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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Traditional social structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thiyóšpaye_(community)_kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thiyóšpaye_(community)_kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Thiyóšpaye (community) kinship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thiyóšpaye_(community)_kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Gender roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Funeral practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Creation stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestral_Sioux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestral_Sioux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancestral Sioux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_Sioux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_contact_with_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_contact_with_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First contact with Europeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_contact_with_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_trade_and_intertribal_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_trade_and_intertribal_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 French trade and intertribal warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_trade_and_intertribal_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties_and_reservation_period_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties_and_reservation_period_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Treaties and reservation period beginnings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties_and_reservation_period_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dakota_War_of_1862_and_the_Dakota_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dakota_War_of_1862_and_the_Dakota_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Dakota War of 1862 and the Dakota diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dakota_War_of_1862_and_the_Dakota_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westward_expansion_of_the_Lakota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westward_expansion_of_the_Lakota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Westward expansion of the Lakota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westward_expansion_of_the_Lakota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Sioux_War_of_1876_and_the_Wounded_Knee_Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Sioux_War_of_1876_and_the_Wounded_Knee_Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Great Sioux War of 1876 and the Wounded Knee Massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Sioux_War_of_1876_and_the_Wounded_Knee_Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890–1920s:_Assimilation_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890–1920s:_Assimilation_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 1890–1920s: Assimilation era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890–1920s:_Assimilation_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_allotment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_allotment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.1 Land allotment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_allotment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boarding_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarding_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.2 Boarding schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarding_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s–1960s:_Reorganization_Act_and_Relocation_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s–1960s:_Reorganization_Act_and_Relocation_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 1930s–1960s: Reorganization Act and Relocation Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s–1960s:_Reorganization_Act_and_Relocation_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Wounded_Knee_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Wounded_Knee_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 1970s: Wounded Knee incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Wounded_Knee_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s–present:_Self-determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s–present:_Self-determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 1980s–present: Self-determination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s–present:_Self-determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Hills_Land_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Hills_Land_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.1 Black Hills Land claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Hills_Land_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Lakotah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Lakotah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.2 Republic of Lakotah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Lakotah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foster_care_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foster_care_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.3 Foster care system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foster_care_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protest_against_the_Dakota_Access_oil_pipeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protest_against_the_Dakota_Access_oil_pipeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.4 Protest against the Dakota Access oil pipeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protest_against_the_Dakota_Access_oil_pipeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.5 Return of Artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_modern_geographical_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_modern_geographical_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ethnic and modern geographical divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_and_modern_geographical_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnic and modern geographical divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_modern_geographical_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isáŋyathi_(Santee_or_Eastern_Dakota)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isáŋyathi_(Santee_or_Eastern_Dakota)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Isáŋyathi (Santee or Eastern Dakota) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isáŋyathi_(Santee_or_Eastern_Dakota)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna_(Yankton-Yanktonai_or_Western_Dakota)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna_(Yankton-Yanktonai_or_Western_Dakota)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna_(Yankton-Yanktonai_or_Western_Dakota)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thítȟuŋwaŋ_(Teton_or_Lakota)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thítȟuŋwaŋ_(Teton_or_Lakota)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton or Lakota) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thítȟuŋwaŋ_(Teton_or_Lakota)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservations_and_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservations_and_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reservations and reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservations_and_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Population history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Sioux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Sioux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable Sioux </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Sioux-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable Sioux subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Sioux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_individual_tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_individual_tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 By individual tribe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_individual_tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Official </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sioux</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8)" title="سو (شعب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سو (شعب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakota_iriniwok" title="Nakota iriniwok – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Nakota iriniwok" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siu" title="Siu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سیو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Сіў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сиукси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сиукси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioued" title="Sioued – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sioued" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxov%C3%A9" title="Siouxové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Siouxové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakotad_ja_lakotad" title="Dakotad ja lakotad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dakotad ja lakotad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σιου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siux" title="Siux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siuoj" title="Siuoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siuoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siux" title="Siux – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siux" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88_(%D9%82%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="سو (قبیله سرخ‌پوست) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سو (قبیله سرخ‌پوست)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB_(folk)" title="Sû (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sû (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suaigh" title="Suaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Suaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADux" title="Síux – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Síux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98_%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%B9" title="수 연맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수 연맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82" title="सू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijuksi_Indijanci" title="Sijuksi Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sijuksi Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95" title="סו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3" title="სიუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Сиу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сиу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siu" title="Siu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijai" title="Sijai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sijai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сијукси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сијукси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ഡക്കോട്ട ഇന്ത്യർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡക്കോട്ട ഇന്ത്യർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E6%97%8F" title="スー族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スー族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxfolk" title="Siouxfolk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Siouxfolk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota" title="Dakota – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dakota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakotowie" title="Dakotowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dakotowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%27ota" title="Lak'ota – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lak'ota" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Сиу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сиу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suji" title="Suji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сијукси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сијукси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxit" title="Siouxit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siouxit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27%C3%B3hom%C3%B6%27e" title="Ho'óhomö'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ho'óhomö'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyular" title="Siyular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%83_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Сіу (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіу (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sioux" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%97%8F" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Native American and First Nations ethnic groups</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sioux_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sioux (disambiguation)">Sioux (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sioux</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Očhéthi Šakówiŋ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:En-chief-sitting-bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/En-chief-sitting-bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> chief and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">holy man</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1831 – December 15, 1890.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">170,110 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">United States: (<a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>) Canada: (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Dakota_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dakota language">Western Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dakota">Eastern Dakota</a>), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretistic</a> forms), traditional religion</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Nakoda (Stoney)</a>, and other Siouan-speaking peoples </td></tr></tbody></table> The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/suː/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SOO</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>: Očhéthi Šakówiŋ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[oˈtʃʰeːtʰi ʃaˈkoːwĩ]</a>) are groups of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of North America. The Sioux have two major <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">linguistic divisions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota peoples</a> (translation: 'friend, ally' referring to the alliances between the bands). Collectively, they are the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, or 'Seven Council Fires'. The term Sioux, an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> from a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> transcription (Nadouessioux) of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> term Nadowessi, can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects. Before the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Santee_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Santee Dakota">Santee Dakota</a> (Isáŋyathi: 'Knife', also known as the Eastern Dakota) lived around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> with territories in present-day northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. They gathered <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a>, hunted woodland animals, and used canoes to fish. Wars with the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> throughout the 18th century pushed the Dakota west into southern Minnesota, where the Western Dakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) and Lakota (Teton) lived. In the 19th century, the Dakota signed land cession treaties with the United States for much of their Minnesota lands. The United States' failure to make treaty payments or provide rations on time led to starvation and the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>, which resulted in the Dakota's exile from Minnesota. They were forced onto reservations in Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, and some fled to Canada. After 1870, the Dakota people began to return to Minnesota, creating the present-day reservations in the state. The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna; 'Village-at-the-end' and 'Little village-at-the-end'), collectively also called by the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> Wičhíyena, lived near the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> before ceding their land and moving to South Dakota in 1858. Despite ceding their lands, their treaty with the U.S. government allowed them to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the <a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone Quarry</a>, a cultural center for Sioux people. Considered the Western Dakota, they have in the past been erroneously classified as <a href="/wiki/Nakota" title="Nakota">Nakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Nakota are the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Stoney</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>, also called Teton (Thítȟuŋwaŋ; possibly 'dwellers on the prairie'), are the westernmost Sioux, known for their <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">hunting and warrior culture</a>. With the arrival of the horse in the 18th century, the Lakota became a powerful tribe on the Northern Plains by the 1850s. They fought the U.S. Army in the <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars</a> and defeated the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Big_Horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Little Big Horn">Battle of Little Big Horn</a>. The armed conflicts with the U.S. ended with the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a>. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the Dakota and Lakota continued to fight for their <a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">treaty rights</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a>, and the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> case <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a>, in which the court ruled that the US government had illegally taken tribal lands covered by the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868</a> and that the tribe was owed compensation plus interest. As of 2018, this amounted to more than $1 billion; the Sioux have refused the payment, demanding instead the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_land_claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills land claim">return of the Black Hills</a>. Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments across several reservations and communities in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> in the United States and reserves in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> in Canada. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Black_Tail_Deer,_Sioux_Chief,_also_a_policeman_at_Rosebud_Agency.%22_Department_of_Anthropology,_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%22Black_Tail_Deer%2C_Sioux_Chief%2C_also_a_policeman_at_Rosebud_Agency.%22_Department_of_Anthropology%2C_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/220px-%22Black_Tail_Deer%2C_Sioux_Chief%2C_also_a_policeman_at_Rosebud_Agency.%22_Department_of_Anthropology%2C_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%22Black_Tail_Deer%2C_Sioux_Chief%2C_also_a_policeman_at_Rosebud_Agency.%22_Department_of_Anthropology%2C_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/330px-%22Black_Tail_Deer%2C_Sioux_Chief%2C_also_a_policeman_at_Rosebud_Agency.%22_Department_of_Anthropology%2C_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%22Black_Tail_Deer%2C_Sioux_Chief%2C_also_a_policeman_at_Rosebud_Agency.%22_Department_of_Anthropology%2C_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/440px-%22Black_Tail_Deer%2C_Sioux_Chief%2C_also_a_policeman_at_Rosebud_Agency.%22_Department_of_Anthropology%2C_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4132" data-file-height="5345" /></a><figcaption>Chief Black Tail Deer and his family at the <a href="/wiki/1904_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 World's Fair">1904 World's Fair</a></figcaption></figure> The Sioux people refer to their whole nation of people (sometimes called the Great Sioux Nation) as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (meaning 'Seven Council Fires'). Each fire symbolizes an oyate (people or nation). Today the seven nations that comprise the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ are: <ul><li>Thítȟuŋwaŋ (also known collectively as the Lakota or Teton)</li> <li>Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute, and Sisíthuŋwaŋ (also known collectively as the Santee or Eastern Dakota)</li> <li>Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ and Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (also known collectively as the Yankton/Yanktonai or Western Dakota).<a href="#cite_note-Sioux_nation-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a></li></ul> They are also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> based on dialect differences.<a href="#cite_note-Sioux_nation-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> In any of the dialects, Lakota or Dakota translates as 'friend, ally', referring to the alliances between the bands.<a href="#cite_note-Sioux_nation-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> The name Sioux was adopted in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by the 1760s from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. It is abbreviated from the French Nadouessioux, first attested by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a> in 1640.<a href="#cite_note-Sioux_nation-3">[3]</a> The name is sometimes said to be derived from Nadowessi (plural Nadowessiwag),<a href="#cite_note-Four_Siouan_Languages_1956-5">[5]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the Sioux meaning 'little snakes'<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> or 'enemy'<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (compare nadowe 'big snakes', used for the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The French pluralized the Ojibwe singular Nadowessi by adding the French plural suffix -oux to form Nadowessioux, which was later shortened to Sioux.<a href="#cite_note-Four_Siouan_Languages_1956-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> form *na·towe·wa, meaning 'Northern Iroquoian', has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (<a href="/wiki/Massasauga" class="mw-redirect" title="Massasauga">massasauga</a>, Sistrurus).<a href="#cite_note-riggs-11">[11]</a> An alternative explanation is derivation from an (Algonquian) exonym, na·towe·ssiw (plural na·towe·ssiwak), from a verb *-a·towe· meaning 'to speak a foreign language'.<a href="#cite_note-dict-12">[12]</a> The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag (singular Bwaan), meaning 'roasters'.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past. In recent times, some of the tribes have formally or informally reclaimed traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sičháŋǧu Oyáte, and the Oglala often use the name Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte, rather than the formal <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Sioux Tribe">Oglala Sioux Tribe</a> or OST. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-Sioux_nation-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_social_structure">Traditional social structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional social structure">edit</a>]</div> The traditional social structure of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ strongly relied on kinship ties that extend beyond human interaction and includes the natural and supernatural worlds.<a href="#cite_note-Neihardt_1984-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitakuye_Oyasin" title="Mitakuye Oyasin">Mitákuye Oyás’iŋ</a> ('all are related') represents a spiritual belief of how human beings should ideally act and relate to other humans, the natural world, the spiritual world, and to the cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-Ruml_2010-17">[17]</a> The thiyóšpaye represents the political and economic structure of traditional society. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thiyóšpaye_(community)_kinship">Thiyóšpaye (community) kinship</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thiyóšpaye (community) kinship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_Sioux_Camp_at_Pine_Ridge,_South_Dakota_-_NARA_-_530802.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_Sioux_Camp_at_Pine_Ridge%2C_South_Dakota_-_NARA_-_530802.jpg/220px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_Sioux_Camp_at_Pine_Ridge%2C_South_Dakota_-_NARA_-_530802.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_Sioux_Camp_at_Pine_Ridge%2C_South_Dakota_-_NARA_-_530802.jpg/330px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_Sioux_Camp_at_Pine_Ridge%2C_South_Dakota_-_NARA_-_530802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_Sioux_Camp_at_Pine_Ridge%2C_South_Dakota_-_NARA_-_530802.jpg/440px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_Sioux_Camp_at_Pine_Ridge%2C_South_Dakota_-_NARA_-_530802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>Thiyóšpaye at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, c. 1890</figcaption></figure> Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the different Očhéthi Šakówiŋ villages (oyáte, 'tribe, nation') consisted of many thiyóšpaye ('camp circles'), which were large extended families united by kinship (thiwáhe, 'immediate family').<a href="#cite_note-Deloria_1998-18">[18]</a> Thiyóšpaye varied in size, were led by a leader appointed by an elder council and were nicknamed after a prominent member or memorable event associated with the band. Dakota ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Ella_Cara_Deloria" title="Ella Cara Deloria">Ella Cara Deloria</a> noted the kinship ties were all-important, they dictated and demanded all phrases of traditional life: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"I can safely say that the ultimate aim of Dakota life, stripped of accessories, was quite simple: one must obey kinship rules; one must be a good relative. No Dakota who participated in that life will dispute that… every other consideration was secondary—property, personal ambition, glory, good times, life itself. Without that aim and constant struggle to attain it, the people would no longer be Dakotas in truth. They would no longer even be human. To be a good Dakota, then, was to be humanized, civilized. And to be civilized was to keep the rules imposed by kinship for achieving civility, good manners, and a sense of responsibility toward every individual dealt with".<a href="#cite_note-Deloria_1998-18">[18]</a></blockquote> During the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade era</a>, the thiyóšpaye refused to trade only for economic reasons. Instead the production and trade of goods was regulated by rules of kinship bonds.<a href="#cite_note-dakotaeconomics-19">[19]</a> Personal relationships were pivotal for success: in order for European-Americans to trade with the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, social bonds had to be created.<a href="#cite_note-dakotaeconomics-19">[19]</a> The most successful fur traders married into the kinship society, which also raised the status of the family of the woman through access to European goods.<a href="#cite_note-Sundstrom_2002-20">[20]</a> Outsiders are also adopted into the kinship through the religious Huŋkalowaŋpi ceremony. Early European explorers and missionaries who lived among the Dakota were sometimes adopted into the thiyóšpaye (known as "huŋka relatives"), such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Louis Hennepin</a> who noted, "this help'd me to gain credit among these people".<a href="#cite_note-Ruml_2009_pp._507–531-21">[21]</a> During the later <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation#Rise_of_Indian_removal_policy_(1830–1868)" title="Indian reservation">reservation era</a>, districts were often settled by clusters of families from the same thiyóšpaye.<a href="#cite_note-Pickering_2000_p._8-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Lakota mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities" title="List of Lakota deities">List of Lakota deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackhawk-spiritbeing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blackhawk-spiritbeing.jpg/250px-Blackhawk-spiritbeing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blackhawk-spiritbeing.jpg/330px-Blackhawk-spiritbeing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blackhawk-spiritbeing.jpg/500px-Blackhawk-spiritbeing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ledger_art" title="Ledger art">Ledger artwork</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(artist)" title="Black Hawk (artist)">Black Hawk</a> representing a <a href="/wiki/Heyoka" title="Heyoka">heyókȟa</a>, (dreamer of a <a href="/wiki/Wak%C3%AD%C5%8Bya%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakíŋyaŋ">Wakíŋyaŋ</a>, thunder being), c.1880</figcaption></figure> The traditional social system extended beyond human interaction into the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> realms.<a href="#cite_note-Ruml_2010-17">[17]</a> It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakȟáŋ Tháŋka</a> ('Great Spirit/Great Mystery') created the universe and embodies everything in the universe as one.<a href="#cite_note-Neihardt_1984-15">[15]</a> The preeminent symbol of Sioux religion is the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Čhaŋgléska Wakȟaŋ</a> or medicine wheel ('sacred hoop'), which visually represents the concept that everything in the universe is intertwined.<a href="#cite_note-Elk_1953-23">[23]</a> The creation stories of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ describe how the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities" title="List of Lakota deities">various spirits</a> were formed from Wakȟáŋ Tháŋka.<a href="#cite_note-Dooling_2000-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a> describes the relationships with Wakȟáŋ Tháŋka as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"We should understand well that all things are the works of the Great Spirit. We should know that He is within all things: the trees, the grasses, the rivers, the mountains, and all the four-legged animals, and the winged peoples; and even more important, we should understand that He is also above all these things and peoples. When we do understand all this deeply in our hearts, then we will fear, and love, and know the Great Spirit, and then we will be and act and live as He intends".<a href="#cite_note-Elk_1953-23">[23]</a></blockquote> Prayer is believed to invoke relationships with one's ancestors or spiritual world.<a href="#cite_note-Deloria_1998-18">[18]</a> The Lakota word for 'prayer', <a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">wočhékiye</a>, means 'to call on for aid, to pray, to claim relationship with'.<a href="#cite_note-Neihardt_1984-15">[15]</a> Their primary cultural prophet is Ptesáŋwiŋ, <a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_Calf_Woman" title="White Buffalo Calf Woman">White Buffalo Calf Woman</a>, who came as an intermediary between Wakȟáŋ Tháŋka Tȟáŋka and humankind to teach them how to be good relatives by introducing the Seven Sacred Rites and the <a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">čhaŋnúŋpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">sacred pipe</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Elk_1953-23">[23]</a> The seven ceremonies are <a href="/wiki/Inipi" title="Inipi">Inípi</a> (purification lodge), Haŋbléčheyapi (<a href="/wiki/Vision_quest" title="Vision quest">crying for vision</a>), Wiwáŋyaŋg Wačhípi (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>), Huŋkalowaŋpi (making of relatives), Išnáthi Awíčhalowaŋpi (female puberty ceremony), Tȟápa Waŋkáyeyapi (throwing of the ball) and Wanáǧi Yuhápi (soul keeping).<a href="#cite_note-Elk_1953-23">[23]</a> Each part of the sacred pipe (stem, bowl, tobacco, breath, and smoke) is symbolic of the relationships of the natural world, the elements, humans and the spiritual beings that maintain the cycle of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-The_Pluralism_Project-25">[25]</a> Dreams can also be a means of establishing relationships with spirits and are important to the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ.<a href="#cite_note-Ruml_2010-17">[17]</a> One can gain supernatural powers through dreams. Dreaming of the <a href="/wiki/Wak%C3%AD%C5%8Bya%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakíŋyaŋ">Wakíŋyaŋ</a> (thunder beings) is believed to involuntarily make someone a <a href="/wiki/Heyoka" title="Heyoka">Heyókȟa</a>, a sacred clown.<a href="#cite_note-heyoka-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a>, a famous Heyókȟa said: "Only those who have had visions of the thunder beings of the west can act as heyokas. They have sacred power and they share some of this with all the people, but they do it through funny actions".<a href="#cite_note-ElkNeihardt2008-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governance">Governance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> Historical leadership organization <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1854_Catlin_Sioux_Black_Rock_mit_Familie_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1854_Catlin_Sioux_Black_Rock_mit_Familie_anagoria.JPG/220px-1854_Catlin_Sioux_Black_Rock_mit_Familie_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1854_Catlin_Sioux_Black_Rock_mit_Familie_anagoria.JPG/330px-1854_Catlin_Sioux_Black_Rock_mit_Familie_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1854_Catlin_Sioux_Black_Rock_mit_Familie_anagoria.JPG/440px-1854_Catlin_Sioux_Black_Rock_mit_Familie_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Sioux chief with family, by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Cloud_and_other_Sioux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Red_Cloud_and_other_Sioux.jpg/250px-Red_Cloud_and_other_Sioux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Red_Cloud_and_other_Sioux.jpg/330px-Red_Cloud_and_other_Sioux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Red_Cloud_and_other_Sioux.jpg/500px-Red_Cloud_and_other_Sioux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="6066" /></a><figcaption>Chief <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a> and other Lakota leaders, c. 1865–1880</figcaption></figure> The thiyóšpaye of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ assembled each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, and participate in the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a> The seven divisions selected four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a> Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the annual gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a> The historical political organization was based on individual participation and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe's way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of chiefly virtues, such as bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a> <ul><li>Political leaders were members of the Načá Omníčiye society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action.<a href="#cite_note-dog_soldiers-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Societies were similar to <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_and_service_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal and service organizations">fraternities</a>; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a> There were two types of societies: Akíčhita, for the younger men, and Načá, for elders and former leaders.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Akíčhita (Warrior) societies existed to train warriors, hunters, and to police the community.<a href="#cite_note-dog_soldiers-29">[29]</a> There were many smaller Akíčhita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-dog_soldiers-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Leaders in the Načá societies, per Načá Omníčiye, were the tribal elders and leaders. They elected seven to ten men, depending on the division, each referred to as Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ ("chief man"). Each Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Načá.<a href="#cite_note-dog_soldiers-29">[29]</a></li> <li>The Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ elected two to four shirt-wearers, who were the voice of the society. They settled quarrels among families and also foreign nations.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a> Shirt-wearers were often young men from families with hereditary claims of leadership. However, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leadership skills and had earned the respect of the community might also be elected. <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a> is an example of a common-born shirt-wearer".<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a></li> <li>A Wakíčhuŋza 'pipe-holder' ranked below the "Shirt Wearers". The pipe-holders regulated peace ceremonies, selected camp locations, and supervised the Akíčhita societies during buffalo hunts.<a href="#cite_note-dog_soldiers-29">[29]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gender roles">edit</a>]</div> Within the Sioux tribes, there were defined gender roles. The men in the village were tasked as the hunters, traveling outside the village.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a> The women within the village were in charge of making clothing and similar articles while also taking care of, and owning, the house.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> However, even with these roles, both men and women held power in decision-making tasks and sexual preferences were flexible and allowed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">wíŋtke</a> refers to men who partook in traditional feminine duties while the term witkówiŋ ('crazy woman') was used for women who rejected their roles as either mother or wife to be a prostitute.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_practices">Funeral practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Funeral practices">edit</a>]</div> Traditional Funeral Practices <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_scaffold_of_a_Sioux_chief_0044v_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Funeral_scaffold_of_a_Sioux_chief_0044v_crop.jpg/250px-Funeral_scaffold_of_a_Sioux_chief_0044v_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Funeral_scaffold_of_a_Sioux_chief_0044v_crop.jpg/330px-Funeral_scaffold_of_a_Sioux_chief_0044v_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Funeral_scaffold_of_a_Sioux_chief_0044v_crop.jpg/500px-Funeral_scaffold_of_a_Sioux_chief_0044v_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>Funeral scaffold of a Sioux chief (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Bodmer" title="Karl Bodmer">Karl Bodmer</a>)</figcaption></figure> It is a common belief amongst Siouan communities that the spirit of the deceased travels to an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. In traditional beliefs, this spiritual journey was believed to start once funeral proceedings were complete and spanned over a course of four days. Mourning family and friends took part in that four-day <a href="/wiki/Wake_(ceremony)" title="Wake (ceremony)">wake</a> in order to accompany the spirit to its resting place.<a href="#cite_note-:02-32">[32]</a> In the past, bodies were not embalmed and put up on a <a href="/wiki/Burial_tree" title="Burial tree">burial tree or scaffold</a> for one year before a ground burial. A platform to rest the body was put up on trees or, alternately, placed on four upright poles to elevate the body from the ground.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The bodies were securely wrapped in blankets and cloths, along with many of the deceased personal belongings and were always placed with their head pointed towards the south. Mourning individuals spoke to the body and offer food as if it were still alive.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This practice, along with the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>, helped individuals mourn and connect the spirits of the deceased with those who were alive.<a href="#cite_note-MooneyJ-35">[35]</a> The only time a body was buried in the ground right after their death was if the individual was murdered: the deceased were placed in the ground with their heads towards the south, while faced down along with a piece of fat in their mouth.<a href="#cite_note-MooneyJ-35">[35]</a> Contemporary Funeral Practices According to Pat Janis, director of the <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Sioux Tribe">Oglala Sioux Tribe</a>'s Burial Assistance Program, funeral practices of communities today are often a mix of traditions and contemporary Christian practices. While tree burials and scaffold burials are not practiced anymore, it is also now rare to see families observe a four-day wake period. Instead, the families opt for one- or two-day wake periods which include a funeral feast for all the community. Added to the contemporary funeral practices, it is common to see prayers conducted by a medicine man along with traditional songs often sung with a drum. One member of the family is also required to be present next to the body at all times until the burial.<a href="#cite_note-:02-32">[32]</a> Gifts are placed within the casket to aid with the journey into the afterworld, which is still believed to take up to four days after death.<a href="#cite_note-:02-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sioux_music" title="Sioux music">Sioux music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_stories">Creation stories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creation stories">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Creation_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation stories">creation stories</a> within the tribes.<a href="#cite_note-bdote-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> One widely noted creation story for <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Bd%C3%B3te" title="Bdóte">Bdóte</a>, the area where the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi Rivers</a> meet.<a href="#cite_note-bdote-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a> relate to <a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave</a> in South Dakota as their site of emergence.<a href="#cite_note-nps.gov_2020_n179-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestral_Sioux">Ancestral Sioux</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancestral Sioux">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></div> The ancestral Sioux most likely lived in the Central Mississippi Valley region and later in Minnesota for at least two or three thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> The ancestors of the Sioux arrived in the northwoods of central Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin from the Central Mississippi River shortly before 800 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> Archaeologists refer to them as the Woodland Blackduck-Kathio-Clam River Continuum.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> Around 1300 AD, they adopted the characteristics of a northern tribal society and became known as the Seven Council Fires.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_contact_with_Europeans">First contact with Europeans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First contact with Europeans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a></div> The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and the Great Lakes during the seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> They were dispersed west in 1659 due to warfare with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>. During the 1600s, the Lakota began their expansion westward into the Plains, taking with them the bulk of people of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> By 1700 the Dakota were living in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. As the Sioux nation began expanding with access to horses, the Dakota were put in a weakened position to defend the eastern border: new diseases (smallpox and malaria) and increased intertribal warfare (between the migration of tribes fleeing the Iroquois into their territory of present-day Wisconsin) put a strain on their ability to maintain their territory.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> As a result, their population in the Mississippi valley is believed to have declined by one-third between 1680 and 1805.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_trade_and_intertribal_warfare">French trade and intertribal warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French trade and intertribal warfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permanent_Residence_Sioux_1846%E2%80%931848_Watercolor_Painting_by_Seth_Eastman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Permanent_Residence_Sioux_1846%E2%80%931848_Watercolor_Painting_by_Seth_Eastman.png/220px-Permanent_Residence_Sioux_1846%E2%80%931848_Watercolor_Painting_by_Seth_Eastman.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Permanent_Residence_Sioux_1846%E2%80%931848_Watercolor_Painting_by_Seth_Eastman.png/330px-Permanent_Residence_Sioux_1846%E2%80%931848_Watercolor_Painting_by_Seth_Eastman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Permanent_Residence_Sioux_1846%E2%80%931848_Watercolor_Painting_by_Seth_Eastman.png/440px-Permanent_Residence_Sioux_1846%E2%80%931848_Watercolor_Painting_by_Seth_Eastman.png 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Permanent Residence, Santee Dakota, by <a href="/wiki/Seth_Eastman" title="Seth Eastman">Seth Eastman</a> 1846</figcaption></figure> Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a> against the English, who had recently established the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Ottawa</a> bands were among the first to trade with the French as they migrated into the Great Lakes region.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> Upon their arrival, Dakota were in an economic alliance with them until the Dakota were able to trade directly for European goods with the French.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Esprit_Radisson" title="Pierre-Esprit Radisson">Radisson</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9dard_des_Groseilliers" title="Médard des Groseilliers">Groseilliers</a> reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659–60. Later visiting French traders and missionaries included <a href="/wiki/Claude-Jean_Allouez" title="Claude-Jean Allouez">Claude-Jean Allouez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Greysolon,_Sieur_du_Lhut" title="Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut">Daniel Greysolon Duluth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Le_Sueur" title="Pierre-Charles Le Sueur">Pierre-Charles Le Sueur</a> who wintered with Dakota bands in early 1700.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The Dakota began to resent the Ojibwe trading with the hereditary enemies of the Sioux, the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> Tensions rose in the 1720s into a prolonged war in 1736.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> The Dakota lost their traditional lands around <a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake" title="Leech Lake">Leech Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Lake" title="Mille Lacs Lake">Mille Lacs</a> as they were forced south along the Mississippi River and St. Croix River Valley as a result of the battles.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> These intertribal conflicts also made it dangerous for European fur traders: whichever side they traded with, they were viewed as enemies from the other.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> For example, in 1736 a group of Sioux killed <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye" title="Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye">Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye</a> and twenty other men on an island in <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a> for such reasons.<a href="#cite_note-lakeofthewoods-45">[45]</a> However, trade with the French continued until the French gave up North America in 1763. Europeans repeatedly tried to make truce between the warring tribes in order to protect their interests.<a href="#cite_note-midwesthistory-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg/250px-CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg/330px-CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg/500px-CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>War on the plains. <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a> fighting the Sioux. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell" title="Charles Marion Russell">Charles Marion Russell</a></figcaption></figure> One of the larger battles between the Dakota and Ojibwe took place in 1770 fought at the Dalles of the St. Croix. According to <a href="/wiki/William_Whipple_Warren" title="William Whipple Warren">William Whipple Warren</a>, a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> historian, the fighting began when the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> (Fox) engaged the Ojibwe (their hereditary enemies) around <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix Falls">St. Croix Falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WWilliam-46">[46]</a> The Sioux were the former enemies of the Meskwaki and were enlisted to make a joint attack against the Ojibwe.<a href="#cite_note-WWilliam-46">[46]</a> The Meskwaki were first to engage with the large Ojibwe war party led by <a href="/wiki/Waubojeeg" title="Waubojeeg">Waubojeeg</a>: the Meskwaki allegedly boasted to the Dakota to hold back as they would quickly destroy their enemies. When the Dakota joined the battle, they had the upper hand until Sandy Lake Ojibwe reinforcements arrived.<a href="#cite_note-WWilliam-46">[46]</a> The Dakota were driven back and Warren states: "Many were driven over the rocks into the boiling floods below, there to find a watery grave. Others, in attempting to jump into their narrow wooden canoes, were capsized into the rapids".<a href="#cite_note-WWilliam-46">[46]</a> While Dakota and Ojibwe suffered heavy losses, the Meskwaki were left with the most dead and forced to join their relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WWilliam-46">[46]</a> The victory for the Ojibwe secured control of the Upper St. Croix and created an informal boundary between the Dakota and Ojibwe around the mouth of the Snake River.<a href="#cite_note-WWilliam-46">[46]</a> As the Lakota entered the prairies, they adopted many of the customs of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Plains_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains tribes">Plains tribes</a>, creating new cultural patterns based on the horse and fur trade.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> Meanwhile, the Dakota retained many of their Woodlands features.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> By 1803, the three divisions of the Sioux (Western/Eastern Dakota and Lakota) were established in their different environments and had developed their own distinctive lifeways.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> However, due to the prevalent cultural concept of thiyóšpaye (community), the three divisions maintained strong ties throughout the changing times to present day.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties_and_reservation_period_beginnings">Treaties and reservation period beginnings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Treaties and reservation period beginnings">edit</a>]</div> In 1805, the Dakota signed their <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Peters" title="Treaty of St. Peters">first treaty</a> with the American government. <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> negotiated for 100,000 acres of land at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin%E2%80%93Minnesota)" title="St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)">St. Croix River</a> about what now is <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Minnesota" title="Hastings, Minnesota">Hastings, Minnesota</a> and the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> about what now is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> The Americans wanted to establish military outposts and the Dakota wanted a new source of trading. An American military post was not established at the confluence of the St. Croix with the Mississippi, but <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> was established in 1819 along the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> In return, Dakota were promised the ability to "pass and repass, hunt, or make other uses of the said districts as they have formerly done".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catlin-Pipestone-Quarry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Catlin-Pipestone-Quarry.jpg/220px-Catlin-Pipestone-Quarry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Catlin-Pipestone-Quarry.jpg/330px-Catlin-Pipestone-Quarry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Catlin-Pipestone-Quarry.jpg/440px-Catlin-Pipestone-Quarry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Yankton <a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone Quarries</a> as seen by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> in 1836</figcaption></figure> In an attempt to stop intertribal warfare and to better able to negotiate with tribes, the American government signed the <a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a> with the Dakota, Ojibwe, Menominee, Ho-Chunk, Sac and Fox, Iowa, Potawatomi, and Ottawa tribes.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">1830 Treaty of Prairie de Chien</a>, the Western Dakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) ceded their lands along the Des Moines river to the American government. Living in what is now southeastern South Dakota, the leaders of the Western Dakota signed the Treaty of April 19, 1858, which created the <a href="/wiki/Yankton_Sioux_Tribe" title="Yankton Sioux Tribe">Yankton Sioux Reservation</a>. Pressured by the ongoing arrival of Europeans, Yankton chief <a href="/wiki/Struck_by_the_Ree" title="Struck by the Ree">Struck by the Ree</a> told his people, "The white men are coming in like maggots. It is useless to resist them. They are many more than we are. We could not hope to stop them. Many of our brave warriors would be killed, our women and children left in sorrow, and still we would not stop them. We must accept it, get the best terms we can get and try to adopt their ways."<a href="#cite_note-yanktonpipestone-50">[50]</a> Despite ceding their lands, the treaty allowed the Western Dakota to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the <a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone Quarry</a>, which is the cultural center of the Sioux people.<a href="#cite_note-yanktonpipestone-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux_1851.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux_1851.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux_1851.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the boundaries of the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux land cession area (Royce Area 289)</figcaption></figure> With the creation of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a> by the U.S. in 1849, the Eastern Dakota (Sisseton, Wahpeton, Mdewakanton, and Wahpekute) people were pressured to cede more of their land. The reservation period for them began in 1851 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mendota" title="Treaty of Mendota">Treaty of Mendota</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Treaty of Traverse des Sioux">Treaty of Traverse des Sioux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mendota-51">[51]</a> The Treaty of Mendota was signed near Pilot Knob on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> and within sight of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a>. The treaty stipulated that the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands were to receive US$1,410,000 in return for relocating to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Agency" title="Lower Sioux Agency">Lower Sioux Agency</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Morton,_Minnesota" title="Morton, Minnesota">Morton, Minnesota</a> along with giving up their rights to a significant portion of southern Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-mendota-51">[51]</a> In the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of the Dakota ceded 21 million acres for $1,665,000, or about 7.5 cents an acre.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> However, the American government kept more than 80% of the funds with only the interest (5% for 50 years) being paid to the Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> The U.S. set aside two reservations for the Sioux along the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a>, each about 20 miles (30 km) wide and 70 miles (110 km) long. Later the government declared these were intended to be temporary, in an effort to force the Sioux out of Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Agency" title="Upper Sioux Agency">Upper Sioux Agency</a> for the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands was established near <a href="/wiki/Granite_Falls,_Minnesota" title="Granite Falls, Minnesota">Granite Falls, Minnesota</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Agency" title="Lower Sioux Agency">Lower Sioux Agency</a> for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands was established about thirty miles downstream near what developed as <a href="/wiki/Redwood_Falls,_Minnesota" title="Redwood Falls, Minnesota">Redwood Falls, Minnesota</a>. The Upper Sioux were not satisfied with their reservation because of low food supplies, but as it included several of their old villages, they agreed to stay. The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie. The U.S. intended the treaties to encourage the Sioux to convert from their nomadic hunting lifestyle into more European-American settled farming, offering them compensation in the transition. By 1858, the Dakota only had a small strip of land along the Minnesota River, with no access to their traditional hunting grounds.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> They had to rely on treaty payments for their survival, which were often late.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> The forced change in lifestyle and the much lower than expected payments from the federal government caused economic suffering and increased social tensions within the tribes. By 1862, many Dakota were starving and tensions erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mntreaties-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dakota_War_of_1862_and_the_Dakota_diaspora">Dakota War of 1862 and the Dakota diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dakota War of 1862 and the Dakota diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Crow,_Leader_of_the_Sioux_in_the_Minnesota_Massacre,_1863.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Little_Crow%2C_Leader_of_the_Sioux_in_the_Minnesota_Massacre%2C_1863.png/250px-Little_Crow%2C_Leader_of_the_Sioux_in_the_Minnesota_Massacre%2C_1863.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Little_Crow%2C_Leader_of_the_Sioux_in_the_Minnesota_Massacre%2C_1863.png/330px-Little_Crow%2C_Leader_of_the_Sioux_in_the_Minnesota_Massacre%2C_1863.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Little_Crow%2C_Leader_of_the_Sioux_in_the_Minnesota_Massacre%2C_1863.png/500px-Little_Crow%2C_Leader_of_the_Sioux_in_the_Minnesota_Massacre%2C_1863.png 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a>, leader of the Mdewakanton during the 1862 Dakota War, c. 1863</figcaption></figure> By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders refused to issue any credit to the Dakota. One trader, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Myrick" title="Andrew Myrick">Andrew Myrick</a>, went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On August 16, 1862, the treaty payments to the eastern Dakota arrived in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>, and were brought to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ridgely" title="Fort Ridgely">Fort Ridgely</a> the next day. However, they arrived too late to prevent the war. On August 17, 1862, the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a>. On August 18, 1862, <a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a> of the Mdewakanton band led a group that attacked the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Agency" title="Lower Sioux Agency">Lower Sioux Agency</a> (or Redwood Agency) and trading post located there. Later, settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Many of the upper Dakota (Sisseton and Wahpeton) wanted no part in the attacks<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-TAL-55">[55]</a> with the majority of the 4,000 members of the Sisseton and Wahpeton opposed to the war. Thus their bands did not participate in the early killings.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Historian Mary Wingerd has stated that it is "a complete myth that all the Dakota people went to war against the United States" and that it was rather "a faction that went on the offensive".<a href="#cite_note-TAL-55">[55]</a> Most of Little Crow's men surrendered shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wood_Lake" title="Battle of Wood Lake">Battle of Wood Lake</a> at <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Camp_Release" title="Surrender at Camp Release">Camp Release</a> on September 26, 1862. Little Crow was forced to retreat sometime in September 1862. He stayed briefly in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> but soon returned to the western Minnesota. He was killed on July 3, 1863, near <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Minnesota" title="Hutchinson, Minnesota">Hutchinson, Minnesota</a> while gathering <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a> with his teenage son. The pair had wandered onto the land of a settler Nathan Lamson, who shot at them to collect bounties. Once it was discovered that the body was of Little Crow, his <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> and scalp were put on display by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a> in St. Paul, Minnesota. The State held the trophies until 1971 when it returned the remains to Little Crow's grandson. For killing Little Crow the state increased the bounty to $500 when it paid Lamson. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862.jpg/250px-Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862.jpg/330px-Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862.jpg/500px-Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the mass hanging of Dakota in <a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato, Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> On November 5, 1862, a <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunal</a> found 303 mostly Mdewakanton tribesmen guilty of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atrocity" class="extiw" title="wikt:atrocity">atrocities</a> of hundreds of Minnesota settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. The men had no attorneys or defense witnesses, and many were convicted in less than five minutes.<a href="#cite_note-time_life-57">[57]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> commuted the death sentences of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the hanging of 38 Santee men on December 26, 1862, in <a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato, Minnesota</a>. It was the largest mass-execution in U.S. history, on U.S. soil.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, where more than half died.<a href="#cite_note-time_life-57">[57]</a> Afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> annulled all treaty agreements with the eastern Dakota and expelled the eastern Dakota with the Forfeiture Act of February 16, 1863, meaning all lands held by the eastern Dakota, and all annuities due to them, were forfeited to the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHSaftermath-59">[59]</a> During and after the hostilities, the majority of eastern Dakota fled Minnesota for the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakota territory">Dakota territory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Some settled in the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Dakotas)" title="James River (Dakotas)">James River</a> Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Creek Reservation">Crow Creek Reservation</a> on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time_life-57">[57]</a> There were as few as 50 eastern Dakota left in Minnesota by 1867.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> Many had fled to the <a href="/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation" title="Santee Sioux Reservation">Santee Sioux Reservation</a> in Nebraska (created 1863), the <a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Indian_Reservation" title="Flandreau Indian Reservation">Flandreau Reservation</a> (created 1869 from members who left the Santee Reservation), the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Traverse_Indian_Reservation" title="Lake Traverse Indian Reservation">Lake Traverse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Tribe" title="Spirit Lake Tribe">Spirit Lake</a> Reservations (both created 1867).<a href="#cite_note-MHSaftermath-59">[59]</a> Those who fled to Canada throughout the 1870s now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sioux_Valley_Dakota_Nation" title="Sioux Valley Dakota Nation">Sioux Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Plains_First_Nation" title="Dakota Plains First Nation">Dakota Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie" title="Portage la Prairie">Dakota Tipi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birdtail_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Birdtail Sioux First Nation">Birdtail Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canupawakpa_Dakota_First_Nation" title="Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation">Canupawakpa Dakota</a>) and the remaining four (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Qu%27Appelle" title="Fort Qu'Appelle">Standing Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitecap_Dakota_First_Nation" title="Whitecap Dakota First Nation">White Cap</a>, Round Plain <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[wahpeton]</a>, and Wood Mountain) in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>. A few Dakota joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military, later settling on the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Peck Indian Reservation">Fort Peck Reservation</a> in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-time_life-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westward_expansion_of_the_Lakota">Westward expansion of the Lakota</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Westward expansion of the Lakota">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></div> Prior to the 1650s, the Thítȟuŋwaŋ division of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ known as the Lakota was noted as being located east of the Red River,<a href="#cite_note-NDstudiesLakota-60">[60]</a> and living on the fringes of the prairies and woods of the prairies of southern Minnesota and the eastern Dakotas by at least 1680.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> According to Baptiste Good's <a href="/wiki/Winter_counts" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter counts">winter count</a>, the Lakota had horses by 1700.<a href="#cite_note-NDstudiesLakota-60">[60]</a> While the Dakota continued a subsistence cycle of corn, wild rice and hunting woodland animals, the Lakota increasing became reliant on bison for meat and its by-products (housing, clothing, tools) as they expanded their territory westward with the arrival of the horse.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> After their adoption of <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a>, Lakota society centered on the <a href="/wiki/American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">buffalo</a> hunt on horseback. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tableau_31_Indians_hunting_the_bison_by_Karl_Bodmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tableau_31_Indians_hunting_the_bison_by_Karl_Bodmer.jpg/220px-Tableau_31_Indians_hunting_the_bison_by_Karl_Bodmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tableau_31_Indians_hunting_the_bison_by_Karl_Bodmer.jpg/330px-Tableau_31_Indians_hunting_the_bison_by_Karl_Bodmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tableau_31_Indians_hunting_the_bison_by_Karl_Bodmer.jpg/440px-Tableau_31_Indians_hunting_the_bison_by_Karl_Bodmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Indians hunting the bison by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bodmer" title="Karl Bodmer">Karl Bodmer</a></figcaption></figure> By the 19th century, the typical year of the Lakota was a <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo hunting">communal buffalo hunt</a> as early in spring as their horses had recovered from the rigors of the winter. In June and July, the scattered bands of the tribes gathered together into large encampments, which included ceremonies such as the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>. These gatherings afforded leaders to meet to make political decisions, plan movements, arbitrate disputes, and organize and launch raiding expeditions or war parties. In the fall, people split into smaller bands to facilitate hunting to procure meat for the long winter. Between the fall hunt and the onset of winter was a time when Lakota warriors could undertake raiding and warfare. With the coming of winter snows, the Lakota settled into winter camps, where activities of the season, ceremonies and dances as well as trying to ensure adequate winter feed for their horses.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> They began to dominate the prairies east of the Missouri river by the 1720s. At the same time, the Lakota branch split into two major sects, the Saône who moved to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Traverse" title="Lake Traverse">Lake Traverse</a> area on the South Dakota–North Dakota–Minnesota border, and the Oglála-Sičháŋǧu who occupied the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Dakotas)" title="James River (Dakotas)">James River</a> valley. However, by about 1750 the Saône had moved to the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, followed 10 years later by the Oglála and Brulé (Sičháŋǧu). By 1750, they had crossed the Missouri River and encountered Lewis and Clark in 1804. Initial United States contact with the Lakota during the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> of 1804–1806 was marked by a standoff. Lakota bands refused to allow the explorers to continue upstream, and the expedition prepared for battle, which never came.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 1776, the Lakota defeated the Cheyenne for the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>, who had earlier taken the region from the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cheyenne-63">[63]</a> The Cheyenne then moved west to the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder River country">Powder River country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cheyenne-63">[63]</a> and the Lakota made the Black Hills their home. As their territory expanded, so did the number of rival groups they encountered. They secured an alliance with the Northern <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> by the 1820s as intertribal warfare on the plains increased amongst the tribes for access to the dwindling population of buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> The alliance fought the <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a> for control of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> in North Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> By the 1840s, their territory expanded to the Powder River country in Montana, in which they fought with the Crow. Their victories over these tribes during this time period were aided by the fact those tribes were decimated by European diseases. Most of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara were killed by smallpox and almost half the population of the Crow were killed due to smallpox, cholera and other diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> In 1843, the southern Lakotas attacked Pawnee Chief Blue Coat's village near the <a href="/wiki/Loup_River" title="Loup River">Loup</a> in Nebraska, killing many and burning half of the earth lodges,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and 30 years later, the Lakota again inflicted a blow so severe on the Pawnee during the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_Canyon" title="Massacre Canyon">Massacre Canyon</a> battle near Republican River.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> By the 1850s, the Lakota were known as the most powerful tribe on the Plains.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Indian Peace Commission">Indian Peace Commission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sioux-treaty-lands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sioux-treaty-lands.png/220px-Sioux-treaty-lands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sioux-treaty-lands.png/330px-Sioux-treaty-lands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sioux-treaty-lands.png/440px-Sioux-treaty-lands.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The Lands of the 1851 Ft. Laramie Treaty</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851</a> was signed on September 17, 1851, between U.S. treaty commissioners and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, Sioux, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a> Nations. The treaty was an agreement between nine more or less independent parties. The treaty set forth traditional territorial claims of the tribes as among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The United States acknowledged that all the land covered by the treaty was Indian territory and did not claim any part of it. The boundaries agreed to in the Fort Laramie treaty of 1851 were used to settle a number of claims cases in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The tribes guaranteed safe passage for <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> and allowed roads and forts to be built in their territories in return for promises of an annuity in the amount of fifty thousand dollars for fifty years. The treaty should also "make an effective and lasting peace" among the eight tribes, each of them often at odds with a number of the others.<a href="#cite_note-digital.library.okstate.edu-68">[68]</a> The treaty was broken almost immediately after its inception by the Lakota and Cheyenne attacking the Crow over the next two years.<a href="#cite_note-Michno-69">[69]</a> In 1858, the failure of the United States to prevent the mass immigration of miners and settlers into Colorado during the <a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a>, also did not help matters. They took over Indian lands in order to mine them, "against the protests of the Indians,"<a href="#cite_note-par_35-70">[70]</a> and founded towns, started farms, and improved roads. Such immigrants competed with the tribes for game and water, straining limited resources and resulting in conflicts with the emigrants. The U.S. government did not enforce the treaty to keep out the immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-par_35-70">[70]</a> The situation escalated with the <a href="/wiki/Grattan_massacre" title="Grattan massacre">Grattan affair</a> in 1854 when a detachment of U.S. soldiers illegally entered a Sioux encampment to arrest those accused of stealing a cow, and in the process sparked a battle in which Chief Conquering Bear was killed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Though intertribal fighting had existed before the arrival of white settlers, some of the post-treaty intertribal fighting can be attributed to mass killings of bison by white settlers and government agents. The U.S. Army did not enforce treaty regulations and allowed hunters onto Native land to slaughter buffalo, providing protection and sometimes ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One hundred thousand buffalo were killed each year until they were on the verge of extinction, which threatened the tribes' subsistence. These mass killings affected all tribes thus the tribes were forced onto each other's hunting grounds, where fighting broke out.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> On July 20, 1867, an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">act of Congress</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Indian Peace Commission">Indian Peace Commission</a> "to establish peace with certain hostile Indian tribes".<a href="#cite_note-report-76">[76]</a> The Indian Peace Commission was generally seen as a failure, and violence had reignited even before it was disbanded in October 1868. Two official reports were submitted to the federal government, ultimately recommending that the U.S. cease recognizing tribes as sovereign nations, refrain from making treaties with them, employ military force against those who refused to relocate to reservations, and move the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department of War</a>. The system of treaties eventually deteriorated to the point of collapse, and a decade of war followed the commission's work. It was the last major commission of its kind. From 1866 to 1868, the Lakota fought the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a> in what is known as <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a> (also referred to as the Bozeman War). The war is named after <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a>, a prominent Lakota chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. military</a>. The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country.<a href="#cite_note-bury-77">[77]</a> The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg/250px-Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg/330px-Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg/500px-Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the major battles of <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a>, along with major treaty boundaries. During Red Cloud's War, the Sioux defeated the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> on the same plains on which they previously defeated the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a></figcaption></figure> The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also the Sioux Treaty of 1868<a href="#cite_note-79">[a]</a>) was an agreement between the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé</a> bands of <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanktonai_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanktonai Dakota">Yanktonai Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> Nation, following the failure of the first Fort Laramie treaty, signed in 1851. It established the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a> including ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>, and set aside additional lands as "unceded Indian territory" in areas of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[b]</a> It established that the US government would hold the authority to punish not only white settlers who committed crimes against the tribes but also tribe members who committed crimes and who were to be delivered to the government rather than face charges in tribal courts. It stipulated that the government would abandon forts along the <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a>, and included a number of provisions designed to encourage a transition to farming, and move the tribes "closer to the white man's way of life." The treaty protected specified rights of third parties not partaking in the negotiations, and effectively ended <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a>. The treaty overall, and in comparison with the 1851 agreement, represented a departure from earlier considerations of tribal customs, and demonstrated instead the government's "more heavy-handed position with regard to tribal nations, and ... desire to assimilate the Sioux into American property arrangements and social customs."<a href="#cite_note-water-81">[79]</a> According to one source, "animosities over the treaty arose almost immediately" when a group of Miniconjou were informed they were no longer welcome to trade at Fort Laramie, being south of their newly established territory. This was notwithstanding that the treaty did not make any stipulation that the tribes could not travel outside their land, only that they would not permanently occupy outside land. The only travel expressly forbidden by the treaty was that of white settlers onto the reservation.<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-82">[80]</a> The government eventually broke the terms of the treaty following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition">expedition into the area</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> in 1874 and failed to prevent white settlers from moving onto tribal lands. Rising tensions eventually lead again to open conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nps2-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-jen-85">[83]</a>: 46  The 1868 treaty was modified three times by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a> between 1876 and 1889, each time taking more land originally granted, including unilaterally seizing the Black Hills in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-water-81">[79]</a> The treaty formed the basis of the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> case, <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a>, in which the court ruled that tribal lands covered under the treaty had been taken illegally by the US government, and the tribe was owed compensation plus interest. As of 2018, this amounted to more than $1 billion. The Sioux have refused the payment, demanding instead the return of their land. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Sioux_War_of_1876_and_the_Wounded_Knee_Massacre">Great Sioux War of 1876 and the Wounded Knee Massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Great Sioux War of 1876 and the Wounded Knee Massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></div> The ongoing raids and battles on the northern Plains that lasted from 1850 to 1890 are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars</a>. Included are the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a> (1862–1864), <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a> (1866–1868) and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War</a> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>(1876–1877); the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Wounded_Knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre at Wounded Knee">Massacre at Wounded Knee</a> in 1890 is considered the end of the Sioux wars and the beginning of a new era for Dakota and Lakota people. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sioux_Indian_police_lined_up_on_horseback_in_front_of_Pine_Ridge_Agency_buildings,_Dakota_Territory,_08-09-1882_-_NARA_-_519143.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sioux_Indian_police_lined_up_on_horseback_in_front_of_Pine_Ridge_Agency_buildings%2C_Dakota_Territory%2C_08-09-1882_-_NARA_-_519143.jpg/220px-Sioux_Indian_police_lined_up_on_horseback_in_front_of_Pine_Ridge_Agency_buildings%2C_Dakota_Territory%2C_08-09-1882_-_NARA_-_519143.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sioux_Indian_police_lined_up_on_horseback_in_front_of_Pine_Ridge_Agency_buildings%2C_Dakota_Territory%2C_08-09-1882_-_NARA_-_519143.jpg/330px-Sioux_Indian_police_lined_up_on_horseback_in_front_of_Pine_Ridge_Agency_buildings%2C_Dakota_Territory%2C_08-09-1882_-_NARA_-_519143.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sioux_Indian_police_lined_up_on_horseback_in_front_of_Pine_Ridge_Agency_buildings%2C_Dakota_Territory%2C_08-09-1882_-_NARA_-_519143.jpg/440px-Sioux_Indian_police_lined_up_on_horseback_in_front_of_Pine_Ridge_Agency_buildings%2C_Dakota_Territory%2C_08-09-1882_-_NARA_-_519143.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1937" /></a><figcaption>Sioux Indian police lined up on horseback in front of Pine Ridge Agency buildings, Dakota Territory, August 9, 1882</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Sioux_Reservation_1888_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Great_Sioux_Reservation_1888_Map.png/220px-Great_Sioux_Reservation_1888_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Great_Sioux_Reservation_1888_Map.png/330px-Great_Sioux_Reservation_1888_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Great_Sioux_Reservation_1888_Map.png/440px-Great_Sioux_Reservation_1888_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a>, 1888; established by <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The cause of the war was the desire of the U.S. government to obtain ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> had been discovered in the Black Hills and settlers began to encroach onto tribal lands, and the Sioux and Cheyenne refused to cede ownership to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-cheyenne-63">[63]</a> The earliest engagement was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Powder_River" title="Battle of Powder River">Battle of Powder River</a>, and the final battle was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Mountain" title="Battle of Wolf Mountain">Wolf Mountain</a>. Included are the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rosebud" title="Battle of the Rosebud">Battle of the Rosebud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warbonnet_Creek" title="Battle of Warbonnet Creek">Battle of Warbonnet Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slim_Buttes" title="Battle of Slim Buttes">Battle of Slim Buttes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek_(1876)" title="Battle of Cedar Creek (1876)">Battle of Cedar Creek</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dull_Knife_Fight" title="Dull Knife Fight">Dull Knife Fight</a>. Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>, often known as Custer's Last Stand, the most storied of the many encounters between the U.S. army and mounted <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains tribes</a>. The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> as the Battle of the Greasy Grass<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> tribes and the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the <a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_River" title="Little Bighorn River">Little Bighorn River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gall_(Native_American_leader)" title="Gall (Native American leader)">Chief Gall</a>, and had been inspired by the visions of <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>. The US 7th Cavalry, a force of 700 men, suffered a major defeat while under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed. The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds),<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> including four <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a> scouts and at least two <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a> scouts. The <a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument">Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument</a> honors those who fought on both sides. That victory notwithstanding, the U.S. leveraged national resources to force the tribes to surrender, primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments and property. The Great Sioux War took place under the presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. The Agreement of 1877 (19 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-19-254">254</a>, enacted February 28, 1877) officially <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee,_South_Dakota,_c._1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/250px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/330px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/500px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Mass grave for the dead Lakota after massacre of Wounded Knee.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a> was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States. It was described as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wikt:massacre">massacre</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a> in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a>, supported by four <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun" title="Hotchkiss gun">Hotchkiss guns</a> (a lightweight <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. It remains unknown which side was responsible for the first shot; some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "<a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>" because the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Following a three-day blizzard, the military hired civilians to bury the dead Lakota. The burial party found the deceased frozen; they were gathered up and placed in a mass grave on a hill overlooking the encampment from which some of the fire from the Hotchkiss guns originated. It was reported that four infants were found alive, wrapped in their deceased mothers' shawls. In all, 84 men, 44 women, and 18 children reportedly died on the field, while at least seven Lakota were mortally wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Josephy_1990-93">[91]</a> For this 1890 offensive, the American army awarded twenty <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a>, its highest commendation. Contemporary Native American activists have urged the medals to be withdrawn, calling them "medals of dishonor". According to Lakota William Thunder Hawk, "The Medal of Honor is meant to reward soldiers who act heroically. But at Wounded Knee, they didn't show heroism; they showed cruelty". In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a> passed two resolutions condemning the Medals of Honor awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.<a href="#cite_note-Congress-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890–1920s:_Assimilation_era">1890–1920s: Assimilation era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1890–1920s: Assimilation era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_allotment">Land allotment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Land allotment">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siouxreservationmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png/500px-Siouxreservationmap.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Great Sioux Reservation and current reservations in North and South Dakota</figcaption></figure> By the 1880s, the Dakota and Lakota tribes were fragmented onto reservations which diminished in size over time. They lost hundreds of thousands of acres by the 1920s. In 1887, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/General_Allotment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="General Allotment Act">General Allotment Act</a> (Dawes Act), which began the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">assimilation</a> of Dakota and Lakota people by forcing them to give up their traditional way of life. The Dawes Act ended traditional systems of <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure#Traditional_land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a>, forcing tribes to adapt government-imposed systems of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and to "assume a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> and proprietary relationship with property" that did not previously exist.<a href="#cite_note-:8-95">[93]</a> In 1889, North Dakota and South Dakota were holding statehood conventions and demanded reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a>, which was established by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.<a href="#cite_note-Authors_2018-96">[94]</a> Just months before those states were admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> in November 1889, Congress had passed an act which partitioned the Great Sioux Reservation into five smaller reservations,.<a href="#cite_note-Authors_2018-96">[94]</a> Tribal leaders such as <a href="/wiki/John_Grass" title="John Grass">John Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gall_(Native_American_leader)" title="Gall (Native American leader)">Gall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a> opposed the bill, which created the following five reservations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Reservation">Standing Rock Reservation</a> with its agency at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Yates">Fort Yates</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River Reservation</a>, with its agency on the Missouri River near the Cheyenne River confluence (later moved to <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Butte,_South_Dakota" title="Eagle Butte, South Dakota">Eagle Butte</a> following the construction of <a href="/wiki/Oahe_Dam" title="Oahe Dam">Oahe Dam</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation" title="Lower Brule Indian Reservation">Lower Brule Indian Reservation</a>, with its agency near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Thompson,_South_Dakota" title="Fort Thompson, South Dakota">Fort Thompson</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Indian Reservation</a>, with its agency near <a href="/wiki/Mission,_South_Dakota" title="Mission, South Dakota">Mission, South Dakota</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine Ridge Reservation">Pine Ridge Reservation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala Lakota</a>), with its agency at <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge,_South_Dakota" title="Pine Ridge, South Dakota">Pine Ridge, South Dakota</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> border.</li></ul> After the boundaries of these five reservations was established, the government opened up approximately 9 million acres (36,000 km2), one-half of the former Great Sioux Reservation, for public purchase for ranching and homesteading.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_1999_p.257-97">[95]</a> Much of the area was not homesteaded until the 1910s, after the <a href="/wiki/Enlarged_Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlarged Homestead Act">Enlarged Homestead Act</a> increased allocations to 320 acres (1.3 km2) for "semi-arid land".<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boarding_schools">Boarding schools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Boarding schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_and_chickens_in_front_of_chicken_house_-_NARA_-_285861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Children_and_chickens_in_front_of_chicken_house_-_NARA_-_285861.jpg/500px-Children_and_chickens_in_front_of_chicken_house_-_NARA_-_285861.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Children_and_chickens_in_front_of_chicken_house_-_NARA_-_285861.jpg/960px-Children_and_chickens_in_front_of_chicken_house_-_NARA_-_285861.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Children with their chickens, Standing Rock Agency (1947)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basketball_team_-_NARA_-_285801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Basketball_team_-_NARA_-_285801.jpg/500px-Basketball_team_-_NARA_-_285801.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Basketball_team_-_NARA_-_285801.jpg/960px-Basketball_team_-_NARA_-_285801.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solen,_North_Dakota" title="Solen, North Dakota">Solen</a> basketball team, Standing Rock Agency (1947)</figcaption></figure> Besides the loss of land, the Dawes Act also "outlawed Native American culture and established a code of Indian offenses regulating individual behavior according to Euro-American norms of conduct." Any violations of this code were to be "tried in a Court of Indian Offenses on each reservation." Included with the Dawes Act were "funds to instruct Native Americans in Euro-American patterns of thought and behavior through Indian Service schools" which forced many of the tribes into sending their children to <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">boarding schools</a>. Boarding schools were intended to "kill the Indian to save the man", which meant the destruction of Dakota and Lakota societies: children were taken away from their families, their traditional culture and kinship roles.<a href="#cite_note-Little_2017-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ND_studies_boarding_schools-100">[98]</a> They were dressed in Eurocentric clothing, given English names, had their hair cut and were forbidden to speak their languages.<a href="#cite_note-ND_studies_boarding_schools-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_U.S.-Dakota_War_of_1862_2008-101">[99]</a> Their religions and ceremonies were also outlawed and forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-The_U.S.-Dakota_War_of_1862_2008-101">[99]</a> The goal was to teach academic studies in English, vocational skills suited to Euro-American society such as farming in order to replace traditional lifeways.<a href="#cite_note-ND_studies_boarding_schools-100">[98]</a> These schools were overcrowded and had poor sanitary conditions, which led to infectious diseases and students running away or dying while at the schools.<a href="#cite_note-The_U.S.-Dakota_War_of_1862_2008-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Little_2017-99">[97]</a> The schools achieved mixed outcomes of traumatic experiences for many while others such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eastman" title="Charles Eastman">Charles Eastman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Cara_Deloria" title="Ella Cara Deloria">Ella Cara Deloria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Standing_Bear" title="Luther Standing Bear">Luther Standing Bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zitkala-Sa" title="Zitkala-Sa">Zitkala-Sa</a> were able to use the education to their advantage to help their people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s–1960s:_Reorganization_Act_and_Relocation_Act">1930s–1960s: Reorganization Act and Relocation Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1930s–1960s: Reorganization Act and Relocation Act">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> (IRA) sought to overturn many of the policies of the Dawes Act by reversing the traditional goal of cultural assimilation of the tribes into American society. The IRA "ended land allotment, prohibited non-consensual land seizure, recognized tribal governments, encouraged the writing of tribal constitutions, and empowered Native people to manage their own resources".<a href="#cite_note-MNopedia_2020-102">[100]</a> Between 1934 and 1945, the tribes voted on their government constitutions. The <a href="/wiki/Yankton_Sioux_Tribe" title="Yankton Sioux Tribe">Yankton Sioux Tribe</a> is the only tribe in South Dakota that did not comply with the IRA and chose to keep its traditional government, whose constitution was ratified in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-Pritzker_2000_p.341-103">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Tribe" title="Spirit Lake Tribe">Spirit Lake Tribe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Tribe</a> also voted against the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-ND_studies_IRA-104">[102]</a> Because their constitution are not written under the authority of the IRA, they had to established tribal corporations which are managed separately from the tribal government in order to apply for loans.<a href="#cite_note-ND_studies_IRA-104">[102]</a> In Minnesota, the IRA recognized the Dakota tribes as communities, allowing them to reestablish their reservations and to repurchase land lost during the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>. The Lower Sioux and Prairie Island reservations formed constitutions in 1936, the Upper Sioux formed as a community in 1938 and wrote a constitution in 1995, and the Shakopee Mdewakanton officially formed an IRA government in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-MNopedia_2020-102">[100]</a> Despite the IRA giving more land rights to the tribes, the federal government seized thousands of acres of land through the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1944" title="Flood Control Act of 1944">Flood Control Act of 1944</a> by creating the <a href="/wiki/Oahe_Dam" title="Oahe Dam">Oahe Dam</a>. As a result of the dam's construction the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River Indian Reservation</a> lost 150,000 acres (61,000 hectares) bringing it down to 2,850,000 acres (1,150,000 ha) today. <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Reservation">Standing Rock Reservation</a> lost 55,993 acres (22,660 ha) leaving it with 2,300,000 acres (930,000 ha). Much of the land was taken by eminent domain claims made by the Bureau of Reclamation. Over and above the <a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">land loss</a>, most of the reservations' prime agricultural land was included in the loss. Most of the land was unable to be harvested (to allow the trees to be cut down for wood) before the land was flooded over with water.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> One visitor to the reservations later asked why there were so few older Indians on the reservations and was told that "the old people had died of heartache" after the construction of the dam and the loss of the reservations' land.<a href="#cite_note-bord2-106">[104]</a> As of 2015, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas, who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe, and the loss of their traditional ways of life.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Relocation_Act_of_1956" title="Indian Relocation Act of 1956">Indian Relocation Act of 1956</a> encouraged many tribal members to leave their reservation homes for cities. Some tribes had a dramatic loss of population: the <a href="/wiki/Yankton_Sioux_Tribe" title="Yankton Sioux Tribe">Yankton Sioux Tribe</a> fell to only 1,000 members living on the reservation in the 1950s; the <a href="/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation" title="Santee Sioux Reservation">Santee Sioux Reservation</a> lost 60 percent of its population (by 1962, only 2,999, mostly elderly people remained).<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and Johnson's <a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a> brought new schools, roads, health clinics, and housing to the reservations.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Wounded_Knee_incident">1970s: Wounded Knee incident</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1970s: Wounded Knee incident">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Knee_AIM_veterans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wounded_Knee_AIM_veterans.jpg/350px-Wounded_Knee_AIM_veterans.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wounded_Knee_AIM_veterans.jpg/525px-Wounded_Knee_AIM_veterans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wounded_Knee_AIM_veterans.jpg/700px-Wounded_Knee_AIM_veterans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Wounded Knee AIM veterans (2013)</figcaption></figure> Conflicting political values from "traditionalists" against the new form of government promoted through the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> created long-lasting tensions on the reservations.<a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt_2007-108">[106]</a> The accusations of corruption by tribal leaders would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a> which began on February 27, 1973, when the town of <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee,_South_Dakota" title="Wounded Knee, South Dakota">Wounded Knee, South Dakota</a> was seized by followers of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a> (AIM). The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while various state and federal law enforcement agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a> laid siege. The members of AIM were protesting what they said was the local corrupt government, along with federal issues affecting Indian reservation communities, as well as the lack of justice from border counties. Native Americans from many other communities, primarily urban areas, mobilized to come and join the occupation. The FBI dispatched agents and <a href="/wiki/US_Marshals" class="mw-redirect" title="US Marshals">US Marshals</a> to cordon off the site. Later a higher-ranking DOJ representative took control of the government's response. Through the resulting siege that lasted for 71 days, twelve people were wounded, including an FBI agent left paralyzed. In April at least two people died of gunfire, after which the Oglala Lakota called an end to the occupation). Additionally, two other people, one of them an African American civil rights activist, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Robinson_(activist)" title="Ray Robinson (activist)">Ray Robinson</a>, went missing, and are believed to have been killed during the occupation, though their bodies have never been found.<a href="#cite_note-Missing_Persons_of_America-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Grio-110">[108]</a> Afterward, 1200 American Indians were arrested. Wounded Knee drew international attention to the plight of American Indians and AIM leaders were tried in a Minnesota federal court. The court dismissed their case on the basis of governmental prosecutorial misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peltier" title="Leonard Peltier">Leonard Peltier</a> was convicted of murdering two FBI agents in a June 26, 1975, shooting on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s–present:_Self-determination">1980s–present: Self-determination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1980s–present: Self-determination">edit</a>]</div> After the Wounded Knee Incident, the Dakota and Lakota continued to push for their tribal rights and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Hills_Land_claims">Black Hills Land claims</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Black Hills Land claims">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_land_claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills land claim">Black Hills land claim</a></div></dd></dl> The Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the forced deprivation of their Black Hills reservation.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Throughout the 1920s–1950s, they pushed their <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_land_claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills land claim">Black Hills land claim</a> into federal court. After 60 years of litigation in the Court of Claims, the Indian Claims Commission, the U.S. Congress, the Supreme Court heard the case in 1980 and ruled that the federal government had illegally taken the Black Hills and awarded more than $100 million in reparations to the tribes. Stating that the land was never for sale, the tribes have refused to accept the money which is now over one billion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-Cutlip_2018-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_of_Lakotah">Republic of Lakotah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Republic of Lakotah">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Republic of Lakotah proposal</a></div></dd></dl> After the Wounded Knee Incident in 1973, the <a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Treaty_Council" title="International Indian Treaty Council">International Indian Treaty Council</a> was formed to support grassroots Indigenous struggles for human rights, self-determination and environmental justice through information dissemination, networking, coalition building, advocacy and technical assistance. This influenced activists who declared that they had founded the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lakotah">Republic of Lakotah</a> in 2007. The Lakota Freedom Delegation, a group of controversial Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007, the Lakota were withdrawing from all treaties signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. One of the activists, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a>, claimed that the action was legal and cites <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">US law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The group considers Lakota to be a <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">sovereign nation</a>, although as yet the state is <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">generally unrecognized</a>. The proposed borders reclaim thousands of square kilometres of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Not all leaders of the Lakota Tribal Governments support or recognize the declaration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foster_care_system">Foster care system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Foster care system">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the decades, thousands of Native American children were forcibly removed from their homes and sent to <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">boarding schools</a> with a primary objective of assimilating Native American children and youth into Euro-American culture, while at the same time providing a basic education in Euro-American subject matters. Many children lost knowledge of their culture and languages, as well as faced physical and sexual abuse at these schools. In 1978, the government tried to put an end to these boarding schools (and placement into foster families) with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act" title="Indian Child Welfare Act">Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)</a>, which says except in the rarest circumstances, Native American children must be placed with their relatives or tribes. It also says states must do everything it can to keep native families together. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> made national news when <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>'s investigative series called Lost Children, Shattered Families aired.<a href="#cite_note-fostercare-116">[114]</a> It exposed what many critics consider to be the "kidnapping" of Lakota children from their homes by the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Services.<a href="#cite_note-fostercare-116">[114]</a> The NPR investigation found South Dakota has the most cases which fail to abide by the ICWA. In South Dakota, Native American children make up less than 15 percent of the child population, yet they make up more than half of the children in foster care.<a href="#cite_note-fostercare-116">[114]</a> The state receives thousands of dollars from the federal government for every child it takes from a family, and in some cases, the state gets even more money if the child is Native American.<a href="#cite_note-fostercare-116">[114]</a> Lakota activists Madonna Thunder Hawk and <a href="/wiki/Chase_Iron_Eyes" title="Chase Iron Eyes">Chase Iron Eyes</a> worked with the Lakota People's Law Project as they sought to end what they claimed were unlawful seizures of Native American Lakota children in South Dakota and to stop the state practice of placing these children in non-Native homes.<a href="#cite_note-reuniting-117">[115]</a> They are currently working to redirect federal funding away from the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Systems to a new tribal foster care programs.<a href="#cite_note-reuniting-117">[115]</a> In 2015, in response to the investigative reports by NPR, the Lakota People's Law Project as well as the coalition of all nine Lakota/Dakota reservations in South Dakota, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> updated the ICWA guidelines to give more strength to tribes to intervene on behalf of the children, stating, "The updated guidelines establish that an Indian child, parent or Indian custodian, or tribe may petition to invalidate an action if the Act or guidelines have been violated, regardless of which party's rights were violated. This approach promotes compliance with ICWA and reflects that ICWA is intended to protect the rights of each of these parties."<a href="#cite_note-guidelinesupdate-118">[116]</a> The new guidelines also not only prevent courts from taking children away based on socioeconomic status but give a strict definition of what is to be considered harmful living conditions.<a href="#cite_note-guidelinesupdate-118">[116]</a> Previously, the state of South Dakota used "being poor" as harmful.<a href="#cite_note-guidelinesupdate-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protest_against_the_Dakota_Access_oil_pipeline">Protest against the Dakota Access oil pipeline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Protest against the Dakota Access oil pipeline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poisoning_water_is_genocide_-_Stand_with_Standing_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Poisoning_water_is_genocide_-_Stand_with_Standing_Rock.jpg/220px-Poisoning_water_is_genocide_-_Stand_with_Standing_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Poisoning_water_is_genocide_-_Stand_with_Standing_Rock.jpg/330px-Poisoning_water_is_genocide_-_Stand_with_Standing_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Poisoning_water_is_genocide_-_Stand_with_Standing_Rock.jpg/440px-Poisoning_water_is_genocide_-_Stand_with_Standing_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3586" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in support of Standing Rock to stop DAPL occurred all over the world throughout 2016 and in March 2017 in Washington, DC</figcaption></figure> In the summer of 2016, Sioux Indians and the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Sioux Tribe</a> began a protest against construction of the <a href="/wiki/Bakken_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakken pipeline">Dakota Access oil pipeline</a>, also known as the Bakken pipeline, which, if completed, is designed to carry <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydrofracked</a> crude oil from the <a href="/wiki/Bakken_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakken Formation">Bakken oil fields</a> of North Dakota to the oil storage and transfer hub of <a href="/wiki/Patoka,_Illinois" title="Patoka, Illinois">Patoka, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a> travels only half a mile north of the Standing Rock Sioux reservation and is designed to pass underneath the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> and upstream of the reservation, causing many concerns over the tribe's drinking water safety, environmental protection, and harmful impacts on culture.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The pipeline company claims that the pipeline will provide jobs, reduce American dependence on foreign oil and reduce the price of gas.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The conflict sparked a nationwide debate and much news media coverage. Thousands of indigenous and non-indigenous supporters joined the protest, and several camp sites were set up south of the construction zone. The protest was peaceful, and alcohol, drugs and firearms were not allowed at the campsite or the protest site.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> On August 23, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe released a list of 87 tribal governments who wrote resolutions, proclamations and letters of support stating their solidarity with Standing Rock and the Sioux people.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Since then, many more Native American organizations, environmental groups and civil rights groups have joined the effort in North Dakota, including the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement, Vermont Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> and her running mate <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a>, and many more.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> called it a "National movement for Native Americans."<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_of_Artifacts">Return of Artifacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Return of Artifacts">edit</a>]</div> In November 2022, 150 sacred artifacts were repatriated to the Lakota Sioux peoples.<a href="#cite_note-artifacts-128">[126]</a> They were stored for more than a century at the Founders Museum in Barre, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-artifacts-128">[126]</a> However, these are just a small fraction of circa 870,000 Native American artifacts (including nearly 110,000 human remains) that are still at prestigious colleges, museums and the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-artifacts-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Bone_Necklace-Oglala_Lakota-1899_Heyn_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chief_Bone_Necklace-Oglala_Lakota-1899_Heyn_Photo.jpg/220px-Chief_Bone_Necklace-Oglala_Lakota-1899_Heyn_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chief_Bone_Necklace-Oglala_Lakota-1899_Heyn_Photo.jpg/330px-Chief_Bone_Necklace-Oglala_Lakota-1899_Heyn_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chief_Bone_Necklace-Oglala_Lakota-1899_Heyn_Photo.jpg/440px-Chief_Bone_Necklace-Oglala_Lakota-1899_Heyn_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5218" data-file-height="6460" /></a><figcaption>Chief Bone Necklace, an Oglala Lakota from the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> (1899)</figcaption></figure> The Sioux comprise three closely related language groups: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Eastern Dakota</a> (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta) <ul><li>Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)</li> <li>Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Western Dakota</a> (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta) <ul><li>Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)</li> <li>Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a> (or Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)</li></ol> The earlier linguistic three-way division of the Sioux language identified Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota as <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee-Sisseton and Nakota = Yankton-Yanktonai.<a href="#cite_note-riggs-11">[11]</a> However, the latest studies<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-PD-129">[127]</a> show that Yankton-Yanktonai never used the autonym Nakhóta, but pronounced their name roughly the same as the Santee (i.e. Dakȟóta). These later studies identify Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages, with Sioux being the third language. Sioux has three similar dialects: Lakota, Western Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai) and Eastern Dakota (Santee-Sisseton). Assiniboine and Stoney speakers refer to themselves as Nakhóta or Nakhóda<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Nakota" title="Nakota">Nakota</a>). The term Dakota has also been applied by <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a> and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as Teton Dakota, Santee Dakota, etc. This was mainly because of the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which Sioux is derived.<a href="#cite_note-life_and_customs-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_and_modern_geographical_divisions">Ethnic and modern geographical divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnic and modern geographical divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sioux_social_structure_council_fires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sioux_social_structure_council_fires.jpg/250px-Sioux_social_structure_council_fires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sioux_social_structure_council_fires.jpg/330px-Sioux_social_structure_council_fires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sioux_social_structure_council_fires.jpg/500px-Sioux_social_structure_council_fires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Santee Dakota, Yankton-Yanktonai and Lakota historic distribution (the map still misnames the Yankton-Yanktonai grouping as <a href="/wiki/Nakota" title="Nakota">Nakota</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stella_Yellow_Shirt,_Dakota_Sioux,_with_baby,_by_Heyn_Photo,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Stella_Yellow_Shirt%2C_Dakota_Sioux%2C_with_baby%2C_by_Heyn_Photo%2C_1899.jpg/250px-Stella_Yellow_Shirt%2C_Dakota_Sioux%2C_with_baby%2C_by_Heyn_Photo%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Stella_Yellow_Shirt%2C_Dakota_Sioux%2C_with_baby%2C_by_Heyn_Photo%2C_1899.jpg/330px-Stella_Yellow_Shirt%2C_Dakota_Sioux%2C_with_baby%2C_by_Heyn_Photo%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Stella_Yellow_Shirt%2C_Dakota_Sioux%2C_with_baby%2C_by_Heyn_Photo%2C_1899.jpg/500px-Stella_Yellow_Shirt%2C_Dakota_Sioux%2C_with_baby%2C_by_Heyn_Photo%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Stella Yellow Shirt and her baby (Dakota, 1899)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sioux-Baby_sling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sioux-Baby_sling.jpg/220px-Sioux-Baby_sling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sioux-Baby_sling.jpg/330px-Sioux-Baby_sling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sioux-Baby_sling.jpg/440px-Sioux-Baby_sling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Sioux cradleboard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg/220px-Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg/330px-Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg/440px-Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Family members of U.S. Army Master Sgt. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson Keeble">Woodrow Wilson Keeble</a> attending his Medal of Honor ceremony</figcaption></figure> The Sioux are divided into three ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands. The earliest known European record of the Sioux identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.<a href="#cite_note-riggs-11">[11]</a> After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present-day Central Canada to the <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte River</a>, from Minnesota to the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_River" title="Yellowstone River">Yellowstone River</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder River (Montana)">Powder River</a> country.<a href="#cite_note-dog_soldiers-29">[29]</a> The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> in Canada. Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isáŋyathi_(Santee_or_Eastern_Dakota)">Isáŋyathi (Santee or Eastern Dakota)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Isáŋyathi (Santee or Eastern Dakota)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a></div> In the past, they were a <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> people who thrived on hunting, fishing, and farming.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Migrations of <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name Dakota Territory to the northern expanse west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and up to its headwaters.<a href="#cite_note-riggs-11">[11]</a> Today, the Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. However, after the Dakota war of 1862 many Santee were sent to <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek Indian Reservation</a> and in 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation" title="Santee Sioux Reservation">Santee Sioux Reservation</a>. <ul><li>Santee division (Eastern Dakota) (Isáŋyathi)<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mdewakanton" title="Mdewakanton">Mdewakantonwan</a> (Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ 'Spirit Lake Village')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, perhaps meaning 'Fishing Grounds Village')</li> <li>Wahpekute (Waȟpékhute, 'Leaf Archers')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Inkpaduta" title="Inkpaduta">Inkpaduta</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Wahpetonwan (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, 'Leaf Village')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eastman" title="Charles Eastman">Charles Eastman</a> (Ohiyesa)</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna_(Yankton-Yanktonai_or_Western_Dakota)">Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a></div> The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicized</a> names Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: 'End village') and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: 'Little end village'), consist of two bands or two of the Seven Council Fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina).<a href="#cite_note-riggs-11">[11]</a> Today, most of the Yanktons live on the <a href="/wiki/Yankton_Indian_Reservation" title="Yankton Indian Reservation">Yankton Indian Reservation</a> in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation" title="Lower Brule Indian Reservation">Lower Brule Indian Reservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek Indian Reservation</a>. The Yanktonai are divided into Lower Yanktonai, who occupy the Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, who live in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Indian Reservation</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Tribe" title="Spirit Lake Tribe">Spirit Lake Tribe</a> in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Peck Indian Reservation">Fort Peck Indian Reservation</a> in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Moose Woods.<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> They were involved in quarrying <a href="/wiki/Catlinite" title="Catlinite">pipestone</a>. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the <a href="/wiki/Mankato" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankato">Mankato</a> region of Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-Dakota_ways-131">[129]</a> <ul><li>Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota) (Wičhíyena) <ul><li>Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, 'End Village')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, 'Little End Village')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <ul><li>Upper Yanktonai</li> <li>Unkpatina<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> or Lower Yanktonai</li></ul> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Wanata" title="Wanata">Wanata</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_Eagle_(Dakota_Leader)" title="War Eagle (Dakota Leader)">War Eagle</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thítȟuŋwaŋ_(Teton_or_Lakota)">Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton or Lakota)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton or Lakota)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></div> Prior to obtaining horses in the 17th century, the Lakota were located near present-day Minnesota. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, the western Sioux quickly expanded their territory to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> (which they call Heska, 'white mountains') by the 1800s. Their traditional diet includes <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> and corn. They traditionally acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> prior to the reservation era.<a href="#cite_note-riggs-11">[11]</a> The name Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ is archaic among the people, who prefer to call themselves Lakȟóta.<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> Today, the Lakota are the largest and westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>. <ul><li>Teton division (<a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>) (Thítȟuŋwaŋ,<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> perhaps meaning 'Dwellers on the Prairie'): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglála</a> (perhaps meaning 'Those Who Scatter Their Own') <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Tail" title="Iron Tail">Iron Tail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_Hawk" title="Flying Hawk">Flying Hawk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mills" title="Billy Mills">Billy Mills</a> (Olympian)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a> (Húŋkpapȟa,<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> meaning 'Those who Camp by the Door' or 'Wanderers') <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihasapa" title="Sihasapa">Sihasapa</a> (Sihásapa, 'Blackfoot Sioux',<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Piegan Blackfeet</a>) <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/John_Grass" title="John Grass">John Grass</a> (Matȟó Watȟákpe)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a> (Mnikȟówožu, 'Those who Plant by Water')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> translation of Sičháŋǧu, 'Burned Thigh')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans_Arc" title="Sans Arc">Sans Arc</a> (French translation of Itázipčho, 'Those Without Bows')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(artist)" title="Black Hawk (artist)">Black Hawk</a> (Čhetáŋ Sápa')</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Kettles" title="Two Kettles">Two Kettles</a> (Oóhenuŋpa, 'Two Boilings')<a href="#cite_note-NLD-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd>notable persons: <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Woman" title="Eagle Woman">Eagle Woman That All Look At</a> (Waŋblí Ayútepiwiŋ)</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservations_and_reserves">Reservations and reserves</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Reservations and reserves">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sioux01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sioux01.png/220px-Sioux01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sioux01.png/330px-Sioux01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sioux01.png/440px-Sioux01.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Location of Sioux tribes prior to 1770 (dark green) and their current reservations (orange) in the US</figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century, railroads wanted to build tracks through Indian lands. The railroad companies hired hunters to exterminate the bison herds, the Plains Indians' primary food supply. The Dakota and Lakota were forced to accept US-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands and farming and ranching of domestic cattle, as opposed to a nomadic, hunting economy. During the first years of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation#Rise_of_Indian_removal_policy" title="Indian reservation">Reservation Era</a>, the Sioux people depended upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty for survival. In Minnesota, the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Treaty of Traverse des Sioux">Traverse des Sioux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mendota" title="Treaty of Mendota">Mendota</a> in 1851 left the Dakota with a reservation 20 miles (32 km) wide on each side of the Minnesota River. Today, half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off-<a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a>. Enrolled members in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States are required to have ancestry that is at least <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">1/4 degree</a> Sioux (the equivalent to one grandparent).<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>. The land holdings of these First Nations are called <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Reserve/Reservation<a href="#cite_note-Sioux_nation-3">[3]</a> </th> <th>Community </th> <th>Bands residing </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Peck Indian Reservation">Fort Peck Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_and_Sioux_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes">Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes</a> </td> <td>Hunkpapa, Upper Yanktonai (Pabaksa), Sisseton, Wahpeton, and the Hudesabina (Red Bottom), Wadopabina (Canoe Paddler), Wadopahnatonwan (Canoe Paddlers Who Live on the Prairie), Sahiyaiyeskabi (Plains Cree-Speakers), Inyantonwanbina (Stone People), and Fat Horse Band of the Assiniboine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit Lake Reservation">Spirit Lake Reservation</a> (Formerly Devil's Lake Reservation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Tribe" title="Spirit Lake Tribe">Spirit Lake Tribe</a> (Mni Wakan Oyate) </td> <td>Wahpeton, Sisseton, Upper Yanktonai </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Sioux Tribe">Standing Rock Sioux Tribe</a> </td> <td>Lower Yanktonai, Sihasapa, Upper Yanktonai, Hunkpapa </td> <td>North Dakota, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Traverse_Indian_Reservation" title="Lake Traverse Indian Reservation">Lake Traverse Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sisseton_Wahpeton_Oyate" title="Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate">Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate</a> </td> <td>Sisseton, Wahpeton </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Indian_Reservation" title="Flandreau Indian Reservation">Flandreau Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Santee_Sioux_Tribe" title="Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe">Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe</a> </td> <td>Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe">Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe</a> </td> <td>Minneconjou, Sihasapa, Two Kettle, Sans Arc </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Creek Sioux Tribe">Crow Creek Sioux Tribe</a> </td> <td>Lower Yanktonai, Mdewakanton </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation" title="Lower Brule Indian Reservation">Lower Brule Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Brule Sioux Tribe">Lower Brule Sioux Tribe</a> </td> <td>Brulé </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankton_Indian_Reservation" title="Yankton Indian Reservation">Yankton Sioux Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankton_Sioux_Tribe" title="Yankton Sioux Tribe">Yankton Sioux Tribe</a> </td> <td>Yankton </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala Lakota</a> </td> <td>Oglala, few Brulé </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosebud Sioux Tribe">Rosebud Sioux Tribe</a> (also as Sicangu Lakota or Upper Brulé Sioux Nation) (Sičháŋǧu Oyate) </td> <td>Sićangu (Brulé), few Oglala </td> <td>South Dakota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Indian_Reservation" title="Upper Sioux Indian Reservation">Upper Sioux Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sioux Community">Upper Sioux Community</a> (Pejuhutazizi Oyate) </td> <td>Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Indian_Reservation" title="Lower Sioux Indian Reservation">Lower Sioux Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Indian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sioux Indian Community">Lower Sioux Indian Community</a> </td> <td>Mdewakanton, Wahpekute </td> <td>Minnesota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakopee-Mdewakanton_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation">Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation</a> (Formerly Prior Lake Indian Reservation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakopee_Mdewakanton_Sioux_Community" title="Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community">Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community</a> </td> <td>Mdewakanton, Wahpekute </td> <td>Minnesota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Indian_Community" title="Prairie Island Indian Community">Prairie Island Indian Community</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Indian_Community" title="Prairie Island Indian Community">Prairie Island Indian Community</a> </td> <td>Mdewakanton, Wahpekute </td> <td>Minnesota, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santee_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Santee Indian Reservation">Santee Indian Reservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Santee Sioux Nation">Santee Sioux Nation</a> </td> <td>Mdewakanton, Wahpekute </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, US </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Valley_First_Nation#Reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Valley First Nation">Sioux Valley Dakota Nation Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Valley_First_Nation#Reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Valley First Nation">Fishing Station 62A Reserve</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Valley_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Valley First Nation">Sioux Valley First Nation</a> </td> <td>Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Plains_First_Nation" title="Dakota Plains First Nation">Dakota Plains Indian Reserve 6A</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Plains_First_Nation" title="Dakota Plains First Nation">Dakota Plains First Nation</a> </td> <td>Wahpeton, Sisseton </td> <td>Manitoba, Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie" title="Portage la Prairie">Dakota Tipi 1 Reserve</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie" title="Portage la Prairie">Dakota Tipi First Nation</a> </td> <td>Wahpeton </td> <td>Manitoba, Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birdtail_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Birdtail Sioux First Nation">Birdtail Creek 57 Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birdtail_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Birdtail Sioux First Nation">Birdtail Hay Lands 57A Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birdtail_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Birdtail Sioux First Nation">Fishing Station 62A Reserve</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birdtail_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Birdtail Sioux First Nation">Birdtail Sioux First Nation</a> </td> <td>Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Yanktonai </td> <td>Manitoba, Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canupawakpa_Dakota_First_Nation" title="Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation">Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canupawakpa_Dakota_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canupawakpa Dakota Nation">Oak Lake 59A Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canupawakpa_Dakota_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canupawakpa Dakota Nation">Fishing Station 62A Reserve</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canupawakpa_Dakota_First_Nation" title="Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation">Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation</a> </td> <td>Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai </td> <td>Manitoba, Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Standing_Buffalo_78" title="Standing Buffalo 78">Standing Buffalo 78</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standing_Buffalo_Dakota_Nation" title="Standing Buffalo Dakota Nation">Standing Buffalo Dakota Nation</a> </td> <td>Sisseton, Wahpeton </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitecap_Dakota_First_Nation" title="Whitecap Dakota First Nation">Whitecap Reserve</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitecap_Dakota_First_Nation" title="Whitecap Dakota First Nation">Whitecap Dakota First Nation</a> </td> <td>Wahpeton, Sisseton </td> <td>Saskatchewan, Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assiniboia,_Saskatchewan" title="Assiniboia, Saskatchewan">Wood Mountain 160 Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Four_Reserve_Grounds_Indian_Reserve_No._77" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reserve No. 77">Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reserve No. 77</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wood_Mountain,_Saskatchewan" title="Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan">Wood Mountain</a> </td> <td>Assiniboine (Nakota), Hunkpapa </td> <td>Saskatchewan, Canada </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Reserves shared with other First Nations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_history">Population history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Population history">edit</a>]</div> In year 1762 lieutenant James Gorrell complained about a lack of funds to disperse adequate presents to the 30,000 Sioux warriors for whom he estimated he had responsibility, which would indicate a total population of around 150,000 people (on average 5 persons per one warrior).<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-135">[133]</a> Such high population appears to be confirmed by French Jesuits who visited 40 Sioux villages in 1660 and counted 5,000 men only in five of them (on average 1,000 men per village). Almost a century after Gorrell's estimate, in 1841, <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> estimated the Sioux as up to 50,000 people, and mentioned that they had just lost approx. 8,000 dead to smallpox a few years prior. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> (Indian Affairs 1849) estimated that in 1846 the Sioux had 5,000 lodges averaging over 10 people per lodge, indicating a population of over 50,000. During the second half of the 19th century Sioux population further declined. In 1865 the Sioux were estimated at up to 40,000 people. Indian Affairs 1880 returned 31,747 people. The census of 1890 returned 25,675. Indian Affairs 1900 returned 27,169. The census of 1910 returned 23,318 (including 14,284 Tetons). In addition Canadian Indian Affairs counted 2,000 Sioux in Canada in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> During the 20th and 21st centuries Sioux population has rebounded, reaching 207,456 in the USA according to the 2020 census.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Sioux">Notable Sioux</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable Sioux">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Historical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabill_-_Red_Cloud_and_American_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grabill_-_Red_Cloud_and_American_Horse.jpg/220px-Grabill_-_Red_Cloud_and_American_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grabill_-_Red_Cloud_and_American_Horse.jpg/330px-Grabill_-_Red_Cloud_and_American_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grabill_-_Red_Cloud_and_American_Horse.jpg/440px-Grabill_-_Red_Cloud_and_American_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="4960" /></a><figcaption>Chiefs <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Horse" title="American Horse">American Horse</a> (1891)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$5-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/US-%245-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg/220px-US-%245-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/US-%245-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg/330px-US-%245-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/US-%245-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg/440px-US-%245-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Running_Antelope" title="Running Antelope">Running Antelope</a>, a Hunkpapa Lakota Chief, depicted on the US 1899 $5 <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">silver certificate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Šóta (<a href="/wiki/Old_Chief_Smoke" title="Old Chief Smoke">Old Chief Smoke</a>) — an original Oglala Lakota head chief</li> <li>Siŋté Glešká (<a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a>) — Brulé chief who resisted joining <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a></li> <li>Thaóyate Dúta (<a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a>/His Red Nation) — Mdewakanton Dakota chief and warrior</li> <li>Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (<a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>) — Famous Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man</li> <li>Tȟašúŋke Witkó (<a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a>) — Famous Oglala Lakota warrior</li> <li>Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagye (<a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a>) – Minneconjou Lakota chief and warrior</li> <li>Maȟpíya Lúta (<a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a>) — Famous Oglala Lakota chief and spokesperson</li> <li>Heȟáka Sápa (<a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a>) — Famous Oglala Lakota medicine and holy man</li> <li>Ité Omáǧažu (<a href="/wiki/Rain-in-the-Face" title="Rain-in-the-Face">Rain-in-the-Face</a>) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief</li> <li>Tȟáȟča Hušté (<a href="/wiki/Lame_Deer" title="Lame Deer">Lame Deer</a>) — Mineconju Lakota holy man and spiritual preserver</li> <li>Wí Sápa (<a href="/wiki/Black_Moon_(person)" title="Black Moon (person)">Black Moon</a>) — Miniconjou Lakota chief</li> <li>Matȟó Héȟloǧeča (<a href="/wiki/Hollow_Horn_Bear" title="Hollow Horn Bear">Hollow Horn Bear</a>) — Sicangu (Brulé) Lakota leader</li> <li>Phizí (<a href="/wiki/Gall_(Native_American_leader)" title="Gall (Native American leader)">Gall</a>) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief</li> <li>Ógle Lúta (<a href="/wiki/Red_Shirt_(Oglala)" title="Red Shirt (Oglala)">Red Shirt</a>) — Oglala Lakota warrior and chief</li> <li>Inkpáduta (<a href="/wiki/Inkpaduta" title="Inkpaduta">Scarlet Point</a>/Red End) — Wahpekute Dakota war chief</li> <li>Waŋbdí Tháŋka (<a href="/wiki/Big_Eagle" title="Big Eagle">Big Eagle</a>) — Mdewakanton Dakota chief</li> <li>Tamaha (<a href="/wiki/Tamaha_(Dakota_scout)" title="Tamaha (Dakota scout)">One Eye/Standing Moose</a>) — Mdewekanton Dakota scout for the U.S. during War of 1812</li> <li>Óta Kté (<a href="/wiki/Luther_Standing_Bear" title="Luther Standing Bear">Luther Standing Bear</a>/Plenty Kill) — Oglala Lakota writer and actor</li> <li>Núŋp Kaȟpá (<a href="/wiki/Two_Strike_(Lakota_leader)" title="Two Strike (Lakota leader)">Two Strike</a>) — Sicangu Lakota chief</li> <li>Čhetáŋ Sápa (<a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(artist)" title="Black Hawk (artist)">Black Hawk</a>) — Itázipčho Lakota <a href="/wiki/Ledger_art" title="Ledger art">ledger artist</a></li> <li>Tȟatȟóka Íŋyaŋke (<a href="/wiki/Running_Antelope" title="Running Antelope">Running Antelope</a>) — Hunkpapa Lakota chief</li> <li>Matȟó Watȟákpe (<a href="/wiki/John_Grass" title="John Grass">John Grass</a>/Charging Bear) — Sihasapa Lakota chief</li> <li>Tȟatȟáŋka Ská (<a href="/wiki/White_Bull" title="White Bull">White Bull</a>) — Miniconjou Lakota warrior and nephew of Sitting Bull</li> <li>Waŋblí Kté (<a href="/wiki/Kill_Eagle" title="Kill Eagle">Kill Eagle</a>) — Sihasapa Lakota warrior and leader</li> <li>Šúŋkawakȟáŋ Tȟó (Blue Horse) — Oglala chief, warrior, educator, and statesman</li> <li>Matȟó Wayúhi (<a href="/wiki/Conquering_Bear" title="Conquering Bear">Conquering Bear</a>) — Sičháŋǧu Lakota chief</li> <li>Čhetáŋ Kiŋyáŋ (<a href="/wiki/Flying_Hawk" title="Flying Hawk">Flying Hawk</a>) — Oglala Lakota chief, philosopher, and historian</li> <li>Matȟó Wanáȟtake (<a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bear" title="Kicking Bear">Kicking Bear</a>) — Oglala born Miniconjou Lakota warrior and chief</li> <li>Uŋpȟáŋ Glešká (<a href="/wiki/Spotted_Elk" title="Spotted Elk">Spotted Elk</a>/Big Foot) — Miniconjou Lakota chief</li> <li>Hé Waŋžíča (<a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a>) — Miniconjou Lakota chief</li> <li>Kȟaŋǧí Yátapi (<a href="/wiki/Crow_King" title="Crow King">Crow King</a>/Medicine Bag That Burns) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief</li> <li>Wičháša Tȟáŋkala (<a href="/wiki/Little_Big_Man" title="Little Big Man">Little Big Man</a>/Charging Bear) — Oglala Lakota warrior</li> <li>Šúŋka Khúčiyela (<a href="/wiki/Low_Dog" title="Low Dog">Low Dog</a>) — Oglala Lakota chief and warrior</li> <li>Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke (<a href="/wiki/American_Horse" title="American Horse">American Horse</a>) ("The Younger") — Oglala Lakota chief</li> <li>Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke (<a href="/wiki/American_Horse_(elder)" title="American Horse (elder)">American Horse</a>) ("The Elder") — Oglala Lakota chief</li> <li>Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi (<a href="/wiki/Young_Man_Afraid_Of_His_Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Man Afraid Of His Horses">Young Man Afraid Of His Horses</a>) — Oglala Lakota chief</li> <li>Ištáȟba (<a href="/wiki/Ishtakhaba" title="Ishtakhaba">Sleepy Eye</a>) — Sisseton Dakota chief</li> <li>Ohíyes’a (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Eastman" title="Charles Eastman">Charles Eastman</a>) — Author, physician, and reformer</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gregory_%22Pappy%22_Boyington" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory "Pappy" Boyington">Gregory "Pappy" Boyington</a> — World War II fighter ace and Medal of Honor recipient; 1/4 Sioux</li> <li>Charging Thunder (1877–1929), <a href="/wiki/Sihasapa" title="Sihasapa">Blackfoot Sioux</a> chief who was part of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>'s Wild West Show in 1903, but remained in England when the show returned to America. He married Josephine, an American horse trainer who had just given birth to their first child, Bessie, and together they settled in <a href="/wiki/Darwen" title="Darwen">Darwen</a>, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Gorton" title="Gorton">Gorton</a>. His name became George Edward Williams, after registering with the British immigration authorities to enable him to find work. Williams ended up working at the <a href="/wiki/Belle_Vue_Zoological_Gardens" title="Belle Vue Zoological Gardens">Belle Vue Zoo</a> as an elephant keeper. He died from pneumonia on July 28, 1929. His interment was at Gorton's cemetery.</li> <li>Ziŋtkála-Šá (<a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Simmons_Bonnin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude Simmons Bonnin">Gertrude Simmons Bonnin</a>) — Author, educator, musician, and political activist</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Contemporary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSgt_Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MSgt_Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble.jpg/220px-MSgt_Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MSgt_Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble.jpg/330px-MSgt_Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MSgt_Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble.jpg/440px-MSgt_Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Keeble" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Keeble">Woodrow Keeble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipient.</figcaption></figure> Contemporary Sioux people are listed under the tribes to which they belong. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sioux_people" title="Category:Sioux people">Category:Sioux people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people#Notable_Lakota" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa#Notable_Hunkpapa_Lakota_people" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota#Notable_Oglala" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9#Notable_Sicangu_(Brulé)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Sicangu</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sisseton_Wahpeton_Oyate" title="Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate">Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Traverse_Indian_Reservation" title="Lake Traverse Indian Reservation">Lake Traverse Indian Reservation</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_individual_tribe">By individual tribe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: By individual tribe">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation#Notable_tribal_members" title="Fort Peck Indian Reservation">Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation#Notable_tribal_members" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of the Cheyenne River Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Reservation#Notable_tribal_members" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Creek Reservation"> Crow Creek Sioux Tribe of the Crow Creek Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Santee_Sioux_Tribe#Notable_tribal_members" title="Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe">Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation#Notable_tribal_members" title="Lower Brule Indian Reservation">Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation#Notable_tribal_members_and_residents" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Rosebud Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakopee_Mdewakanton_Sioux_Community#Notable_tribal_members" title="Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community">Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisseton_Wahpeton_Oyate#Notable_members_of_the_tribe" title="Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate">Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation#Notable_tribal_members" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton_Sioux_Tribe#Notable_members_of_the_tribe" title="Yankton Sioux Tribe">Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Tribe#Government" title="Spirit Lake Tribe">Spirit Lake Dakota Tribe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorrisVinesHoeffel2012" class="citation web cs1">Norris, Tina; Vines, Paula L.; Hoeffel, Elizabeth M. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf">"The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010"</a> (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221036/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=The+American+Indian+and+Alaska+Native+Population%3A+2010&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft.au=Vines%2C+Paula+L.&rft.au=Hoeffel%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fbriefs%2Fc2010br-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> for a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming as "Nakota", the Yankton and the Yanktonai, see the article <a href="/wiki/Nakota" title="Nakota">Nakota</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sioux_nation-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sioux_nation_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sioux_nation_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sioux_nation_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sioux_nation_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sioux_nation_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sioux_nation_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Michael (2000). The Tribes of the Sioux Nation. Osprey Publishing Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-878-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-878-X"><bdi>1-85532-878-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+of+the+Sioux+Nation&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85532-878-X&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLD-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLD_4-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUllrich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ullrich, Jan (2008). New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton). Lakota Language Consortium. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9761082-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9761082-9-0"><bdi>978-0-9761082-9-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Lakota+Dictionary+%28Incorporating+the+Dakota+Dialects+of+Yankton-Yanktonai+and+Santee-Sisseton%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Lakota+Language+Consortium&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9761082-9-0&rft.aulast=Ullrich&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Four_Siouan_Languages_1956-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Four_Siouan_Languages_1956_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Four_Siouan_Languages_1956_5-1">b</a> NAA MS 4800 [59]. Three drafts of On the Comparative Phonology of Four Siouan Languages. James O. Dorsey papers, circa 1870–1956, bulk 1870–1895. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/frazier-rez.html">"Among the Sioux"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704131118/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/frazier-rez.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Among+the+Sioux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Ff%2Ffrazier-rez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSehgal2019" class="citation news cs1">Sehgal, Paul (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/books/review-lakota-america-pekka-hamalainen.html">"'Lakota America' Puts the Tribe of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Front and Center"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321185856/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/books/review-lakota-america-pekka-hamalainen.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Lakota+America%27+Puts+the+Tribe+of+Sitting+Bull+and+Crazy+Horse+Front+and+Center&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Sehgal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F22%2Fbooks%2Freview-lakota-america-pekka-hamalainen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFohtadmin2018" class="citation web cs1">ohtadmin (August 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lakotatimes.com/articles/countries-and-their-capitals/">"Countries and Their Capitals"</a>. Lakota Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211123227/https://www.lakotatimes.com/articles/countries-and-their-capitals/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+and+Their+Capitals&rft.pub=Lakota+Times&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.au=ohtadmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lakotatimes.com%2Farticles%2Fcountries-and-their-capitals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_C._Wagner_III2016" class="citation book cs1">Frederic C. Wagner III (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mpECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Participants in the Battle of the Little Big Horn: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. McFarland & Company; 2nd edition. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476664590" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476664590"><bdi>978-1476664590</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211065111/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mpECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Participants+in+the+Battle+of+the+Little+Big+Horn%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%3B+2nd+edition&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1476664590&rft.au=Frederic+C.+Wagner+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mpECwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indians.org/articles/sioux-indians.html">Learn about the history of the Sioux Indians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414095103/http://www.indians.org/articles/sioux-indians.html">Archived</a> April 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Indians.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-08. </li> <li id="cite_note-riggs-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riggs_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riggs_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riggs_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riggs_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riggs_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riggs_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiggs1893" class="citation book cs1">Riggs, Stephen R. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammerdakota09riggrich">Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography</a>. Washington Government Printing Office, Ross & Haines, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87018-052-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87018-052-5"><bdi>0-87018-052-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dakota+Grammar%2C+Texts%2C+and+Ethnography&rft.pub=Washington+Government+Printing+Office%2C+Ross+%26+Haines%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1893&rft.isbn=0-87018-052-5&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammerdakota09riggrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict-12"><a href="#cite_ref-dict_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sioux">"Sioux"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014214713/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sioux">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Sioux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsioux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/bwaan-na">"a Dakota"</a>. The Ojibwe People's Dictionary. University of Minnesota Board of Regents. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101092532/http://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/bwaan-na">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ojibwe+People%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=a+Dakota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojibwe.lib.umn.edu%2Fmain-entry%2Fbwaan-na&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNingewance2009" class="citation book cs1">Ningewance, Patricia M. (2009). Zagataagan, A Northern Ojibwe Dictionary, Anishinaabemowin Ikidowinan gaa-niibidebii'igadegin dago gaye ewemitigoozhiibii'igaadegin, Ojibwe-English Volume 2. 61 King St. Sioux Lookout ON. Canada: Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897579-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897579-15-2"><bdi>978-1-897579-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zagataagan%2C+A+Northern+Ojibwe+Dictionary%2C+Anishinaabemowin+Ikidowinan+gaa-niibidebii%27igadegin+dago+gaye+ewemitigoozhiibii%27igaadegin%2C+Ojibwe-English+Volume+2&rft.place=61+King+St.+Sioux+Lookout+ON.+Canada&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Kwayaciiwin+Education+Resource+Centre&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-897579-15-2&rft.aulast=Ningewance&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Neihardt_1984-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neihardt_1984_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neihardt_1984_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neihardt_1984_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeihardt1984" class="citation book cs1">Neihardt, John (1984). The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk's teachings given to John G. Neihardt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6564-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6564-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-6564-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45729827">45729827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Grandfather%3A+Black+Elk%27s+teachings+given+to+John+G.+Neihardt&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45729827&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6564-6&rft.aulast=Neihardt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_T.F._Downes2024" class="citation journal cs1">Robert T.F. Downes (July 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/agsjournal/vol9/iss1/2/">"Natural Dialectics: Māori & Sioux Ecosophy Encounters the Rule of Law"</a>. The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development. 9 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2429-2133">2429-2133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+International+Relations%2C+Peace+Studies%2C+and+Development&rft.atitle=Natural+Dialectics%3A+M%C4%81ori+%26+Sioux+Ecosophy+Encounters+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft.issn=2429-2133&rft.au=Robert+T.F.+Downes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.arcadia.edu%2Fagsjournal%2Fvol9%2Fiss1%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruml_2010-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruml_2010_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruml_2010_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruml_2010_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuml2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ruml, Mark (2010). "Mitákuye Owás'į (All My Relatives): Dakota Wiconi (Way of Life) and Wicozani Waste (Well-Being)". Aboriginal Policy Research. 6 (3–4). Thompson Educational Publishing: 187–202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Mit%C3%A1kuye+Ow%C3%A1s%27%C4%AF+%28All+My+Relatives%29%3A+Dakota+Wiconi+%28Way+of+Life%29+and+Wicozani+Waste+%28Well-Being%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ruml&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deloria_1998-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deloria_1998_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deloria_1998_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deloria_1998_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeloria1998" class="citation book cs1">Deloria, Ella (1998). Speaking of Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6614-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6614-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-6614-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38884640">38884640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+Indians&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38884640&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6614-8&rft.aulast=Deloria&rft.aufirst=Ella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dakotaeconomics-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dakotaeconomics_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dakotaeconomics_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhelan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Whelan, Mary (Spring 1993). "Dakota Indian Economics and the Nineteenth-Century Fur Trade". Ethnohistory. 40 (2). Duke University Press: 249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F482203">10.2307/482203</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482203">482203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Dakota+Indian+Economics+and+the+Nineteenth-Century+Fur+Trade&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F482203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F482203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundstrom_2002-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Sundstrom_2002_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSundstrom2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sundstrom, Linea (2002). "Steel Awls for Stone Age Plainswomen: Rock Art, Religion, and the Hide Trade on the Northern Plains". Plains Anthropologist. 47 (181). Plains Anthropological Society: 99–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.2002.11949234">10.1080/2052546.2002.11949234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162616450">162616450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Steel+Awls+for+Stone+Age+Plainswomen%3A+Rock+Art%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Hide+Trade+on+the+Northern+Plains&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=181&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2052546.2002.11949234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162616450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sundstrom&rft.aufirst=Linea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruml_2009_pp._507–531-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruml_2009_pp._507–531_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuml2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ruml, Mark (2009). "The Dakota Little People and the Tree-Dweller Dreamers: A matter of respect". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. 38 (3–4). SAGE Publications: 507–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00084298090380030601">10.1177/00084298090380030601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4298">0008-4298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143879263">143879263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Religion%2FSciences+Religieuses&rft.atitle=The+Dakota+Little+People+and+the+Tree-Dweller+Dreamers%3A+A+matter+of+respect&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E531&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143879263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-4298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00084298090380030601&rft.aulast=Ruml&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pickering_2000_p._8-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Pickering_2000_p._8_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickering2000" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Kathleen (2000). Lakota culture, world economy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3690-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-3690-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50699906">50699906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakota+culture%2C+world+economy&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50699906&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3690-5&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elk_1953-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elk_1953_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elk_1953_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elk_1953_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elk_1953_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElk1953" class="citation book cs1">Elk, Black (1953). The sacred pipe: Black Elk's account of the seven rites of the Oglala Sioux. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2124-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2124-6"><bdi>978-0-8061-2124-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772729">772729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sacred+pipe%3A+Black+Elk%27s+account+of+the+seven+rites+of+the+Oglala+Sioux&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772729&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2124-6&rft.aulast=Elk&rft.aufirst=Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dooling_2000-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Dooling_2000_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDooling2000" class="citation book cs1">Dooling, D. M. (2000). The sons of the wind: the sacred stories of the Lakota. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3224-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-3224-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42708159">42708159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sons+of+the+wind%3A+the+sacred+stories+of+the+Lakota&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42708159&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3224-2&rft.aulast=Dooling&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pluralism_Project-25"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Pluralism_Project_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/sacred-pipe-of-the-lakota-sioux">"Sacred Pipe of the Lakota Sioux"</a>. The Pluralism Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622081039/https://pluralism.org/sacred-pipe-of-the-lakota-sioux">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pluralism+Project&rft.atitle=Sacred+Pipe+of+the+Lakota+Sioux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Fsacred-pipe-of-the-lakota-sioux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heyoka-26"><a href="#cite_ref-heyoka_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Thomas H (1974). "The Heyoka Cult in Historical and Contemporary Oglala Sioux Society". Anthropos. 69 (1/2). JSTOR: 17–32. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458509">40458509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=The+Heyoka+Cult+in+Historical+and+Contemporary+Oglala+Sioux+Society&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40458509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElkNeihardt2008-27"><a href="#cite_ref-ElkNeihardt2008_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack_ElkJohn_G._Neihardt2008" class="citation book cs1">Black Elk; John G. 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University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-0607-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-0607-7"><bdi>0-8061-0607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sioux%3A+Life+and+Customs+of+a+Warrior+Society&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-8061-0607-7&rft.aulast=Hassrick&rft.aufirst=Royal+B.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Dorothy&rft.au=Bach%2C+Cile+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsioux00roya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dog_soldiers-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dog_soldiers_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dog_soldiers_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dog_soldiers_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dog_soldiers_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dog_soldiers_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dog_soldiers_29-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMails1973" class="citation book cs1">Mails, Thomas E. 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Retrieved December 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.famous-trials.com&rft.atitle=The+Dakota+Conflict+%28Sioux+Uprsing%29+Trials+of+1862&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famous-trials.com%2Fdakotaconflict%2F1525-dak-account&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time_life-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_life_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_life_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_life_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_life_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforplains00time">War for the Plains</a>. Time-Life Books. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9445-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9445-0"><bdi>0-8094-9445-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+for+the+Plains&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8094-9445-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarforplains00time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteilPost2002" class="citation news cs1">Steil, Mark; Post, Tim (September 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml">"Execution and expulsion"</a>. Minnesota Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127205029/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Execution+and+expulsion&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Post%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.minnesota.publicradio.org%2Ffeatures%2F200209%2F23_steilm_1862-m%2Fpart5.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHSaftermath-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MHSaftermath_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MHSaftermath_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath">"Aftermath / U.S-Dakota War of 1862"</a>. Minnesota Historical Society. July 3, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829065835/https://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aftermath+%2F+U.S-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusdakotawar.org%2Fhistory%2Faftermath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDstudiesLakota-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDstudiesLakota_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDstudiesLakota_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-ii-time-transformation-1201-1860/lesson-2-making-living/topic-2-horses-return/section-2-lakota-horses">"Lakota Horses"</a>. North Dakota Studies. State Historical Society of North Dakota. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408043057/https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-ii-time-transformation-1201-1860/lesson-2-making-living/topic-2-horses-return/section-2-lakota-horses">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+Studies&rft.atitle=Lakota+Horses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndstudies.gov%2Fgr8%2Fcontent%2Funit-ii-time-transformation-1201-1860%2Flesson-2-making-living%2Ftopic-2-horses-return%2Fsection-2-lakota-horses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Hyde, George E. Red Cloud's Folks: A History of the Oglala Sioux Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1937, p. 160; Price, Catherine, The Oglala People, 1841–1879 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 13–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, University of Nebraska. </li> <li id="cite_note-cheyenne-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cheyenne_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheyenne_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheyenne_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiberty2006" class="citation web cs1">Liberty, Margot (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/cheyenneprimacy.htm">"Cheyenne Primacy: The Tribes' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army; A Possible Alternative To "The Great Sioux War Of 1876"</a>. Friends of the Little Bighorn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031181106/http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/cheyenneprimacy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheyenne+Primacy%3A+The+Tribes%27+Perspective+As+Opposed+To+That+Of+The+United+States+Army%3B+A+Possible+Alternative+To+%22The+Great+Sioux+War+Of+1876&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Little+Bighorn&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Liberty&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendslittlebighorn.com%2Fcheyenneprimacy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Jensen, Richard E.: The Pawnee Mission, 1834–1846. Nebraska History, Vol. 75, No. 4 (1994), pp. 301–310, p. 307, column III. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Riley, Paul D.: The Battle of Massacre Canyon. Nebraska History, Vol. 54, No. 2 (1973), pp. 221–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Paragraph 69, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/peace.htm">Report to The President By The Indian Peace Commission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913000503/http://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/peace.htm">Archived</a> September 13, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 7, 1868 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> See Meyer, Roy W.: The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras. Lincoln and London, 1977, p. 186. Sutton, Imre (Ed.): Irredeemable America. The Indians Estate and Land Claims. Albuquerque, 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-digital.library.okstate.edu-68"><a href="#cite_ref-digital.library.okstate.edu_68-0">^</a> Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm">http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm">Archived</a> 2014-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michno-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Michno_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichno2006" class="citation web cs1">Michno, Gregory (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studythepast.com/378_spring11/materials/broken_treaties.pdf">"The Indian Trail of Broken Treaties"</a> (PDF). Wild West. p. 40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920052035/http://studythepast.com/378_spring11/materials/broken_treaties.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2019. <q>With the treaty duly agreed to and signed, the Lakotas promptly went north, and over the next two years, attacked the Crows, invaded their lands in what became Wyoming and Montana, moved in, and drove them out. The Cheyenne joined in the attacks in 1853.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Trail+of+Broken+Treaties&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Wild+West&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Michno&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudythepast.com%2F378_spring11%2Fmaterials%2Fbroken_treaties.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-par_35-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-par_35_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-par_35_70-1">b</a> Paragraph 35 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/peace.htm">Report to the President by the Indian Peace Commission, January 7, 1878</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913000503/http://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/peace.htm">Archived</a> September 13, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> See e.g. Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux and Josephine Waggoner: With My Own Eyes. A Lakota Woman Tells Her People's History. Lincoln and London, 1998, pp. 53–54. Fowler, Loretta: Arapaho and Cheyenne Perspectives. From the 1851 Treaty to the Sand Creek Massacre. American Indian Quarterly, Fall 2015, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 364–390, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/05/the-buffalo-killers/482349">"J. Weston Phippen, 'Kill Every Buffalo You Can! Every Buffalo Dead Is an Indian Gone', The Atlantic, May 13, 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. May 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829091517/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/05/the-buffalo-killers/482349/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=J.+Weston+Phippen%2C+%27Kill+Every+Buffalo+You+Can%21+Every+Buffalo+Dead+Is+an+Indian+Gone%27%2C+The+Atlantic%2C+May+13%2C+2016&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F05%2Fthe-buffalo-killers%2F482349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Carolyn Merchant, American Environmental History: An Introduction, Columbia University Press, 2007, p.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> John C. Ewers, Intertribal Warfare as the Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. 397–410 </li> <li id="cite_note-report-76"><a href="#cite_ref-report_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Peace_Commission1868" class="citation web cs1">Indian Peace Commission (January 7, 1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/peace.htm">"Report to the President by the Indian Peace Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Furman_University" title="Furman University">Furman University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807072929/http://eweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/peace.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Furman+University&rft.atitle=Report+to+the+President+by+the+Indian+Peace+Commission&rft.date=1868-01-07&rft.au=Indian+Peace+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feweb.furman.edu%2F~benson%2Fdocs%2Fpeace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bury-77"><a href="#cite_ref-bury_77-0">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dee_Brown_(writer)" title="Dee Brown (writer)">Brown, Dee</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, ch. 6</a>. Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-11979-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-11979-6"><bdi>0-553-11979-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+My+Heart+at+Wounded+Knee%2C+ch.+6&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-553-11979-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-good-78"><a href="#cite_ref-good_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_III2012" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, III, Charles M. (September 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxR-7Q9t988C">A Good Year to Die: The Story of the Great Sioux War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307823373" title="Special:BookSources/9780307823373"><bdi>9780307823373</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Good+Year+to+Die%3A+The+Story+of+the+Great+Sioux+War&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.isbn=9780307823373&rft.aulast=Robinson%2C+III&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxR-7Q9t988C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-water-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-water_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-water_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatson2017" class="citation web cs1">Matson, Laura (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://editions.lib.umn.edu/openrivers/article/treaties-territory/">"Treaties & Territory: Resource Struggles and the Legal Foundations of the US/American Indian Relationship"</a>. Open Rivers: Rethinking The Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Libraries" title="University of Minnesota Libraries">University of Minnesota Libraries</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070619/http://editions.lib.umn.edu/openrivers/article/treaties-territory/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Rivers%3A+Rethinking+The+Mississippi&rft.atitle=Treaties+%26+Territory%3A+Resource+Struggles+and+the+Legal+Foundations+of+the+US%2FAmerican+Indian+Relationship&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feditions.lib.umn.edu%2Fopenrivers%2Farticle%2Ftreaties-territory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcchris-82"><a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcChristian2017" class="citation book cs1">McChristian, Douglas C. (March 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iItiDgAAQBAJ">Fort Laramie: Military Bastion of the High Plains</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806158594" title="Special:BookSources/9780806158594"><bdi>9780806158594</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220223401/https://books.google.com/books?id=iItiDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Laramie%3A+Military+Bastion+of+the+High+Plains&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft.isbn=9780806158594&rft.aulast=McChristian&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiItiDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps2-83"><a href="#cite_ref-nps2_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/ftlaramie.htm">"Wyoming: Fort Laramie National Historic Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010249/https://www.nps.gov/articles/ftlaramie.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Wyoming%3A+Fort+Laramie+National+Historic+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fftlaramie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/auth_exp_fbr_eace0102">"Black Hills Expedition (1874)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Archives">Smithsonian Institution Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010408/https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/auth_exp_fbr_eace0102">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2018. 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Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fort+Laramie+Treaty%2C+1868%3A+A+Primary+Source+Examination+of+the+Treaty+that+Established+a+Sioux+Reservation+in+the+Black+Hills+of+Dakota&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781404204386&rft.aulast=Viegas&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhDK9sgeSLcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/history/the-battle-of-the-greasy-grass/?no-ist">"The Battle of the Greasy Grass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405165634/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/history/the-battle-of-the-greasy-grass/?no-ist">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+Greasy+Grass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fvideos%2Fcategory%2Fhistory%2Fthe-battle-of-the-greasy-grass%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Kappler, Charles J (1904): Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2. Washington, pp. 1008–1011. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2013" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Douglas D; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUA23jOi1sC&pg=PA244">Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806132921" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806132921"><bdi>978-0806132921</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117172702/https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUA23jOi1sC&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Perspectives+on+the+Battle+of+the+Little+Bighorn&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0806132921&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Douglas+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSUA23jOi1sC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117171202/http://www.dreamscape.com/morgana/wkmiles.htm">Letter: General Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, March 13, 1917. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiggett1998" class="citation web cs1">Liggett, Lorie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html">"Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction"</a>. Bowling Green State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205184809/http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2011. 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Retrieved August 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Massacre+at+Wounded+Knee&rft.pub=hanksville.org&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanksville.org%2Fdaniel%2Flakota%2FWounded_Knee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2016" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Joe (October 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_AkrDQAAQBAJ&q=wounded%20knee%20hypothermia&pg=PA334">Black Elk: The Life of an American Visionary</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374253301" title="Special:BookSources/9780374253301"><bdi>9780374253301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Elk%3A+The+Life+of+an+American+Visionary&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.isbn=9780374253301&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_AkrDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwounded%2520knee%2520hypothermia%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephy_1990-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Josephy_1990_93-0">^</a> Josephy, Jr., Alvin M., Trudy Thomas, and Jeanne Eder. Wounded Knee: Lest We Forget. Billings, Montana: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Congress_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/page/1299_lakotawounded_knee_a_campaign_to/">"Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information"</a>. Footnote.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002027/http://www.fold3.com/page/1299_lakotawounded_knee_a_campaign_to/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakota~WOUNDED+KNEE%3A+A+Campaign+to+Rescind+Medals%3A+story%2C+pictures+and+information&rft.pub=Footnote.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fpage%2F1299_lakotawounded_knee_a_campaign_to%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-95"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlansett2015" class="citation book cs1">Blansett, Kent (2015). Crutchfield, James A.; Moutlon, Candy; Del Bene, Terry (eds.). The Settlement of America: An Encyclopedia of Westward Expansion from Jamestown to the Closing of the Frontier. Routledge. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765619846" title="Special:BookSources/9780765619846"><bdi>9780765619846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Settlement+of+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Westward+Expansion+from+Jamestown+to+the+Closing+of+the+Frontier&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780765619846&rft.aulast=Blansett&rft.aufirst=Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Authors_2018-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Authors_2018_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Authors_2018_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/indianserialset/3645">"To divide a portion of the reservation of the Sioux Nation of Indians in Dakota into separate reservations"</a>. American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817–1899. February 1, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524122443/https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/indianserialset/3645/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+and+Alaskan+Native+Documents+in+the+Congressional+Serial+Set%3A+1817%E2%80%931899&rft.atitle=To+divide+a+portion+of+the+reservation+of+the+Sioux+Nation+of+Indians+in+Dakota+into+separate+reservations&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.ou.edu%2Findianserialset%2F3645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez_1999_p.257-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_1999_p.257_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1999" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Mario (1999). The politics of hallowed ground: Wounded Knee and the struggle for Indian sovereignty. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02354-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02354-4"><bdi>0-252-02354-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36621712">36621712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+hallowed+ground%3A+Wounded+Knee+and+the+struggle+for+Indian+sovereignty&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36621712&rft.isbn=0-252-02354-4&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Raban, Bad Land, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Little_2017-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2017_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2017_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLittle2017" class="citation web cs1">Little, Becky (August 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/how-boarding-schools-tried-to-kill-the-indian-through-assimilation">"How Boarding Schools Tried to 'Kill the Indian' Through Assimilation"</a>. HISTORY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414165155/https://www.history.com/news/how-boarding-schools-tried-to-kill-the-indian-through-assimilation">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=How+Boarding+Schools+Tried+to+%27Kill+the+Indian%27+Through+Assimilation&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-boarding-schools-tried-to-kill-the-indian-through-assimilation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ND_studies_boarding_schools-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ND_studies_boarding_schools_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ND_studies_boarding_schools_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ND_studies_boarding_schools_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920/lesson-3-building-communities/topic-2-schools/section-5-indian-boarding-schools">"Section 5: Indian Boarding Schools"</a>. North Dakota Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429074053/https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920/lesson-3-building-communities/topic-2-schools/section-5-indian-boarding-schools">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2020. 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The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. November 4, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521053817/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/newcomers-us-government-military-federal-acts-policy/indian-boarding-schools">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. 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April 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721001711/https://www.mnopedia.org/thing/indian-reorganization-act-minnesota">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MNopedia&rft.atitle=Indian+Reorganization+Act+in+Minnesota&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnopedia.org%2Fthing%2Findian-reorganization-act-minnesota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker_2000_p.341-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker_2000_p.341_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPritzker2000" class="citation book cs1">Pritzker, Barry (2000). A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513877-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42683042">42683042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+encyclopedia%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+and+peoples&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42683042&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513877-1&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ND_studies_IRA-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ND_studies_IRA_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ND_studies_IRA_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iv-modern-north-dakota-1921-present/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-1-indian-citizenship-and-indian-reorganization-act/section-3-tribal-governments">"Section 3: Tribal Governments"</a>. North Dakota Studies (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429065251/https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iv-modern-north-dakota-1921-present/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-1-indian-citizenship-and-indian-reorganization-act/section-3-tribal-governments">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+Studies&rft.atitle=Section+3%3A+Tribal+Governments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndstudies.gov%2Fgr8%2Fcontent%2Funit-iv-modern-north-dakota-1921-present%2Flesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts%2Ftopic-1-indian-citizenship-and-indian-reorganization-act%2Fsection-3-tribal-governments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarrels1999" class="citation book cs1">Carrels, Peter (1999). Uphill Against Water. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6397-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6397-X"><bdi>0-8032-6397-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uphill+Against+Water&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8032-6397-X&rft.aulast=Carrels&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bord2-106"><a href="#cite_ref-bord2_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickshovel.com/bord2.html">"The Indians Are Getting Uppity"</a>. Ilze Choi. dickshovel.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212173830/http://www.dickshovel.com/bord2.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilze+Choi&rft.atitle=The+Indians+Are+Getting+Uppity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dickshovel.com%2Fbord2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Trymaine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.com/interactives/geography-of-poverty/nw.html">"No Man's Land: The Last Tribes of the Plains. As industry closes in, Native Americans fight for dignity and natural resources"</a>. MSNBC – Geography of Poverty Northwest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518175101/http://www.msnbc.com/interactives/geography-of-poverty/nw.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSNBC+%E2%80%93+Geography+of+Poverty+Northwest&rft.atitle=No+Man%27s+Land%3A+The+Last+Tribes+of+the+Plains.+As+industry+closes+in%2C+Native+Americans+fight+for+dignity+and+natural+resources&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Trymaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Finteractives%2Fgeography-of-poverty%2Fnw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reinhardt_2007-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Reinhardt_2007_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinhardt2007" class="citation book cs1">Reinhardt, Akim (2007). Ruling Pine Ridge: Oglala Lakota politics from the IRA to Wounded Knee. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-601-7"><bdi>978-0-89672-601-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71004236">71004236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+Pine+Ridge%3A+Oglala+Lakota+politics+from+the+IRA+to+Wounded+Knee&rft.place=Lubbock&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71004236&rft.isbn=978-0-89672-601-7&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Akim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missing_Persons_of_America-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Missing_Persons_of_America_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161344/http://www.missingpersonsofamerica.com/2013/07/ray-robinson-whatever-happened-to-civil.html">"Ray Robinson: Whatever happened to the civil rights activist at Wounded Knee?"</a>. Missing Persons of America. July 15, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missingpersonsofamerica.com/2013/07/ray-robinson-whatever-happened-to-civil.html">the original</a> on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missing+Persons+of+America&rft.atitle=Ray+Robinson%3A+Whatever+happened+to+the+civil+rights+activist+at+Wounded+Knee%3F&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missingpersonsofamerica.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fray-robinson-whatever-happened-to-civil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Grio-110"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Grio_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLammers2014" class="citation web cs1">Lammers, Dirk (February 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegrio.com/2014/02/20/fbi-confirms-activist-ray-robinson-was-killed-in-south-dakota-in-1973/#s:ray-robinson-widow">"FBI confirms activist Ray Robinson was killed in South Dakota in 1973"</a>. The Grio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725045625/https://thegrio.com/2014/02/20/fbi-confirms-activist-ray-robinson-was-killed-in-south-dakota-in-1973/#s:ray-robinson-widow">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Grio&rft.atitle=FBI+confirms+activist+Ray+Robinson+was+killed+in+South+Dakota+in+1973&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.aulast=Lammers&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegrio.com%2F2014%2F02%2F20%2Ffbi-confirms-activist-ray-robinson-was-killed-in-south-dakota-in-1973%2F%23s%3Aray-robinson-widow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012122552/http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/93aim.html">"American Indian Movement (AIM)"</a>. Minnesota History. 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Sioux Nation" 448 US 371 at 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutlip_2018-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Cutlip_2018_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCutlip2018" class="citation web cs1">Cutlip, Kimbra (November 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/1868-two-nations-made-treaty-us-broke-it-and-plains-indian-tribes-are-still-seeking-justice-180970741/">"In 1868, Two Nations Made a Treaty, the U.S. Broke It and Plains Indian Tribes are Still Seeking Justice"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422061346/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/1868-two-nations-made-treaty-us-broke-it-and-plains-indian-tribes-are-still-seeking-justice-180970741/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=In+1868%2C+Two+Nations+Made+a+Treaty%2C+the+U.S.+Broke+It+and+Plains+Indian+Tribes+are+Still+Seeking+Justice&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.aulast=Cutlip&rft.aufirst=Kimbra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmithsonian-institution%2F1868-two-nations-made-treaty-us-broke-it-and-plains-indian-tribes-are-still-seeking-justice-180970741%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iVC1KMTOgwiSoMQyT2LwZc9HyAgA">Descendants of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse break away from US</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609092458/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iVC1KMTOgwiSoMQyT2LwZc9HyAgA">Archived</a> June 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.com">Agence France-Presse news</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821112631/http://www.afp.com/">Archived</a> 2008-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarlan2007" class="citation news cs1">Harlan, Bill (December 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712075945/http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/articles/2007/12/21/news/local/doc476a99630633e335271152.txt">"Lakota group secedes from U.S."</a> Rapid City Journal. 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Lakota People's Law Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224058/https://www.lakotalaw.org/our-campaigns/children-and-families">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2018. 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University of Oklahoma Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2728-6"><bdi>978-0-8061-2728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ioway+Indians&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2728-6&rft.aulast=Royce+Blaine&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu4MvZlu6Y4C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-135"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_135-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gorrell_james_3E.html">James Gorrell</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrzywicki1934" class="citation book cs1">Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4381154&view=1up&seq=346&skin=2021">Primitive society and its vital statistics</a>. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 536–537.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+society+and+its+vital+statistics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Polish+Sociological+Institute&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E536-%3C%2Fspan%3E537&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Krzywicki&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4381154%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D346%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statimetric.com/us-ethnicity/American_Indian_tribes_Sioux">"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Sioux People in the US"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+American+Indian+tribes%3A+Sioux+People+in+the+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statimetric.com%2Fus-ethnicity%2FAmerican_Indian_tribes_Sioux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> officially the Treaty with the Sioux–Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee–and Arapaho, 1968<a href="#cite_note-good-78">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> depending on the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)#Article_XVI" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">article XVI</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaky2014" class="citation book cs1">Chaky, Doreen (2014). Terrible justice: Sioux Chiefs and U.S. Soldiers on the Upper Missouri, 1854–1868. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870624148" title="Special:BookSources/9780870624148"><bdi>9780870624148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+justice%3A+Sioux+Chiefs+and+U.S.+Soldiers+on+the+Upper+Missouri%2C+1854%E2%80%931868&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780870624148&rft.aulast=Chaky&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassrick1977" class="citation book cs1">Hassrick, Royal B (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiJT9rK6YugC&pg=PP1">The Sioux: life and customs of a warrior society</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-0607-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-0607-7"><bdi>0-8061-0607-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508204003/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiJT9rK6YugC&lpg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sioux%3A+life+and+customs+of+a+warrior+society&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8061-0607-7&rft.aulast=Hassrick&rft.aufirst=Royal+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiJT9rK6YugC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbon2003" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Guy E (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8WyblLdXYIC&pg=PP1">The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota nations</a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55786-566-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55786-566-3"><bdi>1-55786-566-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505012416/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8WyblLdXYIC&lpg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sioux%3A+the+Dakota+and+Lakota+nations&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55786-566-3&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Guy+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8WyblLdXYIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2010" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Marie L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GL1Q5Twhg9gC&pg=PP1">Myths and Legends of the Sioux</a>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-141-80554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-141-80554-9"><bdi>978-1-141-80554-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521064001/https://books.google.com/books?id=GL1Q5Twhg9gC&lpg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+the+Sioux&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-141-80554-9&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Marie+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGL1Q5Twhg9gC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyde1993" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, George E (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iyOGOGPN9FkC&pg=PP1">A Sioux chronicle</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2483-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2483-0"><bdi>0-8061-2483-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617131047/https://books.google.com/books?id=iyOGOGPN9FkC&lpg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sioux+chronicle&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8061-2483-0&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=George+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiyOGOGPN9FkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanding_BearBrininstool2006" class="citation book cs1">Standing Bear, Luther; Brininstool, E A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mypeoplesioux00stan">My People the Sioux</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9332-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9332-1"><bdi>0-8032-9332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+People+the+Sioux&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8032-9332-1&rft.aulast=Standing+Bear&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft.au=Brininstool%2C+E+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmypeoplesioux00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASioux" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/08/pine-ridge/fuller-text">In the Shadow of Wounded Knee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726132641/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com//2012//08//pine-ridge//fuller-text">Archived</a> July 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> August 2012 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic (magazine)</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/08/pine-ridge/reservation-map">Reservation map history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719230221/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/08/pine-ridge/reservation-map">Archived</a> July 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sioux" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sioux">Sioux</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sioux&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Official">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheyenneriversioux.com/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne River Reservation">Cheyenne River Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortpecktribes.org/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Peck Reservation">Fort Peck Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritlakenation.com/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit Lake Reservation">Spirit Lake Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standingrock.org/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Reservation">Standing Rock Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swo-nsn.gov/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Traverse_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Traverse Reservation">Lake Traverse Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsst-nsn.gov/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Indian_Reservation" title="Flandreau Indian Reservation">Flandreau Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crowcreeksiouxtribe.org/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Creek Reservation">Crow Creek Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowerbrulesiouxtribe.com/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation" title="Lower Brule Indian Reservation">Lower Brule Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yanktonsiouxtribe.net/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yankton_Indian_Reservation" title="Yankton Indian Reservation">Yankton Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403135054/https://oglalalakotanation.net/">(Archived) Official site</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine Ridge Reservation">Pine Ridge Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rosebudsiouxtribe-nsn.gov/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosebud Reservation">Rosebud Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Indian_Reservation" title="Upper Sioux Indian Reservation">Upper Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowersioux.com/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sioux Reservation">Lower Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shakopeedakota.org/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shakopee_Mdewakanton_Sioux_Community" title="Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community">Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prairieisland.org/">Official site</a> of the <a 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href="http://whitecapdakota.com/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Whitecap_Dakota_First_Nation" title="Whitecap Dakota First Nation">Whitecap Dakota First Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dakotatipi.ca/">Official site</a> of the Dakota Tipi First Nation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825162840/https://www.dakotaplainswahpetonoyate.com/">(Archived) Official site</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Plains_First_Nation" title="Dakota Plains First Nation">Dakota Plains First Nation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Nebraska&#124;link=Nebraska_Native_Americans_in_Nebraska512" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0E68C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Nebraska" title="Template:Native Americans in Nebraska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Nebraska" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Nebraska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Nebraska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Nebraska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Nebraska&#124;link=Nebraska_Native_Americans_in_Nebraska512" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska"><img alt="Nebraska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian tribe">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikara people">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska">Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe people">Otoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Ponca Tribe of Nebraska">Ponca Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation_of_Missouri_in_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska">Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidi" title="Skidi">Skidi Pawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Hocak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Omaha-Ponca language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac language">Sac language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Present reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioway_Reservation" title="Ioway Reservation">Ioway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Reservation" title="Omaha Reservation">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Reservation" title="Ponca Reservation">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Reservation" title="Sac and Fox Reservation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation" title="Santee Sioux Reservation">Santee Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Reservation" title="Winnebago Reservation">Winnebago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present tribal colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Priest_Tribal_College" title="Little Priest Tribal College">Little Priest Tribal College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Indian_Community_College" title="Nebraska Indian Community College">Nebraska Indian Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Barada" title="Antonine Barada">Antonine Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Elk" title="Big Elk">Big Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Blackbird">Chief Blackbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joba_Chamberlain" title="Joba Chamberlain">Joba Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_EchoHawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry EchoHawk">Larry EchoHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Fontenelle" title="Logan Fontenelle">Logan Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_La_Flesche" title="Francis La Flesche">Francis La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_LaFlesche" title="Joseph LaFlesche">Joseph La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lady_Grieves_The_Enemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lady Grieves The Enemy">Old Lady Grieves The Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petalesharo" title="Petalesharo">Petalesharo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_La_Flesche_Picotte" title="Susan La Flesche Picotte">Susan La Flesche Picotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_LaFlesche_Tibbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Susette LaFlesche Tibbles">Susette LaFlesche Tibbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Young_Deer" title="James Young Deer">James Young Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Yellow_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Yellow Horse">Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash_Hollow" title="Battle of Ash Hollow">Battle of Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_Canyon" title="Massacre Canyon">Massacre Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warbonnet_Creek" title="Battle of Warbonnet Creek">Battle of Warbonnet Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grattan_massacre" title="Grattan massacre">Grattan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne War">Cheyenne War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Congress" title="Indian Congress">Indian Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto Reservation">Oto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_Reservation" title="Pawnee Reservation">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobrara_Reservation" title="Niobrara Reservation">Niobrara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ton%27wontongathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ton'wontongathon (page does not exist)">Ton'wontongathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike-Pawnee_Village_Site" title="Pike-Pawnee Village Site">Pike-Pawnee Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Site" title="Palmer Site">Skidi Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_Creek_Pawnee_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horse Creek Pawnee Village (page does not exist)">Horse Creek Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottonwood_Creek_Archeological_Site_(Belgrade,_Nebraska)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cottonwood Creek Archeological Site (Belgrade, Nebraska) (page does not exist)">Cottonwood Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fullerton_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerton Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Fullerton Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto_Indian_Village_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oto Indian Village Site (page does not exist)">Oto Indian Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leshara_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshara Site (page does not exist)">Leshara Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McClean_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McClean Site (page does not exist)">McClean Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodcliff_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodcliff Site (page does not exist)">Woodcliff Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Davis_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Davis Site (page does not exist)">Theodore Davis Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelso_Site" title="Kelso Site">Kelso Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wright_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wright Site (page does not exist)">Wright Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_Rock_(hill)" title="Guide Rock (hill)">Pahur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahkawitakol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahkawitakol (page does not exist)">Ahkawitakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalawakohtito" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalawakohtito">Lalawakohtito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahuk" title="Pahuk">Pahuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunningham_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cunningham Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Cunningham Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Hill" title="Blackbird Hill">Blackbird Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Genoa Indian Industrial School">Genoa Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_Memorial_Hospital" title="Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital">Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies_in_Nebraska" title="List of Indian agencies in Nebraska">Indian agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan LaFlesche Picotte House (page does not exist)">Susan LaFlesche Picotte House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanza">Nanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Merrill_Mission" title="Moses Merrill Mission">Moses Merrill Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pawnee_Mission_and_Burnt_Village_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia_Volcano" title="Ionia Volcano">Ionia Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Village_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plains Village tradition">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leary_Site" title="Leary Site">Leary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Hollow_State_Historical_Park" title="Ash Hollow State Historical Park">Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coufal_site" title="Coufal site">Coufal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schultz_site" title="Schultz site">Schultz site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Butte" title="Signal Butte">Signal Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archeological_Site_25SM20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeological Site 25SM20 (page does not exist)">Site 25SM20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champe-Fremont_1_Archeological_Site" title="Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site">Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Parker_Archeological_Site" title="Frank Parker Archeological Site">Frank Parker Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_Archeological_Site" title="Sweetwater Archeological Site">Sweetwater Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkett_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burkett Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Burkett Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashland_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashland Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Ashland Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutan_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutan Site (page does not exist)">Yutan Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Archeological_Site" title="Humphrey Archeological Site">Humphrey Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_Rock_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Table Rock Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Table Rock Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other precontact places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Cave_State_Park" title="Indian Cave State Park">Indian Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Hill_Archeological_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Hill Archeological District (page does not exist)">Indian Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Gilmore_site" title="Walker Gilmore site">Walker Gilmore site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_No._JF00-072" title="Site No. JF00-072">Site JF00-072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson-Meng_Bison_Kill" title="Hudson-Meng Bison Kill">Hudson-Meng Bison Kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcliff_Burials" title="Woodcliff Burials">Woodcliff Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nehawka_Flint_Quarries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehawka Flint Quarries (page does not exist)">Nehawka Flint Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farwell_Archeological_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farwell Archeological District (page does not exist)">Farwell Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska" title="Blue Springs, Nebraska">Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barneston_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barneston Site (page does not exist)">Barneston Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurz_Omaha_Village_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurz Omaha Village Site (page does not exist)">Kurz Omaha Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patterson_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterson Site (page does not exist)">Patterson Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenelle_Forest" title="Fontenelle Forest">Fontenelle Forest Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfe_and_Grey_(Schuyler)_Sites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites (page does not exist)">Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schulte_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulte Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schulte Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiseman_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiseman Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Wiseman Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durflinger_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durflinger Site (page does not exist)">Durflinger Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_in_Nebraska_of_Native_American_origin" title="List of place names in Nebraska of Native American origin">Native American place names in Nebraska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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