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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Representation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Representation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_and_provincial_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_and_provincial_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Municipal and provincial government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_and_provincial_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Organisational structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linked_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linked_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Linked organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linked_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>International cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_to_other_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_to_other_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Relationships to other parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_to_other_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Logos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen" title="Politieke Partij Radikalen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politieke Partij Radikalen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_politique_des_radicaux" title="Parti politique des radicaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti politique des radicaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike_Partij_Radikalen" title="Politike Partij Radikalen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Politike Partij Radikalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Politico_dei_Radicali" title="Partito Politico dei Radicali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Politico dei Radicali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen" title="Politieke Partij Radikalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politieke Partij Radikalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen" title="Politieke Partij Radikalen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politieke Partij Radikalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Политическая партия радикалов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая партия радикалов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikala_politiska_partiet" title="Radikala politiska partiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radikala politiska partiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #2C429E; border-bottom:2px solid #2C429E; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Political Party of Radicals</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Politieke Partij Radikalen</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1990.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1990.svg/180px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1990.svg/270px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1990.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Party chair">Chairperson</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bogaers" title="Pieter Bogaers">Pieter Bogaers</a> <br /> (1968–1969) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bram_van_Ojik" title="Bram van Ojik">Bram van Ojik</a> <br /> (1988–1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Aarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Aarden">Jacques Aarden</a> <br /> Pieter Bogaers <br /> <a href="/wiki/Harry_van_Doorn" title="Harry van Doorn">Harry van Doorn</a> <br /> Annie Kessel <br /> Paul Janssen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">27 April 1968<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1968-04-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">31 December 1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1990-12-31</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Catholic People's Party">Catholic People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Politieke Partij Radikalen jongeren</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Think tank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Centrum voor Staatkundige Vorming</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kuitenbrouwer2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuitenbrouwer2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(Netherlands)" title="Rainbow (Netherlands)">Rainbow</a> (1989–1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Group_(1984%E2%80%931989)" title="Rainbow Group (1984–1989)">Rainbow Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2C429E; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dark_blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark blue (color)">Dark blue</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #2C429E;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Netherlands">Politics of Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Netherlands">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Netherlands">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Political Party of Radicals</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Politieke Partij Radikalen</i>, PPR) was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian-radical</a><sup id="cite_ref-parlement.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlement.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voerman1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voerman1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">political party in the Netherlands</a>. The PPR played a relatively small role in Dutch politics and merged with other left-wing parties to form <a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a> in 1991. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1968">Before 1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundation of the PPR is linked to formation of the <a href="/wiki/De_Jong_cabinet" title="De Jong cabinet">De Jong cabinet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a> (CDA). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1967_Dutch_general_election" title="1967 Dutch general election">1967 general election</a>, it became clear that a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> cabinet would be formed by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party" title="Anti-Revolutionary Party">Anti-Revolutionary Party</a> (ARP) and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Historical_Union" title="Christian Historical Union">Christian Historical Union</a> (CHU), the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Catholic People's Party">Catholic People's Party</a> (KVP) and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy</a> (VVD). <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressive</a> forces within the KVP and ARP had hoped for the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> cabinet with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a> (PvdA) without the participation of the CHU and the VVD. </p><p>In March 1967, a group of "regret voters" (ARP members who regretted voting ARP) published an advertisement in the Protestant newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a></i>, aimed at the leadership of the party. They claimed that the left-wing, so called "evangelically radical", ideal of the ARP could not be realised in a cabinet with the VVD. In April, the group began to meet regularly with dissidents from the KVP in the Hotel Americain, which gave the group the name "Americain Group". The group included <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_de_Gaay_Fortman" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman">Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman</a>, prominent ARP politician, his son <a href="/wiki/Bas_de_Gaay_Fortman" title="Bas de Gaay Fortman">Bas de Gaay Fortman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Cals" title="Jo Cals">Jo Cals</a>, former KVP prime minister, and <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a>, member of the KVP and future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">prime minister</a>. In May, the group became a formal organisation, the Working Group Christian Radicals, which was oriented at making their mother parties more progressive. They had some success in the KVP, which was seeking new allies and a new image, after it had lost the <a href="/wiki/1967_Dutch_general_election" title="1967 Dutch general election">1967 general election</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. [The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.] The shield is crowned with the (Dutch) royal crown and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" (French for "I will maintain".)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/150px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/225px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/300px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wet_Algemene_Bepalingen" title="Wet Algemene Bepalingen">Wet Algemene Bepalingen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">King</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Council of Ministers</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_(Netherlands)" title="Minister Plenipotentiary (Netherlands)">Ministers Plenipotentiary</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Aruba" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba">Aruba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Sint Maarten">St. Maarten</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Ministers</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fleur_Agema" title="Fleur Agema">Fleur Agema</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Hermans" title="Sophie Hermans">Sophie Hermans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eddy_van_Hijum" title="Eddy van Hijum">Eddy van Hijum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mona_Keijzer" title="Mona Keijzer">Mona Keijzer</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Netherlands" title="Ministries of the Netherlands">Ministries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Netherlands)" title="President of the Senate (Netherlands)">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Anthonie_Bruijn" title="Jan Anthonie Bruijn">Jan Anthonie Bruijn</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_Senate_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%932027" title="Template:Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027">Current membership</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Historic_composition_of_the_Senate_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historic composition of the Senate of the Netherlands">Historic composition</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bosma" title="Martin Bosma">Martin Bosma</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present" title="List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present">Current membership</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Historic_composition_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historic composition of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands">Historic composition</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_committees_of_the_States_General_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary committees of the States General of the Netherlands">Parliamentary committees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Netherlands" title="Judiciary of the Netherlands">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Netherlands)" title="High Council of State (Netherlands)">High Councils of State</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Council of State">Council of State</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Court_of_Audit" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Court of Audit">Court of Audit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Ombudsman" title="National Ombudsman">National Ombudsman</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_general_election" title="2010 Dutch general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Dutch_general_election" title="2012 Dutch general election">2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Dutch_general_election" title="2017 Dutch general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_general_election" title="2021 Dutch general election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election" title="2023 Dutch general election">2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Dutch_general_election" title="Next Dutch general election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Provincial: <a href="/wiki/2011_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2011 Dutch provincial elections">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2015 Dutch provincial elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2019 Dutch provincial elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2023 Dutch provincial elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Municipal: <a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2010 Dutch municipal elections">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2014 Dutch municipal elections">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2018 Dutch municipal elections">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2022 Dutch municipal elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>European: <a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="1999 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2004</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2024 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Referendums</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/2005_Dutch_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dutch_Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement_referendum" title="2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dutch_Intelligence_and_Security_Services_Act_referendum" title="2018 Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act referendum">2018</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_politicians" title="Category:Dutch politicians">Politicians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Local government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_politics_in_the_Netherlands" title="Provincial politics in the Netherlands">Provincial politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_politics_in_the_Netherlands" title="Municipal politics in the Netherlands">Municipal politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BES_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="BES islands">BES islands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Veldkamp" title="Caspar Veldkamp">Caspar Veldkamp</a><hr /></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_passport" title="Dutch passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Dutch_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Dutch citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_in_the_Caribbean" title="Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean">Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Economic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Economic Council">Social Economic Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In February 1968, the leaders of the KVP, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Schmelzer" title="Norbert Schmelzer">Norbert Schmelzer</a>, ARP, <a href="/wiki/Barend_Biesheuvel" title="Barend Biesheuvel">Barend Biesheuvel</a> and CHU, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jur_Mellema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jur Mellema (page does not exist)">Jur Mellema</a> made a public appearance, stating that the three parties wanted to work together more closely. The cooperation would eventually lead to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a> (CDA) in 1974. With that appearance, the hopes of the Christian Radicals within the KVP that a progressive alliance with the Labour Party would be formed were shattered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968–1977"><span id="1968.E2.80.931977"></span>1968–1977</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1968–1977"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1974_ppr_ov-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/1974_ppr_ov-1.jpg/150px-1974_ppr_ov-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/1974_ppr_ov-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the 1974 elections showing the green nature of the party</figcaption></figure> <p>On 27 April 1968, part of the group of Catholic radicals left the KVP and formed the Political Party of Radicals (PRP).<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin1989_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin1989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent radicals, like Lubbers and Cals, did not join the party. A group of radical KVP MPs led by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Aarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Aarden">Jacques Aarden</a> left the KVP parliamentary party and formed their own group-Aarden, the parliamentary party of the PPR. The party is joined by some prominent "regret-voters" from the ARP, most prominently Bas de Gaay Fortman. </p><p>The party began to cooperate closely with the Labour Party (PvdA), the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a> (D66) and initially with the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a> (PSP) in the so-called Progressive Accords (PAK). The parties proposed common election manifestos and formed the <a href="/wiki/Den_Uyl_shadow_cabinet" title="Den Uyl shadow cabinet">Den Uyl shadow cabinet</a>. The PSP left the alliance before the negotiations ended, because the alliance was not <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> enough. The PPR participated in the <a href="/wiki/1971_Dutch_general_election" title="1971 Dutch general election">1971 general election</a> as part of the PAK. The PPR won only two seats, while the PAK as a whole won only 52 seats, a third of parliament. Jacques Aarden led the party in parliament. Some prominent members left the PPR, because they thought the party had failed. The <a href="/wiki/First_Biesheuvel_cabinet" title="First Biesheuvel cabinet">first Biesheuvel cabinet</a> was formed by the ARP, KVP, CHU, VVD and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_%2770" title="Democratic Socialists '70">Democratic Socialists '70</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1972_Dutch_general_election" title="1972 Dutch general election">1972 general election</a>, the parties tried again. The PAK now won 56 seats and the PPR 7. Former ARP politician <a href="/wiki/Bas_de_Gaay_Fortman" title="Bas de Gaay Fortman">Bas de Gaay Fortman</a> led the party in the elections. A continuation of the first Biesheuvel cabinet, which fell within one year was excluded. The only possibility was a centre-left government with the PAK parties and the Christian democratic parties. The PAK parties refused this possibility and wanted to form a PAK minority cabinet. A compromise was found in the progressive <a href="/wiki/Den_Uyl_cabinet" title="Den Uyl cabinet">Den Uyl cabinet</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">extraparliamentary cabinet</a> comprising PvdA, D66 and PPR and progressive individuals from the ARP and the KVP, including former Radicals such as Lubbers and Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman. The PPR supplied two ministers, <a href="/wiki/Harry_van_Doorn" title="Harry van Doorn">Harry van Doorn</a> as Minister for Culture, Recreation and Social Work, and <a href="/wiki/Boy_Trip" title="Boy Trip">Boy Trip</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without Portfolio</a> for Science, as well as one <a href="/wiki/Staatssecretaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatssecretaris">state secretary</a>, Michel van Hulten, for Transport, Public Works and Water Management. The fact that the PPR was cooperating with the ARP and KVP, which many members of the party had just left, led to considerable upheaval within the party. The party convention adopted a resolution stating that the party would not cooperate with these parties in the next cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977–1989"><span id="1977.E2.80.931989"></span>1977–1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1977–1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPR3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/PPR3.jpg/150px-PPR3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/PPR3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the 1986 elections showing party leader Ria Beckers in front of the 1983 anti-nuclear weapons demonstration</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 1977 elections, Bas de Gaay Fortman was replaced as political leader by <a href="/wiki/Ria_Beckers" title="Ria Beckers">Ria Beckers</a>. The election results were especially disastrous: the party lost four seats. This was attributed to the political competition between PvdA Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Joop den Uyl</a> and his Christian Democrat competitor <a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Dries van Agt</a>, which caused many PPR sympathisers to vote for Den Uyl, and also the anti-KVP/ARP resolution adopted by the convention, which made serious participation in cabinet impossible. </p><p>In 1979, following the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="1979 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">first direct election to the European Parliament</a>, the PRP was involved with the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties</a> (CEGRP) and its unsuccessful efforts to create a single pan-European platform for green and radical politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomberg2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomberg2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, the placement of American <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a> became an important political issue. The PPR was involved in the organisation of national demonstrations against nuclear weapons and more than 80% of the members of the PPR attended one of the two <a href="/wiki/Hollanditis" title="Hollanditis">mass protests against the placement nuclear weapons</a> of 1981 and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party began to debate its political course: some members (known as the Godebald-group) wanted to continue cooperation with the PvdA. Many of the party's founders and former ministers, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Jurgens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Jurgens (page does not exist)">Erik Jurgens</a> were part of this group. Others wanted to cooperate with the Pacifist Socialist Party and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Party of the Netherlands">Communist Party of the Netherlands</a>. They were called the Wageningen Group. Another group wanted to reform the party's course and continue as an independent green party: <a href="/wiki/Bas_de_Gaay_Fortman" title="Bas de Gaay Fortman">Bas de Gaay Fortman</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabouter_(movement)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabouter (movement) (page does not exist)">Kabouter</a> <a href="/wiki/Roel_van_Duijn" title="Roel van Duijn">Roel van Duijn</a> were important exponents of this group. At the party convention of 1981, the party voted on these options, which were colour-coded: the Red option (cooperation with the PSP and CPN), the Blue option (cooperation with D66 and the PvdA) and the Green option (independent green party). An alliance was struck between the Reds and Greens. The party decided to break its alliance with D66 and the PvdA and try to form an alliance with the PSP and CPN, which would have a strong green identity. In the <a href="/wiki/1981_Dutch_general_election" title="1981 Dutch general election">1981 general election</a> it kept its three seats. After the election a CDA–PvdA–D66 cabinet was formed – a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Den_Uyl_cabinet" title="Den Uyl cabinet">Den Uyl cabinet</a> without the PPR. The cabinet fell after several months in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1982_Dutch_general_election" title="1982 Dutch general election">1982 election</a> where the party lost one seat. In 1985 CDA dissident Stef Dijkman joined the PPR parliamentary party. He had split from the CDA in 1983 together with Nico Sholten, who joined the PvdA parliamentary party. </p><p>In the 1980s, the cooperation between PPR, CPN and PSP began to take shape. The parties cooperated mainly in municipal and provincial elections and councils, because a higher percentage of votes is necessary to gain seats in such elections. The three parties contested the <a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="1984 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">1984 European Parliament election</a> with a combined candidate list with the name <a href="/wiki/Green_Progressive_Accord" title="Green Progressive Accord">Green Progressive Accord</a>. They won one seat, which rotated between the PSP and PPR. Party members also met each other in grassroots extraparliamentary protest against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> and nuclear weapons. Both the PSP and CPN were unwilling to cooperate intensively with the PPR, which was slightly larger in seats and which they saw as a non-socialist party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1989">After 1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, the PSP initiated talks with the PPR and the PSP. Their initiative was supported by an open letter from members of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movements</a> and the arts which called for one progressive formation to the left of the PvdA. After long negotiations, which were pressured by the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Second Lubbers cabinet">second Lubbers cabinet</a> and the subsequent earlier elections, the party entered in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Dutch_general_election" title="1989 Dutch general election">1989 general election</a> as part of GroenLinks. They were joined by the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)">Evangelical People's Party</a> (EVP). Ria Beckers was <a href="/wiki/Lijsttrekker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijsttrekker">top candidate</a> and she became chair of the GroenLinks parliamentary party. In 1991 the PPR dissolved itself into GroenLinks when GroenLinks became a formal political party.<sup id="cite_ref-Voerman1995_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voerman1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, GroenLinks' only MEP, former PPR-chair, Verbeek announced that he would not give up his seat in the European Parliament, to allow a former member of the PSP to enter the European Parliament. He would continue as an independent and would be top candidate for <a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(Netherlands)" title="The Greens (Netherlands)">The Greens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election" title="1994 European Parliament election">1994 European election</a>, without success. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 4px double #00DD00; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Green_politics" title="Category:Green politics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;background:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_(Green_symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunflower symbol"><img alt="Sunflower symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/90px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/135px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/180px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics" title="Outline of green politics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Four pillars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Greens_Federation" title="Asia Pacific Greens Federation">Asia Pacific Greens Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Young_European_Greens" title="Federation of Young European Greens">Federation of Young European Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Greens" title="Global Young Greens">Global Young Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate political activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of agriculture">effects of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">in music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Green retrofit">retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Eckersley#The_Green_State" title="Robyn Eckersley">state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">washing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li>List of environmental incidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_politics" title="Template:Green politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_politics" title="Template talk:Green politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The PPR left a considerable mark on GroenLinks. In particular the green, environmentalist ideals of the PPR still play an important role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Political Party of Radicals" referenced the origin of the party, it was founded by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian Radicals</a>: progressive Catholics. Because they wanted to open their party to all Christians as well as to non-Christians, the dropped the reference to Christianity in their name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_issues">Ideology and issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ideology and issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party did not have a manifesto of principles, instead election manifestos which addressed current issues guided the party's behaviour. </p><p>Although the party had Christian roots, it denounced a direct relationship between religion and politics. The party can be seen as an early <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green party</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">post-materialist agenda</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a> <a href="/wiki/Development_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Development cooperation">development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">democratisation of the economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">grass roots democracy</a>. The party favoured the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Basic_income_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income in the Netherlands">basic income</a>. </p><p>During its existence, the party changed from a Christian ally of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a> (PvdA) with its roots in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> movement to a party on the left of the PvdA with links to the environmental movement. Several decisions were important in this, but especially the 1981 congress in which the party decided not to cooperate, but try to found a <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a> left of the PvdA with a green program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation">Representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table the PPR's results in elections to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands">House of Representatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Netherlands">Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/States-Provincial" class="mw-redirect" title="States-Provincial">States-Provincial</a>, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It also possible that the leader of the PPR is a member of cabinet, therefore its participation in cabinets is also listed: if the PPR was in cabinet the highest ranking minister is listed. The membership of PPR and the party chair is also represented. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">HoR</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">S</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">EP</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provincial_council_(Netherlands)" title="Provincial council (Netherlands)">PS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a> </th> <th>Membership </th> <th>Cabinet </th></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>3* </td> <td>0 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>0 </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Aarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Aarden">Jacques Aarden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bogaers" title="Pieter Bogaers">Pieter Bogaers</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>3* </td> <td>1 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>0 </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Jacques Aarden </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Jurgens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Jurgens (page does not exist)">Erik Jurgens</a> </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>9+9** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Jacques Aarden </td> <td>J.J.G Tonnaer </td> <td>4000 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1971_Dutch_general_election" title="1971 Dutch general election">1971</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>9+9** </td> <td>Multiple including Jacques Aarden and <a href="/wiki/Bas_de_Gaay_Fortman" title="Bas de Gaay Fortman">Bas de Gaay Fortman</a> </td> <td>Jacques Aarden </td> <td>D. Coppes </td> <td>4284 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_Dutch_general_election" title="1972 Dutch general election">1972</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>9+9** </td> <td>Bas de Gaay Fortman </td> <td>Bas de Gaay Fortman </td> <td>D. Coppes </td> <td>3800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_van_Doorn" title="Harry van Doorn">Harry van Doorn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>9+9** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Bas de Gaay Fortman </td> <td>W. van dam </td> <td>6300 </td> <td>Harry van Doorn </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>32+2** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Bas de Gaay Fortman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ria_Beckers" title="Ria Beckers">Ria Beckers</a> </td> <td>11000 </td> <td>Harry van Doorn </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>32+2** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Bas de Gaay Fortman </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>12800 </td> <td>Harry van Doorn </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>32+2** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Bas de Gaay Fortman </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>131000 </td> <td>Harry van Doorn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Dutch_general_election" title="1977 Dutch general election">1977</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>32+2** </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herman_Verbeek" title="Herman Verbeek">Herman Verbeek</a> </td> <td>134000 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>6+2** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Herman Verbeek </td> <td>12600 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>6+2** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Herman Verbeek </td> <td>12325 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>6+2** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Herman Verbeek </td> <td>11500 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1981_Dutch_general_election" title="1981 Dutch general election">1981</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>6+2** </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wim_de_Boer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wim de Boer (page does not exist)">Wim de Boer</a> </td> <td>11567 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1982_Dutch_general_election" title="1982 Dutch general election">1982</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>11+1**+3*** </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Wim de Boer </td> <td>11063 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>11+1**+3*** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Wim de Boer </td> <td>8934 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1*** </td> <td>11+1**+3*** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Wim de Boer </td> <td>8305 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>3**** </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1*** </td> <td>11+1**+3*** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>J. van der Plaat </td> <td>7848 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_Dutch_general_election" title="1986 Dutch general election">1986</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1*** </td> <td>11+1**+4*** </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>J. van der Plaat </td> <td>6151 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0*** </td> <td>10+3*** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>J. van der Plaat </td> <td>5901 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0*** </td> <td>10+3*** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bram_van_Ojik" title="Bram van Ojik">Bram van Ojik</a> </td> <td>5785 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Dutch_general_election" title="1989 Dutch general election">1989</a> </td> <td>2***** </td> <td>1***** </td> <td>1***** </td> <td>13***** </td> <td>Ria Beckers<br />#1 of <a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a> </td> <td>Ria Beckers<br />leader of GroenLinks </td> <td>Bram van Ojik </td> <td>5823 </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>2***** </td> <td>1***** </td> <td>1***** </td> <td>13***** </td> <td><i>no elections</i> </td> <td>Ria Beckers </td> <td>Bram van Ojik </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>opposition </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>*: Group Van Aarden, who split from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Catholic People's Party">Catholic People's Party</a> in 1968; no formal ties with the PPR. **: elected on combined PvdA/PPR lists (estimate). ***: elected on combined PPR/CPN/PSP or PPR/PSP lists (estimate). ****: joined by group Dijkman. *****: cooperating in GroenLinks parliamentary parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_and_provincial_government">Municipal and provincial government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Municipal and provincial government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PPR supplied several <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">municipal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provincial_council_(Netherlands)" title="Provincial council (Netherlands)">provincial councillors</a>. In the 1970s it also cooperated in the <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> <a href="/wiki/Provincial_executive" title="Provincial executive">provincial executive</a> and in several local executives such as Amsterdam. </p><p>In the following figure one can see the election results of the provincial election of 1982 per province. It shows that the support for the party was distributed equally throughout the country, with a slight tendency to the West (North, Utrecht and South Holland) and South (Brabant and Limburg). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Result (seats) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> </td> <td>1** </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a> </td> <td>1** </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a> </td> <td>1* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a> </td> <td>2** </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*: elected on combined PvdA/PPR lists (estimate). **: elected on combined PPR/CPN/PSP or PPR/PSP lists (estimate). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electorate">Electorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PPRs electorate consisted of young, well educated voters, who often had a Catholic or Protestant background. The electorate was slightly more concentrated in the West (North, Utrecht and South Holland) and South (Brabant and Limburg). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisational_structure">Organisational structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organisational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest organ of the PPR was the <a href="/wiki/Party_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Party convention">party convention</a>, which convened once a year. It appointed the party board, decided the order of candidates on candidate lists for the House of Representatives, Senate and European Parliament and had the final say over the party programme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linked_organisations">Linked organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Linked organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PPR published its own magazine which was called <i>Radicals Paper</i> (Dutch: <i>Radikalenkrant</i>) between 1968 and 1973 and 1982 and 1990 and <i>PPR Action Paper</i> (Dutch: <i>PPR aktiekrant</i>; PPRAK) between 1973 and 1981. </p><p>The PPR's youth was organised in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political Party of Radicals Youth (page does not exist)">Political Party of Radicals Youth</a> (Dutch: <i>Politieke Partij Radicalen Jeugd</i>; PPRJ). In 1991 the PPRJ merged into <a href="/wiki/DWARS" title="DWARS">DWARS</a> GroenLinks youth. </p><p>In the 1980s the scientific institute of the PPR cooperated strongly with the scientific institutes of the PSP and CPN. They published <i>De Helling</i> together since 1987. The <i>Rode Draad</i> was published since 1985 it was a magazine for municipal and provincial councillors of both the PSP, PPR and CPN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1979 the party cooperated with other green and left-wing parties in organisations like <a href="/wiki/Grael" class="mw-redirect" title="Grael">Grael</a>, which later became the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_to_other_parties">Relationships to other parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationships to other parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooperation was an important theme for the PPR as the party was founded as a party of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> Christians who wanted to cooperate with the PvdA, which later became committed to forming a political alliance left of the PvdA. </p><p>Between 1971 and 1977 the relations with PvdA and Democrats 66 were especially close. The three parties formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Den_Uyl_cabinet" title="Den Uyl cabinet">Den Uyl cabinet</a>. After the elections of 1977, when the PPR lost a lot of seats, and 1981 when the PPR was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="Second Van Agt cabinet">second Van Agt cabinet</a>. </p><p>The relations with the CPN and PSP started out badly, as the CPN and the PSP saw the party as a reformist, non-socialist party. After 1981, when the PPR had committed itself to extraparliamentary protest, the relations with the reforming CPN and PSP became better. In 1989 this resulted in the formation of <a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logos">Logos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Logos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Logos of the Political Party of Radicals</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1970.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo the party from 1970 to 1979"><img alt="Logo the party from 1970 to 1979" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1970.svg/87px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1970.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1970.svg/130px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1970.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1970.svg/174px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1970.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo the party from 1970 to 1979</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1980-1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the party from 1979 to 1986"><img alt="Logo of the party from 1979 to 1986" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1980-1.svg/100px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1980-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1980-1.svg/150px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1980-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1980-1.svg/200px-Politieke_Partij_Radikalen_logo_1980-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the party from 1979 to 1986</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(Netherlands)" title="Rainbow (Netherlands)">Rainbow (Netherlands)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Party_of_Radicals&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kuitenbrouwer2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuitenbrouwer2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaarten_Kuitenbrouwer2013" class="citation book cs1">Maarten Kuitenbrouwer (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv5fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180"><i>Dutch Scholarship in the Age of Empire and Beyond: KITLV – The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, 1851–2011</i></a>. BRILL. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26036-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26036-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Scholarship+in+the+Age+of+Empire+and+Beyond%3A+KITLV+%E2%80%93+The+Royal+Netherlands+Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+and+Caribbean+Studies%2C+1851%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26036-8&rft.au=Maarten+Kuitenbrouwer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv5fAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Party+of+Radicals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parlement.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parlement.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wso/politieke_partij_radikalen_ppr">"Politieke Partij Radikalen (PPR)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlement.com">Parlement.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parlement.com&rft.atitle=Politieke+Partij+Radikalen+%28PPR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvh8lnhrp8wso%2Fpolitieke_partij_radikalen_ppr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Party+of+Radicals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voerman1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voerman1995_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voerman1995_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerrit_Voerman1995" class="citation book cs1">Gerrit Voerman (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doiJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">"The Netherlands: Losing colours, turning green"</a>. In Dick Richardson; Chris Rootes (eds.). <i>The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe</i>. Routledge. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84403-6"><bdi>978-1-134-84403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands%3A+Losing+colours%2C+turning+green&rft.btitle=The+Green+Challenge%3A+The+Development+of+Green+Parties+in+Europe&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-134-84403-6&rft.au=Gerrit+Voerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoiJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Party+of+Radicals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin1989-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irwin1989_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalen_A._Irwin1989" class="citation book cs1">Galen A. Irwin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwGzBO17N7oC&pg=PA157">"Appendix 1: Parties having achieved representation in Parliament since 1946"</a>. In Hans Daalder; Galen A. Irwin (eds.). <i>Politics in the Netherlands: How Much Change?</i>. Psychology Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3361-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-3361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+1%3A+Parties+having+achieved+representation+in+Parliament+since+1946&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Netherlands%3A+How+Much+Change%3F&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3361-9&rft.au=Galen+A.+Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwGzBO17N7oC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Party+of+Radicals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bomberg2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bomberg2005_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Bomberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Bomberg (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7WIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>Green Parties and Politics in the European Union</i></a>. Routledge. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-85145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-85145-4"><bdi>978-1-134-85145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Parties+and+Politics+in+the+European+Union&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-85145-4&rft.au=Elizabeth+Bomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7WIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Party+of+Radicals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucardie P. et al. <i>Verloren Illusie, Geslaagde Fusie? GroenLinks in Historisch and Politicologische Perspectief</i> 1999, Leiden: DSWO-press; p.45</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defunct_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Netherlands&#124;link=Netherlands598" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defunct_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Defunct political parties in the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defunct_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Defunct political parties in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct political parties in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defunct_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Netherlands&#124;link=Netherlands598" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands#Defunct_political_parties" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Defunct political parties in the Netherlands</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Only parties represented in parliament are shown.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Christian democracy in the Netherlands">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_League_of_Roman_Catholic_Electoral_Associations" title="General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations">General League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Roman Catholic People's Party">Roman Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_State_Party" title="Roman Catholic State Party">Roman Catholic State Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Catholic People's Party">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_National_Party" title="Catholic National Party">Catholic National Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political Party of Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands">Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Netherlands)" title="Liberal Union (Netherlands)">Liberal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_League" title="Radical League">Radical League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-thinking Democratic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Free_Liberals" title="League of Free Liberals">League of Free Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Liberal Party (Netherlands)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_League_(Netherlands)" title="Economic League (Netherlands)">Economic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Party" title="Middle Class Party">Middle Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Party" title="Neutral Party">Neutral Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_State_Party" title="Liberal State Party">Liberal State Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Freedom Party (Netherlands)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Future" title="Party for the Future">Party for the Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Christian democracy in the Netherlands">Reformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party" title="Anti-Revolutionary Party">Anti-Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Historical_Voters%27_League" title="Christian Historical Voters' League">Christian Historical Voters' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Anti_Revolutionary_Party" title="Free Anti Revolutionary Party">Free Anti Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Historical_Party" title="Christian Historical Party">Christian Historical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_League" title="Frisian League">Frisian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Historical_Union" title="Christian Historical Union">Christian Historical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Christian_Socialists" title="League of Christian Socialists">League of Christian Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Netherlands)">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Social Party (Netherlands)">Christian Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Democratic Union (Netherlands)">Christian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervormd_Gereformeerde_Staatspartij" title="Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij">Reformed Reformed State Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_League" title="Reformed Political League">Reformed Political Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformatory_Political_Federation" title="Reformatory Political Federation">Reformatory Political Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)">Evangelical People's Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_League" title="Social Democratic League">Social Democratic League</a></li> <li><a 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title="Communist Party of Holland – Central Committee">Communist Party of Holland – Central Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_National_Reconstruction" title="Alliance for National Reconstruction">Alliance for National Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(Netherlands)" title="National Socialist Movement (Netherlands)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Party (Netherlands)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Democrats_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Democrats (Netherlands)">Centre Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Union_55%2B" title="Union 55+">Union 55+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617261#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617261#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617261#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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