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<span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_Philippi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_Philippi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First Battle of Philippi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_Philippi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_battle_and_other_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_battle_and_other_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naval battle and other developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_battle_and_other_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Battle_of_Philippi" class="vector-toc-list-item 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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب المحررين الأهلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب المحررين الأهلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="মুক্তিদাতাদের গৃহযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুক্তিদাতাদের গৃহযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Освободителна гражданска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Освободителна гражданска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Guerra_Civil_Romana" title="Tercera Guerra Civil Romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera Guerra Civil Romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befriernes_borgerkrig" title="Befriernes borgerkrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Befriernes borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_guerra_civil_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_romana" title="Tercera guerra civil de la República romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera guerra civil de la República romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile_des_Lib%C3%A9rateurs" title="Guerre civile des Libérateurs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile des Libérateurs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_cathartha_na_bhFuascailteoir%C3%AD" title="Cogadh cathartha na bhFuascailteoirí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh cathartha na bhFuascailteoirí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%A0%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="리베라토레스의 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리베라토레스의 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_saudara_Liberator" title="Perang saudara Liberator – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang saudara Liberator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberatori%C5%B3_pilietinis_karas" title="Liberatorių pilietinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liberatorių pilietinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ослободителна граѓанска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ослободителна граѓанска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Guerra_Civil_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Romana" title="Terceira Guerra Civil da República Romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira Guerra Civil da República Romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_(44%E2%80%9442_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.)" title="Гражданская война в Древнем Риме (44—42 до н. э.) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Древнем Риме (44—42 до н. э.)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Рат против Цезарових убица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат против Цезарових убица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_protiv_Cezarovih_ubica" title="Rat protiv Cezarovih ubica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat protiv Cezarovih ubica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toisen_triumviraatin_sota_Caesarin_murhaajia_vastaan" title="Toisen triumviraatin sota Caesarin murhaajia vastaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toisen triumviraatin sota Caesarin murhaajia vastaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามกลางเมืองผู้ปลดปล่อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามกลางเมืองผู้ปลดปล่อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96_(44%E2%80%9442_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5.)" title="Громадянська війна в Стародавньому Римі (44—42 до н. е.) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянська війна в Стародавньому Римі (44—42 до н. е.)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%80%85%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="解放者内战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="解放者内战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman civil war after Caesar's assassination (43–42 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles</b>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Talk:Liberators' civil war">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Liberators' civil war</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">Crisis of the Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Philippi_campaign_42_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_Philippi_campaign_42_BC-en.svg/300px-Map_Philippi_campaign_42_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_Philippi_campaign_42_BC-en.svg/450px-Map_Philippi_campaign_42_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_Philippi_campaign_42_BC-en.svg/600px-Map_Philippi_campaign_42_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="913" /></a></span><br />The Battle of Philippi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>43–42 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Triumvir victory </p> <ul><li>Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Liberators</a></li> <li>Reunification of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></li> <li>Remaining Pompeian resistance flee to <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Parthia</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Triumvirs</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Liberators</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-dahlheim_111_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dahlheim_111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Equestris" title="Legio X Equestris">Legio X</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Macedonica" title="Legio IV Macedonica">Legio IV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_VII_Claudia" title="Legio VII Claudia">Legio VII</a></li><li>Legio VIII</li><li>Legio XII</li><li>Legio XXVI</li><li>Legio XXVIII</li><li>Legio XXIX</li><li>Legio XXX</li><li>Others</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div><ul><li>Legio XXVII</li><li>Legio XXXVI</li><li>Legio XXXVII</li><li>Legio XXXI</li><li>Legio XXXIII</li><li>Others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 53,000–108,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2010252_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2010252-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40,000–95,000 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a></li><li>13,000 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 60,000–105,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2010252_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2010252-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40,000–85,000 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a></li><li>20,000 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <b>Total dead:</b> 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_Republican_civil_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Roman Republican civil wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Roman_Republican_civil_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Roman Republican civil wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_Republican_civil_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Roman Republican civil wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_Republican_civil_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Roman Republican <br />civil wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">1st Servile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">2nd Servile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">3rd Servile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">Mutina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberators'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Liberators' civil war</b> (43–42 BC) was started by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> to avenge <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination</a>. The war was fought by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> members, or <i>Triumvirs</i>) against the forces of Caesar's assassins, led by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a>, referred to as the <i>Liberatores</i>. The latter were defeated by the Triumvirs at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in October 42 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brutus committed suicide after the second part of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the murder of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius (the two main conspirators, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Liberatores</a>) had left <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and taken control of all Eastern provinces (from Greece and Macedonia to <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a>) and of the allied Eastern kingdoms. In Rome the three main Caesarian leaders (Antony, Octavian and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>), who controlled almost all the Roman army in the west, had crushed the opposition of the senate and established the second triumvirate. One of their first tasks was to destroy the Liberators’ forces, not only to get full control of the Roman world, but also to avenge Caesar's death. </p><p>The triumvirs decided to leave Lepidus in Italy, while the two main partners of the triumvirate (Antony and Octavian) moved to Northern Greece with their best troops (28 legions). In 42 BC, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Norbanus_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Norbanus Flaccus">Gaius Norbanus Flaccus</a> and Decidius Saxa were sent by the triumvirs with an eight-legion advance guard into <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> against the murderers of Julius Caesar. In the neighborhood of Philippi, Norbanus and Saxa met the combined advancing troops of Cassius and Brutus. Although they were outnumbered, Norbanus and Saxa occupied a position near Philippi which prevented the republicans from advancing. By a ruse, Brutus and Cassius managed to make Norbanus leave this position, but Norbanus discovered the ruse in time to recover the dominating position. When Brutus and Cassius managed to outflank them, Norbanus and Saxa retreated toward <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a>. As Marc Antony and the bulk of the triumvir's troops arrived (minus Octavian, who was delayed at Dyrrachium because of ill health), they found Amphipolis well guarded and Norbanus was left in command of the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The triumvirs brought nineteen legions to the battlefield. The sources report specifically the name of only one legion (IV legion), but other legions present included the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_VII_Claudia" title="Legio VII Claudia">VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_VIII_Augusta" title="Legio VIII Augusta">VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Equestris" title="Legio X Equestris">X <i>Equestris</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">III</a>, XXVI, XXVIII, XXIX, and XXX, since their veterans participated in the land settlements after the battle. Appian reports that the triumvirs' legions were almost at full-ranks. Furthermore, they had a large allied cavalry force (13,000 horsemen with Octavian and 20,000 with Antony). </p><p>The Liberators' army also had nineteen legions (eight with Brutus and nine with Cassius, while two other legions were with the fleet). Only two of the legions were at full ranks, but the army was reinforced by levies from the Eastern allied kingdoms. <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> reports that the army mustered a total of about 80,000-foot-soldiers. Allied cavalry included a total of 17,000 horsemen, including 5,000 bowmen mounted in the Eastern fashion. This army included Caesar's old legions present in the East (probably with XXVII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXI and XXXIII legions); thus much of the Liberators' army was made up of former Caesarean veterans. However, at least the XXXVI legion consisted of old Pompeian veterans, enrolled in Caesar's army after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a>. The loyalty of the soldiers who were supposed to fight against Caesar's heir was a delicate issue for the Liberators. Cassius tried in all ways to reinforce the soldiers' loyalty both with strong speeches ("Let it give no one any concern that he has been one of Caesar's soldiers. We were not his soldiers then, but our country's") and with a gift of 1,500 denari for each legionary and 7,500 for each centurion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Battle_of_Philippi">First Battle of Philippi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Battle of Philippi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Phil2.png/200px-Phil2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Phil2.png/300px-Phil2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Phil2.png/400px-Phil2.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>First Battle of Philippi</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a> consisted of two engagements in the plain to the west of the ancient city of Philippi. The first occurred in the first week of October; Brutus faced Octavian, while Antony's forces were up against those of Cassius. At first, Brutus pushed back Octavian and entered his legions' camp.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But to the south, Antony defeated Cassius, and Cassius, hearing a false report of Brutus' failure, committed suicide. Brutus rallied Cassius's remaining troops and both sides ordered their army to retreat to their camps with their spoils, and the battle was essentially a draw, but for Cassius' suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_battle_and_other_developments">Naval battle and other developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naval battle and other developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the same day of the first battle of Philippi the Republican fleet, patrolling the Ionian Sea, was able to intercept and destroy the triumvirs' reinforcements (two legions and other troops and supplies led by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Calvinus" title="Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus">Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus</a>). Thus, the strategic position of Antony and Octavian became quite serious, since the already depleted regions of Macedonia and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> were unable to supply their army for long, while Brutus could easily receive supplies from the sea. The triumvirs had to send a legion south to <a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a> to collect more supplies. The morale of the troops was boosted by the promise of a further 5,000 denarii for each soldier and 25,000 for each centurion. </p><p>On the other side, however, the Liberators' army was left without their best strategic mind. Brutus had less military experience than Cassius and, even worse, he did not command the same sort of respect from his allies and his soldiers, although after the battle he offered another gift of 1,000 denarii for each soldier. </p><p>In the next three weeks, Antony was able to slowly advance his forces south of Brutus's army, fortifying a hill close to the former Cassius’ camp, which had been left unguarded by Brutus. To avoid being outflanked Brutus was compelled to extend his line to the south, parallel to the Via Egnatia, building several fortified posts. Brutus' defensive position was still secure, holding the high ground with a safe line of communication with the sea and he still wanted to keep the original plan of avoiding an open engagement while waiting for his naval superiority to wear out the enemy. Unfortunately, most of his officers and soldiers were tired of the delaying tactics and demanded another attempt at an open battle. Probably both Brutus and his officers feared the risk of their soldiers deserting to the enemy. Plutarch also reports that Brutus had not received news of Domitius Calvinus' defeat in the Ionian Sea. Thus, when some of the eastern allies and mercenaries started deserting, Brutus was forced to attack on the afternoon of 23 October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Battle_of_Philippi">Second Battle of Philippi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Battle of Philippi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phil3.png/250px-Phil3.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phil3.png/375px-Phil3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phil3.png/500px-Phil3.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Second Battle of Philippi</figcaption></figure> <p>A second encounter, on 23 October, finished off Brutus's forces, and he committed suicide in turn, leaving the triumvirate in control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The battle resulted in close combat between two armies of well-trained veterans. Arrows or javelins were largely ignored and the soldiers packed into solid ranks fought face-to-face with their swords, and the slaughter was terrible. In the end, Brutus’ attack was repulsed, and his soldiers routed in confusion, their ranks broken. Octavian's soldiers were able to capture the gates of Brutus’ camp before the routing army could reach this defensive position. Thus, Brutus’ army could not reform, making the triumvirs’ victory complete. Brutus was able to retreat into the nearby hills with the equivalent of only 4 legions. Seeing that surrender and capture were inevitable, he committed suicide the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> reports that Antony covered Brutus' body with a <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">purple</a> garment as a sign of respect, as they had been friends. He remembered that Brutus had placed as a condition for his joining the plot to assassinate Caesar that the life of Antony should be spared. Many other young Roman aristocrats lost their lives in the battle or committed suicide afterwards, including the son of the great orator <a href="/wiki/Hortensius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortensius">Hortensius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Porcius_Cato_(son_of_Cato_the_Younger)" title="Marcus Porcius Cato (son of Cato the Younger)">Marcus Porcius Cato</a> (the son of <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Livius_Drusus_Claudianus" title="Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus">Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus</a> (the father of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, who became Octavian's wife). <a href="/wiki/Porcia_Catonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcia Catonis">Porcia</a>, Brutus’ wife, is traditionally said to have killed herself by swallowing a red-hot coal when she received news of her husband's defeat, although the reliability of this anecdote is questionable, and there is evidence which suggests that Porcia died over a year before Brutus. Some of the nobles who were able to escape negotiated their surrender to Antony and entered his service (among them <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Bibulus" title="Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus">Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Corvinus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus">Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus</a>). Apparently, the nobles did not want to deal with the young and merciless Octavian. </p><p>The remains of the Liberators' army were rounded up and roughly 14,000 men were enrolled into the triumvirs' army. Old veterans were discharged back to Italy, but some of the veterans remained in the town of Philippi, which became a Roman colony (<i>Colonia Victrix Philippensium</i>). </p><p>Antony remained in the East, while Octavian returned to Italy, with the difficult task of finding the land to settle a large number of veterans. Despite the fact that <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Pompeius">Sextus Pompeius</a> was controlling Sicily and<a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)"> Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> still commanded the republican fleet, the republican resistance had been definitively crushed at Philippi. </p><p>However, the remaining republicans in the east rallied behind <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Labienus" title="Quintus Labienus">Quintus Labienus</a> who had taken refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>; the latter realm had supported both the Liberators as well as <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> before them. Accordingly, hostilities between the Second Triumvirate and the Parthians were high.<sup id="cite_ref-dahlheim_111_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dahlheim_111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced by Labienus and the continuing unrest in the east that the Roman defenses were weak, the Parthian Empire launched <a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">an invasion in 40 BC</a>. The joint Parthian-Republican force initially overran much of Syria and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, but was eventually repelled by troops loyal to the Second Triumvirate. Quintus Labienus died in the conflict, leaving only a few republican diehards to continue their campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thomas Harbottle, Dictionary of Battles. New York 1906</li> <li>Ronald Syme. The Roman revolution. Oxford 1939</li> <li>Lawrence Keppie. The making of the Roman army. New York 1984</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Appian: Roman Civil Wars <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.livius.org/phi-php/philippi/battle1.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110012710/http://www.livius.org/phi-php/philippi/battle1.html">Archived</a> 2016-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Plutarch: The Life of Brutus <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Brutus*.html">[2]</a></li> <li>Suetonius: The Life of Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html">[4]</a></li> <li>Augustus: Res Gestae <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/home.html">[5]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dahlheim_111-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dahlheim_111_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dahlheim_111_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDahlheim2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahlheim, Werner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQWSViQ7gNEC"><i>Augustus: Aufrührer, Herrscher, Heiland. Eine Biographie</i></a> (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406605932" title="Special:BookSources/9783406605932"><bdi>9783406605932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+Aufr%C3%BChrer%2C+Herrscher%2C+Heiland.+Eine+Biographie&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783406605932&rft.aulast=Dahlheim&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQWSViQ7gNEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2010252-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2010252_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2010252_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2010">Goldsworthy 2010</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/773/the-battle-of-philippi-42-bce/">"The Battle of Philippi 42 BCE"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Philippi+42+BCE&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F773%2Fthe-battle-of-philippi-42-bce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1993" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael Hewson (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoTAz6MHlosC&q=Philippi"><i>The Roman Republic</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77927-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77927-3"><bdi>978-0-674-77927-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-77927-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+Hewson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoTAz6MHlosC%26q%3DPhilippi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuckburgh1903" class="citation book cs1">Shuckburgh, Evelyn Shirley (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsYmVl6_uQsC&q=Philipi"><i>Augustus: The Life and Times of the Founder of the Roman Empire [B.C. 63–A.D. 14]</i></a>. T.F. Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Founder+of+the+Roman+Empire+%5BB.C.+63%E2%80%93A.D.+14%5D&rft.pub=T.F.+Unwin&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Shuckburgh&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzsYmVl6_uQsC%26q%3DPhilipi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppie2002" class="citation book cs1">Keppie, Lawrence (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WouFAgAAQBAJ&q=Philipi"><i>The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74603-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74603-3"><bdi>978-1-134-74603-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Roman+Army%3A+From+Republic+to+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-74603-3&rft.aulast=Keppie&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWouFAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPhilipi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2014" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3t8hBAAAQBAJ&q=Phillipi"><i>Augustus: First Emperor of Rome</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21007-1"><bdi>978-0-300-21007-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+First+Emperor+of+Rome&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21007-1&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3t8hBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DPhillipi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandys1921" class="citation book cs1">Sandys, Sir John Edwin (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XV1oAAAAMAAJ&dq=Battle+of+Philippi&pg=PA132"><i>A Companion to Latin Studies</i></a>. University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Latin+Studies&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Sandys&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXV1oAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DBattle%2Bof%2BPhilippi%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppian2006" class="citation book cs1">Appian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ldFug9E2vgC&q=Battle+of+Philippi"><i>The Civil Wars</i></a>. ReadHowYouWant.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4429-3538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4429-3538-9"><bdi>978-1-4429-3538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Wars&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4429-3538-9&rft.au=Appian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ldFug9E2vgC%26q%3DBattle%2Bof%2BPhilippi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd1995" class="citation book cs1">Byrd, Robert C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vW3ODgXOMSgC&q=Phillipi"><i>The Senate of the Roman Republic: Addresses on the History of Roman Constitutionalism</i></a>. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-058996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-058996-6"><bdi>978-0-16-058996-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Senate+of+the+Roman+Republic%3A+Addresses+on+the+History+of+Roman+Constitutionalism&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-16-058996-6&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvW3ODgXOMSgC%26q%3DPhillipi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest2017" class="citation book cs1">Tempest, Kathryn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mmo3DwAAQBAJ&q=Phillipi"><i>Brutus: The Noble Conspirator</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23126-7"><bdi>978-0-300-23126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brutus%3A+The+Noble+Conspirator&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23126-7&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmmo3DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPhillipi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollin1750" class="citation book cs1">Rollin, Charles (1750). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJyfDHgMS4YC&dq=Battle+of+Philippi&pg=PA114"><i>The Roman History from the Foundation of Rome to the Battle of Actium ...</i></a> J. and P. Knapton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+History+from+the+Foundation+of+Rome+to+the+Battle+of+Actium+...&rft.pub=J.+and+P.+Knapton&rft.date=1750&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLJyfDHgMS4YC%26dq%3DBattle%2Bof%2BPhilippi%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotter2005" class="citation book cs1">Shotter, David Colin Arthur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCPot1tzfbQC&q=The+Roman+Republic"><i>The Fall of the Roman Republic</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31940-9"><bdi>978-0-415-31940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31940-9&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=David+Colin+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCPot1tzfbQC%26q%3DThe%2BRoman%2BRepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreightonTraupman2000" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Mandell; Traupman, John C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLJc0Hyny2EC&q=Phillipi"><i>A Primer History of Rome</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898855-39-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898855-39-2"><bdi>978-1-898855-39-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+History+of+Rome&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-898855-39-2&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Mandell&rft.au=Traupman%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkLJc0Hyny2EC%26q%3DPhillipi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell1858" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UsERAAAAYAAJ&q=Philippi"><i>A History of Rome: From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire. With Chapters on the History of Literature and Art</i></a>. Harper & brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rome%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Establishment+of+the+Empire.+With+Chapters+on+the+History+of+Literature+and+Art&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUsERAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DPhilippi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlheim2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahlheim, Werner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQWSViQ7gNEC"><i>Augustus: Aufrührer, Herrscher, Heiland. Eine Biographie</i></a> (in German). C.H. Beck. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406605932" title="Special:BookSources/9783406605932"><bdi>9783406605932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+Aufr%C3%BChrer%2C+Herrscher%2C+Heiland.+Eine+Biographie&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783406605932&rft.aulast=Dahlheim&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQWSViQ7gNEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberators%27_civil_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2010" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2010). <i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86104-1"><bdi>978-0-297-86104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antony+and+Cleopatra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86104-1&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberators%27+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">Ancient Roman wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Aequian wars">Roman-Aequian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Roman–Latin wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman–Hernician wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars" title="Roman–Volscian wars">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war" title="Roman–Seleucid war">Roman–Seleucid war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Germanic wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Civil war of 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Civil wars of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">Military history of ancient Rome</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Augustus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augustus" title="Template:Augustus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augustus" title="Template talk:Augustus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Augustus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (<a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus" title="Early life of Augustus">Octavian</a>) · <i>Imperator</i> Caesar Augustus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)"><i>Augustus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)"><i>Caesar</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">Divi filius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">Pater patriae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus" title="Wars of Augustus">Wars of Augustus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Forum Gallorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberators' Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum"><i>Bellum Batonianum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Germanic War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reforms_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Reforms of Augustus">Constitutional Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Augustan_leges_Juliae" title="Lex Julia"><i>leges Juliae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierzo_Edict" title="Bierzo Edict">Bierzo Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Augustan_Rome" title="Propaganda in Augustan Rome">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Argonautarum" title="Porticus Argonautarum">Porticus Argonautarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">obelisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saepta_Julia" title="Saepta Julia">Saepta Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diribitorium" title="Diribitorium">Diribitorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Agrippae" title="Campus Agrippae">Campus Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Vipsania" title="Porticus Vipsania">Porticus Vipsania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_of_Livia" title="Porticus of Livia">Porticus of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_Liviae" title="Macellum Liviae">Macellum Liviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Palatine_Apollo" title="Library of Palatine Apollo">Library of Palatine Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Alpium" title="Tropaeum Alpium">Tropaeum Alpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Ventotene)" title="Villa Giulia (Ventotene)">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Augustus" title="Villa of Augustus">Villa of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li>Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Pula" title="Temple of Augustus, Pula">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Rome_and_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Rome and Augustus">Rome and Augustus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alsietina" title="Aqua Alsietina">Aqua Alsietina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Aosta)" title="Arch of Augustus (Aosta)">Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Ber%C3%A0" title="Arc de Berà">Berà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Fano)" title="Arch of Augustus (Fano)">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)" title="Arch of Augustus (Rimini)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Susa)" title="Arch of Augustus (Susa)">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti"><i>Res Gestae Divi Augusti</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_Augustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs of Augustus (page does not exist)">Memoirs of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parents and siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (adoptive father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Elder" title="Octavia the Elder">Octavia the Elder</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia the Younger</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Drusus</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(stepdaughter_of_Augustus)" title="Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)">Cornelia</a> (stepdaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_15_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 15 BC)">Piso Caesoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Licinus" title="Julius Licinus">Julius Licinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Augustus)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)">Epaphroditus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temples of Augustus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus,_Nola" title="Temple of Divus Augustus, Nola">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Barcelona" title="Temple of Augustus, Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Temple_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Temple of Évora">Roman Temple of Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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