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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Associated companies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_companies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associated companies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vetus_Investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vetus_Investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vetus Investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vetus_Investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_shadow_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_shadow_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Russian shadow fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_shadow_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delivery_of_Rosneft_products_to_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery_of_Rosneft_products_to_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Delivery of Rosneft products to Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">2Rivers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2Rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2Rivers.jpg/220px-2Rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2Rivers.jpg/330px-2Rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/2Rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">Commodity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Oil & Gas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">2010<span class="noprint">; 14 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Tahir Garayev</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of locations</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide (with a focus on Russia)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Etibar Eyyub<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Talat Safarov</li><li>Anar Madatli</li><li>Ahmed Kerimov<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Energy & Commodities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Shipping & Chartering</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shadow_fleet" title="Shadow fleet">Shadow fleet</a><sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Pura Vida Holding Limited, UAE.<sup id="cite_ref-gordon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">300+ (as of October 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2rivers-group.com">2rivers-group<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>2Rivers</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly <b>Coral Energy</b>, is a Dubai-based oil trading company engaged in the sale and export of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Russian crude oil and petroleum products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2Rivers was founded by <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> citizen Tahir Gadir oghlu Garayev (Tahir Garayev) in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2Rivers, according to journalistic investigations, has a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sechin" title="Igor Sechin">Igor Sechin</a><sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2022, 2Rivers has quietly grown to become the largest trader circumventing <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_crude_oil_price_cap_sanctions" title="2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions">Western sanctions on Russian crude and petroleum exports</a>, mainly from Rosneft.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2Rivers operates through a web of companies that appear to be unaffiliated, but are controlled by the 2Rivers’ executive team. This includes dozens of trading companies established in the DMCC freezone of the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, as well as ship management and operations companies.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, 2Rivers – at that time Coral Energy – was based in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the invasion, 2Rivers moved its headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> and has offices in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company announced that it closed its <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> office in 2022, however, investigations concluded that the company continues to manage an office there under a different name.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report from <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> in early 2024 reported that Coral Energy controls at least 100 vessels through seemingly unaffiliated shell companies.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include Gatik Ship Management, Gaurik Ship Management, and Buena Vista Shipping. At least five of these vessels have been sanctioned by the UK and EU.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vessels continue to carry crude and petroleum products purchased by 2Rivers trading companies in violation of Western sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2Rivers Group (Coral Energy) was founded by Tahir Garayev in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to market sources, 2Rivers most likely has ties to the functionaries of the ruling elite of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enkorr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enkorr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etibar Eyyub, Azerbaijani citizen, is the main point of contact between 2Rivers and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sechin" title="Igor Sechin">Igor Sechin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintains a close relationship with Garayev and is instrumental in directing 2Rivers’ activities, but does not have an official ownership stake on paper.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the end of 2023, Garayev owned 100% of 2Rivers (then Coral Energy) through a complex corporate structure. Garayev owned 100% of Novus Middle East DMCC (UAE), which controlled 100% of Vetus Investments Limited (UAE).<sup id="cite_ref-gordon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vetus Investments then controlled 100% of Coral Energy. According to international investigations, under the growing pressure on the company to circumvent the latest sanctions, Garaev transferred 60% of the shares of Novus Middle East DMCC to the company Pura Vida Holding Limited (UAE),<sup id="cite_ref-gordon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> secured by the current management of 2Rivers: Talat Safarov (45%), Ahmed Kerimov (35%) and Anar Madatli (20%). At the beginning of 2024, CEO Talat Safarov, CFO Ahmed Kerimov, and CCO Anar Madatli (Azerbaijani nationals and UAE residents) completed the purchase of Garayev's remaining shares.<sup id="cite_ref-censor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garayev continues to exercise control over 2Rivers, despite not owning the company on paper. Anar Madatli is also Tahir Garayev’s brother-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-censor_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to available information, the company is under the close scrutiny of <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">US authorities</a>, which contributed to the change in ownership and the trader's name.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, active UK and EU sanctions against Gatik Ship Management foreshadow near term actions by those authorities against 2Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enkorr_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enkorr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_companies">Associated companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Associated companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2Rivers group of companies includes US-sanctioned Bellatrix Energy<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and US-sanctioned Voliton DMCC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another company that shared directors with Coral Energy is Nord Axis<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was established on 15 February 2022 (9 days prior to Russia's invasion of Ukraine).<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nord Axis was used by Coral (now 2Rivers) to purchase <a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a>’s 10% holding which was valued at EUR 7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2023, Kerimov denied that Coral Energy had any associations to Nord Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Company filings for Nord Axis showed that Adalat Kazimili was the sole owner of Nord Axis in May 2022. Kazimili was also registered as an official representative of Coral Energy Turkey in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Nord Axis was operated by Etibar Eyyub who worked for Coral Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other companies associated to 2Rivers include Novus Middle East DMCC, Vetus Investments Limited, Apeiron Energy DMCC, Pontus Trading DMCC, Polar Energy SA, Matterhorn Group FZE and Alpen Energy LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novus Middle East was used to purchase the Karimun oil storage terminal in southern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vetus_Investments">Vetus Investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vetus Investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2022 published analytical report by <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>, between 2014 and 2015, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gutseriev" title="Mikhail Gutseriev">Mikhail Gutseriev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Shamalov" title="Kirill Shamalov">Kirill Shamalov</a> (Putin’s former son-in-law) was involved in a Czech-Russian money-laundering scheme used for transfers of illicit funds from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vetus_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vetus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech citizen, Taras Moroz, who serves a director of Czech-based Vetus Investments S.R.O.—a subsidiary of 2Rivers/Coral Energy’s holding company Vetus Investments—also appeared in corporate records of several Czech shell companies used by Gutseriev and Shamalov in their money laudering structure.<sup id="cite_ref-vetus_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vetus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizers of the scheme concluded fictitious contracts for the purchase of Eurobonds between Czech and Russian companies, subsequently entering intoarbitral proceedings and influencing the decision of the commercial arbitration court in order to effectuate a transfer of illicit funds.<sup id="cite_ref-vetus_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vetus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Coral purchased a cargo from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gutseriev" title="Mikhail Gutseriev">Mikhail Gutseriev</a>, in violation of UK and EU sanctions at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_shadow_fleet">Russian shadow fleet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian shadow fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A report from <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> in early 2024 reported that 2Rivers owns a large part of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Shadow_fleet" title="Shadow fleet">shadow fleet</a>, with at least 100 vessels, transporting Russian crude, <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">petroleum products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WSJ writes that the founder of the company, Tahir Garayev, speaks for the shadow fleet and the shadow traders who operate on behalf of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sechin" title="Igor Sechin">Igor Sechin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 October, the UK sanctioned 4 of the 2Rivers vessels (managed by Gatik Ship Management): VARUNA (IMO 9332810) ; SAI BABA (IMO 9321691) ; ARTEMIS (IMO 9317949) ; ANTAEUS (IMO 9299733).<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> investigation found that the vessel, JAGUAR (IMO 9293002) which was managed by Gatik Ship Management, carried crude for Voliton DMCC, a Coral/2Rivers shell trading company that was sanctioned by the US on 20 December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, based on research reports from the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_School_of_Economics" title="Kyiv School of Economics">Kyiv School of Economics</a> (KSE) Institute, Russia has increased the capacity of its dark tanker fleet by up to 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2024, 70% of Russian crude oil will already be transported by a shadow fleet, which will provide 89% of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> exports and 38% of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">petroleum product</a> exports by sea, which allows Russia to bypass sanctions. A significant portion of these vessels are owned and operated by a number of shell companies in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and other jurisdictions. According to investigations, these companies are controlled by the founder of 2Rivers/Coral Energy, Tahir Garayev, and Etibar Eyyub.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 9, 2024, Vladislav Vlasiuk, Ukrainian Commissioner for Sanctions Policy and Special Advisory to President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> confirmed that one of the largest transport companies that helps the Russian Federation export oil is 2Rivers/Coral Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-zn_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>2Rivers/Coral Energy complete false documents for transactions, conduct transfers in the open sea to avoid being seen, and also have offshore bank accounts in order to capture energy sales from the Russian Federation itself. The DMCC freezone in the UAE is the primary location from which 2Rivers operates their shadow network.<sup id="cite_ref-zn_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vladislav Vlasiuk</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trading">Trading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2Rivers is involved in the global crude oil and product trading business. The company trades a number of oil and oil-derived products including: <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, VGO, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">middle distillates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2Rivers (formerly Coral) operates two silos — a “red team” that buys Russian crude and petroleum products (much of which is above the price cap) and a “blue team” that are Western-facing companies purporting to not have any involvement with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, 2Rivers/Coral Energy has managed to keep Western financing for its activities, while it has also continued to trade illicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022, Coral Energy became <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s top fuel oil supplier.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delivery_of_Rosneft_products_to_Ukraine">Delivery of Rosneft products to Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delivery of Rosneft products to Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 2021, Coral Energy replaced Proton Energy Group S.A. as the supplier of <a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a> products to Ukraine. Rosneft had previously contracted with Geneva-based Proton Energy, a company associated with <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Medvedchuk" title="Viktor Medvedchuk">Viktor Medvedchuk</a>, an exiled Ukrainian oligarch who was a key supporter of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikalai_Varabei" title="Mikalai Varabei">Mikalai Varabei</a> (also known as Nicolay Vorobei), to transport these exports to Ukraine via pipeline; however, Proton Energy terminated its trading operations in 2021 due increased risk of sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-epravda_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epravda-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US government sanctioned Varabei in August 2021 for aiding the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Belarusian regime</a> through his oil trading business in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and Medvedchuk in 2014 for his ties to former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych. The EU sanctioned Varabei in December 2020 and Medvedchuk in May 2024. </p><p>The operator of 2Rivers/Coral Energy Group in Ukraine is Alpen Trade, a company that Tahir Garayev founded in 2016. Together with the State Register of the Russian Federation, the authority of Alpen Trade, Safarov Javid Mursal Ogli is the current director.<sup id="cite_ref-epravda_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epravda-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to taking over Medvedchuk’s Rosneft contract into Ukraine, 2Rivers also acquired the Latvian B.L.B. Baltijas Terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-latvia_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latvia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>-based Lostrita Investments is the beneficial owner of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>-based Venta Energy Services SIA. Venta Energy Services, which operates the B.L.B. Baltijas Terminal, is owned by Kamran Asgarov. 2Rivers’ controls the Latvia-based oil export terminal through an associated partnership, Venta Energy Services.<sup id="cite_ref-latvia_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latvia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asgarov, as well as 2Rivers executives Ahmad Kerimov and Talat Safarov are listed as officers of Lostrita Investments. </p><p>Separately, in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a> city court froze assets belonging to both 2Rivers/Coral Energy and its subsidiary Apeiron Energy after they were found to have illegally imported jet fuel into Ukraine from Russia (Case № 344/7508/22). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_oil_trading">Russian oil trading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russian oil trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a> wound down its relationship with <a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a> in 2022, Rosneft asked Coral Energy to take Trafigura's place.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, Coral Energy outbid China's <a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a> for the purchase of Russian Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean <b>(</b>ESPO) crude oil cargoes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022, Coral Energy bought 121,000 barrels of Russian crude oil a day from <a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, Coral Energy were linked to the use of <a href="/wiki/Shadow_fleet" title="Shadow fleet">Shadow fleet</a> vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, it was reported that Coral Energy were re-selling Russian oil in several countries across <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, Etibar Eyyub, together with his partner Tahir Garayev, were reported to be the traders of 80% of all Russian oil exports, including Rosneft's.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refineries_and_future_production">Refineries and future production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Refineries and future production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, Trafigura sold its 10% share in the Vostok oil project to Etibar Eyyub and his company Nord Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported in 2023 that Coral Energy was assigned a prepayment and off take agreement with <a href="/wiki/Nayara_Energy" title="Nayara Energy">Nayara Energy</a> refinery in India (which was 49% owned by Rosneft), that was originally established by Bellatrix Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2024, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> were investigating 2Rivers for breaching sanctions relating to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_oil_price_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oil price cap">Russian oil price cap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tahir Garayev is sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine" title="National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the management buyout, it was reported in September 2024, that Tahir Garayev continues to control 2Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Rivers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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