaski Research Academy. Collaboration of Burushaski Research Academy with Karachi University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burushopedia.org/burushaski_urdu/">https://www.burushopedia.org/burushaski_urdu/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a>, Languages of the Himalayas, Brill 2001:921 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Complete title: De bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi thugs gsang ba’i ye shes | don gyi snying po rdo rje bkod pa’i rgyud | rnal ’byor grub pa’i lung | kun ’dus rig pa’i mdo | theg pa chen po mngon par rtogs pa | chos kyi rnam grangs rnam par bkod pa zhes bya ba’i mdo, in the mTshams brag edition of the rNying ma rgyud 'bum: vol. 16 (Ma), p. 2-617. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Dalton, Jacob P. 2016. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231176002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231176002">978-0231176002</a>. This book is a state of the art history of this tantra in Tibet, but does not deal in depth with the issue of its original source and whether it was actually translated from the Burushaski. </li> <li id="cite_note-b-u-dict-vol2-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol2_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol2_48-1">b</a> Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2009). Burushaski Urdu Dictionary – Volume 2 / بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد دوم (د تا غ). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/2_20230728/mode/2up">Archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-u-dict-vol3-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol3_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b-u-dict-vol3_49-1">b</a> Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2013). Burushaski Urdu Dictionary – Volume 3 / بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد دوم (ف تا ی). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/3_20230728/mode/2up">Archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Hunzai, A. N. N. (2005) Jawaahir Paaree – Some Glimps of Burushaski language Burushaski Research Academy. University of Karachi: Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. Pakistan Literature Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ismaililiterature.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Burushaski-Jawahir-Paray.pdf">[2]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322162116/https://www.ismaililiterature.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Burushaski-Jawahir-Paray.pdf">Archive</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarim2013" class="citation book cs1">Karim, Piar B.A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271839/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf">MIDDLE VOICE CONSTRUCTION IN BURUSHASKI: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NATIVE SPEAKER OF THE HUNZA DIALECT</a> (PDF). UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS. pp. 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MIDDLE+VOICE+CONSTRUCTION+IN+BURUSHASKI%3A+FROM+THE+PERSPECTIVE+OF+A+NATIVE+SPEAKER+OF+THE+HUNZA+DIALECT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=UNIVERSITY+OF+NORTH+TEXAS&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Piar+B.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc271839%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Morphology. In Morphologies of Asia and Africa, ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.</li> <li>Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Phonology. In Phonologies of Asia and Africa, ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.</li> <li>Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1999. M. Witzel's "South Asian Substrate Languages" from a Burushaski Perspective. Mother Tongue (Special Issue, October 1999).</li> <li>Anderson, Gregory D. S. forthcoming b. Burushaski. In Language Islands: Isolates and Microfamilies of Eurasia, ed. by D.A. Abondolo. London: Curzon Press.</li> <li>Backstrom, Peter C. Burushaski in Backstrom and Radloff (eds.), Languages of northern areas, Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2. Islamabad, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qaid-i-Azam University and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Institute_of_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Institute of Linguistics">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a> (1992), 31–54.</li> <li>Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Volume 3 of Neuindische Studien, ed. by Hermann Berger, Lothar Lutze and Günther Sontheimer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</li> <li>Berger, Hermann. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager [The B. language of H. and N.]. Three volumes: Grammatik [grammar], Texte mit Übersetzungen [texts with translations], Wörterbuch [dictionary]. Altogether Volume 13 of Neuindische Studien (ed. by Hermann Berger, Heidrun Brückner and Lothar Lutze). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz.</li> <li>Grune, Dick. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.few.vu.nl/~dick/Summaries/Languages/Burushaski.pdf">Burushaski – An Extraordinary Language in the Karakoram Mountains</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolst2014" class="citation book cs1">Holst, Jan Henrik (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oP9oBAAAQBAJ">Advances in Burushaski Linguistics</a>. Tübingen: Narr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-6908-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-6908-0"><bdi>978-3-8233-6908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Burushaski+Linguistics&rft.pub=T%C3%BCbingen%3A+Narr&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8233-6908-0&rft.aulast=Holst&rft.aufirst=Jan+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoP9oBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurushaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Karim, Piar. 2013. Middle Voice Construction in Burushaski: From the Perspective of a Native Speaker of the Hunza Dialect. Unpublished MA Thesis. Denton: University of North Texas. Department of Linguistics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">Morgenstierne, Georg</a>. 1945. Notes on Burushaski Phonology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13: 61–95.</li> <li>Lorimer, D. L. R. 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahraka.com/pdf/burushaski.pdf">Burushaski and its Alien Neighbours</a>.</li> <li>Munshi, Sadaf. 2006. Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Linguistics.</li> <li>Munshi, Sadaf. 2010. "Contact-induced language change in a trilingual context: the case of Burushaski in Srinagar". In Diachronica. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 27.1: pp32–72.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bashir" title="Elena Bashir">Bashir, Elena</a>. 2000. A Thematic Survey of Burushaski Research. History of Language 6.1: 1–14.</li> <li>Berger, Hermann. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski [Names of Mediterranean cultured plants from B.]. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 9: 4-33.</li> <li>Berger, Hermann. 1959. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache [The B. loanwords in the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Gypsy language</a>]. Indo-Iranian Journal 3.1: 17–43.</li> <li>Casule Ilija. 2016. Evidence for the Indo-European and Balkan Origin of Burushaski.München: Lincom GmbH. 205 p. Lincom Etymological Studies 05.</li> <li>Casule, Ilija. 2017. Burushaski etymological dictionary of the inherited Indo-European lexicon. München: Lincom GmbH. 325 p. (LINCOM Etymological Studies; no. 6)</li> <li>Casule, Ilija. 2018, New Burushaski etymologies and the origin of the ethnonym Burúśo, Burúśaski, Brugaski and Miśáski. Acta Orientalia. Vol. 79: 27–71.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lockhart_Robertson_Lorimer" title="David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer">Lorimer, D. L. R.</a> 1935–1938. The Burushaski Language (3 vols.). Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning.</li> <li>Munshi, Sadaf. 2016. Burushaski Language Resource. A digital collection of Burushaski oral literature available at URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/">https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/</a></li> <li>van Skyhawk, Hugh. 1996. Libi Kisar. Ein Volksepos im Burushaski von Nager. Asiatische Studien 133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03849-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03849-7">3-447-03849-7</a>.</li> <li>van Skyhawk, Hugh. 2003. Burushaski-Texte aus Hispar. Materialien zum Verständnis einer archaischen Bergkultur in Nordpakistan. Beiträge zur Indologie 38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-04645-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-04645-7">3-447-04645-7</a>.</li> <li>Tiffou, Étienne. 1993. Hunza Proverbs. University of Calgary Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895176-29-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-895176-29-8">1-895176-29-8</a></li> <li>Tiffou, Étienne. 1999. Parlons Bourouchaski. Paris: L'Harmattan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-7967-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-7967-7">2-7384-7967-7</a></li> <li>Tiffou, Étienne. 2000. Current Research in Burushaski: A Survey. History of Language 6(1): 15–20.</li> <li>Tikkanen, Bertil. 1988. On Burushaski and other ancient substrata in northwest South Asia. Studia Orientalia 64: 303–325.</li> <li>Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Letters 7: 133–173.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/bsk" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/bsk">Burushaski test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burushaski_phrasebook#Q216286" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Burushaski phrasebook">Burushaski</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burushaskilanguage.com/">Burushaski Language Documentation Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\bur\bur&limit=-1">Burushaski basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035525/http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0041/00003352/en,">Noboru. 2012. A reference grammar of Eastern Burushaski.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921060336/https://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2006/munshis96677/munshis96677.pdf">Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, Language contact and change</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS">Burushaski Language Resource</a> collection of Burushaski language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_languages_of_South_Asia122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Template:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_languages_of_South_Asia122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">languages of South Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">list by number of speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives#Languages" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Jeru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Jeru language">Aka-Jeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Bo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Bo language">Aka-Bo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Creole Malay">Sri Lankan Creole Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96nge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Önge language">Önge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Andaman_Islands)" title="Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)">Jarawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_creoles" title="Indo-Portuguese creoles">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_language" title="Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bhasa">Nepal Bhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenyidie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenyidie language">Tenyidie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripuri language">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> (Abugida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus</a> (Undeciphered)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prestige language- influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabization">Perso-Arabization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">Sanskritisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Havula" title="Hela Havula">Hela Havula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_associate_official_language_movement" title="Meitei associate official language movement">Meitei associate official language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_classical_language_movement" title="Meitei classical language movement">Meitei classical language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_linguistic_purism_movement" title="Meitei linguistic purism movement">Meitei linguistic purism movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Newar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Language Movement">Nepali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language_Movement" title="Punjabi Language Movement">Punjabi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Tamil_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Tamil movement">Pure Tamil movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pakistan173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages (by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template talk:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Languages of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bateri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateri">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chenabi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chenabi dialect (page does not exist)">Chenabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3i_language" title="Khāṣi language">Khashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_dialect" title="Padri dialect">Padri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogali" title="Pogali">Pogali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambani language">Rambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families757" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>(?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_of_Decorse" title="Mimi of Decorse">Mimi of Decorse</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan%E2%80%93Pawaian_languages" title="Teberan–Pawaian languages">Teberan–Pawaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_language" title="Yele language">Yele</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Gunwinyguan languages">Gunwinyguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon Penutian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puquina_languages" title="Puquina languages">Puquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Kariri</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Mosetén–Chon</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakúra</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_language" title="Sechura language">Sechura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani/Huaorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" title="Paraguay–Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguay–Uruguay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–Cayman</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurious_languages" title="Spurious languages">Spurious languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanian">Sicanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;63" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language#Perso-Arabic_alphabet" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Writing_system">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatay</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox773" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216286#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4286090-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph281868&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007292399605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&oldid=1278052213">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&oldid=1278052213</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burushaski" title="Category:Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_isolates_of_Asia" title="Category:Language isolates of Asia">Language isolates of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan">Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir">Languages of Jammu and Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endangered_languages_of_India" title="Category:Endangered languages of India">Endangered languages of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hunza" title="Category:Hunza">Hunza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burusho_people" title="Category:Burusho people">Burusho people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_languages" title="Category:Subject–object–verb languages">Subject–object–verb languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_27" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 27">Language articles citing Ethnologue 27</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_listed_invalid_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with listed invalid ISBNs">Pages with listed invalid ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Burushaski-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Burushaski-language text">Articles containing Burushaski-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ill-formatted_infobox-language_images" title="Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images">Ill-formatted infobox-language images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Burushaski_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Burushaski IPA">Pages with Burushaski IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Munji-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Munji-language text">Articles containing Munji-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from July 2011">Articles with disputed statements from July 2011</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 February 2025, at 05:57 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burushaski&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Burushaski</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 61 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-bgns6","wgBackendResponseTime":309,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.668","walltime":"3.084","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26381,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":470643,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27030,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":290016,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2603.088 1 -total"," 15.91% 414.264 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 14.70% 382.673 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.19% 291.390 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.66% 173.316 5 Template:Lang"," 6.44% 167.534 277 Template:Script/Arabic"," 6.19% 161.259 8 Template:Cite_book"," 3.81% 99.082 1 Template:Arabic-script_sidebar"," 3.61% 93.873 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.16% 82.313 277 Template:Ifsubst"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.614","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18622374,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashirHussainAnderson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlench2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolst2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunshi2006\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMunshi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Arabic script\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabic-script sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Definition needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Eurasian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Grapheme\"] = 36,\n [\"IPA\"] = 17,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 47,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 61,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Incubator\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Language families\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Jammu and Kashmir\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of South Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 13,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 3,\n [\"No bold\"] = 2,\n [\"Nq\"] = 2,\n [\"R\"] = 8,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 277,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 10,\n [\"Urd\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","14.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","14.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","240","13.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","220","12.4"],["?","160","9.0"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","80","4.5"],["type","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.2"],["get_ietf_parts \u003CModule:Lang:353\u003E","40","2.2"],["\u003Cmw.language.lua:62\u003E","40","2.2"],["[others]","380","21.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5f44755944-njmd7","timestamp":"20250302102515","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Burushaski","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burushaski","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q216286","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q216286","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-25T23:51:03Z","dateModified":"2025-02-28T05:57:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a4\/Burushaski_Nastaliq_-_Endonym.png","headline":"language"}</script> </body> </html>