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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biohemija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biohemija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biohemija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biohemija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinteza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinteza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sinteza</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sinteza-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Sinteza</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sinteza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hemijska_sinteza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemijska_sinteza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hemijska sinteza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemijska_sinteza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Struktura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struktura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Struktura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primarna_struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primarna_struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Primarna struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primarna_struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sekundarna_struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekundarna_struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sekundarna struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekundarna_struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tercijarna_struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tercijarna_struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tercijarna struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tercijarna_struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvarterna_struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvarterna_struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kvarterna struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvarterna_struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podela_proteina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podela_proteina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Podela proteina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podela_proteina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funkcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funkcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Funkcija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funkcija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Funkcija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funkcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enzimi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Enzimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ćelijska_komunikacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ćelijska_komunikacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ćelijska komunikacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ćelijska_komunikacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode_za_određivanje_strukture_proteina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode_za_određivanje_strukture_proteina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metode za određivanje strukture proteina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metode_za_određivanje_strukture_proteina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proteini_u_ishrani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteini_u_ishrani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Proteini u ishrani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteini_u_ishrani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Spoljašnje veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 161 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">161 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFen" title="Proteïen — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proteïen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروتين — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروتين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মাংসসাৰ — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাংসসাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BClallar" title="Zülallar — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zülallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҡһымдар — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡһымдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin — Balinezijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%ABms" title="Baltīms — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baltīms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parot%C3%A9in" title="Parotéin — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parotéin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတေင်း — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပရိုတေင်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটিন — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уураг — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уураг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ung-b%C4%83h-c%C3%A9k" title="Lâung-băh-cék — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lâung-băh-cék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina_(kimika)" title="Protina (kimika) — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Protina (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرۆتین — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADlkovina" title="Bílkovina — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílkovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шурри — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޕްރޮޓީން — Divehijski" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕްރޮޓީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%90%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πρωτεΐνη — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτεΐνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgud" title="Valgud — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiini" title="Proteiini — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proteiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine" title="Protéine — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protéine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiin" title="Proteiin — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proteiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaiwyt_(stof)" title="Aaiwyt (stof) — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aaiwyt (stof)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3it%C3%A9in" title="Próitéin — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próitéin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2tain" title="Pròtain — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pròtain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteen" title="Proteen — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Proteen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0n-pha%CC%8Dk-ch%E1%B9%B3t" title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חלבון — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoteyin" title="Pwoteyin — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoteyin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rje" title="Fehérje — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehérje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սպիտակուցներ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակուցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш — Ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%ADn" title="Prótín — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prótín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="タンパク質 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンパク質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცილები — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცილები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Ақуыз — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақуыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단백질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="پرٛوٹیٖن — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پرٛوٹیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AEn" title="Proteîn — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proteîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protin" title="Protin — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Protin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ладзар — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ладзар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protena" title="Protena — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruteina" title="Pruteina — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pruteina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltymai" title="Baltymai — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltymai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Olbaltumvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4teinina" title="Prôteinina — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôteinina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Белковина — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белковина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മാംസ്യം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാംസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Уураг (молекул) — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уураг (молекул)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="प्रथिने — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रथिने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတိန်း — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Ашовт — Erzija" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ашовт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتین — mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پروتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiwitten" title="Eiwitten — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eiwitten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burqata" title="Burqata — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burqata" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର — Orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina — Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka" title="Białka — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروټين — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutina" title="Prutina — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Prutina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%C4%83" title="Proteină — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proteină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Белки — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Протеін — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протеін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruti%C3%ACna" title="Prutiìna — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutiìna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروٽين — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ප්‍රෝටීන් — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielkovina" title="Bielkovina — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bielkovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beljakovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotiin" title="Borotiin — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaiwiete" title="Oaiwiete — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oaiwiete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protini" title="Protini — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புரதம் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మాంసకృత్తులు — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాంసకృత్తులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Сафедаҳо — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сафедаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตีน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belok" title="Belok — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Belok" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Аксым — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аксым" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок — Tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Білки — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinlar" title="Proteinlar — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proteinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteyene" title="Proteyene — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Proteyene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蛋白质" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Ууруг — Kalmik" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ууруг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ცილეფი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცილეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פראטעאין — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטעאין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蛋白质" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8A" title="朊 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nn%CC%84g-pe%CC%8Dh-chit" title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蛋白質" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isakhamzimba" title="Isakhamzimba — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isakhamzimba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Protein" rel="discussion" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protein"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protein"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Protein" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Protein" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=42095574" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Protein&id=42095574&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProtein"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProtein"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Protein"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Protein&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proteins" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8054" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Myoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/200px-Myoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/300px-Myoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/400px-Myoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Reprezentacija <a href="/wiki/3D" class="mw-disambig" title="3D">3D</a> strukture <a href="/wiki/Mioglobin" title="Mioglobin">mioglobina</a>. Ovo je prvi protein kome je rešena <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_struktura" title="Hemijska struktura">stuktura</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Protein</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nema%C4%8Dki_jezik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemački jezik">nem.</a> <i>Proteins</i>, prema <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grč.</a> πρῶτος: prvi), veliki organski biomakromolekuli sastavljeni od <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a>, koje su poređane u linearne lance i spojene međusobno <a href="/wiki/Proteinska_struktura#Peptidna_veza" title="Proteinska struktura">peptidnim vezama</a> između <a href="/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik">ugljenikovog</a> atoma i <a href="/wiki/Amin_(hemija)" title="Amin (hemija)">amino grupe</a> dve <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiseline</a>; takođe <i>bjelančevine</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ijekavski_izgovor" title="Ijekavski izgovor">ijek.</a>) ili <i>belančevine</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ekavski_izgovor" title="Ekavski izgovor">ek.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekvenca <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a> u proteinu definisana je u <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genima</a> i sadržana u <a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dki_kod" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetički kod">genetičkom kodu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dki_kod" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetički kod">Genetički kod</a> određuju 20 „osnovnih“ <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a>. Proteini mogu da deluju zajedno da bi tako lakše dostigli određene funkcije i zato se vezuju u stabilne komplekse. Kao i svi biološki makromolekuli, kao što <a href="/wiki/Polisaharidi" title="Polisaharidi">polisaharidi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiseline</a>, i proteini ulaze u sastav živih organizama i učestvuju u svim procesima među <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelijama</a>. Mnogi proteini su <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a> koji katališu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biohemijske_reakcije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biohemijske reakcije (stranica ne postoji)">biohemijske reakcije</a> i značajni su za <a href="/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam">metabolizam</a>. Drugi imaju strukturne ili mehaničke funkcije kao proteini u <a href="/wiki/Citoskelet" title="Citoskelet">citoskeletu</a>, koji formiraju “kičmu” koja čini oblik <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelije</a>. Značajni su u <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_komunikacija" title="Ćelijska komunikacija">ćelijskom prenosu signala</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijski_adhezivni_molekuli" title="Ćelijski adhezivni molekuli">adheziji ćelija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">imunološkom sistemu</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotni_ciklus_%C4%87elije" title="Životni ciklus ćelije">ćelijskom ciklusu</a>. Neophodni su u našoj <a href="/wiki/Ishrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishrana">ishrani</a>, jer <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinje</a> ne mogu da sintetišu sve <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiseline</a>, i moraju neke da uzimaju iz <a href="/wiki/Hrana" title="Hrana">hrane</a>. Reč protein potiče od <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka">Grčke</a> reči <i>πρώτα</i> što znači “ najvažniji, prvi ”. Ove <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekule</a> je prvi opisao i imenovao <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bercelijus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Bercelijus">Jakob Bercelijus</a> <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a>. Prvi protein koji je izdvojen je <a href="/wiki/Insulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin">insulin</a> od strane <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Fredericka Sangera</a>, koji je dobio <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada">Nobelovu nagradu</a> za ovo otkriće <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>. Među prvima su otkriveni i <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mioglobin" title="Mioglobin">mioglobin</a> na osnovu <a href="/wiki/Kristalografija" title="Kristalografija">kristalografje</a> <a href="/wiki/Rendgenski_zraci" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendgenski zraci">X-zračenja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muirhead_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muirhead-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kendrew_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendrew-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protein je reč koja potiče iz grčkog jezika u kome ima značenje <i>prvi</i>, <i>zauzimam prvo mesto</i>. U prirodnim naukama označava najširu klasu bioloških <a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" class="mw-redirect" title="Makromolekul">makromolekula</a> koji su uključeni u praktično sve biološke pojave.<sup id="cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biohemija">Biohemija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Biohemija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Biohemija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteini su linearni <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimeri</a> izgrađeni od 20 različitih L-α <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a>. Sve <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiseline</a> dele zajedničke strukturne karakteristike uključujući α-ugljenik za koji su <a href="/wiki/Amin_(hemija)" title="Amin (hemija)">amino grupa</a>, COO<sup>-</sup> grupa i bočni lanac vezani. Samo se <a href="/wiki/Prolin" title="Prolin">prolin</a> razlikuje u bočnoj strukturi jer sadrži neuobičajen prsten na N-kraju <a href="/wiki/Amin_(hemija)" title="Amin (hemija)">amino grupe</a> koji drži CO-NH polovinu u fiksnoj konformaciji.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bočni lanac <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a>, čiji su detalji dati u listu standardnih <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a>, imaju različite hemijske karakteristike koje reprodukuju <a href="/wiki/3D" class="mw-disambig" title="3D">3D</a> strukturu. <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">Amino kiseline</a> u polipeptidnom lancu su povezane <a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina#peptidna_veza" title="Primarna struktura proteina">peptidnim vezama</a>. Peptidna veza je sačinjena od COO<sup>-</sup> i [NH<sub>3</sub>] <sup>+</sup> grupe. Peptidna veza je osnova peptidnog lanca. Formiranje peptidne veze rezultuje otpuštanjem H<sub>2</sub>O. NCC ponovljeni niz je “kičma” peptida dok sa strane stoje bočni lanci (R). Označavanje linearnog reda <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselinskih</a> ostataka ide od <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminusa</a> ka <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminusu</a>. Delimično dvogubi karakter peptidne veze uzrokuje da lanac ima samo dva stepena slobode po <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselinama</a>, tako da se <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonik</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Karboksilna_kiselina" title="Karboksilna kiselina">karbonilne grupe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Amid" title="Amid">amidni</a> <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonik</a> nalaze u istoj ravni kao i peptidna veza i jedino je moguća rotacija oko CO-Cα i N-Cα. <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">Kiseonik</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Karboksilna_kiselina" title="Karboksilna kiselina">karbonilne grupe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonik</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Amid" title="Amid">amidne</a> grupe se zbog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterne_interakcije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterne interakcije (stranica ne postoji)">sternih interakcija</a> nalaze u <a href="/wiki/Stereoizomerija#Geomatrijska_izomerija" title="Stereoizomerija">trans</a> položaju koji je energetski najpovoljniji (<a href="/wiki/Stereoizomerija#Geomatrijska_izomerija" title="Stereoizomerija">trans</a> je u odnosu na <a href="/wiki/Stereoizomerija#Geomatrijska_izomerija" title="Stereoizomerija">cis</a> stabilniji za 8 KJ/mol). Kraj proteina sa slobodnom COO<sup>-</sup> grupom je označen kao <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminus</a>, a kraj [NH<sub>3</sub>] <sup>+</sup> kao <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminus</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Peptide_group_resonance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Peptide_group_resonance.png/300px-Peptide_group_resonance.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Peptide_group_resonance.png 1.5x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="85" /></a><figcaption>Rezonantna struktura peptidnog lanca individualnih <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a> iz proteina</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinteza">Sinteza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Sinteza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sinteza"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteini su sklopljeni od <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a> čiji je raspored zapisan u genima. Svaki protein ima jedinstvenu <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselinsku</a> sekvencu koja je određena sekvencom nukleotida u genu, a nju određuje protein. Genetički kod je set tri nukleotida koji se zovu kodoni. Sve tri nukleotidne kombinacije su svojstvene za jednu <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselinu</a>, npr. AUG je kombinacija za <a href="/wiki/Metionin" title="Metionin">metionin</a>. <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a> sadrži četiri različita <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleotid">nukleotida</a>, što znači da je broj mogućih kombinacija <a href="/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon">kodona</a> 64. Geni sadržani u <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a> se prvo transkribuju u informacionu <a href="/wiki/Ribonukleinska_kiselina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonukleinska kiselina">RNK</a> preko (<a href="/wiki/IRNK" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNK">iRNK</a>) pošiljaoca, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=RNK-polimeraza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNK-polimeraza (stranica ne postoji)">RNK-polimeraza</a>. Nakon toga ide u <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozome</a>. U prokariotima <a href="/wiki/IRNK" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNK">iRNK</a> može da se koristi kao sama ili da se veže za ribozome koji je odnose iz nukleotida. Eukarioti prave <a href="/wiki/IRNK" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNK">iRNK</a> u ćelijskom jedru i onda se premeštaju kroz membranu jedra u citoplazmu gde dolazi do sinteze proteina.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proces sinteze proteina pomoću <a href="/wiki/IRNK" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNK">iRNK</a> se zove <a href="/wiki/Translacija_(genetika)" title="Translacija (genetika)">translacija</a>. <a href="/wiki/IRNK" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNK">iRNK</a> se ubacuje u ribozome i pronalazi tri nukleotida koji joj odgovaraju. Enzimi aminoacil-tRNK sintetaza puni <a href="/wiki/Transportna_RNK" title="Transportna RNK">tRNK</a> sa odgovarajućim <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselinama</a>. Proteini se uvek sintetišu od <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminusa</a> do <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fulton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hemijska_sinteza">Hemijska sinteza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Hemijska sinteza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Hemijska sinteza"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kratki proteini mogu da budu sintetisani grupom metoda poznatih kao “peptidne sinteze”, koje se oslanjaju na tehnike <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">organske sinteze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruckdorfer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruckdorfer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemijska sinteza je uvod u neprirodne <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiseline</a> u polipeptidnim lancima, kao dodatak za <a href="/wiki/Fluorescentno_rezonantni_energetski_transfer" title="Fluorescentno rezonantni energetski transfer">fluorescenciju</a> <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselinskim</a> spoljašnjim lancima<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarzer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ove metode su veoma korisne u laboratorijama za <a href="/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija">biohemiju</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija">mikro-ćelijsku</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biologiju</a>, pa generalno nije za komercijalnu upotrebu. <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_sinteza" title="Hemijska sinteza">Hemijska sinteza</a> je neupotrebljiva za polipeptidne lance duže od 300 <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a>. Proteini se uvek <a href="/wiki/Sinteza_proteina" title="Sinteza proteina">sintetišu</a> od <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminusa</a> do <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminusa</a>, nakon <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijskih reakcija</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktura">Struktura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Struktura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Struktura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Proteinviews-1tim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png/500px-Proteinviews-1tim.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Tri moguće prezentacije <a href="/wiki/3D" class="mw-disambig" title="3D">3D</a> strukture <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri-fosfat_izomeraze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tri-fosfat izomeraze (stranica ne postoji)">tri-fosfat izomeraze</a> levo: predstavljeni su svi atomi različitim bojama u zavisnosti od vrste; sredina: predstavljene su veze unutar molekula; desno: <a href="/wiki/Kiselina" title="Kiselina">kiselinski</a> deo-crveno, <a href="/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija)">bazni</a> deo-plavo, polarni deo-zeleno, nepolarni deo-belo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proteini nastaju formiranjem lanaca u čiji sastav ulazi 20 <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a> koje se nazivaju <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinogeni%C4%8Dne_aminokiseline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteinogenične aminokiseline (stranica ne postoji)">proteinogenične</a></i> ili <i>standardne</i> <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiseline</a>. Proteini su veliki molekuli čija masa može dostići i vrednosti od nekoliko miliona <a href="/wiki/Jedinica_atomske_mase" title="Jedinica atomske mase">daltona</a> a struktura može obuhvatiti i neproteinske molekule. U tom smislu razlikujemo proteine sastavljene od <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a> i tzv. <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heteroproteini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heteroproteini (stranica ne postoji)">heteroproteine</a></b> sastavljene od čisto proteinskog dela koji se naziva <i><a href="/wiki/Apoprotein" class="mw-disambig" title="Apoprotein">apoprotein</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosteti%C4%8Dna_grupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostetična grupa (stranica ne postoji)">prostetične grupe</a></i>: </p> <dl><dd><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heteroprotein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heteroprotein (stranica ne postoji)">Heteroprotein</a> = <a href="/wiki/Apoprotein" class="mw-disambig" title="Apoprotein">apoprotein</a> + <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosteti%C4%8Dna_grupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostetična grupa (stranica ne postoji)">prostetična grupa</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Ono što proteine čini posebnim jesu stadijumi više organizacije molekula koje nastaju specifičnim vezivanjem lanaca <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a> koja mogu biti: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina" title="Primarna struktura proteina">Primarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">Sekundarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tercijarna_struktura_proteina" title="Tercijarna struktura proteina">Tercijarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvaternarna_struktura_proteina" title="Kvaternarna struktura proteina">Kvarterna</a></li></ol> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Protein_Dynamics_Cytochrome_C_2NEW_smaller.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Protein_Dynamics_Cytochrome_C_2NEW_smaller.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption>Struktura proteina <a href="/wiki/Citohrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Citohrom">citohroma</a>-ugljenika određena <a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a>-om.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primarna_struktura">Primarna struktura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Primarna struktura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Primarna struktura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina" title="Primarna struktura proteina">Primarna struktura proteina</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina" title="Primarna struktura proteina">Primarna struktura</a> proteina je njegova jedinstvena <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselinska</a> sekvenca i raspored <a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina#Disulfidna_veza" title="Primarna struktura proteina">disulfidnih mostova</a>. Broj i raspored <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a> varira od proteina do proteina. Direktna informacija o rasporedu je sadržana u <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genima</a>, a raspored <a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina#Disulfidna_veza" title="Primarna struktura proteina">disulfidnih mostova</a> i <a href="/wiki/3D" class="mw-disambig" title="3D">3D</a> struktura zavisi i od drugih faktora. I najmanja promena u <a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina" title="Primarna struktura proteina">primarnoj strukturi</a> može značajno uticati na ukupnu strukturu i funkcionisanje proteina.<sup id="cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Branden_ProteinStructure2nd_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden_ProteinStructure2nd-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sekundarna_struktura">Sekundarna struktura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Sekundarna struktura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sekundarna struktura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">Sekundarna struktura proteina</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Ovo je lokalna konformacija polipeptidnog lanca zasnovana na <a href="/wiki/Vodoni%C4%8Dna_veza" title="Vodonična veza">vodoničnim vezama</a>. Međutim veze koje stabilizuju <a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">sekundarnu strukturu</a> su: <a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina#Disulfidna_veza" title="Primarna struktura proteina">disulfidni mostovi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarne_interakcije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarne interakcije (stranica ne postoji)">polarne interakcije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodoni%C4%8Dna_veza" title="Vodonična veza">vodonične veze</a>. Podrazumeva lokalnu <a href="/wiki/3D" class="mw-disambig" title="3D">3D</a> strukturu, zasnovanu na pravilno raspoređenim <a href="/wiki/Vodoni%C4%8Dna_veza" title="Vodonična veza">vodoničnim vezama</a>. Osnovni oblici koji se podrazumevaju pod sekundarnom strukturom su <a href="/wiki/Alfa_heliks" title="Alfa heliks">α-heliks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_ravan" title="Beta ravan">β-nabrana</a> struktura (<a href="/wiki/Beta_ravan" title="Beta ravan">β-ravan</a>) i β-zavoj. <a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">Sekundarna struktura</a> proteina nije nepromenjiva, te su moguće konformacione promene vezane za funkcionisanje proteina, promene u okolini.<sup id="cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tercijarna_struktura">Tercijarna struktura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Tercijarna struktura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Tercijarna struktura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Tercijarna_struktura_proteina" title="Tercijarna struktura proteina">Tercijarna struktura proteina</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Ovo je ukupan oblik polipeptida, <a href="/wiki/3D" class="mw-disambig" title="3D">3D</a> raspored svih atoma u jednom polipeptidu. <a href="/wiki/Tercijarna_struktura_proteina" title="Tercijarna struktura proteina">Tercijarna struktura</a> je zasnovana na nizu različitih interakcija: </p> <ol><li>Između bočnih grupa i peptidnog okoline (<a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a>)</li> <li>Bočnih grupa i bočnih grupa</li> <li>Bočnih grupa i kičme</li></ol> <p>Reč je o interakcijama između delova polipeptidnog lanca udaljenih u <a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina" title="Primarna struktura proteina">primarnoj strukturi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvarterna_struktura">Kvarterna struktura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Kvarterna struktura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kvarterna struktura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Kvaternarna_struktura_proteina" title="Kvaternarna struktura proteina">Kvaternarna struktura proteina</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Kvaternarna_struktura_proteina" title="Kvaternarna struktura proteina">Kvaternarna</a> struktura je prostorni raspored polipeptida u proteinima koji imaju više podjedinica.<sup id="cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prostorni raspored podjedinica u okviru proteina predstavlja njegovu <a href="/wiki/Kvaternarna_struktura_proteina" title="Kvaternarna struktura proteina">kvaternarnu strukturu</a>. Neki autori govore i o <i>kvintarnoj stukturi</i> u slučajevima kada polipeptidi prave komplekse sa drugim tipovima <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">biomolekula</a> (npr. sa <a href="/wiki/Ribonukleinska_kiselina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonukleinska kiselina">RNK</a> u <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomima</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gonen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najčešće su kombinacije proteina i <a href="/wiki/Ribonukleinska_kiselina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonukleinska kiselina">RNK</a> ili <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a>. Malo se zna o tim tipovima veze. </p><p>Kvarternu strukturu proteina srećemo, na primer, kod <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podela_proteina">Podela proteina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Podela proteina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podela proteina"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteini mogu biti svrstani u tri klase: <a href="/wiki/Globularni_protein" title="Globularni protein">globularni</a> proteini, <a href="/wiki/Fibrilarni_proteini" title="Fibrilarni proteini">fibrilarni</a> proteini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membranski_proteini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membranski proteini (stranica ne postoji)">membranski</a> proteini. </p><p>Skoro svi <i>globularni proteini</i> su rastvorljivi, a mnogi od njih su i <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a>. Prema tipu <a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">sekundarne strukture</a> koja u njima dominira mogu se podeliti na: </p> <ol><li>Antiparalelne <a href="/wiki/Alfa_heliks" title="Alfa heliks">α-heliks</a> proteine</li> <li>Paralelne ili kombinovane <a href="/wiki/Beta_ravan" title="Beta ravan">β-ravan</a> proteine</li> <li>Antiparalelne <a href="/wiki/Beta_ravan" title="Beta ravan">β-ravan</a> proteine</li> <li>Male <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalo-sulfid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalo-sulfid (stranica ne postoji)">metalo-sulfidima</a> bogate proteine</li></ol> <p>Unutrašnjost i spoljašnjost proteina su dobro definisane: </p> <ol><li>ostaci nepolarnih <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a> usmereni su gotovo isključivo ka unutrašnjosti molekula proteina</li> <li>naelektrisani ostaci polarnih <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a> usmereni su gotovo isključivo ka površini</li> <li>nenaelektrisani ostaci polarnih <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">amino kiselina</a> sreću se i u unutrašnjosti, kao i na površini proteina</li> <li>gotovo sve grupe koje mogu da grade <a href="/wiki/Vodoni%C4%8Dna_veza" title="Vodonična veza">vodonične veze</a> postavljene su tako da se te veze oforme</li></ol> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fibrilarni_proteini" title="Fibrilarni proteini">Fibrilarni</a> proteini</i> su veoma izduženi molekuli, čija <a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">sekundarna struktura</a> čini dominantan <a href="/wiki/Strukturni_motiv" title="Strukturni motiv">strukturni motiv</a>. Najčešće imaju strukturnu ili motornu funkciju. U njih spadaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa_keratin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa keratin (stranica ne postoji)">α</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_keratin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta keratin (stranica ne postoji)">β keratin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibronektin" title="Fibronektin">fibronektin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">kolagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membranski_proteini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membranski proteini (stranica ne postoji)">Membranski</a> proteini</i> se dele na integralne i periferne. Integralni su čvrsto ugrađeni u membranu za koju su vezani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrofobna_veza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrofobna veza (stranica ne postoji)">hidrofobnim</a> vezama. Periferni se lako odvajaju od membrane, za koju su najčešće vezani preko integralnih proteina, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrostati%C4%8Dka_interakcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrostatička interakcija (stranica ne postoji)">elektrostatičkim</a> interakcijama i <a href="/wiki/Vodoni%C4%8Dna_veza" title="Vodonična veza">vodoničnim vezama</a>. Deo strukture <a href="/wiki/Membranski_protein" title="Membranski protein">membranskih proteina</a> koji je u direktnom kontaktu sa <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">membranom</a>, uređen je suprotno delu u vodenom rastvoru. Hidrofobne bočne grupe i strukture su okrenute prema spolja, dok je jezgro relativno polarno.<sup id="cite_ref-Walian_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membranski_proteini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membranski proteini (stranica ne postoji)">Membranski</a> proteini nisu fiksirani već im je dozvoljeno transverzalno kretanje, a nekim i flip-flop. Nisu raspoređeni uniformno u membrani, već postoje delovi <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">membrane</a> sa više ili manje nekog proteina. Proteini koji grade <a href="/wiki/Jonski_kanal" title="Jonski kanal">jonske kanale</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akvapornost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akvapornost (stranica ne postoji)">akvaporini</a> su posebno interesantni, jer deo koji prolazi kroz <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">membranu</a> mora da bude nepolaran ka <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipidima</a>, a polaran ili čak naelektrisan ka unutrašnjosti kanala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funkcija">Funkcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Funkcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Funkcija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Protein_Composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/500px-Protein_Composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/750px-Protein_Composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/1000px-Protein_Composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Molekularna struktura nekoliko proteina prikazana u njihovoj komparativnoj veličini. Sleva na desno: <a href="/wiki/Antitelo" title="Antitelo">Antitelo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imunoglobulin_G" title="Imunoglobulin G">IgG</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">Hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin">Insulin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni">hormoni</a>), (<a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>) i <a href="/wiki/Glutaminska_sintetaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutaminska sintetaza">Glutaminska sintetaza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Proteini u zavisnosti od svoje građe, provode čitav niz različitih aktivnosti unutar organizma. Prvi i osnovni zadatak proteina je njihova neophodnost u procesu rasta i razvoja. Za bilo koji deo našeg tela koji prolazi kroz proces rasta ili regeneracije proteini su neophodni u svakodnevnici. U zavisnosti od pola i godina unos proteina treba korigovati. Proteini učestvuju praktično u svim procesima u jednom organizmu. Proteini su <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">biomolekuli</a> sa najraznovrsnijimfunkcijama: </p> <ol><li>Strukturna (<a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">kolagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>)</li> <li>Skladišna (<a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazein" title="Kazein">kazein</a>)</li> <li>Transportna (<a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>)</li> <li>Katalitička (<a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a>)</li> <li>Kontraktilna (<a href="/wiki/Miozin" title="Miozin">miozin</a>)</li> <li>Odbrambena (<a href="/wiki/Antitelo" title="Antitelo">antitela</a>)</li> <li>Signalna (<a href="/wiki/Insulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin">insulin</a>)</li> <li>Modulaciona (<a href="/wiki/PKA" class="mw-disambig" title="PKA">PKA</a>)</li> <li>Egzotična (van podele npr. lepak-proteini kod <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koljke" title="Školjke">školjki</a>)</li></ol> <p>Proteini zamenjuju izumrle <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelije</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">Ćelije</a> koje traže ovakvu zamenu sa proteinima su obično: <a href="/wiki/Crvena_krvna_zrnca" class="mw-redirect" title="Crvena krvna zrnca">ćelije krvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg">bubrega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra">jetre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1i%C4%87no_tkivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mišićno tkivo">mišića</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosa" title="Kosa">kose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokti">noktiju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zub" class="mw-redirect" title="Zub">zuba</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kost" class="mw-redirect" title="Kost">kosti</a>. Takođe proteini su potrebni telu kako bi mogao da stvori čitav niz <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni">hormona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antitelo" title="Antitelo">antitela</a>. Proteini grade velike molekule <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobina</a> - materija koja prenosi <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonik</a> i omogućava nam odvijanje procesa <a href="/wiki/Disanje" title="Disanje">disanja</a> u svim mestima u kojima se taj proces odvija. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enzimi">Enzimi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Enzimi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Enzimi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">Enzim</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Najveći posao proteina u <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelijama</a> obavljaju <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a>, kada se radi o <a href="/wiki/Kataliza" title="Kataliza">katalitičkim</a> reakcijama unutar <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">Enzimi</a> su <a href="/wiki/Kataliza" title="Kataliza">katalizatori</a> u katalitičkim reakcijama. Enzimski efekti reakcija učestvuju u velikom broju <a href="/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam">metabolitičkih</a> i <a href="/wiki/Katabolizam" title="Katabolizam">katabolitičkih</a> procesa, kao što su <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a> preslikavanje ili pak <a href="/wiki/Ribonukleinska_kiselina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonukleinska kiselina">RNK</a> sintetisanje.<sup id="cite_ref-Catalytic_Site_Atlas_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalytic_Site_Atlas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neki <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a> pomažu proteinima da dodaju ili oduzmu neku hemijsku grupu u <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijskim reakcijama</a>, proces poznat kao <a href="/wiki/Posttranslaciona_modifikacija" title="Posttranslaciona modifikacija">posttranslaciona modifikacija</a>. Poznato je oko 4 000 reakcija koje katališu <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Radzicka_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radzicka-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivno_mesto_enzima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivno mesto enzima (stranica ne postoji)">Aktivno mesto</a> je jedan mali deo proteina koji je direktno uključen u reakciju, ostatak služi za regulaciju, za druge reakcije, za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specifi%C4%8Dna_interakcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specifična interakcija (stranica ne postoji)">specifične interakcije</a> (sa <a href="/wiki/Reakcioni_inhibitor" title="Reakcioni inhibitor">inhibitorima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor" class="mw-disambig" title="Kofaktor">kofaktorima</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">membranom</a> itd).<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ćelijska_komunikacija"><span id=".C4.86elijska_komunikacija"></span>Ćelijska komunikacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Ćelijska komunikacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ćelijska komunikacija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_komunikacija" title="Ćelijska komunikacija">Ćelijska komunikacija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png/150px-Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png/225px-Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png/300px-Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antitelo" title="Antitelo">Antitelo</a> <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1_(%C5%BEivotinja)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miš (životinja)">miša</a> protiv <a href="/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera">kolere</a> vezuje <a href="/wiki/Ugljeni_hidrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljeni hidrat">ugljeno hidratne</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigene</a> .</figcaption></figure> <p>Neki proteini kao što je <a href="/wiki/Insulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, su ekstracelularni proteini koji prenose signal iz <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelije</a> u kojoj su se sintetisali do drugih <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelija</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alosterna_regulacija" title="Alosterna regulacija">Alosterna</a> regulacija podrazumeva zavisnost vezivanja jednog <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biohemija)" title="Ligand (biohemija)">liganda</a> (molekul koga protein vezuje za sebe, da bi ga transportovao, hemijski obradio i sl) od vezivanja drugog <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biohemija)" title="Ligand (biohemija)">liganda</a>, koji se označava kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modulator (stranica ne postoji)">modulator</a>. Ako se radi o istim <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biohemija)" title="Ligand (biohemija)">ligandima</a> (istim molekulima) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homotropni_efekat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homotropni efekat (stranica ne postoji)">homotropni efekat</a>, a ako su različiti – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterotropni_efekat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterotropni efekat (stranica ne postoji)">heterotropni</a>. Efekti mogu biti pozitivni i negativni, u zavisnosti da li modulator povećava ili smanjuje afinitet proteina za sledeći ligand. <a href="/wiki/Antitelo" title="Antitelo">Antitela</a> su proteini koji čuvaju <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">imunološki sistem</a> čoveka, tako što se bore protiv <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelija</a> koje žele da ga razore. Mnogi ligandni proteini su vezani za male <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">biomolekule</a> i transportovanje njih do neke druge lokacije u telu vrši se tako što ti proteini moraju imati veliki afinitet vezivanja kada su njihovi ligandi prisutni u velikim koncentracijama u meti-tkivu. Primer ligandno-vezujućih proteina je <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> koji transportuje <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonik</a> svuda po organizmu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metode_za_određivanje_strukture_proteina"><span id="Metode_za_odre.C4.91ivanje_strukture_proteina"></span>Metode za određivanje strukture proteina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Metode za određivanje strukture proteina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Metode za određivanje strukture proteina"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombinacija <a href="/wiki/Rendgenska_strukturna_analiza" title="Rendgenska strukturna analiza">X</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kristalografija" title="Kristalografija">kristalografije</a>, <a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a>-a, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunska_hemija" class="mw-redirect" title="Računska hemija">kompjuterskih simulacija</a> i proračuna je dobitna kombinacija u najaktuelnijoj disciplini savremene <a href="/wiki/Biofizika" title="Biofizika">biofizike</a> tj. određivanja strukture proteina. Poznatije metode za određivanje funkconisanja proteina su: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rendgenska_strukturna_analiza" title="Rendgenska strukturna analiza">X</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kristalografija" title="Kristalografija">kristalografija</a> i <a href="/wiki/2D" class="mw-disambig" title="2D">2D</a> <a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a>:</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Rendgenska_strukturna_analiza" title="Rendgenska strukturna analiza">X</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kristalografija" title="Kristalografija">kristalografija</a> je dala prvi direktan uvid u strukturu proteina; i danas je nezamenjiva. Problem je u tome što kristalizovan protein nije isto što i protein u rastvoru i dobijena struktura je prosečna struktura proteina. Ne daje podatke o mobilnost i fleksibilnosti proteina. Te podatke dobijamo <a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a>-om. Kombinacija X kristalografije, <a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a>-a i mnogo sati <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunska_hemija" class="mw-redirect" title="Računska hemija">kompjuterskih simulacija</a> i proračuna je dobitna kombinacija u najaktuelnijoj disciplini savremene <a href="/wiki/Biofizika" title="Biofizika">biofizike</a> – određivanju strukture/funkcionisanja proteina.<sup id="cite_ref-Zagrovic_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zagrovic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herges_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herges-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Difrakcija" title="Difrakcija">Difrakcija</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higens-Fresnelov_princip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higens-Fresnelov princip (stranica ne postoji)">Higens-Fresnelov princip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jungova_interferencija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jungova interferencija (stranica ne postoji)">Jungova interferencija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bragov_zakon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bragov zakon (stranica ne postoji)">Bragov zakon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Laueov_uslov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Laueov uslov (stranica ne postoji)">Von Laueov uslov</a></li> <li>Akceleratori</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proteini_u_ishrani">Proteini u ishrani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Proteini u ishrani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Proteini u ishrani"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteini se nalaze u raznim vrstama <a href="/wiki/Prehrambena_industrija" title="Prehrambena industrija">prehrambenih</a> namirnica. Može se gotovo reći da su u većim ili manjim količinama zastupljeni u svoj <a href="/wiki/Hrana" title="Hrana">hrani</a> osim u rafiniranim <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer">šećerima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Masti" class="mw-redirect" title="Masti">mastima</a>. Hrana životinjskog porekla poput <a href="/wiki/Meso" title="Meso">mesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribe">riba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaje" title="Jaje">jaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mleko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mleko">mleka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jogurt" title="Jogurt">jogurta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">sira</a> dobar je izvor proteina u kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom smislu. Sadrže veliku količinu proteina, ali su i izvor svih esencijalnih <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a>. Mnogi <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroorganizam">mikroorganizmi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljke</a> mogu da biosintetišu svih 20 <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a>, dok životinje i čovek moraju da se podvrgnu određenoj vrsti dijete tj. ishrani<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhlman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhlman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mnogi <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a> koji imaju glavnu funkciju u ljudskom organizmu nisu stalno prisutni i moraju se unositi. </p><p>Količina proteina koju osoba treba dnevno unositi je sporna tema koju stručnjaci neprestano istražuju. Opća medicinska preporuka u konzumiranju proteina dnevno je u rasponu od 1-1.2 grama po <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogramu</a> ukupne tjelesne <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%BEina" title="Težina">težine</a> za starije osobe i 1.2-1.5 grama po kilogramu ukupne tjelesne težine za <a href="/wiki/Aktivnosti_svakodnevnog_%C5%BEivota" title="Aktivnosti svakodnevnog života">aktivne</a> osobe.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predvi%C4%91anje_strukture_proteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Predviđanje strukture proteina">Predviđanje strukture proteina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_1_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.upenn.edu/chem/research/faculty.php?browse=V">„Chapter 7. Covalent structure of proteins and nucleic acids”</a>. <i>Biochemistry</i> (3 izd.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-471-19350-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-471-19350-0">978-0-471-19350-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+7.+Covalent+structure+of+proteins+and+nucleic+acids&rft.atitle=Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Donald+Voet%2C+Judith+G.+Voet&rft.au=Donald+Voet%2C+Judith+G.+Voet&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-471-19350-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.upenn.edu%2Fchem%2Fresearch%2Ffaculty.php%3Fbrowse%3DV&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sumner_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sumner, JB (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/69/2/435.full.pdf?ijkey=028d5e540dab50accbf86e01be08db51ef49008f">„The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease. Preliminary Paper”</a>. <i>J Biol Chem</i> <b>69</b>: 435-41.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Isolation+and+Crystallization+of+the+Enzyme+Urease.+Preliminary+Paper&rft.jtitle=J+Biol+Chem&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Sumner%2C%26%2332%3BJB&rft.date=1926&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=435-41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F69%2F2%2F435.full.pdf%3Fijkey%3D028d5e540dab50accbf86e01be08db51ef49008f&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muirhead-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Muirhead_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Muirhead H, Perutz M (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v199/n4894/abs/199633a0.html">„Structure of haemoglobin. A three-dimensional fourier synthesis of reduced human haemoglobin at 5.5 A resolution”</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>199</b> (4894): 633-8. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F199633a0">10.1038/199633a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14074546">14074546</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Structure+of+haemoglobin.+A+three-dimensional+fourier+synthesis+of+reduced+human+haemoglobin+at+5.5+A+resolution&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Muirhead+H%2C+Perutz+M&rft.au=Muirhead+H%2C+Perutz+M&rft.date=1963&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=4894&rft.pages=633-8&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F199633a0&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info:pmid/14074546&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv199%2Fn4894%2Fabs%2F199633a0.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kendrew-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kendrew_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kendrew J, Bodo G, Dintzis H, Parrish R, Wyckoff H, Phillips D (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v181/n4610/abs/181662a0.html">„A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis”</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>181</b> (4610): 662-6. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F181662a0">10.1038/181662a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13517261">13517261</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+three-dimensional+model+of+the+myoglobin+molecule+obtained+by+x-ray+analysis&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Kendrew+J%2C+Bodo+G%2C+Dintzis+H%2C+Parrish+R%2C+Wyckoff+H%2C+Phillips+D&rft.au=Kendrew+J%2C+Bodo+G%2C+Dintzis+H%2C+Parrish+R%2C+Wyckoff+H%2C+Phillips+D&rft.date=1958&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4610&rft.pages=662-6&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F181662a0&rft_id=info:pmid/13517261&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv181%2Fn4610%2Fabs%2F181662a0.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehninger-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehninger_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whfreeman.com/newcatalog.aspx?disc=Biochemistry&course=Introduction%2bto%2bBiochemistry&isbn=071677108X&detail=toc"><i>Principles of Biochemistry</i></a> (4th izd.). New York: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7167-4339-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7167-4339-6">0-7167-4339-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=David+L.+Nelson%2C+Michael+M.+Cox&rft.au=David+L.+Nelson%2C+Michael+M.+Cox&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=4th&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.%26nbsp%3BH.+Freeman&rft.isbn=0-7167-4339-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whfreeman.com%2Fnewcatalog.aspx%3Fdisc%3DBiochemistry%26course%3DIntroduction%252bto%252bBiochemistry%26isbn%3D071677108X%26detail%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dobson_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Dobson CM (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DvJygJkNCYkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR21&dq=Mechanisms+of+Protein+Folding+Pain&ots=lDcCjkeNE1&sig=3lOFlqfDXwPjlNWNtSbbGNXxc6U#v=onepage&q&f=false">„The nature and significance of protein folding”</a>. u: RH Pain. <i>Mechanisms of Protein Folding</i> (2 izd.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-963788-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-963788-1">978-0-19-963788-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+nature+and+significance+of+protein+folding&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Protein+Folding&rft.aulast=Dobson+CM&rft.au=Dobson+CM&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=2&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-963788-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DDvJygJkNCYkC%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPR21%26dq%3DMechanisms%2Bof%2BProtein%2BFolding%2BPain%26ots%3DlDcCjkeNE1%26sig%3D3lOFlqfDXwPjlNWNtSbbGNXxc6U%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipurksy SL, Darnell J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717024923/http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish6e/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0"><i>Molecular Cell Biology</i></a> (5 izd.). New York, NY.: WH Freeman and Company. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish6e/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0">originala</a> na datum 2011-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2014-03-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.aulast=Lodish+H%2C+Berk+A%2C+Matsudaira+P%2C+Kaiser+CA%2C+Krieger+M%2C+Scott+MP%2C+Zipurksy+SL%2C+Darnell+J.&rft.au=Lodish+H%2C+Berk+A%2C+Matsudaira+P%2C+Kaiser+CA%2C+Krieger+M%2C+Scott+MP%2C+Zipurksy+SL%2C+Darnell+J.&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=5&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY.&rft.pub=WH+Freeman+and+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110717024923%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbcs.whfreeman.com%2Flodish6e%2Fdefault.asp%3Fs%3D%26n%3D%26i%3D%26v%3D%26o%3D%26ns%3D0%26uid%3D0%26rau%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fulton_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fulton A, Isaacs W (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109912529/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">„Titin, a huge, elastic sarcomeric protein with a probable role in morphogenesis”</a>. <i>Bioessays</i> <b>13</b> (4): 157-61. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.950130403">10.1002/bies.950130403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1859393">1859393</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Titin%2C+a+huge%2C+elastic+sarcomeric+protein+with+a+probable+role+in+morphogenesis&rft.jtitle=Bioessays&rft.aulast=Fulton+A%2C+Isaacs+W&rft.au=Fulton+A%2C+Isaacs+W&rft.date=1991&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=157-61&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fbies.950130403&rft_id=info:pmid/1859393&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F109912529%2Fabstract%3FCRETRY%3D1%26SRETRY%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruckdorfer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruckdorfer_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bruckdorfer T, Marder O, Albericio F (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14965208">„From production of peptides in milligram amounts for research to multi-tons quantities for drugs of the future”</a>. <i>Curr Pharm Biotechnol</i> <b>5</b> (1): 29-43. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14965208">14965208</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+production+of+peptides+in+milligram+amounts+for+research+to+multi-tons+quantities+for+drugs+of+the+future&rft.jtitle=Curr+Pharm+Biotechnol&rft.aulast=Bruckdorfer+T%2C+Marder+O%2C+Albericio+F&rft.au=Bruckdorfer+T%2C+Marder+O%2C+Albericio+F&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-43&rft_id=info:pmid/14965208&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F14965208&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarzer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzer_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schwarzer D, Cole P (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRX-4H9YCH6-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1390566104&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41db927c5b13b31d9db86d89edad2428">„Protein semisynthesis and expressed protein ligation: chasing a protein's tail”</a>. <i>Curr Opin Chem Biol</i> <b>9</b> (6): 561-9. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2005.09.018">10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.09.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1859393">1859393</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protein+semisynthesis+and+expressed+protein+ligation%3A+chasing+a+protein%27s+tail&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Chem+Biol&rft.aulast=Schwarzer+D%2C+Cole+P&rft.au=Schwarzer+D%2C+Cole+P&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=561-9&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2005.09.018&rft_id=info:pmid/1859393&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6VRX-4H9YCH6-3%26_user%3D10%26_coverDate%3D12%252F31%252F2005%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3Dhigh%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26_docanchor%3D%26view%3Dc%26_searchStrId%3D1390566104%26_rerunOrigin%3Dscholar.google%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3D41db927c5b13b31d9db86d89edad2428&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branden_ProteinStructure2nd-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Branden_ProteinStructure2nd_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Branden C, Tooze J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garlandscience.com/textbooks/0815323042.asp?type=reviews"><i>Introduction to Protein Structure</i></a>. New York, NY: Garland Publishing. ISBN: 0-8153-2305-0.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Protein+Structure&rft.aulast=Branden+C%2C+Tooze+J.&rft.au=Branden+C%2C+Tooze+J.&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garlandscience.com%2Ftextbooks%2F0815323042.asp%3Ftype%3Dreviews&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VoetBiochemistry3rd_2_12-2">12,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.upenn.edu/chem/research/faculty.php?browse=V">„Chapter 8. Three-Dimensional structures of proteins”</a>. <i>Biochemistry</i> (3 izd.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-471-19350-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-471-19350-0">978-0-471-19350-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+8.+Three-Dimensional+structures+of+proteins&rft.atitle=Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Donald+Voet%2C+Judith+G.+Voet&rft.au=Donald+Voet%2C+Judith+G.+Voet&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-471-19350-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.upenn.edu%2Fchem%2Fresearch%2Ffaculty.php%3Fbrowse%3DV&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gonen_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gonen T, Cheng Y, Sliz P, Hiroaki Y, Fujiyoshi Y, Harrison SC, Walz T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319884">„Lipid-protein interactions in double-layered two-dimensional AQP0 crystals”</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>438</b> (7068): 633-8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319884">16319884</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lipid-protein+interactions+in+double-layered+two-dimensional+AQP0+crystals&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Gonen+T%2C+Cheng+Y%2C+Sliz+P%2C+Hiroaki+Y%2C+Fujiyoshi+Y%2C+Harrison+SC%2C+Walz+T.&rft.au=Gonen+T%2C+Cheng+Y%2C+Sliz+P%2C+Hiroaki+Y%2C+Fujiyoshi+Y%2C+Harrison+SC%2C+Walz+T.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=438&rft.issue=7068&rft.pages=633-8&rft_id=info:pmid/16319884&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16319884&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walian-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walian_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Walian P, Cross TA, Jap BK. 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Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/CSA/">originala</a> na datum 2013-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-04-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Catalytic+Site+Atlas+at+The+European+Bioinformatics+Institute&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130803032349%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebi.ac.uk%2Fthornton-srv%2Fdatabases%2FCSA%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radzicka-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Radzicka_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Radzicka A, Wolfenden R (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/267/5194/90">„A proficient enzyme”</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>267</b> (6): 90-931. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7809611">10.1126/science.7809611</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7809611">7809611</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+proficient+enzyme&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Radzicka+A%2C+Wolfenden+R&rft.au=Radzicka+A%2C+Wolfenden+R&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=90-931&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7809611&rft_id=info:pmid/7809611&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F267%2F5194%2F90&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmann-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hoffmann M, Wanko M, Strodel P, Konig PH, Frauenheim T, Schulten K, Thiel W, Tajkhorshid E, Elstner M. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v94/i1/e018101">„In silico folding of a three helix protein and characterization of its free-energy landscape in an all-atom force field”</a>. <i>Phys Rev Let</i> <b>94</b> (1): 018101. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.94.018101">10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.018101</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+silico+folding+of+a+three+helix+protein+and+characterization+of+its+free-energy+landscape+in+an+all-atom+force+field&rft.jtitle=Phys+Rev+Let&rft.aulast=Herges+T%2C+Wenzel+W.&rft.au=Herges+T%2C+Wenzel+W.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=018101&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.94.018101&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprl.aps.org%2Fabstract%2FPRL%2Fv94%2Fi1%2Fe018101&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhlman-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhlman_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kuhlman B, Dantas G, Ireton GC, Varani G, Stoddard BL, Baker D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/302/5649/1364">„Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy”</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>302</b> (5649): 1364-8. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1089427">10.1126/science.1089427</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Design+of+a+novel+globular+protein+fold+with+atomic-level+accuracy&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Kuhlman+B%2C+Dantas+G%2C+Ireton+GC%2C+Varani+G%2C+Stoddard+BL%2C+Baker+D.&rft.au=Kuhlman+B%2C+Dantas+G%2C+Ireton+GC%2C+Varani+G%2C+Stoddard+BL%2C+Baker+D.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=5649&rft.pages=1364-8&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1089427&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F302%2F5649%2F1364&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194649/https://corhealthfit.com/health/abcs-of-creating-a-good-diet-plan/">„ABCs of Creating a Good Diet Plan”</a>. Corhealthfit. 25. maj 2022. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corhealthfit.com/health/abcs-of-creating-a-good-diet-plan/">originala</a> na datum 2022-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2022-05-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ABCs+of+Creating+a+Good+Diet+Plan&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25.+maj+2022&rft.pub=Corhealthfit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220529194649%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fcorhealthfit.com%2Fhealth%2Fabcs-of-creating-a-good-diet-plan%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBranden_C,_Tooze_J1999">Branden C, Tooze J (1999). <i>Introduction to Protein Structure</i>. New York: Garland Pub. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8153-2305-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8153-2305-0">0-8153-2305-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Protein+Structure&rft.aulast=Branden+C%2C+Tooze+J&rft.au=Branden+C%2C+Tooze+J&rft.date=1999&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Pub&rft.isbn=0-8153-2305-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMurray_RF,_Harper_HW,_Granner_DK,_Mayes_PA,_Rodwell_VW2006">Murray RF, Harper HW, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW (2006). <i>Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry</i>. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-07-146197-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-07-146197-3">0-07-146197-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+Illustrated+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Murray+RF%2C+Harper+HW%2C+Granner+DK%2C+Mayes+PA%2C+Rodwell+VW&rft.au=Murray+RF%2C+Harper+HW%2C+Granner+DK%2C+Mayes+PA%2C+Rodwell+VW&rft.date=2006&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lange+Medical+Books%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.isbn=0-07-146197-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFVan_Holde_KE,_Mathews_CK1996">Van Holde KE, Mathews CK (1996). <i>Biochemistry</i>. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8053-3931-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8053-3931-0">0-8053-3931-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Van+Holde+KE%2C+Mathews+CK&rft.au=Van+Holde+KE%2C+Mathews+CK&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+California&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings+Pub.+Co.%2C+Inc&rft.isbn=0-8053-3931-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFLodish_H,_Berk_A,_Matsudaira_P,_Kaiser_CA,_Krieger_M,_Scott_MP,_Zipurksy_SL,_Darnell_J.2004">Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipurksy SL, Darnell J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717024923/http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish6e/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0"><i>Molecular Cell Biology</i></a> (5 izd.). New York, NY.: WH Freeman and Company. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish6e/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0">originala</a> na datum 2011-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2014-03-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.aulast=Lodish+H%2C+Berk+A%2C+Matsudaira+P%2C+Kaiser+CA%2C+Krieger+M%2C+Scott+MP%2C+Zipurksy+SL%2C+Darnell+J.&rft.au=Lodish+H%2C+Berk+A%2C+Matsudaira+P%2C+Kaiser+CA%2C+Krieger+M%2C+Scott+MP%2C+Zipurksy+SL%2C+Darnell+J.&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=5&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY.&rft.pub=WH+Freeman+and+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110717024923%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbcs.whfreeman.com%2Flodish6e%2Fdefault.asp%3Fs%3D%26n%3D%26i%3D%26v%3D%26o%3D%26ns%3D0%26uid%3D0%26rau%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDobson_CM2000">Dobson CM (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DvJygJkNCYkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR21&dq=Mechanisms+of+Protein+Folding+Pain&ots=lDcCjkeNE1&sig=3lOFlqfDXwPjlNWNtSbbGNXxc6U#v=onepage&q&f=false">„The nature and significance of protein folding”</a>. u: RH Pain. <i>Mechanisms of Protein Folding</i> (2 izd.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-963788-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-963788-1">0-19-963788-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+nature+and+significance+of+protein+folding&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Protein+Folding&rft.aulast=Dobson+CM&rft.au=Dobson+CM&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=2&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-963788-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DDvJygJkNCYkC%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPR21%26dq%3DMechanisms%2Bof%2BProtein%2BFolding%2BPain%26ots%3DlDcCjkeNE1%26sig%3D3lOFlqfDXwPjlNWNtSbbGNXxc6U%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Protein"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer: <i>Biochemie.</i> 6. Auflage. Spektrum, Heidelberg 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-8274-1800-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-8274-1800-3">3-8274-1800-3</a>.</li> <li>Friedrich Lottspeich, Haralabos Zorbas: <i>Bioanalytik</i>. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1998, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-8274-0041-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-8274-0041-3">978-3-8274-0041-3</a>.</li> <li>Hubert Rehm, Thomas Letzel: <i>Der Experimentator: Proteinbiochemie / Proteomics</i>. 6. Auflage, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2009, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-8274-2312-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-8274-2312-2">978-3-8274-2312-2</a>.</li> <li>E. Buxbaum: <i>Fundamentals of Protein Structure and Function</i> (Englisch), Springer, New York 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780387263526" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780387263526">9780387263526</a>.</li> <li>P. Kaumaya: <i>Protein Engineering</i>, Intech Open, 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-953-51-0037-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-953-51-0037-9">978-953-51-0037-9</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intechopen.com/books/protein-engineering">Online Version in Englisch</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoljašnje_veze"><span id="Spolja.C5.A1nje_veze"></span>Spoljašnje veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Spoljašnje veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Spoljašnje veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proteins" title="commons:Category:Proteins"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proteins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Proteins">Protein</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farmacija.cg.ac.yu/admindoc/PROTEINI.pdf">Proteini, Prof. dr. Ivan Stanković</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since October 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcvi.org/pn-utility">The Protein Naming Utility</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221003541/http://www.jcvi.org/pn-utility">Arhivirano</a> 2012-12-21 na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.is (stranica ne postoji)">Archive.is-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteinatlas.org/">Human Protein Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=protein">NCBI Entrez Protein database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=structure">NCBI Protein Structure database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hprd.org/">Human Protein Reference Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424071622/http://www.hprd.org/">Arhivirano</a> 2006-04-24 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanproteinpedia.org/">Human Proteinpedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135408/http://www.humanproteinpedia.org/">Arhivirano</a> 2007-03-14 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folding.stanford.edu/">Folding@Home (Stanford University)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908075542/http://folding.stanford.edu/English/HomePage">Arhivirano</a> 2012-09-08 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctd.mdibl.org/">Comparative Toxicogenomics Database</a> curates protein–chemical interactions, as well as gene/protein–disease relationships and chemical-disease relationships.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvester.fzk.de/">Bioinformatic Harvester</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup> A Meta search engine (29 databases) for gene and protein information.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdbe.org/">Protein Databank in Europe</a> (see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdbe.org/quips">PDBeQuips</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since October 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup>, short articles and tutorials on interesting PDB structures)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/">Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics</a> (see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/index.html">Molecule of the Month</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151351/https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Findex.html">Arhivirano</a> 2020-07-24 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, presenting short accounts on selected proteins from the PDB)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/">Proteopedia – Life in 3D</a>: rotatable, zoomable 3D model with wiki annotations for every known protein molecular structure.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expasy.uniprot.org/">UniProt the Universal Protein Resource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608183902/http://www.expasy.uniprot.org/">Arhivirano</a> 2008-06-08 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextprot.org/">neXtProt – Exploring the universe of human proteins</a>: human-centric protein knowledge resource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proteinspire.org/MOPED/mopedviews/mopedAbout.jsf/">Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database: MOPED</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022042926/https://www.proteinspire.org/MOPED/mopedviews/mopedAbout.jsf">Arhivirano</a> 2014-10-22 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> human and model organism protein/gene knowledge and expression data</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556873">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Biomolekularne_strukture-lat" title="Šablon:Biomolekularne strukture-lat"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";background:lightblue;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Biomolekularne_strukture-lat" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Biomolekularne strukture-lat"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:lightblue;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Biomolekularne_strukture-lat&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";background:lightblue;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biomolekularne_strukture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">Biomolekularne strukture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Proteinska_struktura" title="Proteinska struktura">Proteinska struktura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white; line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina" title="Primarna struktura proteina">Primarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">Sekundarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Tercijarna_struktura_proteina" title="Tercijarna struktura proteina">Tercijarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Kvaternarna_struktura_proteina" title="Kvaternarna struktura proteina">Kvaternarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Proteinska_struktura#Određivanje_strukture_proteina" title="Proteinska struktura">Određivanje</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Predvi%C4%91anje_strukture_proteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Predviđanje strukture proteina">Predviđanje</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Dizajn_proteina" title="Dizajn proteina">Dizajn</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Proteinsko_savijanje" title="Proteinsko savijanje">Termodinamika</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Struktura_nukleinske_kiseline" class="mw-redirect" title="Struktura nukleinske kiseline">Struktura nukleinske kiseline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white; line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sekvenca_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Sekvenca nukleinskih kiselina">Primarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Sekundarna struktura nukleinskih kiselina">Sekundarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Tercijarna_struktura_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Tercijarna struktura nukleinskih kiselina">Tercijarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Kvaternarna_struktura_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Kvaternarna struktura nukleinskih kiselina">Kvaternarna</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Odre%C4%91ivanje_strukture_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Određivanje strukture nukleinskih kiselina">Određivanje</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Predvi%C4%91anje_strukture_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Predviđanje strukture nukleinskih kiselina">Predviđanje</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Dizajn_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Dizajn nukleinskih kiselina">Dizajn</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika_nukleinskih_kiselina" class="mw-redirect" title="Termodinamika nukleinskih kiselina">Termodinamika</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;">Vidi isto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white; line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protein</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Proteinski_domen" title="Proteinski domen">Proteinski domen</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Proteinsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Proteinsko inženjerstvo">Proteinsko inženjerstvo</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Nukleinske_kiseline" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleinske kiseline">Nukleinske kiseline</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/RNK" title="RNK">RNK</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Dvostruki_heliks_nukleinske_kiseline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvostruki heliks nukleinske kiseline">Dvostruki heliks nukleinske kiseline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proteini" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556979"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556873"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Proteinske_teme-lat" title="Šablon:Proteinske teme-lat"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Proteinske_teme-lat" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Proteinske teme-lat"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Proteinske_teme-lat&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proteini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proteini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Procesi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Proteinska_biosinteza" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteinska biosinteza">Proteinska biosinteza</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Posttranslaciona_modifikacija" title="Posttranslaciona modifikacija">Posttranslaciona modifikacija</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Proteinsko_sklapanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteinsko sklapanje">Proteinsko sklapanje</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Proteinsko_sortiranje" title="Proteinsko sortiranje">Proteinsko sortiranje</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Proteom" title="Proteom">Proteom</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Proteinske_metode" title="Proteinske metode">Proteinske metode</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Strukture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Proteinska_struktura" title="Proteinska struktura">Proteinska struktura</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Proteinski_domen" title="Proteinski domen">Proteinski strukturni domeni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Proteazom" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteazom">Proteazom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Tipovi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Spisak_tipova_proteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak tipova proteina">Spisak tipova proteina</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Membranski_protein" title="Membranski protein">Membranski protein</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Globularni_protein" title="Globularni protein">Globularni protein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">Globulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">Albumin</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Skleroprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Skleroprotein">Fibrozni protein</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija">Biohemijske</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Metabolizam-lat" title="Šablon:Metabolizam-lat">familije</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Ugljeni_hidrati-lat" class="mw-redirect" title="Šablon:Ugljeni hidrati-lat">Ugljeni hidrati</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Glikozidi-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Glikozidi-lat (stranica ne postoji)">Glikozidi</a>,<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Alkoholi-lat" title="Šablon:Alkoholi-lat">Alkoholi</a>) •  <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Lipidi-lat" title="Šablon:Lipidi-lat">Lipidi</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Holesterol_i_steroidni_intermedijari-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Holesterol i steroidni intermedijari-lat (stranica ne postoji)">Steroidi</a>,<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Fosfolipidi-lat" title="Šablon:Fosfolipidi-lat">Fosfolipidi</a>,<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Sfingolipidi-lat" title="Šablon:Sfingolipidi-lat">Glikolipidi</a>,<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Masne_kiseline-lat" title="Šablon:Masne kiseline-lat">Masne kiseline</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Tetrapiroli-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Tetrapiroli-lat (stranica ne postoji)">Tetrapiroli</a>) •  <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Proteinske_teme-lat" title="Šablon:Proteinske teme-lat">Proteini</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Aminokiseline-lat" title="Šablon:Aminokiseline-lat">Aminokiseline</a>,<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Peptidi-lat" class="mw-redirect" title="Šablon:Peptidi-lat">Peptidi</a>,<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Glikoproteini-lat" title="Šablon:Glikoproteini-lat">Glikoproteini</a>) •  <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Nukleobaze,_nukleozidi,_i_nukleotidi-lat" title="Šablon:Nukleobaze, nukleozidi, i nukleotidi-lat">Nukleobaze</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Nukleinske_kiseline-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Nukleinske kiseline-lat (stranica ne postoji)">Nukleinske kiseline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556979"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556873"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Šablon:Sekundarna struktura proteina"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";background:#e7dcc3;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Sekundarna struktura proteina"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:#e7dcc3;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Sekundarna_struktura_proteina&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";background:#e7dcc3;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">Sekundarna struktura proteina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Sekundarna_struktura_proteina" title="Sekundarna struktura proteina">Sekundarna struktura proteina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heliks" title="Heliks">Heliksi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alfa_heliks" title="Alfa heliks">α-heliks</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/310_heliks" title="310 heliks">3<sub>10</sub> heliks</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Pi_heliks" title="Pi heliks">π-heliks</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Beta_heliks" title="Beta heliks">β-heliks</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Poliprolinski_heliks" title="Poliprolinski heliks">Poliprolinski heliks</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Kolagenski_heliks" title="Kolagenski heliks">Kolagenski heliks</a> <p>Ispružena: <a href="/wiki/Beta_ravan" title="Beta ravan">β-ravan</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Okret_(biohemija)" title="Okret (biohemija)">Okret</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Beta_ukosnica" title="Beta ukosnica">Beta ukosnica</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Beta_izbo%C4%8Dina" title="Beta izbočina">Beta izbočina</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alfa_ravan" title="Alfa ravan">α-ravan</a> </p> Supersekundarna: <a href="/wiki/Upredena_zavojnica" title="Upredena zavojnica">Upredena zavojnica</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Heliks-okret-heliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliks-okret-heliks">Heliks-okret-heliks</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/EF_ruka" title="EF ruka">EF ruka</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">Aminokiseline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Favorizuju heliks: <a href="/wiki/Metionin" title="Metionin">Metionin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Alanin" title="Alanin">Alanin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Leucin" title="Leucin">Leucin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Glutaminska_kiselina" title="Glutaminska kiselina">Glutaminska kiselina</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Glutamin" title="Glutamin">Glutamin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Lizin" title="Lizin">Lizin</a> <p>Favorizuju izdužene strukture: <a href="/wiki/Treonin" title="Treonin">Treonin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Izoleucin" title="Izoleucin">Izoleucin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Valin" title="Valin">Valin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Fenilalanin" title="Fenilalanin">Fenilalanin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Tirozin" title="Tirozin">Tirozin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Triptofan" title="Triptofan">Triptofan</a> </p><p>Favorizuju neuređene strukture: <a href="/wiki/Glicin" title="Glicin">Glicin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Serin" title="Serin">Serin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Prolin" title="Prolin">Prolin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Asparagin" title="Asparagin">Asparagin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Asparaginska_kiselina" title="Asparaginska kiselina">Asparaginska kiselina</a> </p> Bez preferencije: <a href="/wiki/Cistein" title="Cistein">Cistein</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin">Histidin</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Arginin" title="Arginin">Arginin</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><div><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Primarna_struktura_proteina" title="Primarna struktura proteina">← Primarna struktura</a></div><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tercijarna_struktura_proteina" title="Tercijarna struktura proteina">Tercijarna struktura →</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proteini:_enzimi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556979"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556873"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Enzimi" title="Šablon:Enzimi"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Enzimi" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Enzimi"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Enzimi&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proteini:_enzimi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proteini</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Teme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aktivno_mesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktivno mesto">Aktivno mesto</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alosterna_regulacija" title="Alosterna regulacija">Alosterna regulacija</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Mesto_vezivanja" title="Mesto vezivanja">Mesto vezivanja</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Kataliti%C4%8Dki_perfektan_enzim" title="Katalitički perfektan enzim">Katalitički perfektan enzim</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biohemija)" title="Kofaktor (biohemija)">Koenzim</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biohemija)" title="Kofaktor (biohemija)">Kofaktor</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Kooperativnost_(biohemija)" title="Kooperativnost (biohemija)">Kooperativnost</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Klasifikacija_enzima" title="Klasifikacija enzima">EC broj</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Enzimska_kataliza" title="Enzimska kataliza">Enzimska kataliza</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Inhibicija_enzimskih_reakcija" title="Inhibicija enzimskih reakcija">Inhibicija enzima</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Enzimska_kinetika" title="Enzimska kinetika">Enzimska kinetika</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Lajnviver-Burk_dijagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lajnviver-Burk dijagram">Lajnviver–Burk dijagram</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Mihaelis-Mentenina_kinetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihaelis-Mentenina kinetika">Mihaelis–Mentenova kinetika</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Spisak_enzima" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak enzima">Spisak enzima</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Tipovi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktaza" title="Oksidoreduktaza">Oksidoreduktaze</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/Spisak_EC_brojeva_(EC_1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak EC brojeva (EC 1)">spisak</a>  •  <b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferaza" title="Transferaza">Transferaze</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/Spisak_EC_brojeva_(EC_2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak EC brojeva (EC 2)">spisak</a>  •  <b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hidrolaza" title="Hidrolaza">Hidrolaze</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/Spisak_EC_brojeva_(EC_3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak EC brojeva (EC 3)">spisak</a>  •  <b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lijaza" title="Lijaza">Lijaze</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/Spisak_EC_brojeva_(EC_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak EC brojeva (EC 4)">spisak</a>  •  <b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Izomeraza" title="Izomeraza">Izomeraze</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/Spisak_EC_brojeva_(EC_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak EC brojeva (EC 5)">spisak</a>  •  <b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligaza">Ligaze</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/Spisak_EC_brojeva_(EC_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisak EC brojeva (EC 6)">spisak</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Biohemija_metanavs-lat" title="Šablon:Biohemija metanavs-lat">B</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Enzimi-lat" class="mw-redirect" title="Šablon:Enzimi-lat">enzm</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Alkoholne_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Alkoholne oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">1.1</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Aldehid/Okso_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Aldehid/Okso oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">2</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:CH-CH_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:CH-CH oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">3</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:CH-NH2_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:CH-NH2 oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">4</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:CH-NH_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:CH-NH oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">5</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:NADH_ili_NADPH_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:NADH ili NADPH oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">6</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Azotni_donor_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Azotni donor oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">7</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Sumporne_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Sumporne oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">8</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Difenolna_familija_oksidoreduktaza-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Difenolna familija oksidoreduktaza-lat (stranica ne postoji)">10</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Peroksidaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Peroksidaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">11</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Monooksigenaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Monooksigenaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">13</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Dioksigenaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Dioksigenaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">14</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Druge_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Druge oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">15-18</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Jedan_ugljenik_transferaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Jedan ugljenik transferaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">2.1</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Aldehid-keton_transferaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Aldehid-keton transferaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">2</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Aciltransferaze-lat" class="mw-redirect" title="Šablon:Aciltransferaze-lat">3</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Glikoziltransferaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Glikoziltransferaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">4</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Alkil_i_aril_transferaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Alkil i aril transferaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">5</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Azotne_transferaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Azotne transferaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">6</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Kinaze-lat" title="Šablon:Kinaze-lat">7</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Sumpor-sadr%C5%BEavaju%C4%87e-grupe_transferaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Sumpor-sadržavajuće-grupe transferaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Tirozinske_kinaze-lat" title="Šablon:Tirozinske kinaze-lat">2.7.10</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Serin/treonin_specifi%C4%8Dne_proteinske_kinaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Serin/treonin specifične proteinske kinaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">2.7.11-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Esteraze-lat" title="Šablon:Esteraze-lat">3.1</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:%C5%A0e%C4%87erne_hidrolaze-lat" title="Šablon:Šećerne hidrolaze-lat">2</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Etarska_veza_hidrolaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Etarska veza hidrolaze (stranica ne postoji)">3</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Proteaze" class="mw-redirect" title="Šablon:Proteaze">4</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-azot_ne-peptidne_hidrolaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-azot ne-peptidne hidrolaze (stranica ne postoji)">5</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Hidrolaze_kiselinskih_anhidrida-lat" title="Šablon:Hidrolaze kiselinskih anhidrida-lat">6</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-ugljenik_hidrolaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-ugljenik hidrolaze (stranica ne postoji)">7</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Proteinske_tirozinske_fosfataze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Proteinske tirozinske fosfataze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">3.1.3.48</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Serinske_endopeptidaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Serinske endopeptidaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">3.4.21</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Cisteinske_proteaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Cisteinske proteaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">22</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Proteaze_asparaginske_kiseline-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Proteaze asparaginske kiseline-lat (stranica ne postoji)">23</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Metaloendopeptidaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Metaloendopeptidaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">24</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-ugljenik_liaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-ugljenik liaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">4.1</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-kiseonik_liaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-kiseonik liaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">2</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-azot_liaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-azot liaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">3</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-sumpor_liaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-sumpor liaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">4</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-halid_liaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-halid liaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">5</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Fosfor-kiseonik_liaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Fosfor-kiseonik liaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Racemaze_i_epimeraze-lat" title="Šablon:Racemaze i epimeraze-lat">5.1</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Geometrijske_izomeraze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Geometrijske izomeraze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">2</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Intramolekularne_oksidoreduktaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Intramolekularne oksidoreduktaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">3</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Mutaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Mutaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">4</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Topoizomeraze-lat" title="Šablon:Topoizomeraze-lat">99</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ligaze_CO_CS_i_CN-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ligaze CO CS i CN-lat (stranica ne postoji)">6.1-3</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ugljenik-ugljenik_ligaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ugljenik-ugljenik ligaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">4</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Fosforni_estar_i_azot-metal_ligaze-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Fosforni estar i azot-metal ligaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">5-6</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Endokrini_sistem:_hormoni_(Peptidni_hormoni_•_Steroidni_hormoni)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556979"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556873"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Hormoni-lat" title="Šablon:Hormoni-lat"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Hormoni-lat" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Hormoni-lat"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Hormoni-lat&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Endokrini_sistem:_hormoni_(Peptidni_hormoni_•_Steroidni_hormoni)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Endokrini_sistem" title="Endokrini sistem">Endokrini sistem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormon">hormoni</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Peptidni_hormon" title="Peptidni hormon">Peptidni hormoni</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Steroidni_hormon" title="Steroidni hormon">Steroidni hormoni</a></i>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endokrine_%C5%BElezde" class="mw-redirect" title="Endokrine žlezde">Endokrine<br />žlezde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hipotalamusno-hipofizni" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hipotalamusno-hipofizni_hormon" title="Hipotalamusno-hipofizni hormon">Hipotalamusno-<br />hipofizni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">Hipotalamus</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-osloba%C4%91aju%C4%87i_hormon" title="Gonadotropin-oslobađajući hormon">GnRH</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Tireotropin_osloba%C4%91aju%C4%87i_hormon" title="Tireotropin oslobađajući hormon">TRH</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">Dopamin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Kortikotropin-osloba%C4%91aju%C4%87i_hormon" title="Kortikotropin-oslobađajući hormon">CRH</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Hormon_faktora_rasta" title="Hormon faktora rasta">GHRH</a>/<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Melanin-koncentriraju%C4%87i_hormon" title="Melanin-koncentrirajući hormon">Melanin-koncentrirajući hormon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Posteriorna_hipofiza" title="Posteriorna hipofiza">Posteriorno hipofizni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antidiuretski_hormon" title="Antidiuretski hormon">Vazopresin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Oksitocin" title="Oksitocin">Oksitocin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Anteriorna_hipofiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Anteriorna hipofiza">Anteriorno hipfizni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Horionski_gonadotropin_alfa" title="Horionski gonadotropin alfa">α</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folikulostimuli%C5%A1u%C4%87i_hormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Folikulostimulišući hormon">FSH</a> <a href="/wiki/FSHB" class="mw-redirect" title="FSHB">FSHB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luteiniziraju%C4%87i_hormon" title="Luteinizirajući hormon">LH</a> <a href="/wiki/Beta_polipeptid_luteiniziraju%C4%87eg_hormona" title="Beta polipeptid luteinizirajućeg hormona">LHB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tireostimuli%C5%A1u%C4%87i_hormon" title="Tireostimulišući hormon">TSH</a> <a href="/wiki/TSHB" class="mw-redirect" title="TSHB">TSHB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horionski_gonadotropin_alfa" title="Horionski gonadotropin alfa">CGA</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin">Prolaktin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanokortin" title="Proopiomelanokortin">POMC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kortikotropinu-sli%C4%8Dan_intermedijarni_peptid" title="Kortikotropinu-sličan intermedijarni peptid">CLIP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenokortikotropni_hormon" title="Adrenokortikotropni hormon">ACTH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanotropin" title="Melanotropin">MSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endorfin" title="Endorfin">Endorfini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Hormon_rasta" title="Hormon rasta">GH</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hipotalamusno-hipofizno-nadbubre%C5%BEna_osovina" title="Hipotalamusno-hipofizno-nadbubrežna osovina">Nadbubrežna osovina</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b> <a href="/wiki/Nadbubre%C5%BEna_%C5%BElezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadbubrežna žlezda">Nadbubrežni korteks</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Aldosteron" title="Aldosteron">aldosteron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol">kortizol</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Dehidroepiandrosteron" title="Dehidroepiandrosteron">DHEA</a><br /><b> <a href="/wiki/Nadbubre%C5%BEna_%C5%BElezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadbubrežna žlezda">Nadbubrežna medula</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Epinefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinefrin">epinefrin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Norepinefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinefrin">norepinefrin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hipotalamusno-hipofizno-tiroidna_osovina" title="Hipotalamusno-hipofizno-tiroidna osovina">Tiroidna osovina</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0titasta_%C5%BElezda" title="Štitasta žlezda">Štitasta žlezda</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiroidni_hormon" title="Tiroidni hormon">tiroidni hormon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trijodotironin" title="Trijodotironin">T<sub>3</sub></a> i <a href="/wiki/Tiroidni_hormon" title="Tiroidni hormon">T<sub>4</sub></a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin">kalcitonin</a><br /><b> <a href="/wiki/Para%C5%A1titna_%C5%BElezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraštitna žlezda">Paraštitna žlezda</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Paratiroidni_hormon" title="Paratiroidni hormon">PTH</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hipotalamusno-hipofizno-gonadalna_osovina" title="Hipotalamusno-hipofizno-gonadalna osovina">Gonadalna osovina</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Testis" title="Testis">Testis</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Testosteron" title="Testosteron">testosteron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Antimilerijanski_hormon" title="Antimilerijanski hormon">AMH</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Aktivin_i_inhibin" title="Aktivin i inhibin">inhibin</a> <p><b> <a href="/wiki/Jajnici" title="Jajnici">Jajnici</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron">progesteron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Aktivin_i_inhibin" title="Aktivin i inhibin">aktivin i inhibin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Relaksin" title="Relaksin">relaksin</a> (trudnoća) </p> <b> <a href="/wiki/Posteljica" title="Posteljica">Posteljica</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Humani_horionski_gonadotropin" title="Humani horionski gonadotropin">hCG</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Ljudski_placentalni_laktogen" title="Ljudski placentalni laktogen">HPL</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron">progesteron</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Druge endokrine<br />žlezde</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas">Pankreas</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Glukagon" title="Glukagon">glukagon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Insulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin">insulin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Amilin" title="Amilin">amilin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Pankreasni_polipeptid" title="Pankreasni polipeptid">pankreasni polipeptid</a> <b> <a href="/wiki/Epifiza" title="Epifiza">Epifiza</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neendokrine<br />žlezde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Timus" title="Timus">Timus</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Timozin" title="Timozin">Timozin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timozin_%CE%B11" title="Timozin α1">Timozin α1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_timozin" title="Beta timozin">Timozin beta</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Timopoietin" title="Timopoietin">Timopoietin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Timulin" title="Timulin">Timulin</a> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Varenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenje">Organi za varenje</a>:</i> <b> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeludac" title="Želudac">Želudac</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">gastrin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Grelin" title="Grelin">grelin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <b> <a href="/wiki/Dvanaestopala%C4%8Dno_crevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvanaestopalačno crevo">Duodenum</a>: </b> <a href="/wiki/Holecistokinin" title="Holecistokinin">CCK</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Gastri%C4%8Dni_inhibitorni_polipeptid" title="Gastrični inhibitorni polipeptid">GIP</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Sekretin" title="Sekretin">sekretin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">motilin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Vazoaktivni_intestinalni_peptid" title="Vazoaktivni intestinalni peptid">VIP</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <b> <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>: </b> <a href="/wiki/Enteroglukagon" title="Enteroglukagon">enteroglukagon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span><a href="/wiki/Peptid_YY" title="Peptid YY">peptid YY</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra">Jetra</a>/</b>drugi: <a href="/wiki/Insulinu_sli%C4%8Dan_faktor_rasta" title="Insulinu sličan faktor rasta">Insulinu-sličan faktor rasta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Insulinu_sli%C4%8Dan_faktor_rasta_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulinu sličan faktor rasta 1">IGF-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulinu_sli%C4%8Dan_faktor_rasta_2" title="Insulinu sličan faktor rasta 2">IGF-2</a>) </p><p><b> <a href="/wiki/Adipozno_tkivo" title="Adipozno tkivo">Adipozno tkivo</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Leptin_(hormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptin (hormon)">leptin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Adiponektin" title="Adiponektin">adiponektin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Rezistin" title="Rezistin">rezistin</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Skeletni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletni sistem">Skeleton</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Osteokalcin" title="Osteokalcin">Osteokalcin</a> </p><p><b> <a href="/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg">Bubreg</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Jukstaglomerularni_aparat" title="Jukstaglomerularni aparat">JGA</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <i>peritubularne ćelije</i> (<a href="/wiki/Eritropoietin" title="Eritropoietin">EPO</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Kalcitriol" title="Kalcitriol">kalcitriol</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> </p> <b> <a href="/wiki/Srce" title="Srce">Srce</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Natriuretski_peptid" title="Natriuretski peptid">Natriuretski peptid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atriopeptin" title="Atriopeptin">ANP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_natriuretski_peptid" title="Moždani natriuretski peptid">BNP</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Medicina_navs-lat" title="Šablon:Medicina navs-lat">M</a>: <a href="/wiki/Endokrini_sistem" title="Endokrini sistem">END</a> </p> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:white;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Anatomija_endokrinog_sistema-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Anatomija endokrinog sistema-lat (stranica ne postoji)">anat</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Endokrinolo%C5%A1ka_fiziologija-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Endokrinološka fiziologija-lat (stranica ne postoji)">phys</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Embriologija_glave_i_vrata-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Embriologija glave i vrata-lat (stranica ne postoji)">devp</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Hormoni-lat" title="Šablon:Hormoni-lat">horm</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ljudska_vrste_%C4%87elija_koje_poti%C4%8Du_prvenstveno_iz_endoderma-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ljudska vrste ćelija koje potiču prvenstveno iz endoderma-lat (stranica ne postoji)">cell</a> </p> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:silver;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Endokrina_patologija-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Endokrina patologija-lat (stranica ne postoji)">noco</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Dijabetes-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Dijabetes-lat (stranica ne postoji)">d</a>)/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Kongenitalni_endokrini_poreme%C4%87aji-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Kongenitalni endokrini poremećaji-lat (stranica ne postoji)">cong</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Neoplazija_endokrine_%C5%BElezde-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Neoplazija endokrine žlezde-lat (stranica ne postoji)">tumr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Simptomi_ishrane,_metabolizma_i_razvoja-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Simptomi ishrane, metabolizma i razvoja-lat (stranica ne postoji)">sysi</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Eponimni_medicinski_znaci_za_endokrinologiju,_ishranu,_i_metabolizam-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Eponimni medicinski znaci za endokrinologiju, ishranu, i metabolizam-lat (stranica ne postoji)">epon</a> </p> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Procedure_endokrinog_sistema-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Procedure endokrinog sistema-lat (stranica ne postoji)">proc</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_kod_A" title="ATC kod A">lek</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Oralni_hipoglicemski_i_insulinski_analozi-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Oralni hipoglicemski i insulinski analozi-lat (stranica ne postoji)">A10</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Hipofizni_i_hipotalamusni_hormoni_i_analozi-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Hipofizni i hipotalamusni hormoni i analozi-lat (stranica ne postoji)">H1</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Kortikosteroidi-lat" title="Šablon:Kortikosteroidi-lat">H2</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Tiroidna_terapija-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Tiroidna terapija-lat (stranica ne postoji)">H3</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Kalcijumska_homeostaza-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Kalcijumska homeostaza-lat (stranica ne postoji)">H5</a>) </p> 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