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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Deweyho_pragmatizmus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deweyho_pragmatizmus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Deweyho pragmatizmus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deweyho_pragmatizmus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Názory_na_jazyk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Názory_na_jazyk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Názory na jazyk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Názory_na_jazyk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morálka_a_zákon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morálka_a_zákon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morálka a zákon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morálka_a_zákon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Morálka a zákon</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morálka_a_zákon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analógia_medzi_jazykom_a_morálkou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analógia_medzi_jazykom_a_morálkou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Analógia medzi jazykom a morálkou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analógia_medzi_jazykom_a_morálkou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dielo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dielo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dielo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dielo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatúra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatúra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatúra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatúra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pozri_aj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozri_aj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pozri aj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozri_aj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iné_projekty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iné_projekty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iné projekty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iné_projekty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externé_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externé_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Externé odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externé_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Dewey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 80 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – afrikánčina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جون ديوي – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ديوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%89_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81)" title="جون ديوى (فيلسوف) – arabština (egyptská)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ديوى (فيلسوف)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabština (egyptská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – astúrčina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúrčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Dyui" title="Con Dyui – azerbajdžančina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Dyui" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جان دیویی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان دیویی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96" title="Джон Дзьюі – bieloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Дзьюі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B8" title="Джон Дюи – bulharčina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Дюи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="জন ডুয়ি – bengálčina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন ডুয়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C" title="جۆن دووی – kurdčina (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن دووی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdčina (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9" title="Τζον Ντιούι – gréčtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Ντιούι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gréčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جان دیویی – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان دیویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="ג'ון דיואי – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון דיואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="जॉन डिवी – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन डिवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB" title="Ջոն Դյուի – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Դյուի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – islandčina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4" title="ジョン・デューイ – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・デューイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – jávčina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jávčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ დიუი – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ დიუი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8" title="Джон Дьюи – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Дьюи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜಾನ್ ಡೀವಿ – kannadčina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಡೀವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%93%80%EC%9D%B4" title="존 듀이 – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 듀이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – kurdčina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8" title="Жон Дьюи – kirgizština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жон Дьюи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Dewey" title="Ioannes Dewey – latinčina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Dewey" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Dj%C5%ABijs" title="Džons Djūijs – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Djūijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Џон Дјуи – macedónčina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Дјуи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF" title="ജോൺ ഡ്യൂയി – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ഡ്യൂയി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88" title="जॉन ड्युई – maráthčina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन ड्युई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੌਨ ਡੇਵੀ – pandžábčina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਨ ਡੇਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžábčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – piemonština" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%89%DB%90%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جان ډېوي – paštčina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان ډېوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дьюи, Джон – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дьюи, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – škótčina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škótčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – srbochorvátčina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – albánčina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Џон Дјуи – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Дјуи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – swahilčina" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜான் டூயி – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜான் டூயி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%80" title="జాన్ డ్యూయీ – telugčina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాన్ డ్యూయీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="จอห์น ดูอี – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ดูอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97" title="Джон Дьюї – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Дьюї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – vietnamčina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威 – čínština (wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·杜威" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ დიუი – mingrelština" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ დიუი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – jorubčina" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·杜威" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="約翰·杜威 – kantončina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約翰·杜威" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upraviť odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Menné priestory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellspacing="3" align="right" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">John Dewey</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-weight: normal;">americký filozof</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:John_Dewey,_sem_data.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="John Dewey"><img alt="John Dewey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-230px-John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-345px-John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-460px-John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2411" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;">Narodenie</th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/20._okt%C3%B3ber" title="20. október">20. október</a> <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Burlington_(Vermont)" title="Burlington (Vermont)">Burlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty" title="Spojené štáty">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;">Úmrtie</th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/1._j%C3%BAn" title="1. jún">1. jún</a> <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a> (92 rokov)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_(mesto)" title="New York (mesto)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty" title="Spojené štáty">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0.05em;">Odkazy</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;"><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Projekt<br />Gutenberg</a></th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/446">John Dewey</a><small><br />(plné texty diel autora)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;">Commons</th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hlavn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka" title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Dewey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Dewey">John Dewey</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" title="Portál, ktorého súčasťou je táto stránka" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0ex 1ex; display:inline-table; padding: 0ex 0.05ex; border-style:none; background:transparent;" title="Portál, ktorého súčasťou je táto stránka"> <table style="margin: 0; padding: 0ex"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;margin: 0;border:none;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border:none;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:%C4%BDudia" title="Biografický portál"><img alt="Biografický portál" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png/18px-Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png/27px-Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png/36px-Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:%C4%BDudia" title="Portál:Ľudia">Biografický portál</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>John Dewey</b> (* <a href="/wiki/20._okt%C3%B3ber" title="20. október">20. október</a> <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlington_(Vermont)" title="Burlington (Vermont)">Burlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty" title="Spojené štáty">USA</a> – † <a href="/wiki/1._j%C3%BAn" title="1. jún">1. jún</a> <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(mesto)" title="New York (mesto)">New York</a>) bol americký <a href="/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof">filozof</a>, predstaviteľ chicagskej školy pragmatizmu, predstaviteľ reformnej pedagogiky. Opieral sa o <a href="/wiki/Behaviorizmus" title="Behaviorizmus">behaviorizmus</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Broadus_Watson" title="John Broadus Watson">J. B. Watsona</a>. Deweyho považujú za najvplyvnejšieho amerického sociálneho filozofa a pedagóga. </p><p>V protiklade k <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">Jamesovi</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Canning_Scott_Schiller" title="Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller">F. C. S. Schillerovi</a> zakladá ľudské poznanie na skúsenosti spojenej s rozvojom techniky. Tento rozvoj dokazuje neustála premenlivosť všetkého, čo je hmotné a duchovné, všetkého, o čom s konečnou platnosťou rozhoduje ľudská činnosť. Myslenie i poznanie sú pre túto činnosť nástrojom, ktorý umožňuje človeku prekonať množstvo ťažkostí, ktoré pred ním vznikajú. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deweyho_pragmatizmus">Deweyho pragmatizmus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Deweyho pragmatizmus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Deweyho pragmatizmus"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podľa Deweyho sa od ostatných živočíchov neodlišujeme tým, že myslíme, ale tým, že na rozdiel od nich sa dokážeme adaptovať na čoraz zložitejšie a komplexnejšie prostredie, dokážeme rozširovať svoj obzor a svoje presvedčenia zdôvodňovať pred čoraz väčším publikom. To, čo nazývame poznávaním alebo skúmaním, je podľa Deweyho vždy iba vecou ďalšieho prispôsobovania sa. </p><p>Morálny a politický pokrok nie je postupné približovanie sa k jedinej správnej Morálke a jedinej správnej politike, ale je to jednoducho pokrok na naše dovtedajšie Ja. Podobne ako Hegel považoval dejiny sveta za proces smerujúci k čoraz rozvinutejším a komplexnejším stavom, aj Dewey pokladal individuálny duchovný pokrok ľudskej bytosti i politický a sociálny pokrok civilizácie za prekonávanie minulosti. Spôsob, akým túto minulosť prekonávame, nám pritom umožňuje obzrieť sa späť a zistiť, kde sme urobili chyby. </p><p>Dewey bol presvedčený, že o budúcnosti nemôžeme nič vedieť, že dejiny nemajú nijaký prirodzený cieľ. Dewey chápal kultúrne dejiny od neandertálcov až po súčasnosť podobne, ako biológovia chápu biologickú evolúciu od améby až po opicu. Ani v jednom prípade nejde o niečo osudové, nevyhnutné, jednoducho to tak bolo, ale keď už to bolo, využime to vo svoj prospech. Človek sa na tejto planéte objavil náhodou. Takou istou náhodou, a nie osudom bolo aj to, že na planéte sa objavila demokratická spoločnosť. Podobný názor má aj na vznik kresťanstva, kde bol presvedčený, že kresťanstvo nevďačí za svoj vznik zjaveniu, ale takrečeno šťastnej náhode. Nemuselo k tomu dôjsť, ale keď už k tomu došlo, západná civilizácia ju využila vo svoj prospech. <br /> Podľa Deweyho, podobne ako podľa <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heideggera</a> boli dejiny metafyziky dejinami úsilia nájsť niečo vznešené a mocné, – nech už to bol Boh, Skutočnosť či Rozum – čo by stálo na našej strane. <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> napríklad tvrdil, že práve rozum je na našej strane, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> tvrdil, že sú to dejiny, cirkvi hlásajú, že je to Boh. Dewey, poučený <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robert Darwin">Darwinom</a>, tvrdí, že sme tu celkom sami. Na otázku, odkiaľ sa berie ten osvietenský sen o demokratickej spoločnosti, odpovedal: Je to jednoducho sen, výplod ľudskej fantázie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Názory_na_jazyk"><span id="N.C3.A1zory_na_jazyk"></span>Názory na jazyk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Názory na jazyk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Názory na jazyk"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jediná špecificky ľudská vec je jazyk. No dejiny jazyka sú neprerušovaným príbehom postupne narastajúcej zložitosti. Je to príbeh o tom, ako sme sa od neandertálskeho chrochtania a štuchania lakťami dostali k nemeckým filozofickým traktátom, a nie je o nič menej súvislý ako príbeh o tom, ako sme sa dostali od améb k antropoidom. Obidva príbehy sú súčasťou jedného rozsiahlejšieho príbehu. Biologickú evolúciu plynulo nahrádza evolúcia kultúrna. Z evolučného hľadiska sa chrochtanie líši od traktátov iba mierou zložitosti. No rozdiel medzi zvieratami používajúcimi jazyk a nemými zvieratami, ako aj rozdiel medzi kultúrami, v ktorých existuje, je ako vždy dôležitý a evidentný, hoci tu v obidvoch prípadoch ide o rozdiel v miere. Podľa Deweyho sa filozofi ostro odlišujúci rozum od skúsenosti či morálku od rozumnosti pokúšajú urobiť z dôležitého rozdielu v miere rozdiel metafyzický. Preto si vymysleli problémy, ktoré sú neriešiteľné, a pritom vykonštruované. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morálka_a_zákon"><span id="Mor.C3.A1lka_a_z.C3.A1kon"></span>Morálka a zákon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Morálka a zákon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Morálka a zákon"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podľa Deweyho rozlíšenie medzi rozumnosťou a morálkou, rovnako ako rozlíšenie medzi zvykom a zákonom, je rozlíšením miery – miery potreby vedomého uváženia a explicitného formulovania príkazov-, nie druhovým rozlíšením. Užitočné sa od správneho neodlišuje druhovo. Správne je iba abstraktné meno pre množstvo pôsobiacich konkrétnych požiadaviek, ktoré na nás kladú ostatní a ktoré, ak chceme žiť, musíme, do istej miery zohľadňovať. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analógia_medzi_jazykom_a_morálkou"><span id="Anal.C3.B3gia_medzi_jazykom_a_mor.C3.A1lkou"></span>Analógia medzi jazykom a morálkou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Analógia medzi jazykom a morálkou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Analógia medzi jazykom a morálkou"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vznikla ako reakcia na kantovskú kritiku jeho chápania morálky. Hovorí sa, že morálka predpokladá podriadenie faktu ideálnej predstave, kým z tohto (Deweyho) hľadiska je morálka vo vzťahu k holému faktu sekundárna, čím ju vlastne zbavujeme dôstojnosti a právoplatnosti...Táto kritika sa zakladá na nesprávnom oddeľovaní. V skutočnosti tvrdí, že ideálne kritériá buď predchádzajú zvyky a dávajú im morálnu kvalitu, alebo prichádzajú až po zvykoch a vyvíjajú sa z nich, sú teda čisto náhodnými vedľajšími produktmi. Podstata Deweyho analógie medzi jazykom a morálkou spočíva v tom, že neexistoval rozhodujúci okamih, v ktorom jazyk prestal byť sledom reakcií na podnety poskytované správaním ostatných a začal byť nástrojom na vyjadrovanie presvedčení. Podobne neexistoval bod, v ktorom praktický rozum prestal byť rozumný a začal byť špecificky morálny, v ktorom prestal byť čisto užitočný a začal byť autoritatívny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dielo">Dielo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Dielo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Dielo"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Study of Ethics</i>, <a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894</a></li> <li><i>The School and Society</i>, <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a></li> <li><i>Studies in Logical Theory</i>, <a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a></li> <li><i>Ethics</i>, <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a></li> <li><i>The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy</i>, <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a></li> <li><i>Democracy and Education</i>, <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a></li> <li><i>Essays in Experimental Logic</i>, <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a></li> <li><i>Reconstruction in Philosophy</i>, <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a></li> <li><i>Human Nature and Conduct</i>, <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a></li> <li><i>Experience and Nature</i>, <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a></li> <li><i>The Quest for Certainty</i>, <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a></li> <li><i>Philosopy and Civilization</i>, <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a></li> <li><i>Art as Experience</i>, <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a></li> <li><i>A Common Faith</i>, <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a></li> <li><i>Logic: The Theory of Inquiry</i>, <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a></li> <li><i>Theory of Valuation</i>, <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a></li> <li><i>Intelligence in the Modern World</i> (výber vyd. J. Ratner), <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a></li> <li><i>Problems of Men</i>, <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a></li> <li><i>Knowing and Known</i> (spolu s A. F. Bentleym), <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a></li> <li><i>The Child and the Curriculum</i> (spolu so School and Society), <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatúra"><span id="Literat.C3.BAra"></span>Literatúra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Literatúra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatúra"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rorty, R.:Filozofické orchidey. Bratislava: Kalligram 2006. 264 str. <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/8071498300" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 80-7149-830-0</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pozri_aj">Pozri aj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pozri aj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pozri aj"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filozofia_20._storo%C4%8Dia" title="Filozofia 20. storočia">filozofia 20. storočia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_filozofia" title="Americká filozofia">americká filozofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BA%C4%8Dasn%C3%A1_filozofia" title="Súčasná filozofia">súčasná filozofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%A1trumentalizmus_(filozofia)" title="Inštrumentalizmus (filozofia)">inštrumentalizmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatizmus" title="Pragmatizmus">pragmatizmus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iné_projekty"><span id="In.C3.A9_projekty"></span>Iné projekty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Iné projekty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Iné projekty"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Dewey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Dewey">Commons</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Dewey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Dewey">John Dewey</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externé_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.A9_odkazy"></span>Externé odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Upraviť sekciu: Externé odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externé odkazy"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/~filit/fvd/dewey_j.html">FILIT</a> – zdroj, z ktorého pôvodne čerpal tento článok.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Významní_západní_filozofi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:V%C3%BDznamn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_filozofi" title="Šablóna:Významní západní filozofi"><span title="Zobraz túto šablónu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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W. F. Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_von_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling">Friedrich von Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_von_Schlegel" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel">Friedrich von Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michail_Alexandrovi%C4%8D_Bakunin" title="Michail Alexandrovič Bakunin">Michail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Sergejevi%C4%8D_Soloviov" title="Vladimir Sergejevič Soloviov">Vladimir Soloviov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">C. S. Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weilov%C3%A1" title="Simone Weilová">Simone Weilová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoirov%C3%A1" title="Simone de Beauvoirová">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Wiesengrund_Adorno" title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendtov%C3%A1" title="Hannah Arendtová">Hannah Arendtová</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox hlist" style="text-align: left; 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