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– French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noyau paraventriculaire de l'hypothalamus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_paraventricolare" title="Nucleo paraventricolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nucleo paraventricolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99" title="הגרעין הפאראוונטריקולרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגרעין הפאראוונטריקולרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PVNss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PVNss.jpg/250px-PVNss.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PVNss.jpg/375px-PVNss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PVNss.jpg/500px-PVNss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="933" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in this coronal section is indicated by the shaded area. Dots represent <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a> (AVP) neurons (also seen in the <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a>, SON). The medial surface is the 3rd ventricle (3V).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf/page1-250px-Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf/page1-375px-Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf/page1-500px-Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The paraventricular hypothalamus of the mouse brain</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010286">D010286</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=387">387</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1407">birnlex_1407</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.08.909%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.08.909</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5722">5722</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma62320">62320</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444192" class="extiw" title="d:Q444192">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus</b> (<b>PVN</b>, <b>PVA</b>, or <b>PVH)</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, that lies next to the <a href="/wiki/Third_ventricle" title="Third ventricle">third ventricle</a>. Many of its <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> project to the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a> where they secrete <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>, and a smaller amount of <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a>. Other secretions are <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (CRH) and <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> (TRH).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRH and TRH are secreted into the <a href="/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_system" title="Hypophyseal portal system">hypophyseal portal system</a>, and target different neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a>. Dysfunctions of the PVN can cause <a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">hypersomnia</a> in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, the dysfunction of the PVN and the other nuclei around it can lead to <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">drowsiness</a> for up to 20 hours per day.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PVN is thought to mediate many diverse functions through different <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a>, and the response of the body to <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stuart_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paraventricular nucleus lies adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Third_ventricle" title="Third ventricle">third ventricle</a>. It lies within the periventricular zone and is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Periventricular_nucleus" title="Periventricular nucleus">periventricular nucleus</a>, which occupies a more medial position, beneath the <a href="/wiki/Third_ventricle" title="Third ventricle">third ventricle</a>. The PVN is highly vascularised and is protected by the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, although its <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroendocrine cells">neuroendocrine cells</a> extend to sites (in the <a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">median eminence</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>) beyond the blood–brain barrier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> PVN is accounting for only about 1% of the brain volume.In the rat, the PVN consists of approximately 100,000 neurons located in a volume of about 0.5 cubic millimetre.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurons">Neurons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neurons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PVN contains <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory cell">magnocellular neurosecretory cells</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> extend into the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Parvocellular neurosecretory cell">parvocellular neurosecretory cells</a> that project to the <a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">median eminence</a>, ultimately signalling to the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a>, and several populations of other cells that project to many different brain regions including parvocellular preautonomic cells that project to the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnocellular_neurosecretory_neurons">Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1181.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/220px-Gray1181.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/330px-Gray1181.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/440px-Gray1181.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Magnocellular neurons of the PVN and SON project to the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory cell">magnocellular</a> cells in the PVN elaborate and secrete two <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptide hormones">peptide hormones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a>. </p><p>These hormones are packaged into large vesicles, which are then transported down the <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">unmyelinated</a> axons of the cells and released from neurosecretory nerve terminals residing in the posterior pituitary gland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similar magnocellular neurons are found in the <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> which also secrete vasopressin and a smaller amount of oxytocin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parvocellular_neurosecretory_neurons">Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The axons of the <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Parvocellular neurosecretory cell">parvocellular</a> neurosecretory neurons of the PVN project to the median eminence, a neurohemal organ at the base of the brain, where their neurosecretory nerve terminals release their hormones at the primary capillary plexus of the <a href="/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_system" title="Hypophyseal portal system">hypophyseal portal system</a>. The median eminence contains fiber terminals from many hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons, secreting different neurotransmitters or neuropeptides, including vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), dopamine (DA) and somatostatin (growth hormone release inhibiting hormone, GIH) into blood vessels in the hypophyseal portal system. The blood vessels carry the peptides to the anterior pituitary gland, where they regulate the secretion of hormones into the systemic circulation. The parvocellular neurosecretory cells include those that make: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (CRH), which regulates <a href="/wiki/ACTH" class="mw-redirect" title="ACTH">ACTH</a> secretion from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior pituitary gland">anterior pituitary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a>, which also regulates ACTH secretion (vasopressin and CRH act synergistically to stimulate ACTH secretion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> (TRH), which regulates <a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> secretion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centrally-projecting_neurons">Centrally-projecting neurons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Centrally-projecting neurons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as neuroendocrine neurons, the PVN contains <a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">interneurons</a> and populations of neurons that project centrally (i.e., to other brain regions). The centrally-projecting neurons include </p> <ul><li>Parvocellular oxytocin cells, which project mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. These neurons are thought to have a role in gastric reflexes and penile erection,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11477488_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11477488-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16043278_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16043278-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parvocellular vasopressin cells, which project to many points in the hypothalamus and <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>, as well as to the brainstem and spinal cord (these are involved in blood pressure and temperature regulation), and <a href="/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue" title="Brown adipose tissue">brown fat</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermogenesis" title="Thermogenesis">thermogenesis</a>.</li> <li>Parvocellular CRH neurons, which are thought to be involved in stress-related behaviors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afferent_inputs">Afferent inputs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afferent inputs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PVN receives afferent inputs from many brain regions and different parts of the body, by hormonal control.<sup id="cite_ref-stuart_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these, inputs from neurons in structures adjacent to the anterior wall of the third ventricle (the "AV3V region") carry information about the electrolyte composition of the blood, and about circulating concentrations of such hormones as <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">angiotensin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">relaxin</a>, to regulate the magnocellular neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3044525_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3044525-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inputs from the brainstem (the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_of_the_solitary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus of the solitary tract">nucleus of the solitary tract</a>) and the ventrolateral medulla carry information from the heart and <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. Inputs from the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> to the CRH neurones are important regulators of stress responses. </p><p>Inputs from <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">neuropeptide Y</a>-containing neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcuate nucleus">arcuate nucleus</a> coordinate metabolic regulation (via TRH secretion) with regulation of energy intake.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16874931_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16874931-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16340035_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16340035-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20074584_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20074584-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the projections from the arcuate nucleus seem to exert their effect on appetite via <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">MC4R</a>-expressing oxytocinergic cells of the PVN.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inputs from <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> about levels of lighting (circadian rhythms). </p><p>Inputs from glucose sensors within the brain stimulate release of <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Parvocellular neurosecretory cell">parvocellular neurosecretory cells</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physiology+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Neuro-hormonal+control+of+food+intake%3A+basic+mechanisms+and+clinical+implications&rft.volume=56+Suppl+6&rft.pages=5-25&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16340035&rft.aulast=Konturek&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Konturek%2C+JW&rft.au=Cze%C5%9Bnikiewicz-Guzik%2C+M&rft.au=Brzozowski%2C+T&rft.au=Sito%2C+E&rft.au=Konturek%2C+SJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpp.krakow.pl%2Fjournal%2Farchive%2F12_05_s6%2Fpdf%2F5_12_05_s6_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaventricular+nucleus+of+hypothalamus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20074584-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20074584_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNillni2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nillni EA (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849853">"Regulation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuron by neuronal and peripheral inputs"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 134–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2010.01.001">10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849853">2849853</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20074584">20074584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+the+hypothalamic+thyrotropin+releasing+hormone+%28TRH%29+neuron+by+neuronal+and+peripheral+inputs&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-56&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2849853%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20074584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2010.01.001&rft.aulast=Nillni&rft.aufirst=EA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2849853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaventricular+nucleus+of+hypothalamus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQinLiTang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Qin C, Li J, Tang K (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2018-00453">"The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases"</a>. <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>159</b> (9): 3458–3472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2018-00453">10.1210/en.2018-00453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30052854">30052854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=The+Paraventricular+Nucleus+of+the+Hypothalamus%3A+Development%2C+Function%2C+and+Human+Diseases&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3458-3472&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2018-00453&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30052854&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Tang%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fen.2018-00453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaventricular+nucleus+of+hypothalamus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallGuyton2015" class="citation book cs1">Hall JE, Guyton AC (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/guyton-and-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology-9781455770052.html"><i>Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology</i></a>. 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