CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vasopressin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5e826c7-b80e-4a26-b75b-22f3251162e3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vasopressin","wgTitle":"Vasopressin","wgCurRevisionId":1258686459,"wgRevisionId":1258686459,"wgArticleId":222299,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2021","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input","Drugs with no legal status","Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields","Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes","Drugs that are a physiological drug","Genes on human chromosome 20","Neuropeptides","Posterior pituitary hormones", "Neuroendocrinology","Renal physiology","Vasopressin receptor agonists","Orgasm","Antidiuretics","Nonapeptides","Stress hormones"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vasopressin","wgRelevantArticleId":222299,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q21124841","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/1200px-Vasopressin_labeled.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="724"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/800px-Vasopressin_labeled.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="483"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/640px-Vasopressin_labeled.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="386"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vasopressin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vasopressin rootpage-Vasopressin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vasopressin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vasopressin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vasopressin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vasopressin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kidney" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Kidney</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Central nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gene_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Gene regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_secretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_secretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Production and secretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_secretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasopressin_during_surgery_and_anaesthesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasopressin_during_surgery_and_anaesthesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vasopressin during surgery and anaesthesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasopressin_during_surgery_and_anaesthesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_relation_to_oxytocin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_relation_to_oxytocin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Structure and relation to oxytocin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_relation_to_oxytocin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medical use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pharmacokinetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Side effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Contraindications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Excess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Animal studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vasopressin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فازوبرسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فازوبرسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopressin" title="Vazopressin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vazopressin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="وازوپرسین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وازوپرسین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভ্যাসোপ্রেসিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভ্যাসোপ্রেসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Вазапрэсін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вазапрэсін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антидиуретичен хормон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антидиуретичен хормон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopresin" title="Vazopresin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vazopresin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona_antidi%C3%BCr%C3%A8tica" title="Hormona antidiürètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hormona antidiürètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretick%C3%BD_hormon" title="Antidiuretický hormon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antidiuretický hormon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVP" title="AVP – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="AVP" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADH" title="ADH – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ADH" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretisches_Hormon" title="Antidiuretisches Hormon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antidiuretisches Hormon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%AD%DE%92%DE%AF%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ވޭޒޯޕްރެސިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވޭޒޯޕްރެސިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αντιδιουρητική ορμόνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιδιουρητική ορμόνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona_antidiur%C3%A9tica" title="Hormona antidiurética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hormona antidiurética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopresino" title="Vazopresino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vazopresino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona_antidiuretiko" title="Hormona antidiuretiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hormona antidiuretiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="وازوپرسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وازوپرسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressine" title="Vasopressine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vasopressine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horm%C3%B3n_frithfhualach" title="Hormón frithfhualach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hormón frithfhualach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopresina" title="Vasopresina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vasopresina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%A0" title="바소프레신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바소프레신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հակամիզամուղային հորմոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակամիզամուղային հորմոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretski_hormon" title="Antidiuretski hormon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antidiuretski hormon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopresin" title="Vasopresin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vasopresin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressina" title="Vasopressina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vasopressina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וזופרסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וזופרסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვაზოპრესინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაზოპრესინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антидиурездік гормон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антидиурездік гормон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona_dijem%C3%AEztin" title="Hormona dijemîztin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hormona dijemîztin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressinum" title="Vasopressinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vasopressinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopres%C4%ABns" title="Vazopresīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vazopresīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopresinas" title="Vazopresinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vazopresinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretikus_hormon" title="Antidiuretikus hormon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antidiuretikus hormon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вазопресин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вазопресин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopresin" title="Vasopresin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vasopresin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretisch_hormoon" title="Antidiuretisch hormoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antidiuretisch hormoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%BD%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="バソプレッシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バソプレッシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretisk_hormon" title="Antidiuretisk hormon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antidiuretisk hormon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭାସୋପ୍ରେସିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାସୋପ୍ରେସିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopressin" title="Vazopressin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vazopressin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon_antydiuretyczny" title="Hormon antydiuretyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hormon antydiuretyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressina" title="Vasopressina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vasopressina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopresin%C4%83" title="Vasopresină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vasopresină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антидиуретический гормон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антидиуретический гормон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopresina" title="Vazopresina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vazopresina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="වේසොප්‍රෙසින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වේසොප්‍රෙසින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vasopressin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiuret%C3%ADn" title="Adiuretín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adiuretín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopresin" title="Vazopresin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vazopresin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretski_hormon" title="Antidiuretski hormon – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antidiuretski hormon" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretski_hormon" title="Antidiuretski hormon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antidiuretski hormon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiureettinen_hormoni" title="Antidiureettinen hormoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antidiureettinen hormoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretiskt_hormon" title="Antidiuretiskt hormon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antidiuretiskt hormon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வாசோபிரெசின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாசோபிரெசின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вазопрессин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вазопрессин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazopressin" title="Vazopressin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vazopressin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вазопресин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вазопресин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vasopressin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BF%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="抗利尿激素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抗利尿激素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21124841#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vasopressin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vasopressin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vasopressin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&oldid=1258686459" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vasopressin&id=1258686459&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVasopressin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVasopressin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vasopressin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vasopressin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21124841" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mammalian hormone released from the pituitary gland</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the natural peptide in humans. For the medication, see <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_(medication)" title="Vasopressin (medication)">Vasopressin (medication)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Antihypotensive_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypotensive agent">vasopressors</a> generally, of which it is but one example.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Vasopressin">Vasopressin</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasopressin_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/250px-Vasopressin_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/375px-Vasopressin_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/500px-Vasopressin_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arginine_vasopressin3d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arginine_vasopressin3d.png/250px-Arginine_vasopressin3d.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arginine_vasopressin3d.png/375px-Arginine_vasopressin3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arginine_vasopressin3d.png/500px-Arginine_vasopressin3d.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); arginine vasopressin (AVP); argipressin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H01" title="ATC code H01">H01BA01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=H01BA01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">Physiological</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Source <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">Supraoptic nucleus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus" title="Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus">paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Target tissues</th><td class="infobox-data">System-wide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1A" title="Vasopressin receptor 1A">V<sub>1A</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1B" title="Vasopressin receptor 1B">V<sub>1B</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_2" title="Vasopressin receptor 2">V<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">OXTR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Felypressin" title="Felypressin">Felypressin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmopressin" title="Desmopressin">desmopressin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">10–20 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Urine</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">1-{[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-Amino-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-13-benzyl-16-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosan-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-p rolyl-L-arginylglycinamide</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=11000-17-2">11000-17-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/644077">644077</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2168">2168</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00067">DB00067</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.559126.html">559126</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/Y87Y826H08">Y87Y826H08</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00101">D00101</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:9937">CHEBI:9937</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL373742">ChEMBL373742</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0048349">DTXSID0048349</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21124841#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>46</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>65</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>15</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>12</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003108424000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">084</span>.24</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=c1ccc%28cc1%29C%5BC%40H%5D2C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CSSC%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N2%29Cc3ccc%28cc3%29O%29N%29C%28%3DO%29N4CCC%5BC%40H%5D4C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CCCN%3DC%28N%29N%29C%28%3DO%29NCC%28%3DO%29N%29CC%28%3DO%29N%29CCC%28%3DO%29N">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.6±0.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">c1ccc(cc1)C[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N2)Cc3ccc(cc3)O)N)C(=O)N4CCC[C@H]4C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)CCC(=O)N</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C46H65N15O12S2 /c47-27-22-74-75-23-33(45(73)61-17-5-9-34(61)44(72)56-28(8-4-16-53-46(51)52)39(67)54-21-37(50)65)60-43(71)32(20-36(49)64)59-40(68)29(14-15-35(48)63)55-41(69)31(18-24-6-2-1-3-7-24)58-42(70)30(57-38(27)66)19-25-10-12-26(62)13-11-25/h1-3,6-7,10-13,27-34,62H,4-5,8-9,14-23,47H2,(H2,48,63)(H2,49,64)(H2,50,65)(H,54,67)(H,55,69)(H,56,72)(H,57,66)(H,58,70)(H,59,68)(H,60,71)(H4,51,52,53)/t27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-/m0/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:KBZOIRJILGZLEJ-LGYYRGKSSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">AVP</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arginine_vasopressin3d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arginine_vasopressin3d.png/250px-Arginine_vasopressin3d.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arginine_vasopressin3d.png/375px-Arginine_vasopressin3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arginine_vasopressin3d.png/500px-Arginine_vasopressin3d.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/894">AVP</a></span>, ADH, ARVP, AVP-NPII, AVRP, VP, AVP gene, AVP (gene), Prepro-AVP-NP II, arginine vasopressin gene, vasopressin gene, prepro-arginine-vasopressin-neurophysin II gene, vasopressin-neurophysin II-copeptin, vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin, prepro-AVP2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/192340">192340</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:88121">88121</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=417">417</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=AVP">AVP</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000101200">AVP - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_20.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 20 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 20 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ideogram_human_chromosome_20.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_20.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ideogram_human_chromosome_20.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_20.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ideogram_human_chromosome_20.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_20.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_20_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 20 (human)">Chromosome 20 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_20_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 20 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 20 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Human_chromosome_20_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_20_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Human_chromosome_20_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_20_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Human_chromosome_20_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_20_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 8.6742125016218px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for AVP"><img alt="Genomic location for AVP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 14.7px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for AVP"><img alt="Genomic location for AVP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">20p13</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">3,082,556 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">3,084,724 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 2 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 2 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 2 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 2 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 2 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 205.24853296503px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for AVP"><img alt="Genomic location for AVP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 211.2px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for AVP"><img alt="Genomic location for AVP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">2 F1|2 63.24 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">130,422,540 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">130,424,474 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000101200">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">hypothalamus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">internal globus pallidus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastric mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">apex of heart</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">human kidney</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">monocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left testis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">amygdala</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">anterior pituitary</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right adrenal cortex</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000037727">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">supraoptic nucleus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">arcuate nucleus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">optic nerve</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">median eminence</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">suprachiasmatic nucleus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">nucleus of stria terminalis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">ventromedial nucleus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lateral hypothalamus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">hair</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000101200">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_AVP_207848_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PBB_GE_AVP_207848_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_AVP_207848_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PBB_GE_AVP_207848_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_AVP_207848_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PBB_GE_AVP_207848_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_AVP_207848_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/551/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004672">protein kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005179">hormone activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043027">cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005185">neurohypophyseal hormone activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005102">signaling receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031894">V1A vasopressin receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031895">V1B vasopressin receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005184">neuropeptide hormone activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829">cytosol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030665">clathrin-coated vesicle membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030141">secretory granule</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030425">dendrite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043154">negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042310">vasoconstriction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090201">negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070371">ERK1 and ERK2 cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006833">water transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007267">cell-cell signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043066">negative regulation of apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070528">protein kinase C signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006091">generation of precursor metabolites and energy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033138">positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010628">positive regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003091">renal water homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006915">apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061024">membrane organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010469">regulation of signaling receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002125">maternal aggressive behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003084">positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007204">positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007621">negative regulation of female receptivity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007625">grooming behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007626">locomotory behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284">positive regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0014049">positive regulation of glutamate secretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0014070">response to organic cyclic compound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030307">positive regulation of cell growth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031394">positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032849">positive regulation of cellular pH reduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033574">response to testosterone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035094">response to nicotine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035176">social behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035813">regulation of renal sodium excretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042538">hyperosmotic salinity response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042711">maternal behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043084">penile erection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045471">response to ethanol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045907">positive regulation of vasoconstriction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050891">multicellular organismal water homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051970">negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=551&rn=1">551</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=11998&rn=1">11998</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000101200;db=core">ENSG00000101200</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000037727;db=core">ENSMUSG00000037727</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01185">P01185</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35455">P35455</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000490">NM_000490</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_009732">NM_009732</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000481">NP_000481</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_033862">NP_033862</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr20:3082556-3084724">Chr 20: 3.08 – 3.08 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr2:130422540-130424474">Chr 2: 130.42 – 130.42 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12009087" class="extiw" title="d:Q12009087">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14820688" class="extiw" title="d:Q14820688">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Human <b>vasopressin</b>, also called <b>antidiuretic hormone</b> (<b>ADH</b>), <b>arginine vasopressin</b> (<b>AVP</b>) or <b>argipressin</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> synthesized from the <a href="/wiki/AVP_gene" title="AVP gene"><i>AVP</i> gene</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohormone" title="Prohormone">prohormone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sukhov_1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sukhov_1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is converted to AVP. It then travels down the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> terminating in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>, and is released from <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">vesicles</a> into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid <a href="/wiki/Tonicity" title="Tonicity">hypertonicity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renal_physiology" title="Renal physiology">hyperosmolality</a>). AVP has two primary functions. First, it increases the amount of solute-free water reabsorbed back into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a> from the filtrate in the <a href="/wiki/Nephron#Renal_tubule" title="Nephron">kidney tubules</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">nephrons</a>. Second, AVP constricts <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a>, which increases <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">peripheral vascular resistance</a> and raises arterial <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-387-30348-0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-387-30348-0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-babar2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babar2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third function is possible. Some AVP may be released directly into the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> from the hypothalamus, and may play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_motivation_and_hormones#Oxytocin_and_vasopressin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual motivation and hormones">sexual motivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bonding</a>, and maternal responses to stress.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasopressin induces differentiation of stem cells into <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiomyocytes">cardiomyocytes</a> and promotes heart muscle homeostasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Costa_2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costa_2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has a very short half-life, between 16 and 24 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-babar2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babar2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Renal_physiology" title="Renal physiology">Renal physiology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vasopressin regulates the <a href="/wiki/Tonicity" title="Tonicity">tonicity</a> of body fluids. It is released from the posterior pituitary in response to <a href="/wiki/Hypertonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertonicity">hypertonicity</a> and causes the kidneys to reabsorb solute-free water and return it to the circulation from the tubules of the nephron, thus returning the tonicity of the body fluids toward normal. An incidental consequence of this renal reabsorption of water is concentrated <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> and reduced urine volume. AVP released in high concentrations may also raise blood pressure by inducing moderate <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AVP also may have a variety of neurological effects on the brain. It may influence pair-bonding in <a href="/wiki/Voles" class="mw-redirect" title="Voles">voles</a>. The high-density distributions of vasopressin receptor AVPr1a in <a href="/wiki/Prairie_vole" title="Prairie vole">prairie vole</a> ventral forebrain regions have been shown to facilitate and coordinate reward circuits during partner preference formation, critical for pair bond formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very similar substance, <i>lysine vasopressin</i> (<b>LVP</b>) or <b>lypressin</b>, has the same function in <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and its synthetic version was used in human AVP deficiency, although it has been largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Desmopressin" title="Desmopressin">desmopressin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kidney">Kidney</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kidney"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vasopressin has three main effects which are: </p> <ol><li>Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and cortical collecting tubules (CCT), as well as outer and inner medullary collecting duct (OMCD & IMCD) in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Antidiuretic" title="Antidiuretic">antidiuresis</a>. This occurs through increased transcription and insertion of water channels (<a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">Aquaporin-2</a>) into the <a href="/wiki/Apical_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical membrane">apical membrane</a> of collecting tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquaporins allow water to move down their osmotic gradient and out of the nephron, increasing the amount of water re-absorbed from the filtrate (forming urine) back into the bloodstream. This effect is mediated by <a href="/wiki/V2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="V2 receptor">V2 receptors</a>. Vasopressin also increases the concentration of calcium in the collecting duct cells, by episodic release from intracellular stores. Vasopressin, acting through <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>, also increases transcription of the aquaporin-2 gene, thus increasing the total number of aquaporin-2 molecules in collecting duct cells.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> by regulating the cell surface expression of <a href="/wiki/Urea_transporter" title="Urea transporter">urea transporters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21686211_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21686211-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which facilitates its reabsorption into the <a href="/wiki/Medullary_interstitium" class="mw-redirect" title="Medullary interstitium">medullary interstitium</a> as it travels down the concentration gradient created by removing water from the <a href="/wiki/Connecting_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecting tubule">connecting tubule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortical_collecting_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortical collecting duct">cortical collecting duct</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outer_medullary_collecting_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer medullary collecting duct">outer medullary collecting duct</a>.</li> <li>Acute increase of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> absorption across the ascending <a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">loop of Henle</a>. This adds to the <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_multiplication" title="Countercurrent multiplication">countercurrent multiplication</a> which aids in proper water reabsorption later in the <a href="/wiki/Distal_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal tubule">distal tubule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Collecting duct">collecting duct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10073614_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10073614-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The hormone vasopressin also stimulates the activity of <a href="/wiki/Na%E2%80%93K%E2%80%93Cl_cotransporter" title="Na–K–Cl cotransporter">NKCC2</a>. Vasopressin stimulates sodium chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the nephron by activating signaling pathways. Vasopressin increases the traffic of NKCC2 to the membrane and phosphorylates some <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a> sites on the cytoplasmic N-terminal of the NKCC2 located in the membrane, increasing its activity. Increased NKCC2 activity aids in water reabsorption in the collecting duct through <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 2">aquaporin 2</a> channels by creating a hypo-osmotic filtrate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23123217_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23123217-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21900458_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21900458-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vasopressin released within the brain may have several actions: </p> <ul><li>Vasopressin is released into the brain in a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> by neurons of the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vasopressin released from posterior pituitary is associated with nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-newrev2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newrev2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recent evidence suggests that vasopressin may have analgesic effects. The analgesia effects of vasopressin were found to be dependent on both stress and sex.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22119947_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22119947-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gene_regulation">Gene regulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gene regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/AVP_gene" title="AVP gene">AVP gene</a></div> <p>Vasopressin is regulated by <a href="/wiki/AVP_gene" title="AVP gene"><i>AVP</i> gene</a> expression which is managed by major clock controlled genes. In this circadian circuit known as the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_translation_feedback_loop" title="Transcription translation feedback loop">transcription-translation feedback loop</a> (TTFL), <a href="/wiki/PER2" title="PER2">Per2</a> protein accumulates and is phosphorylated by <a href="/wiki/Casein_kinase_1_isoform_epsilon" title="Casein kinase 1 isoform epsilon">CK1E</a>. Per2 subsequently inhibits the transcription factors <a href="/wiki/CLOCK" title="CLOCK">Clock</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMAL1" class="mw-redirect" title="BMAL1">BMAL1</a> in order to reduce Per2 protein levels in the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Per2 also inhibits the transcription factors for the <i>AVP</i> gene in order to regulate its expression, the expression of vasopressin, and other <i>AVP</i> gene products.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many factors influence the secretion of vasopressin: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> (alcohol) reduces the calcium-dependent secretion of AVP by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in neurohypophyseal nerve terminals in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">Angiotensin</a> II stimulates AVP secretion, in keeping with its general pressor and pro-volumic effects on the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsukawa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsukawa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">Atrial natriuretic peptide</a> inhibits AVP secretion, in part by inhibiting Angiotensin II-induced stimulation of AVP secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsukawa_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsukawa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a> inhibits secretion of antidiuretic hormone.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_and_secretion">Production and secretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production and secretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physiological stimulus for secretion of vasopressin is increased osmolality of the plasma, monitored by the hypothalamus. A decreased arterial <a href="/wiki/Blood_volume" title="Blood volume">blood volume</a>, (such as can occur in <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nephrosis" title="Nephrosis">nephrosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>), stimulates secretion, even in the face of decreased osmolality of the plasma: it supersedes osmolality, but with a milder effect. In other words, the unloading of <a href="/wiki/Baroreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroreceptors">arterial baroreceptors</a> when the arterial blood volume is low stimulates vasopressin secretion despite the presence of hypoosmolality (hyponatremia).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AVP that is measured in peripheral blood is almost all derived from secretion from the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior pituitary gland">posterior pituitary gland</a> (except in cases of AVP-secreting tumours). Vasopressin is produced by <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory neuron">magnocellular neurosecretory neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus" title="Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus">paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus</a> (PVN) and <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> (SON). It then travels down the axon through the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">infundibulum</a> within neurosecretory granules that are found within Herring bodies, localized swellings of the axons and nerve terminals. These carry the peptide directly to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is stored until released into the blood. </p><p>There are other sources of AVP, beyond the hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. For example, AVP is also synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Parvocellular neurosecretory cell">parvocellular neurosecretory neurons</a> of the PVN, transported and released at the <a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">median eminence</a>, from which it travels through the <a href="/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_system" title="Hypophyseal portal system">hypophyseal portal system</a> to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates <a href="/wiki/Corticotropic_cell" title="Corticotropic cell">corticotropic cells</a> synergistically with CRH to produce ACTH (by itself it is a weak secretagogue).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2830315_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2830315-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasopressin_during_surgery_and_anaesthesia">Vasopressin during surgery and anaesthesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vasopressin during surgery and anaesthesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vasopressin concentration is used to measure <a href="/wiki/Surgical_stress" title="Surgical stress">surgical stress</a> for evaluation of surgical techniques. Plasma vasopressin concentration is elevated by <a href="/wiki/Noxious_stimuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Noxious stimuli">noxious stimuli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predominantly during abdominal surgery,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially at gut manipulation, traction of viscera,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as abdominal insufflation with carbon dioxide during laparoscopic surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Receptors">Receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of AVP receptors and their actions: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">Second messenger system</a></th> <th>Locations</th> <th>Actions </th> <th>Agonists </th> <th>Antagonists </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">AVPR1A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">Phosphatidylinositol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, peripheral vasculature, <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">Vasoconstriction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> breakdown,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> aggregation, and release of <a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">factor VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factor" title="Von Willebrand factor">von Willebrand factor</a>; social recognition,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14647484_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14647484-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circadian tau<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17083331_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17083331-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Felypressin" title="Felypressin">Felypressin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">AVPR1B or AVPR3</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">Phosphatidylinositol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">Adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> secretion in response to stress;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17122081_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17122081-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social interpretation of olfactory cues<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15555506_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15555506-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">AVPR2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">Adenylate cyclase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a></td> <td>Basolateral membrane of the cells lining the <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Collecting duct">collecting ducts</a> of the kidneys (especially the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts)</td> <td>Insertion of <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin-2" title="Aquaporin-2">aquaporin-2</a> (AQP2) channels (water channels). This allows water to be reabsorbed down an osmotic gradient, and so the urine is more concentrated. Release of <a href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factor" title="Von Willebrand factor">von Willebrand factor</a> and surface expression of <a href="/wiki/P-selectin" title="P-selectin">P-selectin</a> through exocytosis of <a href="/wiki/Weibel-Palade_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Weibel-Palade bodies">Weibel-Palade bodies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cells">endothelial cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7545469_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7545469-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10880054_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10880054-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>AVP, <a href="/wiki/Desmopressin" title="Desmopressin">desmopressin</a> </td> <td>"-vaptan" diuretics, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tolvaptan" title="Tolvaptan">tolvaptan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_relation_to_oxytocin">Structure and relation to oxytocin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure and relation to oxytocin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasopressin_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/220px-Vasopressin_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/330px-Vasopressin_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vasopressin_labeled.png/440px-Vasopressin_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of the arginine vasopressin (argipressin) with an <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> at the 8th <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> position. Lysine vasopressin differs only in having a <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> in this position.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxytocin_with_labels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Oxytocin_with_labels.png/220px-Oxytocin_with_labels.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Oxytocin_with_labels.png/330px-Oxytocin_with_labels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Oxytocin_with_labels.png/440px-Oxytocin_with_labels.png 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>. Differs from AVP at only the 3rd and 8th position.</figcaption></figure> <p>The vasopressins are <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a> consisting of nine <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> (nonapeptides). The amino acid sequence of arginine vasopressin (argipressin) is <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cys</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyr</a>-<a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Gln</a>-<a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asn</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cys</a>-<a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Pro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Gly</a>-NH<sub>2</sub>, with the cysteine residues forming a <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">disulfide bond</a> and the <i>C</i>-terminus of the sequence converted to a <a href="/wiki/Primary_amide" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary amide">primary amide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lysine vasopressin (lypressin) has a <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> in place of the arginine as the eighth amino acid, and is found in <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and some related animals, whereas arginine vasopressin is found in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure of <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> is very similar to that of the vasopressins: It is also a nonapeptide with a disulfide bridge and its amino acid sequence differs at only two positions. The two genes are located on the same chromosome separated by a relatively small distance of less than 15,000 bases in most species. The <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory cell">magnocellular neurons</a> that secrete vasopressin are adjacent to magnocellular neurons that secrete oxytocin, and are similar in many respects. The similarity of the two peptides can cause some cross-reactions: oxytocin has a slight antidiuretic function, and high levels of AVP can cause uterine contractions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18057218_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18057218-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15280526_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15280526-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Comparison of vasopressin and oxytocin neuropeptide families:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="80%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrate</a> Vasopressin Family</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:25em">Cys-Tyr-<b>Phe</b>-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-<b>Arg</b>-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argipressin" class="mw-redirect" title="Argipressin">Argipressin</a> (AVP, ADH)</td> <td>Most <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lypressin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lypressin">Lypressin</a> (LVP)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthogs</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Phe-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenypressin" title="Phenypressin">Phenypressin</a></td> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-<b>Ile</b>-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-<b>Arg</b>-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasotocin" title="Vasotocin">Vasotocin</a>†</td> <td>Non-mammals </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b>Vertebrate Oxytocin Family</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-<b>Ile</b>-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-<b>Leu</b>-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a> (OXT)</td> <td>Most mammals, <a href="/wiki/Ratfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratfish">ratfish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Pro-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td>Prol-<a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></td> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Treeshrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Treeshrew">northern tree shrews</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesotocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesotocin (page does not exist)">Mesotocin</a></td> <td>Most marsupials, all <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanths</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seritocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seritocin (page does not exist)">Seritocin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">Frogs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotocin (page does not exist)">Isotocin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">Bony fishes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Gln-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glumitocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glumitocin (page does not exist)">Glumitocin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Ile-Asn/Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu/Val-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td>Various tocins</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Sharks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">Invertebrate</a> VP/OT Superfamily</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Leu-Ile-Thr-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inotocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inotocin (page does not exist)">Inotocin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Phe-Val-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Thr-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annetocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annetocin (page does not exist)">Annetocin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">Earthworm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Phe-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys-Connopressin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys-Connopressin (page does not exist)">Lys-Connopressin</a></td> <td>Geography & imperial <a href="/wiki/Cone_snail" title="Cone snail">cone snail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pond_snail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pond snail">pond snail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_hare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea hare">sea hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leech</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Ile-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arg-Connopressin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arg-Connopressin (page does not exist)">Arg-Connopressin</a></td> <td>Striped cone snail </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Tyr-Phe-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephalotocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephalotocin (page does not exist)">Cephalotocin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cys-Phe-Trp-Thr-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopressin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octopressin (page does not exist)">Octopressin</a></td> <td>Octopus </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">†Vasotocin is the evolutionary progenitor of all the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_(medication)" title="Vasopressin (medication)">Vasopressin (medication)</a></div> <p>Vasopressin is used to manage anti-diuretic hormone deficiency. Vasopressin is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">diabetes insipidus</a> related to low levels of antidiuretic hormone. It is available as Pressyn.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2017_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasopressin has off-label uses and is used in the treatment of vasodilatory shock, gastrointestinal bleeding, <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">ventricular tachycardia</a> and ventricular fibrillation. </p><p>Vasopressin agonists are used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long-acting synthetic analogue <a href="/wiki/Desmopressin" title="Desmopressin">desmopressin</a> is used in conditions featuring low vasopressin secretion, as well as for control of bleeding (in some forms of <a href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_disease" title="Von Willebrand disease">von Willebrand disease</a> and in mild <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_A" title="Haemophilia A">haemophilia A</a>) and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children. <a href="/wiki/Terlipressin" title="Terlipressin">Terlipressin</a> and related analogues are used as <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoconstrictor">vasoconstrictors</a> in certain conditions. Use of vasopressin analogues for <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">esophageal varices</a> commenced in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5101576_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5101576-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasopressin infusions are also used as second line therapy for <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a> patients not responding to fluid resuscitation or infusions of <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>) to increase the blood pressure while sparing the use of catecholamines. These argipressins have much shorter elimination half-life (around 20 minutes) comparing to synthetic non-arginine vasopresines with much longer elimination half-life of many hours. Further, argipressins act on V1a, V1b, and V2 receptors which consequently lead to higher eGFR and lower vascular resistance in the lungs. A number of injectable arginine vasopressins are currently in clinical use in the United States and in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vasopressin is administered through an <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous device</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duration_of_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Duration of action">duration of action</a> depends on the mode of administration and ranges from thirty minutes to two hours. It has a <a href="/wiki/Half_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Half life">half life</a> of ten to twenty minutes. It is widely distributed throughout the body and remains in the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a>. It is degraded by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and excreted through the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2017_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arginin vasopressins for use in septic shock are intended for intravenous use only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common side effects during treatment with vasopressin are <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>, chest pain, abdominal cramps, <a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">heartburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, trembling, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">water intoxication</a>, pounding sensation in the head, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, sweating, paleness, and <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>. The most severe adverse reactions are <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2017_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of lysine vasopressin is contraindicated in the presence of hypersensitivity to beef or pork proteins, increased <a href="/wiki/BUN" class="mw-redirect" title="BUN">BUN</a> and chronic <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>. It is recommended that it be cautiously used in instances of perioperative <a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">polyuria</a>, sensitivity to the drug, asthma, seizures, heart failure, a comatose state, migraine headaches, and cardiovascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2017_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions">Interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> - may lower the antidiuretic effect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloropropamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropropamide">chloropropamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clofibrate" title="Clofibrate">clofibrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">tricyclic antidepressants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone" title="Fludrocortisone">fludrocortisone</a> may raise the diuretic effect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demeclocycline" title="Demeclocycline">demeclocycline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> may lower the antidiuretic effect</li> <li>vasopressor effect may be higher with the concurrent use of <a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">ganglionic blocking medications</a><sup id="cite_ref-Davis2017_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decreased AVP release (neurogenic — i.e. due to alcohol intoxication or tumour) or decreased renal sensitivity to AVP (nephrogenic, i.e. by mutation of V2 receptor or AQP) leads to <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">diabetes insipidus</a>, a condition featuring <a href="/wiki/Hypernatremia" title="Hypernatremia">hypernatremia</a> (increased blood <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> concentration), <a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">polyuria</a> (excess urine production), and <a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">polydipsia</a> (thirst). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess">Excess</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Excess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syndrome_of_inappropriate_antidiuretic_hormone_secretion" title="Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion">Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syndrome_of_inappropriate_antidiuretic_hormone_secretion" title="Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion">Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH)</a> in turn can be caused by a number of problems. Some forms of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> can cause SIADH, particularly <a href="/wiki/Small_cell_lung_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Small cell lung carcinoma">small cell lung carcinoma</a> but also a number of other tumors. A variety of diseases affecting the brain or the lung (infections, bleeding) can be the driver behind SIADH. A number of drugs have been associated with SIADH, such as certain antidepressants (<a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclic antidepressants</a>), the anticonvulsant <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> (used to induce and stimulate labor), and the chemotherapy drug <a href="/wiki/Vincristine" title="Vincristine">vincristine</a>. It has also been associated with <a href="/wiki/Quinolones" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinolones">fluoroquinolones</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moxifloxacin" title="Moxifloxacin">moxifloxacin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-babar2013_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babar2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, it can occur without a clear explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbalis2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbalis2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyponatremia can be treated pharmaceutically through the use of <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">vasopressin receptor antagonists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbalis2007_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbalis2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vasopressin was elucidated and synthesized for the first time by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_studies">Animal studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Animal studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence for an effect of AVP on monogamy vs polygamy comes from experimental studies in several species, which indicate that the precise distribution of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors in the brain is associated with species-typical patterns of social behavior. In particular, there are consistent differences between monogamous species and polygamous species in the distribution of AVP receptors, and sometimes in the distribution of vasopressin-containing axons, even when closely related species are compared.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2009_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_studies">Human studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vasopressin has shown <a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">nootropic</a> effects on pain perception and cognitive function.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25853137_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25853137-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasopressin also plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29468985_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29468985-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndrome_of_inappropriate_antidiuretic_hormone_secretion" title="Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion">Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion</a> (SIADH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Vasopressin receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copeptin" title="Copeptin">Copeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">Atrial natriuretic peptide</a>: When the atrium stretches, blood pressure is considered to be increased and sodium is excreted to lower blood pressure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin-angiotensin_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Renin-angiotensin system">Renin-angiotensin system</a>: When the blood flow through the juxtaglomerular apparatus decreases, blood pressure is considered low, and the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone to increase sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct, thereby increasing blood pressure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_reflex" title="Bainbridge reflex">Bainbridge reflex</a>: In response to stretching of the right atrium wall, heart rate increases, lowering venous blood pressure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">Baroreflex</a>: When the stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus increase, the blood pressure is considered to be elevated and the heart rate decreases to lower blood pressure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000101200">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101200</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000037727">GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037727</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=551">"Human PubMed Reference:"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Human+PubMed+Reference%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgene%26cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dgene_pubmed%26from_uid%3D551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=11998">"Mouse PubMed Reference:"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mouse+PubMed+Reference%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgene%26cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dgene_pubmed%26from_uid%3D11998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorlands-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorlands_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation book cs1">Anderson DA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&q=argipressin"><i>Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary</i></a> (32nd ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6257-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-6257-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dorland%27s+Illustrated+Medical+Dictionary&rft.edition=32nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNACisYwbZoC%26q%3Dargipressin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sukhov_1993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sukhov_1993_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukhovWalkerRancePrice1993" class="citation journal cs1">Sukhov RR, Walker LC, Rance NE, Price DL, Young WS 3rd (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9883978">"Vasopressin and oxytocin gene expression in the human hypothalamus"</a>. <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>. <b>337</b> (2): 295–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcne.903370210">10.1002/cne.903370210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9883978">9883978</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8277003">8277003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35174328">35174328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Neurology&rft.atitle=Vasopressin+and+oxytocin+gene+expression+in+the+human+hypothalamus&rft.volume=337&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-306&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9883978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35174328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8277003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcne.903370210&rft.aulast=Sukhov&rft.aufirst=RR&rft.au=Walker%2C+LC&rft.au=Rance%2C+NE&rft.au=Price%2C+DL&rft.au=Young%2C+WS+3rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9883978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marieb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarieb2014" class="citation book cs1">Marieb E (2014). <i>Anatomy & physiology</i>. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-86158-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-86158-0"><bdi>978-0-321-86158-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+physiology&rft.place=Glenview%2C+IL&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-321-86158-0&rft.aulast=Marieb&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-387-30348-0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-387-30348-0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellYoung_WS_III2006" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell HK, Young WS III (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://refworks.springer.com/mrw/fileadmin/pdf/Neurochemistry/0387303480C25.PDF">"Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Lajtha A, Lim R (eds.). <i>Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides</i> (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 573–607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30348-2"><bdi>978-0-387-30348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxytocin+and+Vasopressin%3A+Genetics+and+Behavioral+Implications&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Neurochemistry+and+Molecular+Neurobiology%3A+Neuroactive+Proteins+and+Peptides&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=573-607&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-30348-2&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=HK&rft.au=Young+WS+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frefworks.springer.com%2Fmrw%2Ffileadmin%2Fpdf%2FNeurochemistry%2F0387303480C25.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babar2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-babar2013_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-babar2013_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-babar2013_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Babar SM (October 2013). "SIADH associated with ciprofloxacin". <i>The Annals of Pharmacotherapy</i>. <b>47</b> (10): 1359–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1060028013502457">10.1177/1060028013502457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259701">24259701</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36759747">36759747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=SIADH+associated+with+ciprofloxacin&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1359-63&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36759747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24259701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1060028013502457&rft.aulast=Babar&rft.aufirst=SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInsel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Insel TR (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847497">"The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: a review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>65</b> (6): 768–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2010.03.005">10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847497">2847497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20346754">20346754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=The+challenge+of+translation+in+social+neuroscience%3A+a+review+of+oxytocin%2C+vasopressin%2C+and+affiliative+behavior&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=768-79&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2847497%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20346754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2010.03.005&rft.aulast=Insel&rft.aufirst=TR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2847497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Costa_2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Costa_2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostaRossiScicchitanoColetti2014" class="citation journal cs1">Costa A, Rossi E, Scicchitano BM, Coletti D, Moresi V, Adamo S (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756744">"Neurohypophyseal Hormones: Novel Actors of Striated Muscle Development and Homeostasis"</a>. review. <i>European Journal of Translational Myology</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 3790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fbam.2014.3.217">10.4081/bam.2014.3.217</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756744">4756744</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26913138">26913138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Translational+Myology&rft.atitle=Neurohypophyseal+Hormones%3A+Novel+Actors+of+Striated+Muscle+Development+and+Homeostasis&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3790&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4756744%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26913138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fbam.2014.3.217&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rossi%2C+E&rft.au=Scicchitano%2C+BM&rft.au=Coletti%2C+D&rft.au=Moresi%2C+V&rft.au=Adamo%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4756744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuzzoPadalaLappin2024" class="citation book cs1">Cuzzo B, Padala SA, Lappin SL (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526069/">"Physiology, Vasopressin"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30252325">30252325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physiology%2C+Vasopressin&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30252325&rft.aulast=Cuzzo&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Padala%2C+SA&rft.au=Lappin%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK526069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young2004_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimYoung2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lim MM, Young LJ (2004). "Vasopressin-dependent neural circuits underlying pair bond formation in the monogamous prairie vole". <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>125</b> (1): 35–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2003.12.008">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15051143">15051143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16210017">16210017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Vasopressin-dependent+neural+circuits+underlying+pair+bond+formation+in+the+monogamous+prairie+vole&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-45&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16210017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15051143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2003.12.008&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Young%2C+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapmanProfessor_of_Medicine,_Discipline_of_Medicine,_University_of_Adelaide,_Royal_Adelaide_Hospital" class="citation web cs1">Chapman IM, Professor of Medicine, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/central-diabetes-insipidus#v26379947">"Central Diabetes Insipidus"</a>. <i>MSD</i>. Merck & Co. Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSD&rft.atitle=Central+Diabetes+Insipidus&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=IM&rft.au=Professor+of+Medicine%2C+Discipline+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+Adelaide%2C+Royal+Adelaide+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Fendocrine-and-metabolic-disorders%2Fpituitary-disorders%2Fcentral-diabetes-insipidus%23v26379947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoronBoulpaep2016" class="citation book cs1">Boron WR, Boulpaep EL (2016-05-05). <i>Medical Physiology</i> (Third ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4377-3"><bdi>978-1-4557-4377-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951680737">951680737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Physiology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951680737&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-4377-3&rft.aulast=Boron&rft.aufirst=WR&rft.au=Boulpaep%2C+EL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMirandaKnepper2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson JL, Miranda CA, Knepper MA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775849">"Vasopressin and the Regulation of Aquaporin-2"</a>. <i>Clinical and Experimental Nephrology</i>. <b>17</b> (6): 10.1007/s10157-013–0789-5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10157-013-0789-5">10.1007/s10157-013-0789-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775849">3775849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23584881">23584881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Vasopressin+and+the+Regulation+of+Aquaporin-2&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=10.1007%2Fs10157-013-0789-5&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3775849%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23584881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10157-013-0789-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Miranda%2C+CA&rft.au=Knepper%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3775849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21686211-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21686211_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandsBlountKlein2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sands JM, Blount MA, Klein JD (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116377">"Regulation of renal urea transport by vasopressin"</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association</i>. <b>122</b>: 82–92. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116377">3116377</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21686211">21686211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Clinical+and+Climatological+Association&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+renal+urea+transport+by+vasopressin&rft.volume=122&rft.pages=82-92&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3116377%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21686211&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Blount%2C+MA&rft.au=Klein%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3116377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10073614-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10073614_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnepperKimFernández-LlamaEcelbarger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Knepper MA, Kim GH, Fernández-Llama P, Ecelbarger CA (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.V103628">"Regulation of thick ascending limb transport by vasopressin"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Society of Nephrology</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 628–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.V103628">10.1681/ASN.V103628</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10073614">10073614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+thick+ascending+limb+transport+by+vasopressin&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=628-34&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1681%2FASN.V103628&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10073614&rft.aulast=Knepper&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Kim%2C+GH&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Llama%2C+P&rft.au=Ecelbarger%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1681%252FASN.V103628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23123217-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23123217_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegTangUchidaHammond2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rieg T, Tang T, Uchida S, Hammond HK, Fenton RA, Vallon V (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532715">"Adenylyl cyclase 6 enhances NKCC2 expression and mediates vasopressin-induced phosphorylation of NKCC2 and NCC"</a>. <i>Am. J. Pathol</i>. <b>182</b> (1): 96–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajpath.2012.09.014">10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.09.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532715">3532715</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23123217">23123217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Pathol.&rft.atitle=Adenylyl+cyclase+6+enhances+NKCC2+expression+and+mediates+vasopressin-induced+phosphorylation+of+NKCC2+and+NCC&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-106&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3532715%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23123217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajpath.2012.09.014&rft.aulast=Rieg&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Tang%2C+T&rft.au=Uchida%2C+S&rft.au=Hammond%2C+HK&rft.au=Fenton%2C+RA&rft.au=Vallon%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3532715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21900458-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21900458_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAresCaceresOrtiz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ares GR, Caceres PS, Ortiz PA (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233874">"Molecular regulation of NKCC2 in the thick ascending limb"</a>. <i>Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol</i>. <b>301</b> (6): F1143–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajprenal.00396.2011">10.1152/ajprenal.00396.2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233874">3233874</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900458">21900458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Physiol.+Renal+Physiol.&rft.atitle=Molecular+regulation+of+NKCC2+in+the+thick+ascending+limb&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=F1143-59&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3233874%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21900458&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajprenal.00396.2011&rft.aulast=Ares&rft.aufirst=GR&rft.au=Caceres%2C+PS&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3233874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForslingMontgomeryHalpinWindle1998" class="citation journal cs1">Forsling ML, Montgomery H, Halpin D, Windle RJ, Treacher DF (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1998.sp004124">"Daily patterns of secretion of neurohypophysial hormones in man: effect of age"</a>. <i>Experimental Physiology</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 409–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1998.sp004124">10.1113/expphysiol.1998.sp004124</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9639350">9639350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2295415">2295415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Physiology&rft.atitle=Daily+patterns+of+secretion+of+neurohypophysial+hormones+in+man%3A+effect+of+age&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-18&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2295415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9639350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1998.sp004124&rft.aulast=Forsling&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+H&rft.au=Halpin%2C+D&rft.au=Windle%2C+RJ&rft.au=Treacher%2C+DF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1113%252Fexpphysiol.1998.sp004124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newrev2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newrev2017_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagtanong2017" class="citation journal cs1">Magtanong E (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5203950">"What Is Nausea? A Historical Analysis of Changing Views"</a>. <i>Auton Neurosci</i>. <b>202</b>: 5–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2016.07.003">10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5203950">5203950</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27450627">27450627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auton+Neurosci&rft.atitle=What+Is+Nausea%3F+A+Historical+Analysis+of+Changing+Views&rft.volume=202&rft.pages=5-17&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5203950%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27450627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2016.07.003&rft.aulast=Magtanong&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5203950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22119947-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22119947_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltshireMaixnerDiatchenko2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wiltshire T, Maixner W, Diatchenko L (December 2011). "Relax, you won't feel the pain". <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>14</b> (12): 1496–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.2987">10.1038/nn.2987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22119947">22119947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205434100">205434100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Relax%2C+you+won%27t+feel+the+pain&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1496-7&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205434100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22119947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn.2987&rft.aulast=Wiltshire&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Maixner%2C+W&rft.au=Diatchenko%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dunlap JC (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980566-8">"Molecular bases for circadian clocks"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>96</b> (2): 271–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980566-8">10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80566-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9988221">9988221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14991100">14991100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Molecular+bases+for+circadian+clocks&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-90&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14991100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9988221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980566-8&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0092-8674%252800%252980566-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinShearmanWeaverZylka1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jin X, Shearman LP, Weaver DR, Zylka MJ, de Vries GJ, Reppert SM (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980959-9">"A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>96</b> (1): 57–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980959-9">10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80959-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9989497">9989497</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6916996">6916996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+molecular+mechanism+regulating+rhythmic+output+from+the+suprachiasmatic+circadian+clock&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-68&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6916996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9989497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980959-9&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Shearman%2C+LP&rft.au=Weaver%2C+DR&rft.au=Zylka%2C+MJ&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+GJ&rft.au=Reppert%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0092-8674%252800%252980959-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangDayanithiLemosNordmann1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wang XM, Dayanithi G, Lemos JR, Nordmann JJ, Treistman SN (November 1991). "Calcium currents and peptide release from neurohypophysial terminals are inhibited by ethanol". <i>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i>. <b>259</b> (2): 705–11. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1941619">1941619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Calcium+currents+and+peptide+release+from+neurohypophysial+terminals+are+inhibited+by+ethanol&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=705-11&rft.date=1991-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1941619&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=XM&rft.au=Dayanithi%2C+G&rft.au=Lemos%2C+JR&rft.au=Nordmann%2C+JJ&rft.au=Treistman%2C+SN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matsukawa-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matsukawa_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matsukawa_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsukawaMiyamoto2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matsukawa T, Miyamoto T (March 2011). "Angiotensin II-stimulated secretion of arginine vasopressin is inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide in humans". <i>American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology</i>. <b>300</b> (3): R624–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.00324.2010">10.1152/ajpregu.00324.2010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21123762">21123762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Angiotensin+II-stimulated+secretion+of+arginine+vasopressin+is+inhibited+by+atrial+natriuretic+peptide+in+humans&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=R624-9&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.00324.2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21123762&rft.aulast=Matsukawa&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Miyamoto%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollège_des_enseignants_d'endocrinologie,_diabète_et_maladie2012" class="citation book cs1">Collège des enseignants d'endocrinologie, diabète et maladie (2012-01-30). <i>Endocrinologie, diabétologie et maladies métaboliques</i>. Elsevier Masson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-294-72233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-294-72233-2"><bdi>978-2-294-72233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrinologie%2C+diab%C3%A9tologie+et+maladies+m%C3%A9taboliques&rft.pub=Elsevier+Masson&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft.isbn=978-2-294-72233-2&rft.au=Coll%C3%A8ge+des+enseignants+d%27endocrinologie%2C+diab%C3%A8te+et+maladie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrahyThompston2019" class="citation journal cs1">Garrahy A, Thompston CJ (2019). "General Principles, Diabetes, Metabolism, Obesity, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Aging, Endocrine Toxicology". <i>Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 969–974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Endocrine+Diseases&rft.atitle=General+Principles%2C+Diabetes%2C+Metabolism%2C+Obesity%2C+Gastrointestinal+Hormones%2C+Aging%2C+Endocrine+Toxicology&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=969-974&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Garrahy&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Thompston%2C+CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2830315-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2830315_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalataJarrettVerbalisRobinson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Salata RA, Jarrett DB, Verbalis JG, Robinson AG (March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442524">"Vasopressin stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) in humans. In vivo bioassay of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which provides evidence for CRF mediation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 766–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI113382">10.1172/JCI113382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442524">442524</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2830315">2830315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Vasopressin+stimulation+of+adrenocorticotropin+hormone+%28ACTH%29+in+humans.+In+vivo+bioassay+of+corticotropin-releasing+factor+%28CRF%29+which+provides+evidence+for+CRF+mediation+of+the+diurnal+rhythm+of+ACTH&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=766-74&rft.date=1988-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC442524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2830315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI113382&rft.aulast=Salata&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Jarrett%2C+DB&rft.au=Verbalis%2C+JG&rft.au=Robinson%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC442524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaySibbald1990" class="citation journal cs1">Day TA, Sibbald JR (June 1990). "Noxious somatic stimuli excite neurosecretory vasopressin cells via A1 cell group". <i>The American Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>258</b> (6 Pt 2): R1516-20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.1990.258.6.R1516">10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.6.R1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2360697">2360697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Noxious+somatic+stimuli+excite+neurosecretory+vasopressin+cells+via+A1+cell+group&rft.volume=258&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=R1516-20&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.1990.258.6.R1516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2360697&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Sibbald%2C+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöglundHagmanOlssonOlsson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Höglund OV, Hagman R, Olsson K, Olsson U, Lagerstedt AS (October 2014). "Intraoperative changes in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma vasopressin, and urinary noradrenalin during elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs: repeatability at removal of the 1st and 2nd ovary". <i>Veterinary Surgery</i>. <b>43</b> (7): 852–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1532-950X.2014.12264.x">10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12264.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25130060">25130060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Surgery&rft.atitle=Intraoperative+changes+in+blood+pressure%2C+heart+rate%2C+plasma+vasopressin%2C+and+urinary+noradrenalin+during+elective+ovariohysterectomy+in+dogs%3A+repeatability+at+removal+of+the+1st+and+2nd+ovary&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=852-9&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1532-950X.2014.12264.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25130060&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6glund&rft.aufirst=OV&rft.au=Hagman%2C+R&rft.au=Olsson%2C+K&rft.au=Olsson%2C+U&rft.au=Lagerstedt%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmannHoehneFritzUnger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Goldmann A, Hoehne C, Fritz GA, Unger J, Ahlers O, Nachtigall I, et al. (September 2008). "Combined vs. Isoflurane/Fentanyl anesthesia for major abdominal surgery: Effects on hormones and hemodynamics". <i>Medical Science Monitor</i>. <b>14</b> (9): CR445-52. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18758414">18758414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Combined+vs.+Isoflurane%2FFentanyl+anesthesia+for+major+abdominal+surgery%3A+Effects+on+hormones+and+hemodynamics&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CR445-52&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18758414&rft.aulast=Goldmann&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hoehne%2C+C&rft.au=Fritz%2C+GA&rft.au=Unger%2C+J&rft.au=Ahlers%2C+O&rft.au=Nachtigall%2C+I&rft.au=Boemke%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuruyaShimizuHirabayashiIshii1993" class="citation journal cs1">Furuya K, Shimizu R, Hirabayashi Y, Ishii R, Fukuda H (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03009513">"Stress hormone responses to major intra-abdominal surgery during and immediately after sevoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia in elderly patients"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia</i>. <b>40</b> (5 Pt 1): 435–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03009513">10.1007/BF03009513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8390330">8390330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=Stress+hormone+responses+to+major+intra-abdominal+surgery+during+and+immediately+after+sevoflurane-nitrous+oxide+anaesthesia+in+elderly+patients&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5+Pt+1&rft.pages=435-9&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03009513&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8390330&rft.aulast=Furuya&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+R&rft.au=Hirabayashi%2C+Y&rft.au=Ishii%2C+R&rft.au=Fukuda%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF03009513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaasGlick1978" class="citation journal cs1">Haas M, Glick SM (May 1978). "Radioimmunoassayable plasma vasopressin associated with surgery". <i>Archives of Surgery</i>. <b>113</b> (5): 597–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchsurg.1978.01370170059011">10.1001/archsurg.1978.01370170059011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/646620">646620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Radioimmunoassayable+plasma+vasopressin+associated+with+surgery&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=597-600&rft.date=1978-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchsurg.1978.01370170059011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F646620&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Glick%2C+SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNusseyPageAngJenkins1988" class="citation journal cs1">Nussey SS, Page SR, Ang VT, Jenkins JS (March 1988). "The response of plasma oxytocin to surgical stress". <i>Clinical Endocrinology</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 277–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.1988.tb01213.x">10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb01213.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3168310">3168310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37668345">37668345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=The+response+of+plasma+oxytocin+to+surgical+stress&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-82&rft.date=1988-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37668345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3168310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.1988.tb01213.x&rft.aulast=Nussey&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Page%2C+SR&rft.au=Ang%2C+VT&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvilleForslingFrizisLeQuesne1985" class="citation journal cs1">Melville RJ, Forsling ML, Frizis HI, LeQuesne LP (December 1985). "Stimulus for vasopressin release during elective intra-abdominal operations". <i>The British Journal of Surgery</i>. <b>72</b> (12): 979–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.1800721215">10.1002/bjs.1800721215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4084755">4084755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43764321">43764321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Stimulus+for+vasopressin+release+during+elective+intra-abdominal+operations&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=979-82&rft.date=1985-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43764321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4084755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbjs.1800721215&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Forsling%2C+ML&rft.au=Frizis%2C+HI&rft.au=LeQuesne%2C+LP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoranMiltenbergerShuaybZimmermann1964" class="citation journal cs1">Moran WH, Miltenberger FW, Shuayb WA, Zimmermann B (July 1964). "The Relationship of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion to Surgical Stress". <i>Surgery</i>. <b>56</b>: 99–108. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14175989">14175989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgery&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+of+Antidiuretic+Hormone+Secretion+to+Surgical+Stress&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=99-108&rft.date=1964-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14175989&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=WH&rft.au=Miltenberger%2C+FW&rft.au=Shuayb%2C+WA&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttOniuMehrabiSchemmer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gutt CN, Oniu T, Mehrabi A, Schemmer P, Kashfi A, Kraus T, et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000077038">"Circulatory and respiratory complications of carbon dioxide insufflation"</a>. <i>Digestive Surgery</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 95–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000077038">10.1159/000077038</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15010588">15010588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3369276">3369276</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/223606053">223606053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digestive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Circulatory+and+respiratory+complications+of+carbon+dioxide+insufflation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-105&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3369276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15010588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000077038&rft.aulast=Gutt&rft.aufirst=CN&rft.au=Oniu%2C+T&rft.au=Mehrabi%2C+A&rft.au=Schemmer%2C+P&rft.au=Kashfi%2C+A&rft.au=Kraus%2C+T&rft.au=B%C3%BCchler%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000077038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenWolfe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen NT, Wolfe BM (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356906">"The physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in the morbidly obese"</a>. <i>Annals of Surgery</i>. <b>241</b> (2): 219–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.sla.0000151791.93571.70">10.1097/01.sla.0000151791.93571.70</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356906">1356906</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15650630">15650630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+physiologic+effects+of+pneumoperitoneum+in+the+morbidly+obese&rft.volume=241&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-226&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356906%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15650630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.sla.0000151791.93571.70&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=NT&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+BM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsBrayHopkinJohnson2014" class="citation book cs1">Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson AD, Lewis J, Roberts K (2014). <i>Essential Cell Biology</i>. Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4455-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4455-1"><bdi>978-0-8153-4455-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Cell+Biology&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4455-1&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Bray%2C+D&rft.au=Hopkin%2C+K&rft.au=Johnson%2C+AD&rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14647484-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14647484_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielskyHuSzegdaWestphal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bielsky IF, Hu SB, Szegda KL, Westphal H, Young LJ (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300360">"Profound impairment in social recognition and reduction in anxiety-like behavior in vasopressin V1a receptor knockout mice"</a>. <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 483–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300360">10.1038/sj.npp.1300360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647484">14647484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Profound+impairment+in+social+recognition+and+reduction+in+anxiety-like+behavior+in+vasopressin+V1a+receptor+knockout+mice&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-93&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300360&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14647484&rft.aulast=Bielsky&rft.aufirst=IF&rft.au=Hu%2C+SB&rft.au=Szegda%2C+KL&rft.au=Westphal%2C+H&rft.au=Young%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.npp.1300360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17083331-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17083331_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWersingerCaldwellMartinezGold2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wersinger SR, Caldwell HK, Martinez L, Gold P, Hu SB, Young WS (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-183X.2006.00281.x">"Vasopressin 1a receptor knockout mice have a subtle olfactory deficit but normal aggression"</a>. <i>Genes, Brain and Behavior</i>. <b>6</b> (6): 540–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-183X.2006.00281.x">10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00281.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17083331">17083331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29923520">29923520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes%2C+Brain+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Vasopressin+1a+receptor+knockout+mice+have+a+subtle+olfactory+deficit+but+normal+aggression&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=540-51&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29923520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17083331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1601-183X.2006.00281.x&rft.aulast=Wersinger&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Caldwell%2C+HK&rft.au=Martinez%2C+L&rft.au=Gold%2C+P&rft.au=Hu%2C+SB&rft.au=Young%2C+WS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1601-183X.2006.00281.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17122081-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17122081_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLolaitStewartJessopYoung2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lolait SJ, Stewart LQ, Jessop DS, Young WS, O'Carroll AM (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040022">"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in mice lacking functional vasopressin V1b receptors"</a>. <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>148</b> (2): 849–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2006-1309">10.1210/en.2006-1309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040022">2040022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17122081">17122081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=The+hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal+axis+response+to+stress+in+mice+lacking+functional+vasopressin+V1b+receptors&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=849-56&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040022%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17122081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2006-1309&rft.aulast=Lolait&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Stewart%2C+LQ&rft.au=Jessop%2C+DS&rft.au=Young%2C+WS&rft.au=O%27Carroll%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15555506-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15555506_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWersingerKelliherZufallLolait2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wersinger SR, Kelliher KR, Zufall F, Lolait SJ, O'Carroll AM, Young WS (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259471">"Social motivation is reduced in vasopressin 1b receptor null mice despite normal performance in an olfactory discrimination task"</a>. <i>Hormones and Behavior</i>. <b>46</b> (5): 638–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2004.07.004">10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.07.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15555506">15555506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38444963">38444963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hormones+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Social+motivation+is+reduced+in+vasopressin+1b+receptor+null+mice+despite+normal+performance+in+an+olfactory+discrimination+task&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=638-45&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38444963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15555506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2004.07.004&rft.aulast=Wersinger&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Kelliher%2C+KR&rft.au=Zufall%2C+F&rft.au=Lolait%2C+SJ&rft.au=O%27Carroll%2C+AM&rft.au=Young%2C+WS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7545469-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7545469_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanwarWoodmanPoonMurohara1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kanwar S, Woodman RC, Poon MC, Murohara T, Lefer AM, Davenpeck KL, et al. (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/reprint/86/7/2760">"Desmopressin induces endothelial P-selectin expression and leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules"</a>. <i>Blood</i>. <b>86</b> (7): 2760–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V86.7.2760.2760">10.1182/blood.V86.7.2760.2760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7545469">7545469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=Desmopressin+induces+endothelial+P-selectin+expression+and+leukocyte+rolling+in+postcapillary+venules&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2760-6&rft.date=1995-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fblood.V86.7.2760.2760&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7545469&rft.aulast=Kanwar&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Woodman%2C+RC&rft.au=Poon%2C+MC&rft.au=Murohara%2C+T&rft.au=Lefer%2C+AM&rft.au=Davenpeck%2C+KL&rft.au=Kubes%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F86%2F7%2F2760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10880054-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10880054_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannOkscheWollheimGünther2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufmann JE, Oksche A, Wollheim CB, Günther G, Rosenthal W, Vischer UM (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314363">"Vasopressin-induced von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells involves V2 receptors and cAMP"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>106</b> (1): 107–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI9516">10.1172/JCI9516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314363">314363</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10880054">10880054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Vasopressin-induced+von+Willebrand+factor+secretion+from+endothelial+cells+involves+V2+receptors+and+cAMP&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-16&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC314363%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10880054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI9516&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Oksche%2C+A&rft.au=Wollheim%2C+CB&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+G&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+W&rft.au=Vischer%2C+UM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC314363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtisAshwoodBruns2012" class="citation book cs1">Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBLRUI4aHhkC&q=vasopressin+oxytocin+amino+acid+sequence&pg=PA1833"><i>Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics</i></a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 1833. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-5942-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-5942-2"><bdi>978-1-4557-5942-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tietz+Textbook+of+Clinical+Chemistry+and+Molecular+Diagnostics&rft.pages=1833&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-5942-2&rft.aulast=Burtis&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Ashwood%2C+ER&rft.au=Bruns%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBLRUI4aHhkC%26q%3Dvasopressin%2Boxytocin%2Bamino%2Bacid%2Bsequence%26pg%3DPA1833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1994" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson D (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3XbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">"Polyuria and Disorders of Thirst"</a>. In Williams DL, Marks V (eds.). <i>Scientific Foundations of Biochemistry in Clinical Practice</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 76–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-7506-0167-2.50010-8">10.1016/B978-0-7506-0167-2.50010-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-0167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-0167-2"><bdi>978-0-7506-0167-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polyuria+and+Disorders+of+Thirst&rft.btitle=Scientific+Foundations+of+Biochemistry+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=76-102&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-7506-0167-2.50010-8&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-0167-2&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3XbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18057218-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18057218_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWangSummerWestfall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Li C, Wang W, Summer SN, Westfall TD, Brooks DP, Falk S, et al. (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396735">"Molecular mechanisms of antidiuretic effect of oxytocin"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Society of Nephrology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 225–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.2007010029">10.1681/ASN.2007010029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396735">2396735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18057218">18057218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Molecular+mechanisms+of+antidiuretic+effect+of+oxytocin&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-32&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2396735%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18057218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1681%2FASN.2007010029&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Wang%2C+W&rft.au=Summer%2C+SN&rft.au=Westfall%2C+TD&rft.au=Brooks%2C+DP&rft.au=Falk%2C+S&rft.au=Schrier%2C+RW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2396735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15280526-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15280526_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJooJeonKimPark2004" class="citation journal cs1">Joo KW, Jeon US, Kim GH, Park J, Oh YK, Kim YS, et al. (October 2004). "Antidiuretic action of oxytocin is associated with increased urinary excretion of aquaporin-2". <i>Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation</i>. <b>19</b> (10): 2480–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfh413">10.1093/ndt/gfh413</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15280526">15280526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nephrology%2C+Dialysis%2C+Transplantation&rft.atitle=Antidiuretic+action+of+oxytocin+is+associated+with+increased+urinary+excretion+of+aquaporin-2&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2480-6&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfh413&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15280526&rft.aulast=Joo&rft.aufirst=KW&rft.au=Jeon%2C+US&rft.au=Kim%2C+GH&rft.au=Park%2C+J&rft.au=Oh%2C+YK&rft.au=Kim%2C+YS&rft.au=Ahn%2C+C&rft.au=Kim%2C+S&rft.au=Kim%2C+SY&rft.au=Lee%2C+JS&rft.au=Han%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcherChauvet1995" class="citation journal cs1">Acher R, Chauvet J (July 1995). "The neurohypophysial endocrine regulatory cascade: precursors, mediators, receptors, and effectors". <i>Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 237–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ffrne.1995.1009">10.1006/frne.1995.1009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7556852">7556852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12739464">12739464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=The+neurohypophysial+endocrine+regulatory+cascade%3A+precursors%2C+mediators%2C+receptors%2C+and+effectors&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-89&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12739464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7556852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ffrne.1995.1009&rft.aulast=Acher&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Chauvet%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2017-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2017_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2017_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2017_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2017_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2017_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davisplus.fadavis.com/3976/meddeck/pdf/vasopressin.pdf">"Vasopressin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. F.A. Davis Company. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vasopressin&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdavisplus.fadavis.com%2F3976%2Fmeddeck%2Fpdf%2Fvasopressin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5101576-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5101576_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumNusbaum1971" class="citation journal cs1">Baum S, Nusbaum M (March 1971). "The control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by selective mesenteric arterial infusion of vasopressin". <i>Radiology</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 497–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2F98.3.497">10.1148/98.3.497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5101576">5101576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.atitle=The+control+of+gastrointestinal+hemorrhage+by+selective+mesenteric+arterial+infusion+of+vasopressin&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-505&rft.date=1971-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2F98.3.497&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5101576&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verbalis2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verbalis2007_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbalis2007_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbalisGoldsmithGreenbergSchrier2007" class="citation journal cs1">Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Schrier RW, Sterns RH (November 2007). "Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007: expert panel recommendations". <i>The American Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>120</b> (11 Suppl 1): S1–21. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.499.7585">10.1.1.499.7585</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2007.09.001">10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17981159">17981159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Hyponatremia+treatment+guidelines+2007%3A+expert+panel+recommendations&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=11+Suppl+1&rft.pages=S1-21&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.499.7585%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17981159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2007.09.001&rft.aulast=Verbalis&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+SR&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+A&rft.au=Schrier%2C+RW&rft.au=Sterns%2C+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2009-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young2009_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2009" class="citation journal cs1">Young LJ (October 2009). "The neuroendocrinology of the social brain". <i>Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 425–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2009.06.002">10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.06.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19596026">19596026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31960688">31960688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=The+neuroendocrinology+of+the+social+brain&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-8&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31960688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19596026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2009.06.002&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25853137-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25853137_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavaniDeVitaMichelis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mavani GP, DeVita MV, Michelis MF (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371647">"A review of the nonpressor and nonantidiuretic actions of the hormone vasopressin"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Medicine</i>. <b>2</b>: 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmed.2015.00019">10.3389/fmed.2015.00019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371647">4371647</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25853137">25853137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+nonpressor+and+nonantidiuretic+actions+of+the+hormone+vasopressin&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4371647%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25853137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmed.2015.00019&rft.aulast=Mavani&rft.aufirst=GP&rft.au=DeVita%2C+MV&rft.au=Michelis%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4371647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29468985-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29468985_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIovinoMessanaDe_PergolaIovino2018" class="citation journal cs1">Iovino M, Messana T, De Pergola G, Iovino E, Dicuonzo F, Guastamacchia E, et al. (2018). "The Role of Neurohypophyseal Hormones Vasopressin and Oxytocin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders". <i>Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 341–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1871530318666180220104900">10.2174/1871530318666180220104900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29468985">29468985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3465601">3465601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine%2C+Metabolic+%26+Immune+Disorders+Drug+Targets&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Neurohypophyseal+Hormones+Vasopressin+and+Oxytocin+in+Neuropsychiatric+Disorders&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341-347&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3465601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29468985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1871530318666180220104900&rft.aulast=Iovino&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Messana%2C+T&rft.au=De+Pergola%2C+G&rft.au=Iovino%2C+E&rft.au=Dicuonzo%2C+F&rft.au=Guastamacchia%2C+E&rft.au=Giagulli%2C+VA&rft.au=Triggiani%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRectorBrenner2004" class="citation book cs1">Rector FC, Brenner BM (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202242/http://home.mdconsult.com/das/search/openres/56203699-5?searchisbn=460046813"><i>Brenner & Rector's the kidney</i></a> (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0164-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0164-9"><bdi>978-0-7216-0164-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.mdconsult.com/das/search/openres/56203699-5?searchisbn=460046813">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brenner+%26+Rector%27s+the+kidney&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-0164-9&rft.aulast=Rector&rft.aufirst=FC&rft.au=Brenner%2C+BM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.mdconsult.com%2Fdas%2Fsearch%2Fopenres%2F56203699-5%3Fsearchisbn%3D460046813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasopressin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="PDB_gallery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PDB_Gallery" title="Template:PDB Gallery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PDB_Gallery" title="Template talk:PDB Gallery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PDB_Gallery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PDB Gallery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="PDB_gallery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">PDB gallery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker" style="line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1jk4_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1jk4: DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH VASOPRESSIN"><img alt="1jk4: DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH VASOPRESSIN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PDB_1jk4_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1jk4_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PDB_1jk4_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1jk4_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PDB_1jk4_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1jk4_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1jk4</b>: DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH VASOPRESSIN</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1jk6_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1jk6: UNCOMPLEXED DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN"><img alt="1jk6: UNCOMPLEXED DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PDB_1jk6_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1jk6_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PDB_1jk6_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1jk6_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PDB_1jk6_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1jk6_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1jk6</b>: UNCOMPLEXED DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1npo: BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH OXYTOCIN"><img alt="1npo: BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH OXYTOCIN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1npo</b>: BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH OXYTOCIN</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2bn2_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2bn2: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEXED WITH THE VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUE PHE-TYR AMIDE"><img alt="2bn2: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEXED WITH THE VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUE PHE-TYR AMIDE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PDB_2bn2_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_2bn2_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PDB_2bn2_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_2bn2_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PDB_2bn2_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_2bn2_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2bn2</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEXED WITH THE VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUE PHE-TYR AMIDE</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hormones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hormones" title="Template talk:Hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hormones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">Endocrine<br />glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypothalamic–pituitary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–<br />pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">MCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasopressin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin" title="Thymosin">Thymosins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thymosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta thymosin">Beta thymosins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopoietin" title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_the_kidneys_and_acid–base_physiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renal_physiology" title="Template:Renal physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renal_physiology" title="Template talk:Renal physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renal_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renal physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_the_kidneys_and_acid–base_physiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renal_physiology" title="Renal physiology">Physiology of the kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">acid–base physiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creating <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">Clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_secreted_in_the_kidney" title="Drugs secreted in the kidney">Clearance of medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_flow_rate" title="Urine flow rate">Urine flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reabsorption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_drag" title="Solvent drag">Solvent drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_sodium_reabsorption" title="Renal sodium reabsorption">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_chloride_reabsorption" title="Renal chloride reabsorption">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_urea_handling" title="Renal urea handling">Urea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_glucose_reabsorption" title="Renal glucose reabsorption">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_oligopeptide_reabsorption" title="Renal oligopeptide reabsorption">Oligopeptides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_protein_reabsorption" title="Renal protein reabsorption">Protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_blood_flow" title="Renal blood flow">Renal blood flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(kidney)" title="Ultrafiltration (kidney)">Ultrafiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">Countercurrent exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration_fraction" title="Filtration fraction">Filtration fraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hormones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antidiuretic hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">Atrial natriuretic peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluid_balance" title="Fluid balance">Fluid balance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Body_water" title="Body water">Body water</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">Intracellular fluid/Cytosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">Extracellular fluid</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">Interstitial fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcellular_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcellular fluid">Transcellular fluid</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid–base balance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrow_Yannet_diagram" title="Darrow Yannet diagram">Darrow Yannet diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">Base excess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_diagram" title="Davenport diagram">Davenport diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anion_gap" title="Anion gap">Anion gap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delta_ratio" title="Delta ratio">Delta ratio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winters%27s_formula" title="Winters's formula">Winters's formula</a></li> <li>Buffering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system" title="Bicarbonate buffer system">Bicarbonate buffer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_compensation" title="Respiratory compensation">Respiratory compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_compensation" title="Renal compensation">Renal compensation</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">Assessment and measurement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">Glomerular filtration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">Creatinine clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_renal_clearance" title="Augmented renal clearance">Augmented renal clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_clearance_ratio" title="Renal clearance ratio">Renal clearance ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_reduction_ratio" title="Urea reduction ratio">Urea reduction ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kt/V" title="Kt/V">Kt/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_Kt/V" title="Standardized Kt/V">Standardized Kt/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialysis_adequacy" title="Dialysis adequacy">Dialysis adequacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis_product" title="Hemodialysis product">Hemodialysis product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_clearance" title="PAH clearance">PAH clearance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Effective_renal_plasma_flow" title="Effective renal plasma flow">Effective renal plasma flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_ratio" title="Extraction ratio">Extraction ratio</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_excretion_of_sodium" title="Fractional excretion of sodium">Fractional excretion of sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea-to-creatinine_ratio" title="Urea-to-creatinine ratio">BUN-to-creatinine ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback" title="Tubuloglomerular feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natriuresis" title="Natriuresis">Natriuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peptides:_neuropeptides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropeptides" title="Template talk:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peptides:_neuropeptides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">neuropeptides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hormones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones">hormones</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_peptide" title="Opioid peptide">Opioid peptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">Dynorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A1%E2%80%938" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynorphin A1–8">Dynorphin A<sub>1–8</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Neoendorphin">α-Neoendorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Neoendorphin">β-Neoendorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">Endomorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endorphin">α-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Endorphin">γ-Endorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">Enkephalins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidorphin" title="Amidorphin">Amidorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin" title="Hemorphin">Hemorphin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiorphin" title="Opiorphin">Opiorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> neuropeptides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin">Kinins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_peptides" title="Tachykinin peptides">Tachykinins</a>: mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_A" title="Neurokinin A">Neurokinin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_B" title="Neurokinin B">Neurokinin B</a></li></ul></dd> <dd>amphibian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kassinin" title="Kassinin">Kassinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physalaemin" title="Physalaemin">Physalaemin</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Neuromedins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B" title="Neuromedin B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_N" title="Neuromedin N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_S" title="Neuromedin S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U" title="Neuromedin U">U</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">Orexins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orexin-A" title="Orexin-A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexin B">B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">Angiotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin" title="Bombesin">Bombesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">Calcitonin gene-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnosine" title="Carnosine">Carnosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sleep-inducing_peptide" title="Delta-sleep-inducing peptide">Delta-sleep-inducing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMRFamide" title="FMRFamide">FMRFamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin" title="Galanin">Galanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin-like_peptide" title="Galanin-like peptide">Galanin-like peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide">Gastrin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide AF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF" title="Neuropeptide FF">Neuropeptide FF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_SF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide SF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide SF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_VF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide VF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide VF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S" title="Neuropeptide S">Neuropeptide S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysins" title="Neurophysins">Neurophysins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin" title="Neurotensin">Neurotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide" title="Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide">Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGF" title="VGF">VGF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neurotransmitters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotransmitters" title="Template talk:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neurotransmitters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Major excitatory /<br />inhibitory systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glutamate system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agmatine" title="Agmatine">Agmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid (aspartate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamic acid (glutamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">Glutathione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosoglutathione" title="S-Nitrosoglutathione">GSNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidized_glutathione" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidized glutathione">GSSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartic acid">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartylglutamic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid">NAAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">GABA system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glycine system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">α-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotaurine" title="Hypotaurine">Hypotaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-HCA" title="T-HCA">T-HCA (GHC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">Biogenic amines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Monoamines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxymelatonin" title="6-Hydroxymelatonin">6-OHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Epinephrine (adrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylserotonin" title="N-Acetylserotonin">NAS (normelatonin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Trace amines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine" title="3-Iodothyronamine">3-Iodothyronamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyltryptamine" title="N-Methyltryptamine">N-Methyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine"><i>m</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine"><i>p</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">Phenylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Tyramine" title="Meta-Tyramine"><i>m</i>-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine"><i>p</i>-Tyramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Endocannabinoids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Endocannabinoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonyl_glyceryl_ether" title="2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether">2-AGE (noladin ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Arachidonoyl_lysophosphatidylinositol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (page does not exist)">2-ALPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Oleoylglycerol" title="2-Oleoylglycerol">2-OG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonoyl_serotonin" title="Arachidonoyl serotonin">AA-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide (AEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docosatetraenoylethanolamide" title="Docosatetraenoylethanolamide">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidylinositol" title="Lysophosphatidylinositol">LPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonylglycine" title="N-Arachidonylglycine">NAGly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">OEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleamide" title="Oleamide">Oleamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoylethanolamide" title="Palmitoylethanolamide">PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearoylethanolamide" title="Stearoylethanolamide">SEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine (O-AEA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobase</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nucleosides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Nucleosides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adenosine_system" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cholinergic_system" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Cholinergic system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gasotransmitters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Gasotransmitters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide (CO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide (NO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide (COS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxytocin_and_vasopressin_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxytocin_and_vasopressin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxytocin_and_vasopressin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxytocin_and_vasopressin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxytocin_and_vasopressin_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">vasopressin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspartocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspartocin (page does not exist)">Aspartocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbetocin" title="Carbetocin">Carbetocin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cargutocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cargutocin (page does not exist)">Cargutocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoxytocin" title="Demoxytocin">Demoxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo-oxytocin-1" title="Lipo-oxytocin-1">Lipo-oxytocin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merotocin" title="Merotocin">Merotocin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacartocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nacartocin (page does not exist)">Nacartocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-06478939&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-06478939 (page does not exist)">PF-06478939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-06655075&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-06655075 (page does not exist)">PF-06655075 (PF1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Thr4,_Gly7)-Oxytocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Thr4, Gly7)-Oxytocin (page does not exist)">TGOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasotocin" title="Vasotocin">Vasotocin (argiprestocin)</a>; <i>Non-peptide:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CA7_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CA7 (drug) (page does not exist)">CA7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIT-001" title="LIT-001">LIT-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_OT_39" title="TC OT 39">TC OT 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-267464" title="WAY-267464">WAY-267464</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WJ0679&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WJ0679 (page does not exist)">WJ0679</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atosiban" title="Atosiban">Atosiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocinoic_acid" title="Tocinoic acid">Tocinoic acid</a>; <i>Non-peptide:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barusiban" title="Barusiban">Barusiban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cligosiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cligosiban (page does not exist)">Cligosiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epelsiban" title="Epelsiban">Epelsiban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erlosiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erlosiban (page does not exist)">Erlosiban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IX-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IX-01 (page does not exist)">IX-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-368,899" title="L-368,899">L-368,899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-371,257" title="L-371,257">L-371,257</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-372,662&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-372,662 (page does not exist)">L-372,662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolasiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nolasiban (page does not exist)">Nolasiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retosiban" title="Retosiban">Retosiban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-126768&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-126768 (page does not exist)">SSR-126768</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-162720&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-162720 (page does not exist)">WAY-162720</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Catabolism inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Amastatin" title="Amastatin">Amastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestatin">Bestatin (ubenimex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">EDTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine"><small>L</small>-Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leupeptin" title="Leupeptin">Leupeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Phenanthroline" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Phenanthroline">o-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoramidon" title="Phosphoramidon">Phosphoramidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puromycin" title="Puromycin">Puromycin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">V<sub>1A</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Felypressin" title="Felypressin">Felypressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lypressin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lypressin">Lypressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornipressin" title="Ornipressin">Ornipressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selepressin" title="Selepressin">Selepressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terlipressin" title="Terlipressin">Terlipressin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasopressin (argipressin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasotocin" title="Vasotocin">Vasotocin (argiprestocin)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Atosiban" title="Atosiban">Atosiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balovaptan" title="Balovaptan">Balovaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conivaptan" title="Conivaptan">Conivaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-218944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-218944 (page does not exist)">FR-218944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-17079166&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-17079166 (page does not exist)">JNJ-17079166</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-17308616&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-17308616 (page does not exist)">JNJ-17308616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIT-001" title="LIT-001">LIT-001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-307174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-307174 (page does not exist)">LY-307174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-184563" title="PF-184563">PF-184563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relcovaptan" title="Relcovaptan">Relcovaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG7713" title="RG7713">RG7713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRX246" title="SRX246">SRX246</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRX251&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRX251 (page does not exist)">SRX251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_OT_39" title="TC OT 39">TC OT 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-267464" title="WAY-267464">WAY-267464</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-218 (page does not exist)">YM-218</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-471 (page does not exist)">YM-471</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-35471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-35471 (page does not exist)">YM-35471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">V<sub>1B</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Desmopressin" title="Desmopressin">Desmopressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felypressin" title="Felypressin">Felypressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lypressin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lypressin">Lypressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornipressin" title="Ornipressin">Ornipressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terlipressin" title="Terlipressin">Terlipressin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasopressin (argipressin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasotocin" title="Vasotocin">Vasotocin (argiprestocin)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/ABT-436" title="ABT-436">ABT-436</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-558&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-558 (page does not exist)">ABT-558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezivaptan" title="Brezivaptan">Brezivaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelivaptan" title="Nelivaptan">Nelivaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-52186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-52186 (page does not exist)">ORG-52186 (SCH-740935)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TASP-0233278&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TASP-0233278 (page does not exist)">TASP-0233278</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TASP-0390325&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TASP-0390325 (page does not exist)">TASP-0390325</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Ligands:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=TASP-699&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TASP-699 (page does not exist)">TASP-699</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">V<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Desmopressin" title="Desmopressin">Desmopressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felypressin" title="Felypressin">Felypressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIT-001" title="LIT-001">LIT-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lypressin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lypressin">Lypressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornipressin" title="Ornipressin">Ornipressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_OT_39" title="TC OT 39">TC OT 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terlipressin" title="Terlipressin">Terlipressin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasopressin (argipressin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasotocin" title="Vasotocin">Vasotocin (argiprestocin)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Conivaptan" title="Conivaptan">Conivaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-17079166&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-17079166 (page does not exist)">JNJ-17079166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixivaptan" title="Lixivaptan">Lixivaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozavaptan" title="Mozavaptan">Mozavaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-351647&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-351647 (page does not exist)">RWJ-351647</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavaptan" title="Satavaptan">Satavaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolvaptan" title="Tolvaptan">Tolvaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-471 (page does not exist)">YM-471</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-35471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-35471 (page does not exist)">YM-35471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Balovaptan" title="Balovaptan">Balovaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribuvaptan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribuvaptan (page does not exist)">Ribuvaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-339489&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-339489 (page does not exist)">RWJ-339489</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VMAX-367&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VMAX-367 (page does not exist)">VMAX-367</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VMAX-372&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VMAX-372 (page does not exist)">VMAX-372</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VMAX-382&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VMAX-382 (page does not exist)">VMAX-382</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-222546&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-222546 (page does not exist)">YM-222546</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Demeclocycline" title="Demeclocycline">Demeclocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">lithium carbonate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Carrier proteins:</b> <a href="/wiki/Neurophysin" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurophysin">Neurophysin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurophysin_I" title="Neurophysin I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurophysin_II" title="Neurophysin II">II</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&oldid=1258686459">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&oldid=1258686459</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_20" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome 20">Genes on human chromosome 20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides" title="Category:Neuropeptides">Neuropeptides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Posterior_pituitary_hormones" title="Category:Posterior pituitary hormones">Posterior pituitary hormones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neuroendocrinology" title="Category:Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Renal_physiology" title="Category:Renal physiology">Renal physiology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vasopressin_receptor_agonists" title="Category:Vasopressin receptor agonists">Vasopressin receptor agonists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orgasm" title="Category:Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antidiuretics" title="Category:Antidiuretics">Antidiuretics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonapeptides" title="Category:Nonapeptides">Nonapeptides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stress_hormones" title="Category:Stress hormones">Stress hormones</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2021">Articles with dead external links from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_drug_articles_with_contradicting_parameter_input" title="Category:Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input">Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_no_legal_status" title="Category:Drugs with no legal status">Drugs with no legal status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_watched_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_unverified_chemical_infoboxes" title="Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes">Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_that_are_a_physiological_drug" title="Category:Drugs that are a physiological drug">Drugs that are a physiological drug</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 01:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9nxpb","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.564","walltime":"2.172","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9160,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":426044,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10863,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":68,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":289250,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":62,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1910.138 1 -total"," 42.71% 815.887 1 Template:Infobox_gene"," 20.27% 387.188 1 Template:Infobox_drug"," 17.66% 337.406 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.77% 320.422 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.33% 216.402 43 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.99% 190.829 28 Template:Navbox"," 5.52% 105.374 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.54% 86.740 1 Template:PDB_Gallery"," 4.45% 85.064 17 Template:Unbulleted_list"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.995","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13979725,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-xm7xs","timestamp":"20241122142215","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vasopressin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasopressin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21124841","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21124841","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-06T04:54:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T01:18:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Vasopressin_labeled.png","headline":"hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP"}</script> </body> </html>