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<span>Political and social events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature and arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_and_infamous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_and_infamous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Famous and infamous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_and_infamous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1870s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1870" title="عقد 1870 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1870" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1870" title="Anyos 1870 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1870" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1870" title="Ans 1870 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1870" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1870" title="Década del 1870 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1870" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-ci_ill%C9%99r" title="1870-ci illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1870-ci illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-an" title="1870-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1870-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1870 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1870 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D1%8F" title="1870-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1870-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D1%8F" title="1870-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1870-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1870-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1870-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-e" title="1870-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1870-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1870" title="Bloavezhioù 1870 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1870" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1870" title="Dècada del 1870 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1870" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1870-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1870-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870au" title="1870au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1870au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%27erne" title="1870'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1870'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1870" title="عوام 1870 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1870" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-lohku" title="1870-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1870-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870er" title="1870er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1870er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870._aastad" title="1870. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1870. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1870" title="An 1870 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1870" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1870 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1870 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1870" title="Años 1870 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1870" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-aj_jaroj" title="1870-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1870-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870eko_hamarkada" title="1870eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1870eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۸۷۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۸۷۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870s" title="1870s – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1870s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%C3%A1rini" title="1870-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1870-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1870" title="Années 1870 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1870" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870id%C3%AD" title="1870idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1870idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870an" title="1870an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1870an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1870" title="Década de 1870 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1870" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1870年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1870年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1870년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1870년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1870a" title="Yari 1870a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1870a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-an" title="1870-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1870-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1870-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1870-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871-1880" title="1871-1880 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1871-1880" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1870" title="Anni 1870 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1870" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-70_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-19" title="שנות ה-70 של המאה ה-19 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-70 של המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-an" title="1870-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1870-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1870-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1870-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1870" title="Miaka ya 1870 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1870" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1870-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1870-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1870" title="Anni 1870 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1870" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870._gadi" title="1870. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1870. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1870" title="Anni 1870 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1870" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-lugu_vuvvet" title="1870-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1870-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1870-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1870-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1870-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1870-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८७० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८७० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1870-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1870-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1870" title="عقد 1870 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1870" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-an" title="1870-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1870-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1870 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1870 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%D1%82" title="1870т – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1870т" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-1879" title="1870-1879 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1870-1879" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1870年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1870年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%C3%A5rene" title="1870-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1870-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%C3%A5ra" title="1870-åra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1870-åra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1870" title="Annaées 1870 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1870" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1870" title="Ans 1870 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1870" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-lar" title="1870-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1870-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1870 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1870 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_70._XIX_wieku" title="Lata 70. XIX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 70. XIX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1870" title="Década de 1870 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1870" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1870" title="Anii 1870 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1870" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_watakuna" title="1870 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1870 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1870-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1870-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D1%81" title="1870-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1870-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870s" title="1870s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1870s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1870" title="Vitet 1870 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1870" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870ini" title="1870ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1870ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870s" title="1870s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1870s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/70._roky_19._storo%C4%8Dia" title="70. roky 19. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="70. roky 19. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870." title="1870. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1870." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D0%B5" title="1870-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1870-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-e" title="1870-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1870-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-an" title="1870-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1870-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-luku" title="1870-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1870-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-talet" title="1870-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1870-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1870கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1870கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1870-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1870-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1870" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1870 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1870" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1870_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1870 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1870 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%27ler" title="1870'ler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1870'ler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1870ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1870ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1870-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1870-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1870ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1870ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1870" title="Thập niên 1870 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1870" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1870" title="Anêyes 1870 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1870" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_nga_dekada" title="1870 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1870 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1870年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1870年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1870ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1870ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1870年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1870年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1870年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1870年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39847#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decade of the Gregorian calendar</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1870s_Montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1870s_Montage.jpg/335px-1870s_Montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="335" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1870s_Montage.jpg/503px-1870s_Montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1870s_Montage.jpg/670px-1870s_Montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>From left to right, clockwise: Conflict erupts between the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> leading to the <b><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></b> in 1870; a <b><a href="/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire" title="Great Chicago Fire">fire</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> kills approximately 300 people and leaves about another 100,000 people homeless in 1871; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise" title="Impression, Sunrise">Impression, Sunrise</a></i> is recognized as the source of inspiration for the <b><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist movement</a></b>; The <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">U.S. Army</a> is defeated by <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" title="Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne</a> tribes during the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></b> in 1876; <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Otto" title="Nicolaus Otto">Nicolaus Otto</a> patents the first commercial four-stroke <b><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a></b>; <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> is recognized as the “<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Empress of India</a>” in the <b><a href="/wiki/Royal_Titles_Act_1876" title="Royal Titles Act 1876">Royal Titles Act 1876</a></b>; <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> forces defend against <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> invaders in the <b><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></b>; <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> fighters engage in combat during the <b><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a></b>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>1870s</b> (pronounced "eighteen-seventies") was a <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> that began on January 1, 1870, and ended on December 31, 1879. </p><p>The trends of the <a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">previous decade</a> continued into this one, as new <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> rose in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was recovering from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction era</a> introduced its own legacies of bitterness and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in the country. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unified</a> as a nation in 1871 and became the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Changing social conditions led workforces to cooperate in the form of <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> in order to demand better pay and working conditions, with <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> occurring worldwide in the later part of the decade and continuing until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The decade was also a period of significant technological advancement; the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, and electric <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a> were all invented during the 1870s, though it would take several more decades before they became household items. </p><p>The last living person from this decade, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Calment" title="Jeanne Calment">Jeanne Calment</a>, died in 1997. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1870s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890s" title="1890s">1890s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1870">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1871">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1872">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1873" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1873">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1874">1874</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1875" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1875">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1876">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1877" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1877">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1878">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1879" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1879">1879</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_births" title="Category:1870s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_deaths" title="Category:1870s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_by_country" title="Category:1870s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_establishments" title="Category:1870s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_disestablishments" title="Category:1870s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1870s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1870s">List of sovereign states in the 1870s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars">Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_revolt_(1862%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan revolt (1862–77)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877), <a href="/wiki/Hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui">Hui</a> uprising against the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a> which resulted in 20 million deaths and a Qing victory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–1871), resulted in the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> and in the formation of both the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars#Third_Anglo-Ashanti_War_(1873–1874)" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Third Anglo-Ashanti War</a>, also known as the "First Ashanti Expedition" (1873–1874), ended with the destruction of the royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a> and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fomena" title="Treaty of Fomena">Treaty of Fomena</a>, which secured British trading rights in the area</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> (1872–1876), the last of the <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a> in Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Egyptian War">Ethiopian–Egyptian War</a> (1874–1876), a resource conflict over access to the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> basin between the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a>, resulting in an Ethiopian victory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>, resulted in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> becoming completely independent from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> became autonomous</li> <li>In the United States, post-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> continued until its conclusion under President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> in 1877</li> <li>Second <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Anglo-Afghan War">Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1878–1880), fought between the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (11 January – 5 July 1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1884), fought over resource-rich territory along the Pacific coast between <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization,_decolonization,_and_independence"><span id="Colonization.2C_decolonization.2C_and_independence"></span>Colonization, decolonization, and independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonization, decolonization, and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> continued to grow, with the 1870s marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Romania">Romania</a> declared independence following <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">a war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> battled the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">United States Cavalry</a> and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_social_events">Political and social events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political and social events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and Alliance System emerged.</li> <li>Racial and economic politics at the height of America's <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction Era</a> were bitter, pessimistic, and sometimes violent.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> began in 1877, lasting until 1896.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> rises and promptly ends (1873–1874).</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman Constitution</a> is promulgated in 1876, starting the <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era (1876–1878)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">Contested US presidential election of 1876</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#1870s" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions § 1870s</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lignedefeu16August.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lignedefeu16August.jpg/250px-Lignedefeu16August.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lignedefeu16August.jpg/500px-Lignedefeu16August.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/220px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/330px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/440px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> with his phonograph, taken by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> in 1877</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Bulb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Light_Bulb.jpg/220px-Light_Bulb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Light_Bulb.jpg/330px-Light_Bulb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Light_Bulb.jpg/440px-Light_Bulb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>The first version of the <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a> was invented by Edison in 1879</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The prototype telephone was invented by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> in 1876.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> is invented in 1877 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.</li> <li>The 6.35mm <a href="/wiki/Headphone_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone jack">headphone jack</a> was invented in 1878 and is still widely used today.</li> <li>The first version of the <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-y221_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_drill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steam drill (page does not exist)">steam drill</a> is invented in 1879.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> statistically defined <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">thermodynamic entropy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltausstellung 1873 Wien">1873 Weltausstellung</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">1876 Centennial Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">1878 Exposition universelle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_bear" title="Atlas bear">Atlas bear</a> became extinct in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> was established and signed into law in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_arts">Literature and arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature and arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> (France) publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Around the World in Eighty Days (book)">Around The World in Eighty Days</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Alfred Sisley</a> organized the <i>Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs</i> ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berthe_Morisot" title="Berthe Morisot">Berthe Morisot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the slightly older <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Boudin" title="Eugène Boudin">Eugène Boudin</a>, whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up <i>plein air</i> painting years before.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Jongkind" title="Johan Jongkind">Johan Jongkind</a>, declined to participate, as did <a href="/wiki/Manet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manet">Manet</a>. In total, thirty artists participated <a href="/wiki/First_Impressionist_Exhibition" title="First Impressionist Exhibition">in their first exhibition</a>, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer <a href="/wiki/Nadar_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadar (photographer)">Nadar</a>. The group soon became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionists</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Calment" title="Jeanne Calment">Jeanne Calment</a>, born 1875, would eventually become the longest-living human being with a verified lifespan. She lived until 1997, aged 122. She still holds the record as of November 2024.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer" title="The Adventures of Tom Sawyer">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</a></i> in 1876.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> releases <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i> in 1879.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1870s_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1870s in fashion">1870s in fashion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Borel" title="Eugène Borel">Eugène Borel</a>, Director Universal Postal Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B Hayes</a>, Elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> in disputed election of <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Thomas W Ferry</a>, Served as Senate <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Pro tempore</a> and acting US <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> during 1870s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moynier" title="Gustave Moynier">Gustave Moynier</a>, President International Committee of the Red Cross</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel Tilden</a>, won popular vote but lost contested election in 1876 US presidential election</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_and_infamous_people">Famous and infamous people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Famous and infamous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:1870s" title="Talk:1870s">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Bass_(outlaw)" title="Sam Bass (outlaw)">Sam Bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>, outlaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bowdre" title="Charlie Bowdre">Charlie Bowdre</a>, Wild West, outlaw/cowboy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Brewer" title="Richard M. Brewer">Richard M. Brewer</a>, Wild West, gunslinger/cowboy, outlaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> war leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>, <a href="/wiki/U._S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Army">U. S. Army</a> officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a>, Wild West, lawman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._B._Farnum" title="E. B. Farnum">E. B. Farnum</a>, Elected official and one of the first residents of <a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood, South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Wild_Bill%22_Hickok" class="mw-redirect" title=""Wild Bill" Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a>, Legendary Wild West, lawman, gunfighter, and entertainer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a>, Legendary Wild West, gambler, gunfighter, outlaw, dentist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a>, Wild West, outlaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a>, Wild West, outlaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a>, Frontierswoman and professional <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_McCall" title="Jack McCall">Jack McCall</a>, murderer of <a href="/wiki/%22Wild_Bill%22_Hickok" class="mw-redirect" title=""Wild Bill" Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McCarty" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry McCarty">Henry McCarty</a> a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/William_Bonney" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bonney">William Bonney</a> a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a>, Wild West, outlaw/cowboy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McSween" title="Alexander McSween">Alexander McSween</a>, Wild West, figure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Murphy" title="Lawrence Murphy">Lawrence Murphy</a>, Wild West, <a href="/wiki/Racketeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Racketeer">racketeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_O%27Folliard" title="Tom O'Folliard">Tom O'Folliard</a>, Wild West, outlaw, best friend of <a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante" title="Giovanni Passannante">Giovanni Passannante</a>, anarchist, attempted assassin of <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Umberto I">Umberto I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stilwell" title="Frank Stilwell">Frank Stilwell</a>, Wild West, outlaw/cowboy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Swearengen" title="Al Swearengen">Al Swearengen</a>, pimp and entertainment entrepreneur who ran the <a href="/wiki/Gem_Theater_(Deadwood,_South_Dakota)" title="Gem Theater (Deadwood, South Dakota)">Gem Theater</a>, for 22 years during the late 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tunstall" title="John Tunstall">John Tunstall</a>, First man to be killed during the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John Younger</a>, Wild West, outlaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim Younger</a>, Wild West, outlaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole Younger</a>, Wild West, outlaw</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870s_in_sociology" title="1870s in sociology">1870s in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a> (during the decade's earlier years).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> (during the decade's later years).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Binge" title="The Great Binge">The Great Binge</a> (covering roughly 1870 to 1914)<sup id="cite_ref-Maps_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maps-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-y221-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y221_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/incandescent-light-bulb.html#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Thomas%20Edison,a%20home%20for%20many%20hours.">"The Incandescent Light Bulb (1879): October 22-23, 2023"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=The+Incandescent+Light+Bulb+%281879%29%3A+October+22-23%2C+2023&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fstories%2Fincandescent-light-bulb.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520the%2520Thomas%2520Edison%2Ca%2520home%2520for%2520many%2520hours.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan,_B.N.Proctor,_M.F.Huber,_D.Michel,_S.2017" class="citation journal cs1">McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41688/121229971">"<i>Ursus arctos</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T41688A121229971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Ursus+arctos&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T41688A121229971&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en&rft.au=McLellan%2C+B.N.&rft.au=Proctor%2C+M.F.&rft.au=Huber%2C+D.&rft.au=Michel%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41688%2F121229971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/national-parks-maps/articles-and-essays/yellowstone-the-first-national-park/">"Yellowstone, the First National Park"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511161904/https://www.loc.gov/collections/national-parks-maps/articles-and-essays/yellowstone-the-first-national-park/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Yellowstone%2C+the+First+National+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fnational-parks-maps%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fyellowstone-the-first-national-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denvir (1990), p.32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Denvir, <i>The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism</i> (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maps-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maps_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryarsHarper2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryars, Tim; Harper, Tom (10 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5jeBQAAQBAJ&dq=The+Great+Binge+1870-1914&pg=PT52"><i>A Historzy of the Twentieth Century in 100 Maps</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226202501" title="Special:BookSources/9780226202501"><bdi>9780226202501</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historzy+of+the+Twentieth+Century+in+100+Maps&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.isbn=9780226202501&rft.aulast=Bryars&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Harper%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5jeBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BGreat%2BBinge%2B1870-1914%26pg%3DPT52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>96 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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