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Steinsteypa - Wikipedia, frjálsa alfræðiritið

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Skrá inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Síður fyrir útskráða notendur <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lp:Introduction" aria-label="Læra meira um breytingar"><span>Læra meira</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Framl%C3%B6g_m%C3%ADn" title="Listi yfir breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Framlög</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Spjallas%C3%AD%C3%B0a_m%C3%ADn" title="Spjall um breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Spjall</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vefsíða"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Efni" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Efni</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">færa í hliðarstiku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">fela</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjun</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Saga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Saga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samsetning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samsetning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Samsetning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samsetning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sýna/fela Samsetning undirkafla</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samsetning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vatn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fylliefni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fylliefni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fylliefni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fylliefni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styrking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styrking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Styrking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styrking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengt_efni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengt_efni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tengt efni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengt_efni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimildir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimildir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Heimildir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heimildir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Efni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steinsteypa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Fara á grein á öðru tungumáli. Til staðar á 113 tungumálum" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 tungumál</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok" title="Tembok – akkíska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tembok" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="akkíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – afríkanska" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afríkanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – svissnesk þýska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svissnesk þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornig%C3%B3n" title="Fornigón – aragonska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fornigón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="خرسانة – arabíska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرسانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيطون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بيطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formig%C3%B3n" title="Formigón – astúríska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Formigón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúríska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – aserska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – baskír" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedau" title="Bedau – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bedau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – hvítrússneska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="hvítrússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бэтон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэтон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – búlgarska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgarska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F" title="কংক্রিট – bengalska" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কংক্রিট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto%C3%B1s" title="Betoñs – bretónska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Betoñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – bosníska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formig%C3%B3" title="Formigó – katalónska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Formigó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کۆنکریت – miðkúrdíska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنکریت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="miðkúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – tékkneska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tékkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrit" title="Concrit – velska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Concrit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – þýska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonvaney" title="Betonvaney – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Betonvaney" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Σκυρόδεμα – gríska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκυρόδεμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gríska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete – enska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Concrete" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="enska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betono" title="Betono – esperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormig%C3%B3n" title="Hormigón – spænska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hormigón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoon" title="Betoon – eistneska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Betoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eistneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormigoi" title="Hormigoi – baskneska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hormigoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86" title="بتن – persneska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoni" title="Betoni – finnska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ton_de_ciment" title="Béton de ciment – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Béton de ciment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ton" title="Bèton – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bèton" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – norðurfrísneska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="norðurfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – vesturfrísneska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vesturfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincr%C3%A9it" title="Coincréit – írska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coincréit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruadhtan" title="Cruadhtan – skosk gelíska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruadhtan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skosk gelíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formig%C3%B3n" title="Formigón – galisíska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Formigón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ng-k%C3%BA-li%CC%8Dt" title="Không-kú-li̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Không-kú-li̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בטון – hebreska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="कंक्रीट – hindí" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंक्रीट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – króatíska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="króatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – ungverska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բետոն – armenska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բետոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – indónesíska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indónesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betono" title="Betono – ídó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Betono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ídó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcestruzzo" title="Calcestruzzo – ítalska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calcestruzzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ítalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="コンクリート – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンクリート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – javanska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბეტონი – georgíska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – kasakska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="បេតុង – kmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បេតុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="콘크리트 – kóreska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘크리트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kóreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – kúrdíska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – kirgiska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudus_concretum" title="Rudus concretum – latína" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rudus concretum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latína" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABtong" title="Bëtong – lúxemborgíska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bëtong" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lúxemborgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C3%B3n" title="Petón – limbúrgíska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Petón" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbúrgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botumm" title="Botumm – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Botumm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonas" title="Betonas – litháíska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Betonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litháíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betons" title="Betons – lettneska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Betons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – makedónska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കോൺക്രീറ്റ് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺക്രീറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – mongólska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkrit" title="Konkrit – malaíska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konkrit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="कङ्क्रिट – nepalska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कङ्क्रिट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – hollenska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong" title="Betong – nýnorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Betong" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nýnorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong" title="Betong – norskt bókmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bókmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betum" title="Betum – oksítaníska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Betum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksítaníska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – pólska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87" title="گاگره – pastú" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گاگره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concreto" title="Concreto – portúgalska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concreto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portúgalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmiyun" title="Urmiyun – kvesjúa" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urmiyun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kvesjúa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – rúmenska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – rússneska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – jakút" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakút" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete – skoska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Concrete" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skoska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – serbókróatíska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbókróatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Concrete" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet%C3%B3n" title="Betón – slóvakíska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Betón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slóvakíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – slóvenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slóvenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoni" title="Betoni – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Betoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – serbneska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – súndanska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="súndanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong" title="Betong – sænska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zege" title="Zege – svahílí" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zege" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahílí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="பைஞ்சுதை – tamílska" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைஞ்சுதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamílska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="కాంక్రీటు – telúgú" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంక్రీటు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telúgú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – tadsjikska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95" title="คอนกรีต – taílenska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอนกรีต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taílenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongkreto" title="Kongkreto – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kongkreto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – tyrkneska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – tatarska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон – úkraínska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="úkraínska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کنکریٹ – úrdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنکریٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="úrdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton – úsbekska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="úsbekska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concreto" title="Concreto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Concreto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AA_t%C3%B4ng" title="Bê tông – víetnamska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bê tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="víetnamska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkreto" title="Konkreto – varaí" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konkreto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F" title="混凝土 – wu-kínverska" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="混凝土" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekhonkrithi" title="Ekhonkrithi – sósa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ekhonkrithi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="sósa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბეტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბეტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="בעטאן – jiddíska" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F" title="混凝土 – kínverska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混凝土" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C5%8Dng-ku-l%C3%AD" title="Khōng-ku-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khōng-ku-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%B1%8E" title="石屎 – kantónska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石屎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Breyta tungumálatenglum" class="wbc-editpage">Breyta tenglum</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nafnrými"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Steinsteypa" title="Sýna efnissíðuna [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Síða</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Steinsteypa"><span>Lesa</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit" title="Breyta þessari síðu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Breyta</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit" title="Breyta frumkóða síðunnar [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Breyta frumkóða</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=history"><span>Breytingaskrá</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Almennt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:S%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_sem_tengjast_hinga%C3%B0/Steinsteypa" title="Listi yfir síður sem tengjast í þessa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hvað tengist hingað</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:N%C3%BDlegar_breytingar_tengdar/Steinsteypa" rel="nofollow" title="Nýlegar breytingar á ítengdum síðum [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Skyldar breytingar</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hlaða_inn_skrá" title="Hlaða inn skrám [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Hlaða inn skrá</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0ur" title="Listi yfir kerfissíður [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kerfissíður</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;oldid=1606623" title="Varanlegur tengill í þessa útgáfu síðunnar"><span>Varanlegur tengill</span></a></li><li id="t-info" 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</div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Steinsteypa"><span>Búa til bók</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Steinsteypa&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Sækja sem PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;printable=yes" title="Prentanleg útgáfa af þessari síðu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Prentvæn útgáfa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Í öðrum verkefnum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Concrete" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22657" title="Tengill á tengdan hlut í gagnagrunni [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata hlutur</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Síðuverkfæri"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Útlit"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Útlit</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">færa í hliðarstiku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">fela</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Úr Wikipediu, frjálsa alfræðiritinu</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="is" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/250px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/375px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/500px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Járnabinding lögð í steinsteypu.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Steinsteypa</b> er <a href="/wiki/Byggingarefni" title="Byggingarefni">byggingarefni</a> sem gert er úr <a href="/wiki/Sement" title="Sement">sementi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grj%C3%B3t" class="mw-redirect" title="Grjót">grjóti</a> (oft <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6l&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Möl (síða er ekki enn til)">möl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalksteinn" title="Kalksteinn">kalksteini</a> eða <a href="/wiki/Gran%C3%ADt" title="Granít">graníti</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sandur" title="Sandur">sandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn">vatni</a> og öðrum fylliefnum. Steinsteypa harðnar eftir blöndun við vatn. Vatn hefur áhrif á sement þannig að það límir saman önnur efni. Þá myndast efni sem svipar til <a href="/wiki/Berg" title="Berg">bergs</a>. Steinsteypa er notuð í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gangst%C3%A9tt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangstétt (síða er ekki enn til)">gangstéttir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BAsgrunnur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Húsgrunnur (síða er ekki enn til)">húsgrunna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegur" title="Vegur">vegi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hra%C3%B0braut" title="Hraðbraut">hraðbrautir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BDr" class="mw-redirect" title="Brýr">brýr</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADlast%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Bílastæði">bílastæði</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veggur" title="Veggur">veggi</a> og undirstöður fyrir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grindverk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grindverk (síða er ekki enn til)">grindverk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hli%C3%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlið (síða er ekki enn til)">hlið</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B6ng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stöng (síða er ekki enn til)">stangir</a>. </p><p>Steinsteypa er mest notaða byggingarefni í heimi.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Frá og með <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> eru búnir til um 7,5 rúmkílómetrar af steinsteypu árlega, þ.e. meira en einn rúmmetri á hvern jarðarbúa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Í <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkin" title="Bandaríkin">Bandaríkjunum</a> veltir steinsteypumarkaðurinn 35 milljörðum <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkjadalur" title="Bandaríkjadalur">Bandaríkjadala</a> á hverju ári. Samtals eru meira en 89.000 km af steinsteyptri hraðbraut í Bandaríkjunum. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1rnbent_steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Járnbent steinsteypa (síða er ekki enn til)">Járnbent steinsteypa</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forspennt_steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Forspennt steinsteypa (síða er ekki enn til)">forspennt steinsteypa</a> eru helstu steinsteyputegundir í notkun. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saga">Saga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Breyti hluta: Saga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Saga"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Pantheon_dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pantheon_dome.jpg/250px-Pantheon_dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pantheon_dome.jpg/375px-Pantheon_dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pantheon_dome.jpg/500px-Pantheon_dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hvolfþak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%BEeon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Panþeon (síða er ekki enn til)">Panþeons</a>, enn þá stærsta hvolfþak í heimi úr steinsteypu.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3maveldi" title="Rómaveldi">Rómverjar</a> fundu upp <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3mversk_steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rómversk steinsteypa (síða er ekki enn til)">rómverska steinsteypu</a> (o<i>pus caementicium</i> á <a href="/wiki/Latneska" class="mw-redirect" title="Latneska">latnesku</a>) og gerðu hana úr <a href="/wiki/Kalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalk">kalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aska" class="mw-disambig" title="Aska">ösku</a> og <a href="/wiki/Vikur" title="Vikur">vikri</a> eða mulningi. Hún var víðnotuð í rómverskum byggingum en uppgötvun hennar markaði tímamót í sögu byggingarlistar og eyddi þeim takmörkunum sem notkun steina og múrsteina setti. Ný og byltingarkennd hönnun varð möguleg með notkun steinsteypu og hægt var að reisa stærri byggingar og byggja í formum sem áður var ógerlegt að skapa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nýlegar rannsóknir hafa leitt í ljós að o<i>pus caementicium</i> jafnast á við nútímasteinsteypu í þrýstiþoli, en nútímaleg járnbent steinsteypa er sterkari hvað togþol varðar.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rómverjar notuðu steinsteypu sína ekki á sama hátt og steinsteypa er notuð í dag, til dæmis lögðu þeir hana í lög með höndunum en helltu ekki í mót. </p><p>Vegna notkunar steinsteypu í Rómaveldi standa margar rómverskar byggingar enn í dag. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracalla-almenningsba%C3%B0h%C3%BAsi%C3%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracalla-almenningsbaðhúsið (síða er ekki enn til)">Caracalla-almenningsbaðhúsið</a> í <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3m" title="Róm">Róm</a> er gott dæmi um langlífi þeirrar steinsteypu sem gerði Rómverjum kleift að reisa þá byggingu og aðrar af svipuðu tagi um allt Rómaveldi. Margar rómverskar <a href="/wiki/Vatnsveitubr%C3%BA" title="Vatnsveitubrú">vatnsveitubrýr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA" title="Brú">umferðarbrýr</a> voru gerðar úr steinsteypu og þá klæddar með <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BArsteinn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Múrsteinn (síða er ekki enn til)">múrsteinum</a>. Rómverjarnir notuðu þessa aðferð til að reisa mannvirki eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%BEeon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Panþeon (síða er ekki enn til)">Panþeon</a>, sem er með <a href="/wiki/Hvolf%C3%BEak" title="Hvolfþak">hvolfþak</a> úr steinsteypu. </p><p>Steinsteypuleyndarmálið var týnt í 13 aldir þar til 1756, þegar <a href="/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland">breski</a> verkfræðingurinn <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Smeaton (síða er ekki enn til)">John Smeaton</a> notaði vökvakalk (e. <i>hydraulic lime</i>) í steinsteypu, með smásteina og mulinn múrstein sem fylliefnin. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portland-sement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Portland-sement (síða er ekki enn til)">Portland-sement</a> var notað í steinsteypu í fyrsta sinn um 1840. Hins vegar hafa fundist merki um notkun steinsteypu í byggingu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal_du_Midi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal du Midi (síða er ekki enn til)">Canal du Midi</a> í <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakklandi</a>, sem er <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADki_(mannvirki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Síki (mannvirki)">skipaskurður</a>, gerður árið 1670.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Í seinni tíð hefur notkun <a href="/wiki/Endurvinnsla" title="Endurvinnsla">endurunninna</a> efna í steinsteypu orðið sífellt vinsælli vegna lagasetningar um umhverfismál sem er að verða æ strangari. Helst þessara efna er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svifaska&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Svifaska (síða er ekki enn til)">svifaska</a> (e. <i>fly ash</i>) sem er aukaafurð <a href="/wiki/Kol" title="Kol">kolaknúinna</a> <a href="/wiki/Virkjun" title="Virkjun">virkjana</a>. Notkun svifösku í steinsteypu hefur mikil jákvæð umhverfisáhrif með því að draga úr því efni sem fara þarf til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landfylling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Landfylling (síða er ekki enn til)">urðunar</a>. Þar að auki þarf ekki að framleiða eins mikið sement þar sem svifaska getur verið staðgengill þess. </p><p>Bætiefni hafa verið notuð í steinsteypu frá tímum Rómverja og Egypta þegar uppgötvaðist að hægt væri að nota ösku úr eldfjöllum til að láta sement harðna neðansjávar. Á svipaðan hátt uppgötvuðu Rómverjar að með því að bæta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrossh%C3%A1r&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrosshár (síða er ekki enn til)">hrosshárum</a> út í steinsteypu mátti verja hana fyrir sprungum, og ef <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Blóð">blóði</a> var bætt í hana varð hún frostþolin.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nú á dögum hafa verið gerðar tilraunir til að bæta steinsteypu með því að blanda hana ýmsum efnum, til dæmis til þess að auka styrk hennar eða gefa henni leiðnieiginleika. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samsetning">Samsetning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Breyti hluta: Samsetning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Samsetning"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:CementMixingWithSand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CementMixingWithSand.jpg/220px-CementMixingWithSand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CementMixingWithSand.jpg/330px-CementMixingWithSand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CementMixingWithSand.jpg/440px-CementMixingWithSand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>Blanda af sementi og sandi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Til eru margar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegundir_steinsteypu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegundir steinsteypu (síða er ekki enn til)">tegundir steinsteypu</a> sem eru búnar til með því að breyta hlutföllum innihaldsefna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sement">Sement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Breyti hluta: Sement" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sement"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portland-sement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Portland-sement (síða er ekki enn til)">Portland-sement</a> er algengasta tegund af sementi sem nú er í notkun. Það er notað í steinsteypu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BArblanda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Múrblanda (síða er ekki enn til)">múrblöndu</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%BAssning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pússning (síða er ekki enn til)">pússningu</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Aspdin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Aspdin (síða er ekki enn til)">John Aspdin</a>, enskur verkfræðingur, fékk einkaleyfi á Portland-sementi árið 1824, en það heitir svo vegna þess hve líkt það er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portland-steinn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Portland-steinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Portland-steini</a> á litinn. Steinn þessi er grafinn upp úr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grj%C3%B3tn%C3%A1ma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grjótnáma (síða er ekki enn til)">grjótnámu</a> á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portlandey&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Portlandey (síða er ekki enn til)">Portlandey</a> við England, og er víða notaður í byggingum í <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Hann er úr blöndu af <a href="/wiki/Kals%C3%ADn" title="Kalsín">kalsín-</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADsill" title="Kísill">kísil-</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%81l" title="Ál">áloxíði</a>. Portland-sement og önnur lík efni eru búin til með því að hita <a href="/wiki/Kalksteinn" title="Kalksteinn">kalkstein</a> (uppsprettu kalsíns) og <a href="/wiki/Leir" title="Leir">leir</a>, mala þessa blöndu (sem heitir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Har%C3%B0ur_m%C3%BArsteinn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harður múrsteinn (síða er ekki enn til)">harður múrsteinn</a>) og loks að blanda í hana <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAlfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Súlfat (síða er ekki enn til)">súlfatríku efni</a>, oftast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gifs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gifs (síða er ekki enn til)">gifsi</a>. Framleiðsla Portland-sements stendur á bak við um það bil 5% þess <a href="/wiki/Koltv%C3%ADs%C3%BDringur" title="Koltvísýringur">koltvísýrings</a> sem mannkyn gefur frá sér.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vatn">Vatn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Breyti hluta: Vatn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vatn"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Þegar sementi og vatni er blandað saman myndast klístur. Þetta klístur límir saman steina í blöndunni, fyllir bil á milli þeirra og gerir sementinu kleift að flæða á auðveldan hátt. Sé lítið vatn í blöndunni verður steinsteypan sterkari og endingarbetri. Hærra hlutfall vatns gerir steinsteypuna meira þunnfljótandi. Ef vatnið sem notað er í blönduna er óhreint, getur steinsteypan átt erfitt með að harðna og orðið veikbyggð. </p><p>Efnahvarfið sem gerist í steinsteypu er svona: </p> <dl><dd>Ca<sub>3</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → (CaO)•(SiO<sub>2</sub>)•(H<sub>2</sub>O)(gel) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fylliefni">Fylliefni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Breyti hluta: Fylliefni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fylliefni"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helsta fylliefni í steinsteypu er grjót af mismunandi kornastærð. Mest notuðu fylliefnin eru <a href="/wiki/Sandur" title="Sandur">sandur</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mala%C3%B0ur_steinn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaður steinn (síða er ekki enn til)">mulinn steinn</a>. Nú á dögum má nota endurunnin fylliefni (úr uppbyggingu eða niðurrifi) í bland við hefðbundin fylliefni. Einnig eru notuð fylliefni úr iðnaðarframleiðslu eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sori (síða er ekki enn til)">sori</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Botnaska&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Botnaska (síða er ekki enn til)">botnaska</a> úr <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1lmbr%C3%A6%C3%B0sluofn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Málmbræðsluofn (síða er ekki enn til)">málmbræðsluofnum</a>. </p><p>Ef ætlast er til þess að yfirborð steinsteypunnar sjáist er stundum bætt í hana skrautefnum eins og <a href="/wiki/Kvars%C3%ADt" title="Kvarsít">kvarsíti</a>, smásteinum eða muldu <a href="/wiki/Gler" title="Gler">gleri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styrking">Styrking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Breyti hluta: Styrking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Styrking"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steinsteypa hefur mikið <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Er%C3%BDsti%C3%BEol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Þrýstiþol (síða er ekki enn til)">þrýstiþol</a> af því að fylliefnin taka á móti þrýstingnum. Hins vegar er togþol steinsteypu veilt, af því að sementið sem skorðar fylliefnin getur brostið þegar það er togað í sundur. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1rnbent_steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Járnbent steinsteypa (síða er ekki enn til)">Járnbent steinsteypa</a> er sterkari en venjuleg steinsteypa vegna <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1rnabinding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Járnabinding (síða er ekki enn til)">járnabindingar</a>innar sem eykur togþol hennar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tengt_efni">Tengt efni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Breyti hluta: Tengt efni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tengt efni"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BArblanda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Múrblanda (síða er ekki enn til)">Múrblanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sement" title="Sement">Sement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heimildir">Heimildir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Breyti hluta: Heimildir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinsteypa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Heimildir"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744314">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World, af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B8rn_Lomborg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjørn Lomborg (síða er ekki enn til)">Bjørn Lomborg</a>, bls. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870430">.mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:black}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1873994">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/index.html">„Minerals commodity summary - cement - 2007“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geographic_Service&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Geographic Service (síða er ekki enn til)">United States Geographic Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 16. janúar 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Minerals+commodity+summary+-+cement+-+2007&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Geographic+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fcement%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ASteinsteypa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFLynne_Lancaster" class="citation book cs1">Lynne Lancaster (2005). <i>Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome. Innovations in Context</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Concrete+Vaulted+Construction+in+Imperial+Rome.+Innovations+in+Context&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.au=Lynne+Lancaster&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ASteinsteypa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Cowan: The Masterbuilders, New York 1977, bls. 56, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780471027409" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-02740-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/2/0/1/2/p20122_index.html">„The Politics of Rediscovery in the History of Science: Tacit Knowledge of Concrete before its Discovery“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 22. desember 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Rediscovery+in+the+History+of+Science%3A+Tacit+Knowledge+of+Concrete+before+its+Discovery&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allacademic.com%2Fmeta%2Fp_mla_apa_research_citation%2F0%2F2%2F0%2F1%2F2%2Fp20122_index.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ASteinsteypa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djc.com/special/concrete/10003364.htm">„Brief history of concrete“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 22. desember 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Brief+history+of+concrete&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.djc.com%2Fspecial%2Fconcrete%2F10003364.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ASteinsteypa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fountain, Henry.&#32;„<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/science/earth/31conc.html">Concrete Is Remixed With Environment in Mind</a>“, <i>The New York Times</i>, 30. mars 2009,&#32;skoðað þann 30. mars.</span> </li> </ol></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744436">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6dd864dd59‐kcvmb Cached time: 20241108171743 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.164 seconds Real time usage: 0.209 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 931/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8979/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 986/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17163/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.074/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2947004/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 158.010 1 -total 100.00% 158.010 1 Snið:Reflist 68.85% 108.785 3 Snið:Vefheimild 67.08% 105.999 3 Snið:Cite_web 8.42% 13.312 1 Snið:Bókaheimild 7.03% 11.110 1 Snið:Cite_book 3.07% 4.851 1 Snið:Replace 2.98% 4.706 1 Snið:Fréttaheimild 1.57% 2.477 1 Snið:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key iswiki:pcache:idhash:83009-0!canonical and timestamp 20241108171743 and revision id 1606623. 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