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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Counterfactual</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">2 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Counterfactual</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Counterfactual">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28970170" data-work_id="28970170" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28970170/What_We_Regret_Most_and_Why">What We Regret Most... and Why</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Which domains in life produce the greatest potential for regret, and what features of those life domains explain why? Using archival and laboratory evidence, the authors show that greater perceived opportunity within life domains evokes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28970170" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Which domains in life produce the greatest potential for regret, and what features of those life domains explain why? Using archival and laboratory evidence, the authors show that greater perceived opportunity within life domains evokes more intense regret. This pattern is consistent with previous publications demonstrating greater regret stemming from high rather than low opportunity or choice. A meta-analysis of 11 regret ranking studies revealed that the top six biggest regrets in life center on (in descending order) education, career, romance, parenting, the self, and leisure. Study Set 2 provided new laboratory evidence that directly linked the regret ranking to perceived opportunity. Study Set 3 ruled out an alternative interpretation involving framing effects. Overall, these findings show that people's biggest regrets are a reflection of where in life they see their largest opportunities; that is, where they see tangible prospects for change, growth, and renewal.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28970170" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a6bd3c8232c37e950271177421b96a89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49411249,"asset_id":28970170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49411249/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54610636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville">Amy Summerville</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54610636" type="text/json">{"id":54610636,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Summerville","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmySummerville","display_name":"Amy Summerville","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28970170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28970170"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28970170, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28970170", }); 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Using archival and laboratory evidence, the authors show that greater perceived opportunity within life domains evokes more intense regret. This pattern is consistent with previous publications demonstrating greater regret stemming from high rather than low opportunity or choice. A meta-analysis of 11 regret ranking studies revealed that the top six biggest regrets in life center on (in descending order) education, career, romance, parenting, the self, and leisure. Study Set 2 provided new laboratory evidence that directly linked the regret ranking to perceived opportunity. Study Set 3 ruled out an alternative interpretation involving framing effects. Overall, these findings show that people's biggest regrets are a reflection of where in life they see their largest opportunities; that is, where they see tangible prospects for change, growth, and renewal.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49411249,"asset_id":28970170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54610636,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Summerville","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmySummerville","display_name":"Amy Summerville","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":3243,"name":"Nonparametric Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonparametric_Statistics?f_ri=722010"},{"id":9455,"name":"Cognitive Dissonance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Dissonance?f_ri=722010"},{"id":42162,"name":"Emotions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotions?f_ri=722010"},{"id":77936,"name":"Text","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Text?f_ri=722010"},{"id":236822,"name":"Regret","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regret?f_ri=722010"},{"id":294340,"name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology?f_ri=722010"},{"id":598602,"name":"Psychological Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Theory?f_ri=722010"},{"id":612709,"name":"Illinois","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Illinois?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1414499,"name":"Life Change Events","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Change_Events?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60254278" data-work_id="60254278" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60254278/Transferencias_monetarias_condicionadas_reduccion_de_la_pobreza_actual_y_future">Transferencias monetarias condicionadas: reduccion de la pobreza actual y future</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Weigand realizaron aportes significativos. El informe también se benefició con los comentarios formulados por un comité asesor, conformado por</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60254278" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c5a83ca60c55cf1674fa1a3936f70a1b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73781786,"asset_id":60254278,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73781786/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="135818517" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OlintoPedro">Pedro Olinto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="135818517" type="text/json">{"id":135818517,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Olinto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OlintoPedro","display_name":"Pedro Olinto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OlintoPedro?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135818517/35957966/30982545/s65_pedro.olinto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60254278 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60254278"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60254278, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60254278", }); 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Всемирный банк не... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60254266" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">содержащиеся в издании выводы, интерпретации и суждения являются мнениями его авторов и не обязательно отражают взгляды совета исполнительных директоров Всемирного банка или правительств, которые они представляют. Всемирный банк не гарантирует точности сведений, содержащихся в настоящей публикации. национальные границы, цвета, обозначения и прочая информация, указанная на картах, включенных в настоящее издание, не является выражением мнения Всемирного банка относительно юридического статуса какой-либо территории либо одобрения или принятия таких границ. This work was originally published by the World Bank in English as Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty in 2009. This Russian translation was arranged by Ves Mir Publishers. Ves Mir Publishers is responsible for the quality of the translation. In case of any discrepancies, the original English language will govern. Впервые опубликовано на английском языке под названием «Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty» в 2009 году. данный перевод осуществлен Издательством «Весь Мир», которое несет ответственность за его точность. 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Всемирный банк не гарантирует точности сведений, содержащихся в настоящей публикации. национальные границы, цвета, обозначения и прочая информация, указанная на картах, включенных в настоящее издание, не является выражением мнения Всемирного банка относительно юридического статуса какой-либо территории либо одобрения или принятия таких границ. This work was originally published by the World Bank in English as Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty in 2009. This Russian translation was arranged by Ves Mir Publishers. Ves Mir Publishers is responsible for the quality of the translation. In case of any discrepancies, the original English language will govern. Впервые опубликовано на английском языке под названием «Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty» в 2009 году. данный перевод осуществлен Издательством «Весь Мир», которое несет ответственность за его точность. 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(CCTs) are programs that transfer cash, generally to poor households, on the condition that those households make pre specified investments in the human capital of their children. The report shows that there is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68801628" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are programs that transfer cash, generally to poor households, on the condition that those households make pre specified investments in the human capital of their children. The report shows that there is good evidence that CCTs have improved the lives of poor people. Transfers generally have been well targeted to poor households, have raised consumption levels, and have reduced poverty, by a substantial amount in some countries. Offsetting adjustments that could have blunted the impact of transfers, such as reductions in the labor market participation of beneficiaries, have been relatively modest. The report also considers the rationale for conditioning the transfers on the use of specific health and education services by program beneficiaries. Thus CCTs have increased the likelihood that households will take their children for preventive health checkups, but that has not always led to better child nutritional status; school enrollment rates have in...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68801628" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b05d527701bab2342b51e0ab108b6d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79147525,"asset_id":68801628,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79147525/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="135818517" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OlintoPedro">Pedro Olinto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="135818517" type="text/json">{"id":135818517,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Olinto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OlintoPedro","display_name":"Pedro Olinto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OlintoPedro?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135818517/35957966/30982545/s65_pedro.olinto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68801628 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68801628"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68801628, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68801628", }); 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The report shows that there is good evidence that CCTs have improved the lives of poor people. Transfers generally have been well targeted to poor households, have raised consumption levels, and have reduced poverty, by a substantial amount in some countries. Offsetting adjustments that could have blunted the impact of transfers, such as reductions in the labor market participation of beneficiaries, have been relatively modest. The report also considers the rationale for conditioning the transfers on the use of specific health and education services by program beneficiaries. 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data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Network of Networks for Impact Evaluation (NONIE) was established in 2006 to foster more and better impact evaluations by its membership, the evaluation networks of bilateral and multilateral organizations focusing on development issues, as well as networks of developing country evaluators. NONIE&#39;s member networks conduct a broad set of evaluations, examining issues such as project and strategy performance, institutional development, and aid effectiveness. But the focus of NONIE is narrower. By sharing methodological approaches and promoting learning by doing on impact evaluations, NONIE aims to promote the use of this more specific approach by its members within their larger portfolio of evaluations. 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Externalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negative_Externalities?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2214180,"name":"Market Failures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Failures?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3325652" data-work_id="3325652" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3325652/Land_Reforms_Poverty_Reduction_and_Economic_Growth_Evidence_from_India">Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, and Economic Growth: Evidence from India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3325652" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. We use panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the land reform implementation, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. Results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. Policy implications are drawn, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3325652" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d73d2b89e2ff7fe3a9d99194f1c7f93" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50339226,"asset_id":3325652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50339226/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3851044" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UjalaRoshni">Ujala Roshni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3851044" type="text/json">{"id":3851044,"first_name":"Ujala","last_name":"Roshni","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UjalaRoshni","display_name":"Ujala Roshni","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UjalaRoshni?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3325652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3325652"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3325652, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3325652", }); 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is generally agreed that dispositions cannot be analyzed in terms of simple subjunctive conditionals (because of what are called &apos;&apos;masked dispositions&apos;&apos; and &apos;&apos;finkish dispositions&apos;&apos;). I here... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71497358" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is generally agreed that dispositions cannot be analyzed in terms of simple subjunctive conditionals (because of what are called &apos;&apos;masked dispositions&apos;&apos; and &apos;&apos;finkish dispositions&apos;&apos;). I here defend a qualified subjunctive account of dispositions according to which an object is disposed to U when conditions C obtain if and only if, if conditions C were to obtain, then the object would U ceteris paribus. I argue that this account does not fall prey to the objections that have been raised in the literature. Keywords Disposition Á Mask Á Fink Á Subjunctive Á Counterfactual Á Ceteris paribus 1 Dispositions, finks and masks When we say of an object that it has a particular dispositional property it might seem that we are making a conditional claim. That is, for example, when we say of Tony that he is disposed to get angry when his car does not start, we seem to mean something like: if Tony&apos;s car does not start, then Tony will get angry. Simi...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71497358" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="21c42720ed2d764a3c83df7559a1e0f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80814358,"asset_id":71497358,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80814358/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="244561" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/JesseSteinberg">Jesse Steinberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="244561" type="text/json">{"id":244561,"first_name":"Jesse","last_name":"Steinberg","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"JesseSteinberg","display_name":"Jesse Steinberg","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/JesseSteinberg?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/244561/53031/48852/s65_jesse.steinberg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71497358 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71497358"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71497358, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71497358", }); 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and \u0026apos;\u0026apos;finkish dispositions\u0026apos;\u0026apos;). I here defend a qualified subjunctive account of dispositions according to which an object is disposed to U when conditions C obtain if and only if, if conditions C were to obtain, then the object would U ceteris paribus. I argue that this account does not fall prey to the objections that have been raised in the literature. Keywords Disposition Á Mask Á Fink Á Subjunctive Á Counterfactual Á Ceteris paribus 1 Dispositions, finks and masks When we say of an object that it has a particular dispositional property it might seem that we are making a conditional claim. That is, for example, when we say of Tony that he is disposed to get angry when his car does not start, we seem to mean something like: if Tony\u0026apos;s car does not start, then Tony will get angry. 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Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Society, who made significant efforts to help me with recruitment. I would like to thank my Nan, Joan Adams, for being such an inspiration for my work and for her input into this project. I would also like to thank my husband, Robert, his... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_59445745" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Society, who made significant efforts to help me with recruitment. I would like to thank my Nan, Joan Adams, for being such an inspiration for my work and for her input into this project. I would also like to thank my husband, Robert, his parents, Christine and Jonathan, and my parents, Jean and John, for all their help with recruitment from Church, relatives, friends, colleagues, and clubs. I think I exhausted all your over 65-year-old contacts! Similarly, I would like to thank all my fellow trainees at Hertfordshire, and my supervisory team. Your support and help has been invaluable.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59445745" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12446d7653f8434ddfa72d9306572bb3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73364134,"asset_id":59445745,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73364134/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="97941550" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SarahLeggett2">Sarah Leggett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="97941550" type="text/json">{"id":97941550,"first_name":"Sarah","last_name":"Leggett","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SarahLeggett2","display_name":"Sarah Leggett","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SarahLeggett2?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59445745 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59445745"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59445745, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59445745", }); 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I would like to thank my Nan, Joan Adams, for being such an inspiration for my work and for her input into this project. I would also like to thank my husband, Robert, his parents, Christine and Jonathan, and my parents, Jean and John, for all their help with recruitment from Church, relatives, friends, colleagues, and clubs. I think I exhausted all your over 65-year-old contacts! Similarly, I would like to thank all my fellow trainees at Hertfordshire, and my supervisory team. 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productivité totale des facteurs (PTF) ? .</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58520683" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="faf851123c5ffbe1998785c66904844e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72891334,"asset_id":58520683,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72891334/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i 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models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_models?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":828481,"name":"ICR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICR?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2732430,"name":"Allocation of Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allocation_of_Resources?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_51354149" data-work_id="51354149" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51354149/Income_Support_for_the_Poorest_A_Review_of_Experience_in_Eastern_Europe_and_Central_Asia">Income Support for the Poorest: A Review of Experience in Eastern Europe and Central Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/51354149" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ecb53a45e8922a6ecc20e2da24604cd6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69113194,"asset_id":51354149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7466" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development">Human Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7466" type="text/json">{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9521" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing">Housing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9521" type="text/json">{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12061" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management">Risk Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12061" type="text/json">{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18114" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Economy">Informal Economy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18114" type="text/json">{"id":18114,"name":"Informal Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Economy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=51354149]'), work: {"id":51354149,"title":"Income Support for the Poorest: A Review of Experience in Eastern Europe and Central 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Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":18114,"name":"Informal Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Economy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":27693,"name":"Performance indicators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_indicators?f_ri=722010"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=722010"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":294066,"name":"GDP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP?f_ri=722010"},{"id":433399,"name":"Interventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interventions?f_ri=722010"},{"id":528077,"name":"Energy Subsidies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Subsidies?f_ri=722010"},{"id":533384,"name":"Coping mechanisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coping_mechanisms?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":804325,"name":"Data Collection Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection_Methods?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1006047,"name":"Indexes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexes?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1010785,"name":"Living Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Standards?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3227517,"name":"Gross Domestic Product","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gross_Domestic_Product?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3347431,"name":"Beneficiaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficiaries?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3153401" data-work_id="3153401" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3153401/Searching_for_Keynesianism">Searching for Keynesianism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While it is clear that Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) has influenced macroeconomic theory, the extent to which his ideas about countercyclical stabilization have altered the course of public policy remains... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3153401" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While it is clear that Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) has influenced macroeconomic theory, the extent to which his ideas about countercyclical stabilization have altered the course of public policy remains an open question. We develop a dynamic spatial voting model that allows the estimation of a counterfactual showing what planned public budgets would have been like over the cycle if Keynesianism (as interpreted by Leijonhufvud and Clower) had not had any impact on the course of public affairs. Comparison of the counterfactual with the estimated process describing ex ante policy choices after 1950 in Canada allows for the quantification of the changes in fiscal policy that can be attributed to the Keynesian revolution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3153401" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1d586ed02a26e825e1175f63690b8a7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50434476,"asset_id":3153401,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50434476/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="545891" href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/Stanleywiner">Stanley L. Winer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="545891" type="text/json">{"id":545891,"first_name":"Stanley L.","last_name":"Winer","domain_name":"carleton-ca","page_name":"Stanleywiner","display_name":"Stanley L. Winer","profile_url":"https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/Stanleywiner?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/545891/1258031/1568585/s65_stanley_l..winer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3153401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3153401"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3153401, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3153401", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3153401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3153401; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3153401"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3153401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3153401"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3153401; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3153401]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3153401").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3153401").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3153401"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21198" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy">Fiscal policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21198" type="text/json">{"id":21198,"name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27659" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics">Applied Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27659" type="text/json">{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80915" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Political_Economy">European Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80915" type="text/json">{"id":80915,"name":"European Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Political_Economy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="420608" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="420608" type="text/json">{"id":420608,"name":"Keynesianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Keynesianism?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3153401]'), work: {"id":3153401,"title":"Searching for Keynesianism","created_at":"2013-03-29T01:33:43.688-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3153401/Searching_for_Keynesianism?f_ri=722010","dom_id":"work_3153401","summary":"While it is clear that Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) has influenced macroeconomic theory, the extent to which his ideas about countercyclical stabilization have altered the course of public policy remains an open question. We develop a dynamic spatial voting model that allows the estimation of a counterfactual showing what planned public budgets would have been like over the cycle if Keynesianism (as interpreted by Leijonhufvud and Clower) had not had any impact on the course of public affairs. Comparison of the counterfactual with the estimated process describing ex ante policy choices after 1950 in Canada allows for the quantification of the changes in fiscal policy that can be attributed to the Keynesian revolution.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50434476,"asset_id":3153401,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":545891,"first_name":"Stanley L.","last_name":"Winer","domain_name":"carleton-ca","page_name":"Stanleywiner","display_name":"Stanley L. Winer","profile_url":"https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/Stanleywiner?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/545891/1258031/1568585/s65_stanley_l..winer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21198,"name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":80915,"name":"European Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Political_Economy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":420608,"name":"Keynesianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Keynesianism?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28970178" data-work_id="28970178" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28970178/Praise_for_regret_people_value_regret_above_other_negative_emotions">Praise for regret: people value regret above other negative emotions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What do people think about the emotion of regret? Recent demonstrations of the psychological benefits of regret have been framed against an assumption that most people find regret to be aversive, both when experienced but also when... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28970178" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What do people think about the emotion of regret? Recent demonstrations of the psychological benefits of regret have been framed against an assumption that most people find regret to be aversive, both when experienced but also when recalled later. Two studies explored lay evaluations of regret experiences, revealing them to be largely favorable rather than unfavorable. Study 1 demonstrated that regret, but not other negative emotions, was dominated by positive more than negative evaluations. In both studies 1 and 2, although participants saw a great deal of benefit from their negative emotions, regret stood out as particularly beneficial. Indeed, in study 2, regret was seen to be the most beneficial of 12 negative emotions on all five functions of: making sense of past experiences, facilitating approach behaviors, facilitating avoidance behaviors, gaining insights into the self, and in preserving social harmony. Moreover, in study 2, individuals made self-serving ascriptions of regret, reporting greater regret experiences for themselves than for others. In short, people value their regrets substantially more than they do other negative emotions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28970178" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37516c22527c3b171899c0da0065d2fb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49411245,"asset_id":28970178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49411245/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54610636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville">Amy Summerville</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54610636" type="text/json">{"id":54610636,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Summerville","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmySummerville","display_name":"Amy Summerville","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28970178 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28970178"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28970178, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28970178", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28970178 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28970178; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28970178"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28970178 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28970178"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28970178; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28970178]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28970178").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28970178").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28970178"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="254" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion">Emotion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="254" type="text/json">{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect">Affect</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50238" type="text/json">{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28970178]'), work: {"id":28970178,"title":"Praise for regret: people value regret above other negative emotions","created_at":"2016-10-06T15:34:13.783-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28970178/Praise_for_regret_people_value_regret_above_other_negative_emotions?f_ri=722010","dom_id":"work_28970178","summary":"What do people think about the emotion of regret? Recent demonstrations of the psychological benefits of regret have been framed against an assumption that most people find regret to be aversive, both when experienced but also when recalled later. Two studies explored lay evaluations of regret experiences, revealing them to be largely favorable rather than unfavorable. Study 1 demonstrated that regret, but not other negative emotions, was dominated by positive more than negative evaluations. In both studies 1 and 2, although participants saw a great deal of benefit from their negative emotions, regret stood out as particularly beneficial. Indeed, in study 2, regret was seen to be the most beneficial of 12 negative emotions on all five functions of: making sense of past experiences, facilitating approach behaviors, facilitating avoidance behaviors, gaining insights into the self, and in preserving social harmony. Moreover, in study 2, individuals made self-serving ascriptions of regret, reporting greater regret experiences for themselves than for others. In short, people value their regrets substantially more than they do other negative emotions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49411245,"asset_id":28970178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54610636,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Summerville","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmySummerville","display_name":"Amy Summerville","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":77936,"name":"Text","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Text?f_ri=722010"},{"id":236822,"name":"Regret","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regret?f_ri=722010"},{"id":372191,"name":"Motivation and Emotion in Sport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivation_and_Emotion_in_Sport?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63033009" data-work_id="63033009" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63033009/Dispositions_and_subjunctives">Dispositions and subjunctives</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is generally agreed that dispositions cannot be analyzed in terms of simple subjunctive conditionals (because of what are called ''masked dispositions'' and ''finkish dispositions''). I here defend a qualified subjunctive account of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_63033009" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is generally agreed that dispositions cannot be analyzed in terms of simple subjunctive conditionals (because of what are called ''masked dispositions'' and ''finkish dispositions''). I here defend a qualified subjunctive account of dispositions according to which an object is disposed to U when conditions C obtain if and only if, if conditions C were to obtain, then the object would U ceteris paribus. I argue that this account does not fall prey to the objections that have been raised in the literature. Keywords Disposition Á Mask Á Fink Á Subjunctive Á Counterfactual Á Ceteris paribus 1 Dispositions, finks and masks When we say of an object that it has a particular dispositional property it might seem that we are making a conditional claim. That is, for example, when we say of Tony that he is disposed to get angry when his car does not start, we seem to mean something like: if Tony's car does not start, then Tony will get angry. Similarly, when we say of a spoonful of sugar that it is disposed to dissolve in coffee, we seem to mean something like: if the sugar is put in coffee, then it will dissolve. But, as many have pointed out, we ought not think of the conditional as a material conditional. 1 A golf club is not disposed to dissolve in water simply because it is never put in water. So perhaps we ought to analyze dispositions instead in terms of</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63033009" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="442299b83d6f1498c57e6bbf15730386" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75596093,"asset_id":63033009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75596093/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5922901" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JesseSteinberg">Jesse Steinberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5922901" type="text/json">{"id":5922901,"first_name":"Jesse","last_name":"Steinberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JesseSteinberg","display_name":"Jesse Steinberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JesseSteinberg?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5922901/22912978/22055657/s65_jesse.steinberg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63033009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63033009"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63033009, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63033009", }); 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I here defend a qualified subjunctive account of dispositions according to which an object is disposed to U when conditions C obtain if and only if, if conditions C were to obtain, then the object would U ceteris paribus. I argue that this account does not fall prey to the objections that have been raised in the literature. Keywords Disposition Á Mask Á Fink Á Subjunctive Á Counterfactual Á Ceteris paribus 1 Dispositions, finks and masks When we say of an object that it has a particular dispositional property it might seem that we are making a conditional claim. That is, for example, when we say of Tony that he is disposed to get angry when his car does not start, we seem to mean something like: if Tony's car does not start, then Tony will get angry. Similarly, when we say of a spoonful of sugar that it is disposed to dissolve in coffee, we seem to mean something like: if the sugar is put in coffee, then it will dissolve. But, as many have pointed out, we ought not think of the conditional as a material conditional. 1 A golf club is not disposed to dissolve in water simply because it is never put in water. So perhaps we ought to analyze dispositions instead in terms of","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75596093,"asset_id":63033009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5922901,"first_name":"Jesse","last_name":"Steinberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JesseSteinberg","display_name":"Jesse 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d'ensemble</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Justin lin premier vice-président et économiste en chef Banque mondiale Joy phumaphi vice-président, réseau du développement humain Banque mondiale Janvier 2009 vii remerciements ce rapporT sur les poliTiQues de développemenT a éTé piloTé... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60254268" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Justin lin premier vice-président et économiste en chef Banque mondiale Joy phumaphi vice-président, réseau du développement humain Banque mondiale Janvier 2009 vii remerciements ce rapporT sur les poliTiQues de développemenT a éTé piloTé par ariel fiszbein et norbert schady. francisco H.G. ferreira, margaret Grosh, niall Keleher, pedro olinto et emmanuel skoufias y ont participé. maria victoria fazio, deon filmer, emanuela Galasso, margaret Koziol, phillippe leite, mette nielsen et christine Weigand ont apporté un important concours. une commission consultative, composée de Harold alderman (Banque mondiale), orazio attanasio (university college, londres), Jere Behrman (university of pennsylvania), Timothy Besley (london school of economics), santiago levy (Banque interaméricaine de développement), christina paxson (princeton university) et laura rawlings (Banque mondiale), a formulé des observations sur ce rapport. françois Bourguignon, en sa qualité d'économiste en chef de la Banque mondiale, a prodigué de solides encouragements et un soutien intellectuel. ce rapport a été rédigé sous la direction et le contrôle d'elizabeth King (directrice de la recherche) et martin ravallion (directeur du Groupe de recherche sur le développement). les auteurs ont bénéficié de commentaires et de contributions précieuses de vivi alatas, colin andrews, caridad araujo, Jehan arulpragasam, felipe Barrera, maria isabel Beltran, nazmul chaudhury, david coady dante contreras, rafael cortez, aline coudouel, amit dar, Gaurav datt, damien de Walque, carlo del ninno, Gershon feder, roberta Gatti, paul Gertler, rebekka Grun, phillip Hay,</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60254268" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa68cbbfb656d6eb32f3a84107f89525" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73781788,"asset_id":60254268,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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d'ensemble","created_at":"2021-10-28T20:33:35.372-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/60254268/Transferts_monetaires_conditionnels_reduire_la_pauvrete_actuelle_et_future_vue_densemble?f_ri=722010","dom_id":"work_60254268","summary":"Justin lin premier vice-président et économiste en chef Banque mondiale Joy phumaphi vice-président, réseau du développement humain Banque mondiale Janvier 2009 vii remerciements ce rapporT sur les poliTiQues de développemenT a éTé piloTé par ariel fiszbein et norbert schady. francisco H.G. ferreira, margaret Grosh, niall Keleher, pedro olinto et emmanuel skoufias y ont participé. maria victoria fazio, deon filmer, emanuela Galasso, margaret Koziol, phillippe leite, mette nielsen et christine Weigand ont apporté un important concours. une commission consultative, composée de Harold alderman (Banque mondiale), orazio attanasio (university college, londres), Jere Behrman (university of pennsylvania), Timothy Besley (london school of economics), santiago levy (Banque interaméricaine de développement), christina paxson (princeton university) et laura rawlings (Banque mondiale), a formulé des observations sur ce rapport. françois Bourguignon, en sa qualité d'économiste en chef de la Banque mondiale, a prodigué de solides encouragements et un soutien intellectuel. ce rapport a été rédigé sous la direction et le contrôle d'elizabeth King (directrice de la recherche) et martin ravallion (directeur du Groupe de recherche sur le développement). les auteurs ont bénéficié de commentaires et de contributions précieuses de vivi alatas, colin andrews, caridad araujo, Jehan arulpragasam, felipe Barrera, maria isabel Beltran, nazmul chaudhury, david coady dante contreras, rafael cortez, aline coudouel, amit dar, Gaurav datt, damien de Walque, carlo del ninno, Gershon feder, roberta Gatti, paul Gertler, rebekka Grun, phillip Hay,","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73781788,"asset_id":60254268,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":135818517,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Olinto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OlintoPedro","display_name":"Pedro Olinto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OlintoPedro?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135818517/35957966/30982545/s65_pedro.olinto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4441,"name":"Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing 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js-work-card work_30478402 coauthored" data-work_id="30478402" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30478402/Liberias_Cash_for_Work_Temporary_Employment_Project_responding_to_crisis_in_low_income_fragile_countries">Liberia's Cash for Work Temporary Employment Project: responding to crisis in low income, fragile countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Together with reductions in indirect taxes on food imports, cash for work programs were one of the main responses implemented by African governments following the food, fuel, and financial crisis of recent years. The main objective of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30478402" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Together with reductions in indirect taxes on food imports, cash for work programs were one of the main responses implemented by African governments following the food, fuel, and financial crisis of recent years. The main objective of those programs was to help the poor cope ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30478402" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="445aa531637270b7f877fc6387777e51" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50917386,"asset_id":30478402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50917386/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58098891" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiusepeZampaglione">Giusepe Zampaglione</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58098891" type="text/json">{"id":58098891,"first_name":"Giusepe","last_name":"Zampaglione","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GiusepeZampaglione","display_name":"Giusepe Zampaglione","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GiusepeZampaglione?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-30478402">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-30478402"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ColinAndrews7">Colin Andrews</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-30478402'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-30478402').html(); 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Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Standards?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1028340,"name":"Incomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incomes?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1987986,"name":"Opportunity costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opportunity_costs?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26597796" data-work_id="26597796" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26597796/Estimating_the_effect_of_plantations_on_pine_invasions_in_protected_areas_a_case_study_from_South_Africa">Estimating the effect of plantations on pine invasions in protected areas: a case study from South Africa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">1. Protected areas (PAs) are a key intervention for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. A major challenge for PAs is the control of invasive non-native plants that spread into PAs from surrounding sources such as forestry... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26597796" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">1. Protected areas (PAs) are a key intervention for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. A major challenge for PAs is the control of invasive non-native plants that spread into PAs from surrounding sources such as forestry plantations. The links between invasions and different source populations are poorly understood, making it difficult to apportion responsibilities for control costs. 2. We estimated the effect of plantations of invasive pines (Pinus species) on the spread of these trees into PAs in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region (CFR). We assessed the effect of (i) distance from plantation, (ii) plantation and PA orientation in relation to the prevailing wind and (iii) the proportionate size of the surrounding plantation on the abundance of invasions in PAs. We also estimated the historic and potential future costs of controlling invasions in the PAs. 3. PA management units within 3 km of a plantation had over double the pine cover of control units >6 km from plantations (6Á12% vs. 2Á39%). We attributed 51% of the pine invasions in PAs to plantations. 4. Neither the proportional size of the plantations nor their orientation relative to prevailing winds had a detectable effect on the cover of invasive pines. 5. Costs of controlling invasive pines in the study area totalled 98 million Rand (10 Rand = c. 1 US$ in 2013) between 2001 and 2012. It could cost between 273 and 916 million Rand (all future costs expressed in 2013 Rand), and take between 34 and 113 years, to clear the remaining invasive pines in the study area, depending on rates of spread and the cost-effectiveness of control. 6. Policy implications. Estimating the contribution of an invasion source, in this case forestry plantations, requires estimating an unobservable counterfactual outcome: the invasions that would have occurred in the absence of the plantations. We have made a first step towards doing this by using empirical approaches that vary in the strictness of their assumptions, along with robustness tests to that assess the plausibility of these assumptions. Our study provides the starting point for estimating the contribution of plantation forestry to protected area invasions in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26597796" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3973a9fa3189e463156c382c70768e1e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46885524,"asset_id":26597796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46885524/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50578633" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianvanWilgen">Brian van Wilgen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50578633" type="text/json">{"id":50578633,"first_name":"Brian van","last_name":"Wilgen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrianvanWilgen","display_name":"Brian van Wilgen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrianvanWilgen?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26597796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26597796"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26597796, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26597796", }); 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Protected areas (PAs) are a key intervention for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. A major challenge for PAs is the control of invasive non-native plants that spread into PAs from surrounding sources such as forestry plantations. The links between invasions and different source populations are poorly understood, making it difficult to apportion responsibilities for control costs. 2. We estimated the effect of plantations of invasive pines (Pinus species) on the spread of these trees into PAs in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region (CFR). We assessed the effect of (i) distance from plantation, (ii) plantation and PA orientation in relation to the prevailing wind and (iii) the proportionate size of the surrounding plantation on the abundance of invasions in PAs. We also estimated the historic and potential future costs of controlling invasions in the PAs. 3. PA management units within 3 km of a plantation had over double the pine cover of control units \u003e6 km from plantations (6Á12% vs. 2Á39%). We attributed 51% of the pine invasions in PAs to plantations. 4. Neither the proportional size of the plantations nor their orientation relative to prevailing winds had a detectable effect on the cover of invasive pines. 5. Costs of controlling invasive pines in the study area totalled 98 million Rand (10 Rand = c. 1 US$ in 2013) between 2001 and 2012. It could cost between 273 and 916 million Rand (all future costs expressed in 2013 Rand), and take between 34 and 113 years, to clear the remaining invasive pines in the study area, depending on rates of spread and the cost-effectiveness of control. 6. Policy implications. Estimating the contribution of an invasion source, in this case forestry plantations, requires estimating an unobservable counterfactual outcome: the invasions that would have occurred in the absence of the plantations. We have made a first step towards doing this by using empirical approaches that vary in the strictness of their assumptions, along with robustness tests to that assess the plausibility of these assumptions. Our study provides the starting point for estimating the contribution of plantation forestry to protected area invasions in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46885524,"asset_id":26597796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50578633,"first_name":"Brian van","last_name":"Wilgen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrianvanWilgen","display_name":"Brian van Wilgen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrianvanWilgen?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":148,"name":"Botany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botany?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":1041,"name":"Forestry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forestry?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":7465,"name":"Impact Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact_Evaluation?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=722010"},{"id":22456,"name":"Applied Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ecology?f_ri=722010"},{"id":28523,"name":"Causal Inference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causal_Inference?f_ri=722010"},{"id":99838,"name":"Matching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Matching?f_ri=722010"},{"id":418354,"name":"Evidence Based","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence_Based?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":843856,"name":"Ecological Applications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Applications?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73548397" data-work_id="73548397" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/73548397/Results_readiness_in_social_protection_and_labor_operations">Results readiness in social protection and labor operations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main focus of the social protection and labor portfolio is on strengthening client&#39;s institutional capacity in the design and implementation of programs, but projects are not well equipped to track progress in this area.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73548397" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main focus of the social protection and labor portfolio is on strengthening client&#39;s institutional capacity in the design and implementation of programs, but projects are not well equipped to track progress in this area. 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Correspondingly, there is a need to strengthen approaches to measuring and monitoring a\u0026#39;missing middle\u0026#39;of service delivery, precisely those areas for which counterpart institutions are responsible","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82027992,"asset_id":73548397,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":212918176,"first_name":"Julie","last_name":"Van Domelen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VanDomelen","display_name":"Julie Van Domelen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VanDomelen?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212918176/71923960/60378585/s65_julie.van_domelen.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":1199,"name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Europe?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=722010"},{"id":94572,"name":"Evaluation methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation_methods?f_ri=722010"},{"id":132497,"name":"Conditional Cash Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conditional_Cash_Transfer?f_ri=722010"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=722010"},{"id":157731,"name":"CAS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167145,"name":"Agricultural Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Production?f_ri=722010"},{"id":423582,"name":"Dissemination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissemination?f_ri=722010"},{"id":442735,"name":"Description","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Description?f_ri=722010"},{"id":698433,"name":"Economic Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Efficiency?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":793522,"name":"Emergency situations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emergency_situations?f_ri=722010"},{"id":994520,"name":"Design and Implementation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_and_Implementation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1003022,"name":"Audits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Audits?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1623237,"name":"Block Grants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Block_Grants?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3347431,"name":"Beneficiaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficiaries?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3482784,"name":"beneficiary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/beneficiary?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60632415" data-work_id="60632415" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60632415/Globalization_growth_and_distribution_framing_the_questions">Globalization, growth and distribution: framing the questions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring organizations or the governments they represent. 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Some evidence from developing countries 1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54085893" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. 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it reports directly to the Bank's Board of Executive Directors. 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It also improves Bank work by identifying and disseminating the lessons learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from evaluation findings.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69492747,"asset_id":52048915,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":152224644,"first_name":"Kyle Darrian","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KyleDarrianPeters","display_name":"Kyle Darrian Peters","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KyleDarrianPeters?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":202,"name":"Program Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Evaluation?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2216,"name":"Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resources?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010"},{"id":5107,"name":"Stakeholders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholders?f_ri=722010"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=722010"},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=722010"},{"id":70649,"name":"External Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/External_Debt?f_ri=722010"},{"id":94572,"name":"Evaluation methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation_methods?f_ri=722010"},{"id":97450,"name":"Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intervention?f_ri=722010"},{"id":123684,"name":"CDS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CDS?f_ri=722010"},{"id":157731,"name":"CAS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=722010"},{"id":314157,"name":"Subsidiary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subsidiary?f_ri=722010"},{"id":599884,"name":"Shareholders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shareholders?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1004368,"name":"Assets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assets?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3347431,"name":"Beneficiaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficiaries?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47469284" data-work_id="47469284" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47469284/Consequences_of_Civil_Conflict">Consequences of Civil Conflict</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper reviews the literature on the development consequences of internal armed conflict and state fragility and analyzes the relationship using data from World Development Indicators, UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Data, and World Bank... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47469284" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper reviews the literature on the development consequences of internal armed conflict and state fragility and analyzes the relationship using data from World Development Indicators, UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Data, and World Bank state fragility assessments. Our main focus is on a set of development indicators that capture seven of the Millenium Development Goals, but we also look briefly into the effect of conflict and fragility on growth, human rights abuses, and democratization. We analyze these relationships using a variety of methods -averages by conflict and fragility status; cross-sectional regression analyses of change in each indicator over the time frame for which we have data; fixed-effects regression analyses of the impact on each indicator for each five-year period 1965-2009; as well as occasional panel time series models and matching techniques.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47469284" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4d3aebd7ff470cb4fbbf6991a5c55f44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66546028,"asset_id":47469284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66546028/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42042353" href="https://independent.academia.edu/H%C3%A5vardMokleivNyg%C3%A5rd">Håvard Mokleiv Nygård</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42042353" type="text/json">{"id":42042353,"first_name":"Håvard Mokleiv","last_name":"Nygård","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HåvardMokleivNygård","display_name":"Håvard Mokleiv Nygård","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/H%C3%A5vardMokleivNyg%C3%A5rd?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42042353/41831587/33768601/s65_h_vard_mokleiv.nyg_rd.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47469284 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47469284"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47469284, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47469284", }); 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Our main focus is on a set of development indicators that capture seven of the Millenium Development Goals, but we also look briefly into the effect of conflict and fragility on growth, human rights abuses, and democratization. We analyze these relationships using a variety of methods -averages by conflict and fragility status; cross-sectional regression analyses of change in each indicator over the time frame for which we have data; fixed-effects regression analyses of the impact on each indicator for each five-year period 1965-2009; as well as occasional panel time series models and matching techniques.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66546028,"asset_id":47469284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42042353,"first_name":"Håvard Mokleiv","last_name":"Nygård","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HåvardMokleivNygård","display_name":"Håvard Mokleiv Nygård","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/H%C3%A5vardMokleivNyg%C3%A5rd?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42042353/41831587/33768601/s65_h_vard_mokleiv.nyg_rd.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=722010"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=722010"},{"id":13078,"name":"Peacekeeping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peacekeeping?f_ri=722010"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167145,"name":"Agricultural Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Production?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":172892,"name":"Life Expectancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Expectancy?f_ri=722010"},{"id":251651,"name":"Environmental Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact?f_ri=722010"},{"id":405300,"name":"Infant Mortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant_Mortality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":600412,"name":"Low Income Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Income_Countries?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":763823,"name":"Internal Conflicts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Conflicts?f_ri=722010"},{"id":805916,"name":"Child mortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_mortality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1005000,"name":"Mass Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Movement?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1304662,"name":"Infant Mortality Rates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant_Mortality_Rates?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3227517,"name":"Gross Domestic Product","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gross_Domestic_Product?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1359042 coauthored" data-work_id="1359042" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1359042/A_Stock_Taking_of_Land_Reform_and_Farm_Restructuring_in_Bulgaria_Moldova_Azerbaijan_and_Kazakhstan">A Stock-Taking of Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in Bulgaria, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents such a stocktaking of land reform and farm restructuring in four countries of the Europe and Central Asia region that have had particular difficulties in land reform, farm restructuring, farm performance or rural... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1359042" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents such a stocktaking of land reform and farm restructuring in four countries of the Europe and Central Asia region that have had particular difficulties in land reform, farm restructuring, farm performance or rural poverty. It is organized by case studies, each of which is designed to analyze a central conundrum about land reform and farm restructuring in an individual country. Much of the information presented in this review derives from farm and household surveys conducted in each of the four countries in 2003 and 2004. The surveys were designed to provide information that would be comparable across countries. Surveys were supplemented by individual and focus group discussions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1359042" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fcdd1fa02028e9f911826584fb6ac4a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":8451970,"asset_id":1359042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/8451970/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1190194" href="https://fao.academia.edu/DavidSedik">David Sedik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1190194" type="text/json">{"id":1190194,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Sedik","domain_name":"fao","page_name":"DavidSedik","display_name":"David Sedik","profile_url":"https://fao.academia.edu/DavidSedik?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1190194/425422/525126/s65_david.sedik.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-1359042">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-1359042"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarinFock">Karin Fock</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-1359042'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-1359042').html(); 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It is organized by case studies, each of which is designed to analyze a central conundrum about land reform and farm restructuring in an individual country. Much of the information presented in this review derives from farm and household surveys conducted in each of the four countries in 2003 and 2004. The surveys were designed to provide information that would be comparable across countries. Surveys were supplemented by individual and focus group discussions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":8451970,"asset_id":1359042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1190194,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Sedik","domain_name":"fao","page_name":"DavidSedik","display_name":"David Sedik","profile_url":"https://fao.academia.edu/DavidSedik?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1190194/425422/525126/s65_david.sedik.jpg"},{"id":47096337,"first_name":"Karin","last_name":"Fock","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KarinFock","display_name":"Karin Fock","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KarinFock?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2819,"name":"Rural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":31630,"name":"Food Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Processing?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":33426,"name":"Decentralization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decentralization?f_ri=722010"},{"id":50507,"name":"Land reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_reform?f_ri=722010"},{"id":64336,"name":"Population","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population?f_ri=722010"},{"id":70099,"name":"Livestock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Livestock?f_ri=722010"},{"id":76228,"name":"Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil?f_ri=722010"},{"id":142536,"name":"Crops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crops?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167145,"name":"Agricultural Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Production?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":197231,"name":"Rural Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Areas?f_ri=722010"},{"id":251666,"name":"Crop Yields","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Yields?f_ri=722010"},{"id":293511,"name":"Land Ownership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Ownership?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2765699" data-work_id="2765699" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2765699/Eine_Rekonstruktion_des_Pazifismus_%C3%9Cber_verschiedene_Weisen_die_Welt_zu_betrachten">Eine Rekonstruktion des Pazifismus. Über verschiedene Weisen, die Welt zu betrachten</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Anmerkung: Für diese (außerhalb des Netzes unveröffentlichte) deutsche Übersetzung des Aufsatzes "Reconstructing Pacifism" habe ich mich nicht akribisch ans englische Original gehalten; zudem wurde das Literaturverzeichnis stellenweise... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2765699" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Anmerkung: Für diese (außerhalb des Netzes unveröffentlichte) deutsche Übersetzung des Aufsatzes "Reconstructing Pacifism" habe ich mich nicht akribisch ans englische Original gehalten; zudem wurde das Literaturverzeichnis stellenweise aktualisiert. Aus der Übersetzung ist ein ausführlicherer Aufsatz hervorgegangen, den ich unter der Überschrift "Pazifismus mit offenen Augen" veröffentlicht habe, in: Jean-Daniel Strub / Stefan Grotefeld (eds): Der gerechte Friede zwischen Pazifismus und gerechtem Krieg. Paradigmen der Friedensethik im Diskurs. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2007), pp. 23-59, im Netz zu finden unter <a href="http://nbnresolving" rel="nofollow">http://nbnresolving</a>. de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-100187305. <br /> <br />Zusammenfassung: Pazifisten und deren Gegner streiten sich meist nicht bloß über moralische, sondern auch über faktisch-deskriptive Fragen. Zum Beispiel sind beide Seiten bei der Kosovo-Krise (1998/9) zu völlig entgegengesetzten Beschreibungen gekommen. Laut meiner Rekonstruktion des Pazifismus ist das keine Überraschung, weil der Pazifist die Fakten legitimerweise im Lichte seines Systems von Werten betrachtet. Seine Gegnerin betrachtet die Fakten dagegen im Lichte eines alternativen Wertsystems, und der Streit zwischen den beiden Parteien, der sich angeblich auf wertfrei deskriptivem Boden bewegt, kommt zu keinem Ende, weil es keine objektiven Tatsachen aus dem betreffenden Krieg gibt, die den Streit für die eine oder die andere Seite eindeutig entscheiden könnten. <br /> <br />Wenn ich recht habe, lässt sich die wertbeladene Weltsicht des Pazifisten als eine Befolgung dreier epistemischer Imperative verstehen: <br /> <br />Erstens befolgt er den epistemischen Imperativ zur Natur des Menschen ("Wehre Dich gegen Dämonisierungen der Gegenseite; versuche immer, den Fall aus der Sicht der Gegenseite zu verstehen"). <br /> <br />Zweitens befolgt er den epistemischen Imperativ zugunsten friedfertiger Alternativen ("Suche immer nach friedfertigen Alternativen zum geplanten Militäreinsatz"). <br /> <br />Und drittens befolgt er den epistemischen Imperativ bezüglich unkontrollierbarer Eskalation ("Schärfe deinen Blick für unkontrollierbare, irreversible Nebenfolgen des militärischen Einsatzes, und achte besonders auf die Gefahr, dass ein weiterer Weltkrieg ausbrechen könnte"). <br /> <br />Nicht die objektive Realität entscheidet darüber, wie weit man bei der Befolgung dieser Imperative gehen sollte. Die Entscheidung hängt vielmehr von uns selbst ab – so ähnlich wie im Fall einer Naturwissenschaftlerin, die sich dafür entscheidet, hinter dem Chaos des Mannigfaltigen noch nach einer gemeinsamen Tiefenstruktur zu suchen. Diese Parallele hat eine überraschende Konsequenz. Die epistemischen Imperative des Pazifisten können mit Kants regulativen Prinzipien verglichen werden, die laut Kant notwendig sind, um unseren naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen eine Orientierung zu geben. Und wenn sich also die Erkenntnismethode des Pazifisten in entscheidender Hinsicht nicht von der naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnismethode unterscheidet, dann verdienen die Pazifisten einen Vorwurf ganz sicher nicht: den Vorwurf, auf irrationale Weise blind zu sein für die harten Wirklichkeiten. Selbst wer den Pazifismus ablehnt, sollte ihm nicht den intellektuellen Respekt verweigern.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2765699" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a5c302aea9fe5b8ce1446daa32c449f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30733554,"asset_id":2765699,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30733554/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3294173" href="https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/OlafM%C3%BCller">Olaf L. Müller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3294173" type="text/json">{"id":3294173,"first_name":"Olaf L.","last_name":"Müller","domain_name":"hu-berlin","page_name":"OlafMüller","display_name":"Olaf L. Müller","profile_url":"https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/OlafM%C3%BCller?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3294173/1235689/3038937/s65_olaf_l..m_ller.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2765699 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2765699"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2765699, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2765699", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2765699 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2765699; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2765699"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2765699 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2765699"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2765699; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2765699]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2765699").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2765699").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2765699"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">34</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="849" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kant">Kant</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="849" type="text/json">{"id":849,"name":"Kant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kant?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2765699]'), work: {"id":2765699,"title":"Eine Rekonstruktion des Pazifismus. Über verschiedene Weisen, die Welt zu betrachten","created_at":"2013-02-28T22:46:39.313-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2765699/Eine_Rekonstruktion_des_Pazifismus_%C3%9Cber_verschiedene_Weisen_die_Welt_zu_betrachten?f_ri=722010","dom_id":"work_2765699","summary":"Anmerkung: Für diese (außerhalb des Netzes unveröffentlichte) deutsche Übersetzung des Aufsatzes \"Reconstructing Pacifism\" habe ich mich nicht akribisch ans englische Original gehalten; zudem wurde das Literaturverzeichnis stellenweise aktualisiert. Aus der Übersetzung ist ein ausführlicherer Aufsatz hervorgegangen, den ich unter der Überschrift \"Pazifismus mit offenen Augen\" veröffentlicht habe, in: Jean-Daniel Strub / Stefan Grotefeld (eds): Der gerechte Friede zwischen Pazifismus und gerechtem Krieg. Paradigmen der Friedensethik im Diskurs. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2007), pp. 23-59, im Netz zu finden unter http://nbnresolving. de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-100187305.\r\n\r\nZusammenfassung: Pazifisten und deren Gegner streiten sich meist nicht bloß über moralische, sondern auch über faktisch-deskriptive Fragen. Zum Beispiel sind beide Seiten bei der Kosovo-Krise (1998/9) zu völlig entgegengesetzten Beschreibungen gekommen. Laut meiner Rekonstruktion des Pazifismus ist das keine Überraschung, weil der Pazifist die Fakten legitimerweise im Lichte seines Systems von Werten betrachtet. Seine Gegnerin betrachtet die Fakten dagegen im Lichte eines alternativen Wertsystems, und der Streit zwischen den beiden Parteien, der sich angeblich auf wertfrei deskriptivem Boden bewegt, kommt zu keinem Ende, weil es keine objektiven Tatsachen aus dem betreffenden Krieg gibt, die den Streit für die eine oder die andere Seite eindeutig entscheiden könnten. \r\n\r\nWenn ich recht habe, lässt sich die wertbeladene Weltsicht des Pazifisten als eine Befolgung dreier epistemischer Imperative verstehen:\r\n\r\nErstens befolgt er den epistemischen Imperativ zur Natur des Menschen (\"Wehre Dich gegen Dämonisierungen der Gegenseite; versuche immer, den Fall aus der Sicht der Gegenseite zu verstehen\"). \r\n\r\nZweitens befolgt er den epistemischen Imperativ zugunsten friedfertiger Alternativen (\"Suche immer nach friedfertigen Alternativen zum geplanten Militäreinsatz\"). \r\n\r\nUnd drittens befolgt er den epistemischen Imperativ bezüglich unkontrollierbarer Eskalation (\"Schärfe deinen Blick für unkontrollierbare, irreversible Nebenfolgen des militärischen Einsatzes, und achte besonders auf die Gefahr, dass ein weiterer Weltkrieg ausbrechen könnte\").\r\n\r\nNicht die objektive Realität entscheidet darüber, wie weit man bei der Befolgung dieser Imperative gehen sollte. Die Entscheidung hängt vielmehr von uns selbst ab – so ähnlich wie im Fall einer Naturwissenschaftlerin, die sich dafür entscheidet, hinter dem Chaos des Mannigfaltigen noch nach einer gemeinsamen Tiefenstruktur zu suchen. Diese Parallele hat eine überraschende Konsequenz. Die epistemischen Imperative des Pazifisten können mit Kants regulativen Prinzipien verglichen werden, die laut Kant notwendig sind, um unseren naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen eine Orientierung zu geben. Und wenn sich also die Erkenntnismethode des Pazifisten in entscheidender Hinsicht nicht von der naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnismethode unterscheidet, dann verdienen die Pazifisten einen Vorwurf ganz sicher nicht: den Vorwurf, auf irrationale Weise blind zu sein für die harten Wirklichkeiten. Selbst wer den Pazifismus ablehnt, sollte ihm nicht den intellektuellen Respekt verweigern.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30733554,"asset_id":2765699,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3294173,"first_name":"Olaf L.","last_name":"Müller","domain_name":"hu-berlin","page_name":"OlafMüller","display_name":"Olaf L. Müller","profile_url":"https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/OlafM%C3%BCller?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3294173/1235689/3038937/s65_olaf_l..m_ller.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":849,"name":"Kant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kant?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":5839,"name":"Kosovo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo?f_ri=722010"},{"id":5839,"name":"Kosovo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo?f_ri=722010"},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=722010"},{"id":10443,"name":"Pacifism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pacifism?f_ri=722010"},{"id":10865,"name":"Hilary Putnam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hilary_Putnam?f_ri=722010"},{"id":12977,"name":"Consequentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consequentialism?f_ri=722010"},{"id":14816,"name":"Utilitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utilitarianism?f_ri=722010"},{"id":16031,"name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immanuel_Kant?f_ri=722010"},{"id":41861,"name":"War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War?f_ri=722010"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=722010"},{"id":51265,"name":"Philosophie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophie?f_ri=722010"},{"id":65700,"name":"Geschichte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geschichte?f_ri=722010"},{"id":75943,"name":"Politik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politik?f_ri=722010"},{"id":148161,"name":"Value","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value?f_ri=722010"},{"id":180968,"name":"History of Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Europe?f_ri=722010"},{"id":689296,"name":"Fact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fact?f_ri=722010"},{"id":701413,"name":"Krieg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Krieg?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721830,"name":"Frieden","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frieden?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721832,"name":"Pazifismus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pazifismus?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721899,"name":"Geschichte Europas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geschichte_Europas?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721903,"name":"Gerechter Krieg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gerechter_Krieg?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721904,"name":"Humanitäre Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitare_Intervention?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721912,"name":"Utilitarismus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utilitarismus?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721920,"name":"Entanglement of Fact and Value","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entanglement_of_Fact_and_Value?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721922,"name":"Thick Ethical Concepts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thick_Ethical_Concepts?f_ri=722010"},{"id":721923,"name":"Ontological Parsimony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontological_Parsimony?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722005,"name":"Wert","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wert?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722014,"name":"Regulative Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulative_Principle?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722014,"name":"Regulative Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulative_Principle?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_82173396" data-work_id="82173396" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82173396/Work_Related_Migration_and_Poverty_Reduction_in_Nepal">Work-Related Migration and Poverty Reduction in Nepal</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using two rounds of nationally representative household survey data, in this study, we measure the impact on poverty in Nepal of local and international migration for work. We apply an instrumental variable approach to deal with nonrandom... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_82173396" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using two rounds of nationally representative household survey data, in this study, we measure the impact on poverty in Nepal of local and international migration for work. We apply an instrumental variable approach to deal with nonrandom selection of migrants and simulate various scenarios for the different levels of work-related migration, comparing observed and counterfactual household expenditure distribution. Our results indicate that one-fifth of the poverty reduction in Nepal occurring between 1995 and 2004 can be attributed to higher levels of work-related migration and remittances sent home. We also show that while the increase in international work-related migration was the leading cause of this poverty reduction, domestic migration also played an important role. Our findings demonstrate that strategies for economic growth and poverty reduction in Nepal should consider aspects of the dynamics of domestic and international migration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/82173396" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f7346a421dd96ebb89d5e000bf509281" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87963826,"asset_id":82173396,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87963826/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="103988206" href="https://independent.academia.edu/elenaglinskaya">elena glinskaya</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="103988206" type="text/json">{"id":103988206,"first_name":"elena","last_name":"glinskaya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"elenaglinskaya","display_name":"elena glinskaya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/elenaglinskaya?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_82173396 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="82173396"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 82173396, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_82173396", }); 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We apply an instrumental variable approach to deal with nonrandom selection of migrants and simulate various scenarios for the different levels of work-related migration, comparing observed and counterfactual household expenditure distribution. Our results indicate that one-fifth of the poverty reduction in Nepal occurring between 1995 and 2004 can be attributed to higher levels of work-related migration and remittances sent home. We also show that while the increase in international work-related migration was the leading cause of this poverty reduction, domestic migration also played an important role. Our findings demonstrate that strategies for economic growth and poverty reduction in Nepal should consider aspects of the dynamics of domestic and international migration.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87963826,"asset_id":82173396,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":103988206,"first_name":"elena","last_name":"glinskaya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"elenaglinskaya","display_name":"elena glinskaya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/elenaglinskaya?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=722010"},{"id":8954,"name":"Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility?f_ri=722010"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=722010"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=722010"},{"id":30327,"name":"Internal migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_migration?f_ri=722010"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=722010"},{"id":186306,"name":"Interest Rates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interest_Rates?f_ri=722010"},{"id":209571,"name":"Instrumental Variable","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Instrumental_Variable?f_ri=722010"},{"id":293511,"name":"Land Ownership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Ownership?f_ri=722010"},{"id":586327,"name":"Household Survey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Survey?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":739523,"name":"Dependency Ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dependency_Ratio?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1010785,"name":"Living Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Standards?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1187278,"name":"Economies of Scale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economies_of_Scale?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2755282,"name":"Aggregate Demand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aggregate_Demand?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75122287" data-work_id="75122287" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75122287/When_being_wasteful_appears_better_than_feeling_wasteful">When being wasteful appears better than feeling wasteful</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Waste not want not" expresses our culture's aversion to waste. "I could have gotten the same thing for less" is a sentiment that can diminish pleasure in a transaction. We study people's willingness to "pay" to avoid this spoiler. In one... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75122287" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Waste not want not" expresses our culture's aversion to waste. "I could have gotten the same thing for less" is a sentiment that can diminish pleasure in a transaction. We study people's willingness to "pay" to avoid this spoiler. In one scenario, participants imagined they were looking for a rental apartment, and had bought a subscription to an apartment listing. If a cheaper subscription had been declined, respondents preferred not to discover post hoc that it would have sufficed. Specifically, they preferred ending their quest for the ideal apartment after seeing more, rather than fewer, apartments, so that the length of the search exceeds that available within the cheaper subscription. Other scenarios produced similar results. We conclude that people may sometimes prefer to be wasteful in order to avoid feeling wasteful.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75122287" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="acf87fb4d6c27a66016d1ee5dd47d67e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83018913,"asset_id":75122287,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83018913/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33871015" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MayaBarhillel">Maya Bar-hillel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33871015" type="text/json">{"id":33871015,"first_name":"Maya","last_name":"Bar-hillel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MayaBarhillel","display_name":"Maya Bar-hillel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MayaBarhillel?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75122287 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75122287"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75122287, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75122287", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75122287]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75122287").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75122287").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75122287"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judgment_and_decision_making">Judgment and decision making</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2784" type="text/json">{"id":2784,"name":"Judgment and decision making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judgment_and_decision_making?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="236822" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regret">Regret</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="236822" type="text/json">{"id":236822,"name":"Regret","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regret?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="722010" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual">Counterfactual</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="722010" type="text/json">{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75122287]'), work: {"id":75122287,"title":"When being wasteful appears better than feeling wasteful","created_at":"2022-03-31T23:28:23.567-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75122287/When_being_wasteful_appears_better_than_feeling_wasteful?f_ri=722010","dom_id":"work_75122287","summary":"Waste not want not\" expresses our culture's aversion to waste. \"I could have gotten the same thing for less\" is a sentiment that can diminish pleasure in a transaction. We study people's willingness to \"pay\" to avoid this spoiler. In one scenario, participants imagined they were looking for a rental apartment, and had bought a subscription to an apartment listing. If a cheaper subscription had been declined, respondents preferred not to discover post hoc that it would have sufficed. Specifically, they preferred ending their quest for the ideal apartment after seeing more, rather than fewer, apartments, so that the length of the search exceeds that available within the cheaper subscription. Other scenarios produced similar results. We conclude that people may sometimes prefer to be wasteful in order to avoid feeling wasteful.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83018913,"asset_id":75122287,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33871015,"first_name":"Maya","last_name":"Bar-hillel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MayaBarhillel","display_name":"Maya Bar-hillel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MayaBarhillel?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2784,"name":"Judgment and decision making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judgment_and_decision_making?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":236822,"name":"Regret","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regret?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":1036040,"name":"Mental Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Accounting?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72036192" data-work_id="72036192" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72036192/The_Patterns_and_Determinants_of_Household_Welfare_Growth_in_Jordan_2002_2010">The Patterns and Determinants of Household Welfare Growth in Jordan: 2002-2010</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. 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An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81130184,"asset_id":72036192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47142974,"first_name":"Wael","last_name":"Mansour","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WaelMansour3","display_name":"Wael Mansour","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WaelMansour3?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":10220,"name":"Economic 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Indicators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Indicators?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":245831,"name":"Negative Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negative_Correlation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":294066,"name":"GDP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP?f_ri=722010"},{"id":316163,"name":"Crowding Out","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crowding_Out?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":888071,"name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Price_Index?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1297237,"name":"Empirical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Model?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1298389,"name":"Capital Assets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Assets?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1969222,"name":"Lorenz 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u-tcGrayDarkest">Income Support for the Poorest D i r e c t i o n s i n D e v e l o p m e n t Human Development</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61299372" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1328bdcc8cf299c0e994b6927ef40809" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74370944,"asset_id":61299372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management">Risk Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12061" type="text/json">{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18114" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Economy">Informal Economy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18114" type="text/json">{"id":18114,"name":"Informal Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Economy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61299372]'), work: {"id":61299372,"title":"Income Support for the Poorest: A Review of Experience in Eastern Europe and Central 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Analysis of household survey data shows that the probability of seasonal migration is high... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50573360" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In northwest Bangladesh, some 36 per cent of poor households migrate every year during the lean (monga) period to cope with seasonal deprivation. Analysis of household survey data shows that the probability of seasonal migration is high for households with a high dependency ratio, high dependency on wage employment, and in villages with high unemployment; but low in villages with microcredit access. Findings show that seasonal migration helps households to smooth consumption and that non-migrant households who suffer during monga would likely benefit from deciding to migrate. 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Analysis of household survey data shows that the probability of seasonal migration is high for households with a high dependency ratio, high dependency on wage employment, and in villages with high unemployment; but low in villages with microcredit access. Findings show that seasonal migration helps households to smooth consumption and that non-migrant households who suffer during monga would likely benefit from deciding to migrate. But the cost of migration and lack of networking are potential barriers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68503478,"asset_id":50573360,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51602226,"first_name":"Baqui","last_name":"Khalily","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BaquiKhalily","display_name":"Baqui Khalily","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BaquiKhalily?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51602226/153683970/143291946/s65_baqui.khalily.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":1233,"name":"Social Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networks?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2819,"name":"Rural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural?f_ri=722010"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=722010"},{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=722010"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=722010"},{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization?f_ri=722010"},{"id":37306,"name":"Quality Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control?f_ri=722010"},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=722010"},{"id":57433,"name":"Seasonality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasonality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":58276,"name":"Savings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Savings?f_ri=722010"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":190516,"name":"Settlements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Settlements?f_ri=722010"},{"id":197231,"name":"Rural Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Areas?f_ri=722010"},{"id":433399,"name":"Interventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interventions?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":739523,"name":"Dependency Ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dependency_Ratio?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1010785,"name":"Living Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Standards?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28960962" data-work_id="28960962" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28960962/Tracking_Poverty_Over_Time_in_the_Absence_of_Comparable_Consumption_Data">Tracking Poverty Over Time in the Absence of Comparable Consumption Data</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Following the endorsement of the Millennium Development Goals, there is an increasing demand for methods to track poverty regularly. This paper develops an economically intuitive and inexpensive methodology to do so in the absence of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28960962" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Following the endorsement of the Millennium Development Goals, there is an increasing demand for methods to track poverty regularly. This paper develops an economically intuitive and inexpensive methodology to do so in the absence of regular, comparable data on household consumption. The minimum data requirements for the methodology are the availability of a household budget survey and a series of surveys with a comparable set of asset data also contained in the budget survey. The methodology is illustrated using a series of Demographic Health Surveys from Kenya. JEL classification: C81, I32</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28960962" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a02d972af9092475ee9c19e3434d44a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49401822,"asset_id":28960962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49401822/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33472081" href="https://lafayette.academia.edu/DavidStifel">David Stifel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33472081" type="text/json">{"id":33472081,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Stifel","domain_name":"lafayette","page_name":"DavidStifel","display_name":"David Stifel","profile_url":"https://lafayette.academia.edu/DavidStifel?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33472081/14396263/15312433/s65_david.stifel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28960962 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28960962"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28960962, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28960962", }); 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This paper develops an economically intuitive and inexpensive methodology to do so in the absence of regular, comparable data on household consumption. The minimum data requirements for the methodology are the availability of a household budget survey and a series of surveys with a comparable set of asset data also contained in the budget survey. The methodology is illustrated using a series of Demographic Health Surveys from Kenya. JEL classification: C81, I32","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49401822,"asset_id":28960962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33472081,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Stifel","domain_name":"lafayette","page_name":"DavidStifel","display_name":"David Stifel","profile_url":"https://lafayette.academia.edu/DavidStifel?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33472081/14396263/15312433/s65_david.stifel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2819,"name":"Rural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=722010"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010"},{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=722010"},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=722010"},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=722010"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=722010"},{"id":18892,"name":"Kenya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kenya?f_ri=722010"},{"id":23040,"name":"Utility Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utility_Theory?f_ri=722010"},{"id":48129,"name":"Price Elasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Price_Elasticity?f_ri=722010"},{"id":49648,"name":"Livelihood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Livelihood?f_ri=722010"},{"id":71228,"name":"Trade Liberalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Liberalization?f_ri=722010"},{"id":88362,"name":"Livelihoods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Livelihoods?f_ri=722010"},{"id":88382,"name":"Primary Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Education?f_ri=722010"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":97176,"name":"Public Goods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Goods?f_ri=722010"},{"id":97227,"name":"Rate of return","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rate_of_return?f_ri=722010"},{"id":123707,"name":"Household Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Consumption?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167145,"name":"Agricultural Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Production?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":192582,"name":"Household Budget Survey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Budget_Survey?f_ri=722010"},{"id":197231,"name":"Rural Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Areas?f_ri=722010"},{"id":200286,"name":"Valuation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Valuation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":294066,"name":"GDP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP?f_ri=722010"},{"id":393134,"name":"Empirical evidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_evidence?f_ri=722010"},{"id":405300,"name":"Infant Mortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant_Mortality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":465884,"name":"Industrial sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_sector?f_ri=722010"},{"id":568878,"name":"Covariance Matrix","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Covariance_Matrix?f_ri=722010"},{"id":578759,"name":"Economic systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_systems?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":780514,"name":"Consumer Durables","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Durables?f_ri=722010"},{"id":888071,"name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Price_Index?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1010785,"name":"Living Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Standards?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1142720,"name":"Normal Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normal_Distribution?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1190129,"name":"Data Sets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Sets?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1297237,"name":"Empirical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Model?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1327797,"name":"Rank Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rank_Correlation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1484392,"name":"National Accounts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Accounts?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1703372,"name":"Point Estimates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Point_Estimates?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2307490,"name":"Expected Value","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expected_Value?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80655104" data-work_id="80655104" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80655104/Any_Guarantees_Chinas_Rural_Minimum_Living_Standard_Guarantee_Program">Any Guarantees? China's Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Program</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines China's rural minimum living standard guarantee (dibao) program, one of the largest targeted transfer schemes in the world. Using household survey data matched with published administrative data, we provide background... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80655104" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines China's rural minimum living standard guarantee (dibao) program, one of the largest targeted transfer schemes in the world. Using household survey data matched with published administrative data, we provide background on the patterns of inequality and poverty in rural China, describe the dibao program, estimate the program's impact on poverty, and carry out targeting analysis. We find that the program provides sufficient income to poor beneficiaries but does not substantially reduce the overall level of poverty, in part because the number of beneficiaries is small relative to the number of poor. Conventional targeting analysis reveals rather large inclusionary and exclusionary targeting errors; propensity score targeting analysis yields smaller but still large targeting errors. Simulations of possible reforms to the dibao program indicate that expanding coverage can potentially yield greater poverty reduction than increasing transfer amounts. In addition, replacing locally diverse dibao lines with a nationally uniform dibao threshold could in theory reduce poverty. The potential gains in poverty reduction, however, depend on the effectiveness of targeting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80655104" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="50a1c85377c64125b7fb9d9c9b364323" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86965859,"asset_id":80655104,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86965859/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51992995" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TerrySicular">Terry Sicular</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51992995" type="text/json">{"id":51992995,"first_name":"Terry","last_name":"Sicular","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TerrySicular","display_name":"Terry Sicular","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TerrySicular?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80655104 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80655104"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80655104, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80655104", }); 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China's Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Program","created_at":"2022-06-03T22:58:56.673-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80655104/Any_Guarantees_Chinas_Rural_Minimum_Living_Standard_Guarantee_Program?f_ri=722010","dom_id":"work_80655104","summary":"This paper examines China's rural minimum living standard guarantee (dibao) program, one of the largest targeted transfer schemes in the world. Using household survey data matched with published administrative data, we provide background on the patterns of inequality and poverty in rural China, describe the dibao program, estimate the program's impact on poverty, and carry out targeting analysis. We find that the program provides sufficient income to poor beneficiaries but does not substantially reduce the overall level of poverty, in part because the number of beneficiaries is small relative to the number of poor. Conventional targeting analysis reveals rather large inclusionary and exclusionary targeting errors; propensity score targeting analysis yields smaller but still large targeting errors. Simulations of possible reforms to the dibao program indicate that expanding coverage can potentially yield greater poverty reduction than increasing transfer amounts. In addition, replacing locally diverse dibao lines with a nationally uniform dibao threshold could in theory reduce poverty. The potential gains in poverty reduction, however, depend on the effectiveness of targeting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86965859,"asset_id":80655104,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51992995,"first_name":"Terry","last_name":"Sicular","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TerrySicular","display_name":"Terry Sicular","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TerrySicular?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":202,"name":"Program Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Evaluation?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":2819,"name":"Rural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":9305,"name":"Auditing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Auditing?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=722010"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=722010"},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=722010"},{"id":58276,"name":"Savings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Savings?f_ri=722010"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=722010"},{"id":85362,"name":"Descriptive Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Descriptive_Statistics?f_ri=722010"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":158722,"name":"Natural disaster","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_disaster?f_ri=722010"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":196189,"name":"Sample Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Size?f_ri=722010"},{"id":197231,"name":"Rural Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Areas?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":888071,"name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Price_Index?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1733266,"name":"Per Capita Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Per_Capita_Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3100232,"name":"Net Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Net_Income?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3347431,"name":"Beneficiaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficiaries?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74701107" data-work_id="74701107" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74701107/Estimating_Poverty_in_the_Absence_of_Consumption_Data_The_Case_of_Liberia">Estimating Poverty in the Absence of Consumption Data: The Case of Liberia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74701107" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74701107" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b8e840254b3a0b2d9111c4b9bf77530f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82757397,"asset_id":74701107,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82757397/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41868131" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RoseMungai">Rose Mungai</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41868131" type="text/json">{"id":41868131,"first_name":"Rose","last_name":"Mungai","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RoseMungai","display_name":"Rose Mungai","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RoseMungai?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74701107 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74701107"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74701107, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74701107", }); 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An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82757397,"asset_id":74701107,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41868131,"first_name":"Rose","last_name":"Mungai","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RoseMungai","display_name":"Rose Mungai","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RoseMungai?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":42156,"name":"Enumeration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enumeration?f_ri=722010"},{"id":43986,"name":"Electricity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electricity?f_ri=722010"},{"id":51831,"name":"Information Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Services?f_ri=722010"},{"id":60585,"name":"Factor analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Factor_analysis?f_ri=722010"},{"id":63360,"name":"Discriminant Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discriminant_Analysis?f_ri=722010"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":121607,"name":"Missing Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missing_Data?f_ri=722010"},{"id":158585,"name":"Firewood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firewood?f_ri=722010"},{"id":293511,"name":"Land Ownership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Ownership?f_ri=722010"},{"id":344926,"name":"Imputation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imputation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":462322,"name":"Crop Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Diversity?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":792901,"name":"Calculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calculation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":805916,"name":"Child mortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_mortality?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1010785,"name":"Living Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Standards?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2732430,"name":"Allocation of Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allocation_of_Resources?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68985152" data-work_id="68985152" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68985152/Modelos_de_regresi%C3%B3n_de_datos_panel_y_su_aplicaci%C3%B3n_en_la_evaluaci%C3%B3n_de_impactos_de_programas_sociales_Regression_Models_for_Panel_Data_and_their_Application_to_the_Evaluation_of_Social_Program_Impacts">Modelos de regresión de datos panel y su aplicación en la evaluación de impactos de programas sociales / Regression Models for Panel Data and their Application to the Evaluation of Social Program Impacts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">* Esta investigación contó con el apoyo del CDCHTA (E-287-08-09-A), ULA. Mérida. 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Initiative</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) reports directly to the Bank's Board of Executive Directors. IEG assesses what works, and what does not; how a borrower plans to run and maintain a project; and the lasting contribution of the Bank... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53060128" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) reports directly to the Bank's Board of Executive Directors. IEG assesses what works, and what does not; how a borrower plans to run and maintain a project; and the lasting contribution of the Bank to a country's overall development. The goals of evaluation are to learn from experience, to provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank's work, and to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Which domains in life produce the greatest potential for regret, and what features of those life domains explain why? Using archival and laboratory evidence, the authors show that greater perceived opportunity within life domains evokes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28970177" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Which domains in life produce the greatest potential for regret, and what features of those life domains explain why? Using archival and laboratory evidence, the authors show that greater perceived opportunity within life domains evokes more intense regret. This pattern is consistent with previous publications demonstrating greater regret stemming from high rather than low opportunity or choice. A meta-analysis of 11 regret ranking studies revealed that the top six biggest regrets in life center on (in descending order) education, career, romance, parenting, the self, and leisure. Study Set 2 provided new laboratory evidence that directly linked the regret ranking to perceived opportunity. Study Set 3 ruled out an alternative interpretation involving framing effects. Overall, these findings show that people's biggest regrets are a reflection of where in life they see their largest opportunities; that is, where they see tangible prospects for change, growth, and renewal.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28970177" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="85585e32118d13230cb7a1a5b783e075" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49411242,"asset_id":28970177,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49411242/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54610636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville">Amy Summerville</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54610636" type="text/json">{"id":54610636,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Summerville","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmySummerville","display_name":"Amy Summerville","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmySummerville?f_ri=722010","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28970177 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28970177"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28970177, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28970177", }); 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Using archival and laboratory evidence, the authors show that greater perceived opportunity within life domains evokes more intense regret. This pattern is consistent with previous publications demonstrating greater regret stemming from high rather than low opportunity or choice. A meta-analysis of 11 regret ranking studies revealed that the top six biggest regrets in life center on (in descending order) education, career, romance, parenting, the self, and leisure. Study Set 2 provided new laboratory evidence that directly linked the regret ranking to perceived opportunity. Study Set 3 ruled out an alternative interpretation involving framing effects. 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work_79249151" data-work_id="79249151" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79249151/The_non_maximality_solution_to_counterfactual_scepticism">The non-maximality-solution to counterfactual scepticism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The following semantics for counterfactuals is fairly standard: for a counterfactual to be true, the closest antecedent worlds have to be consequent worlds. Closeness is measured by overall similarity of worlds to an evaluation world.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79249151" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The following semantics for counterfactuals is fairly standard: for a counterfactual to be true, the closest antecedent worlds have to be consequent worlds. Closeness is measured by overall similarity of worlds to an evaluation world. There is a range of interrelated challenges to this account: counterfactual scepticism, ‘Hegel’-, ‘Sobel’-, and ‘Heim’-sequences. So far there is no unified solution to these challenges. I discuss a solution that preserves the standard semantics by writing the shifty parameter into pragmatics. The solution has been suggested by Križ for Sobel- and Heim-sequences, yet I argue that it can be generalized to counterfactual scepticism. Conditionals are subject to a pattern which is familiar from descriptions. Everyday counterfactuals are semantically homogeneous and pragmatically non-maximal. Homogeneity: a counterfactual is neither true nor false if only some but not all closest antecedent worlds are consequent worlds. Non-maximality: in many contexts, not...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79249151" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="95ecd7382d90d0d565264d0eb8bcee15" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86027755,"asset_id":79249151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86027755/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="291356" href="https://rwth-aachen.academia.edu/DanielDohrn">Daniel Dohrn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="291356" type="text/json">{"id":291356,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Dohrn","domain_name":"rwth-aachen","page_name":"DanielDohrn","display_name":"Daniel Dohrn","profile_url":"https://rwth-aachen.academia.edu/DanielDohrn?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/291356/150631034/140212360/s65_daniel.dohrn.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79249151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79249151"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79249151, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79249151", }); 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Closeness is measured by overall similarity of worlds to an evaluation world. There is a range of interrelated challenges to this account: counterfactual scepticism, ‘Hegel’-, ‘Sobel’-, and ‘Heim’-sequences. So far there is no unified solution to these challenges. I discuss a solution that preserves the standard semantics by writing the shifty parameter into pragmatics. The solution has been suggested by Križ for Sobel- and Heim-sequences, yet I argue that it can be generalized to counterfactual scepticism. Conditionals are subject to a pattern which is familiar from descriptions. Everyday counterfactuals are semantically homogeneous and pragmatically non-maximal. Homogeneity: a counterfactual is neither true nor false if only some but not all closest antecedent worlds are consequent worlds. Non-maximality: in many contexts, not...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86027755,"asset_id":79249151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":291356,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Dohrn","domain_name":"rwth-aachen","page_name":"DanielDohrn","display_name":"Daniel Dohrn","profile_url":"https://rwth-aachen.academia.edu/DanielDohrn?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/291356/150631034/140212360/s65_daniel.dohrn.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=722010"},{"id":968,"name":"Scepticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scepticism?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=722010"},{"id":51178,"name":"Counterfactual Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual_Thinking?f_ri=722010"},{"id":232306,"name":"Modal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modal?f_ri=722010"},{"id":387491,"name":"Conditional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conditional?f_ri=722010"},{"id":613835,"name":"Synthese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthese?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":752800,"name":"Homogeneity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homogeneity?f_ri=722010"},{"id":812973,"name":"If","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/If?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1811205,"name":"Subjunctive","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjunctive?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2175755,"name":"Imprecision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imprecision?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74220721" data-work_id="74220721" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74220721/Monitoring_and_evaluating_projects_a_step_by_step_primer_on_monitoring_benchmarking_and_impact_evaluation">Monitoring and evaluating projects : a step-by-step primer on monitoring, benchmarking, and impact evaluation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper attempts to be a practical step-by-step guide to prepare and carry out benchmarking and impact analyses of projects. It&#39;s purpose is to attempt to present analytical tools solidly grounded in economic theory all while... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74220721" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper attempts to be a practical step-by-step guide to prepare and carry out benchmarking and impact analyses of projects. It&#39;s purpose is to attempt to present analytical tools solidly grounded in economic theory all while focusing on the practical questions of evaluations. Little space is given to theory, in order to spend more time on the actual steps involved, trying to make this paper as easy-to-use as possible. The paper is divided in two parts: the first part gives a rationale for quantitative evaluations and provides detailed operative guidance for benchmarking and impact evaluation (Chapter 1-4); and the second part provides templates for the tools needed in an evaluation, such as a data collection checklist, a focus group guide, and an example Terms of Reference (TOR) to subcontract an impact evaluation (Chapter 5).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74220721" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d89427b5a4030bc3eaea9766b77181e2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83730928,"asset_id":74220721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83730928/download_file?st=MTc0MDg3NTEzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35124792" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/RebekkaGrunvonJolk">Rebekka Grun von Jolk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35124792" type="text/json">{"id":35124792,"first_name":"Rebekka","last_name":"Grun von Jolk","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"RebekkaGrunvonJolk","display_name":"Rebekka Grun von Jolk","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/RebekkaGrunvonJolk?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35124792/21827742/21119882/s65_rebekka_von.jolk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74220721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74220721"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74220721, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74220721", }); 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It\u0026#39;s purpose is to attempt to present analytical tools solidly grounded in economic theory all while focusing on the practical questions of evaluations. Little space is given to theory, in order to spend more time on the actual steps involved, trying to make this paper as easy-to-use as possible. The paper is divided in two parts: the first part gives a rationale for quantitative evaluations and provides detailed operative guidance for benchmarking and impact evaluation (Chapter 1-4); and the second part provides templates for the tools needed in an evaluation, such as a data collection checklist, a focus group guide, and an example Terms of Reference (TOR) to subcontract an impact evaluation (Chapter 5).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83730928,"asset_id":74220721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35124792,"first_name":"Rebekka","last_name":"Grun von Jolk","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"RebekkaGrunvonJolk","display_name":"Rebekka Grun von Jolk","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/RebekkaGrunvonJolk?f_ri=722010","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35124792/21827742/21119882/s65_rebekka_von.jolk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4193,"name":"Focus Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Groups?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=722010","nofollow":true},{"id":12815,"name":"Customer Satisfaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customer_Satisfaction?f_ri=722010"},{"id":17888,"name":"Data Envelopment Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Envelopment_Analysis?f_ri=722010"},{"id":59249,"name":"Computers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computers?f_ri=722010"},{"id":94572,"name":"Evaluation methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation_methods?f_ri=722010"},{"id":113272,"name":"Focus Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Group?f_ri=722010"},{"id":140534,"name":"Conceptual Framework","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conceptual_Framework?f_ri=722010"},{"id":144429,"name":"Documents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Documents?f_ri=722010"},{"id":191344,"name":"Autocorrelation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autocorrelation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":321994,"name":"Benchmark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Benchmark?f_ri=722010"},{"id":429798,"name":"Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equilibrium?f_ri=722010"},{"id":442735,"name":"Description","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Description?f_ri=722010"},{"id":722010,"name":"Counterfactual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterfactual?f_ri=722010"},{"id":792901,"name":"Calculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calculation?f_ri=722010"},{"id":1133132,"name":"Environmental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental?f_ri=722010"},{"id":2732430,"name":"Allocation of Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allocation_of_Resources?f_ri=722010"},{"id":3347431,"name":"Beneficiaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficiaries?f_ri=722010"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Counterfactual?after=50%2C74220721" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Counterfactual?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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