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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Essay on dividing humanity into "races"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essay_on_dividing_humanity_into_"races"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_scientific_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_scientific_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contributions to scientific racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_scientific_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danishmand_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danishmand_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Danishmand Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danishmand_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">François Bernier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফ্রাঁসোয়া বার্নিয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রাঁসোয়া বার্নিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier_(philosophe)" title="François Bernier (philosophe) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François Bernier (philosophe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रांस्वा बर्नियर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांस्वा बर्नियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="فرانسوا بيرنير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسوا بيرنير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੋਆ ਬਰਨੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੋਆ ਬਰਨੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="فرانسوا برنیئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسوا برنیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Бернье, Франсуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бернье, Франсуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="François Bernier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%94" title="Франсуа Берньє – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франсуа Берньє" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="فرانسوا برنیئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسوا برنیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q375438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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searchaux" style="display:none">French physician and traveler (1620 – 1688)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the politician in Lower Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier_(politician)" title="François Bernier (politician)">François Bernier (politician)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">François Bernier</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier,_a_17th_century_French_physician_and_traveller_who_documented_Mughal_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Painting_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier%2C_a_17th_century_French_physician_and_traveller_who_documented_Mughal_India.png/220px-Painting_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier%2C_a_17th_century_French_physician_and_traveller_who_documented_Mughal_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Painting_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier%2C_a_17th_century_French_physician_and_traveller_who_documented_Mughal_India.png/330px-Painting_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier%2C_a_17th_century_French_physician_and_traveller_who_documented_Mughal_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Painting_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier%2C_a_17th_century_French_physician_and_traveller_who_documented_Mughal_India.png/440px-Painting_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier%2C_a_17th_century_French_physician_and_traveller_who_documented_Mughal_India.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="851" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Painting of François Bernier</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">25 September 1620<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Joué-Etiau, Anjou, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1688<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_de_Francois_Bernier_by_Paul_Maret_1710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voyage_de_Francois_Bernier_by_Paul_Maret_1710.jpg/220px-Voyage_de_Francois_Bernier_by_Paul_Maret_1710.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voyage_de_Francois_Bernier_by_Paul_Maret_1710.jpg/330px-Voyage_de_Francois_Bernier_by_Paul_Maret_1710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voyage_de_Francois_Bernier_by_Paul_Maret_1710.jpg/440px-Voyage_de_Francois_Bernier_by_Paul_Maret_1710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption>Engraving from <i>Voyage de François Bernier</i>, Paul Maret, 1710.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>François Bernier</b> (25 September 1620 – 22 September 1688) was a French <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and traveller. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Valanjou" title="Valanjou">Joué-Etiau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>. He stayed (14 October 1658 – 20 February 1670) for around 12 years in India. </p><p>His 1684 publication "Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espèces ou races qui l'habitent" ("New Division of the Earth by the Different Species or Races of Man that Inhabit It") is considered the first published post-<a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a> classification of humans into distinct <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">races</a>. He also wrote <i>Travels in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></i>, which is mainly about the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>. It is based on his own extensive journeys and observations, and on information from eminent Mughal courtiers who had witnessed the events firsthand. </p><p>Bernier abridged and translated the philosophical writings of his friend <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> from Latin into French. Initial editions of Bernier's <i>Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi</i> were published in Paris in 1674 by the family Langlois and in 1675 by Estienne Michallet. A complete edition in eight volumes was published by Anisson and Posuel at <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1678; Anisson and Posuel joined with Rigaud to publish a second edition in seven volumes in 1684. Bernier objectively and faithfully rendered Gassendi's ideas in his <i>Abregé</i>, without editorial interjection or invention. However, Bernier remained uncomfortable with some of Gassendi's notions: in 1682, Estienne Michallet was again his publisher, putting forth his <i>Doutes de Mr. Bernier sur quelques-uns des principaux Chapitres de son Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Source</b>: This description of the life of François Bernier is abstracted from a French introduction by France Bhattacharya to an edition of <i>Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol</i> (Paris: Fayard, 1981). </p><p>A son of a farmer, François Bernier, was orphaned very young and was cared for by his uncle, the curé de Chanzeaux. At the age of 15, he moved to Paris to study at the Collège de Clermont (the future <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Lycée Louis-le-Grand</a>) where he was invited to stay at the home of his younger friend Chapelle, the natural son of Luillier who was a councillor at the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlement</a> in Metz. There Bernier most probably met <a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac" title="Cyrano de Bergerac">Cyrano de Bergerac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, and certainly the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> (1592–1655), whose aide and secretary he became. He developed a taste for travel (1647) in the company of monsieur d'Arpajon, the French <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to Poland and Germany. </p><p>In 1652, during a prolonged stay with Gassendi in the south of France, he managed to become a medical doctor on the strength of a speed-course at the famous Faculté de <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>: an intensive three-month course gave the medical degree providing one did not practice on French national territory. </p><p>Liberated from his ties to France by the death of Gassendi in 1655, he set out on his twelve-year journey to the East, at 36 years of age: Palestine, Egypt, one year in Cairo, Arabia, and an attempt to enter Ethiopia which was frustrated by civil war in the interior. In 1658 he debarked at <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> in India, in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> state. Attached at first and for a short while to the retinue of <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>—the history of whose downfall he was to record. He worked as a personal doctor for Dara Shikoh.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> he was installed as a medical doctor at the court of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>the last of the great <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BernierVoyageMogol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BernierVoyageMogol.jpg/220px-BernierVoyageMogol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BernierVoyageMogol.jpg/330px-BernierVoyageMogol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BernierVoyageMogol.jpg/440px-BernierVoyageMogol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>1830 edition of ''Voyages dans les États du Grand Mogol''</figcaption></figure> <p>A tour of inspection by Aurangzeb (1664–65) gave Bernier the opportunity to describe <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, the first and for a long time the only European to do so, in: "Voyages de F. Bernier (angevin) contenant la description des Etats du Grand Mogol, de l'Indoustan, du royaume de Kachemire" (David-Paul Maret ed., Amsterdam, 1699). He subsequently visited the other extreme of the empire in Bengal. European medical training was highly esteemed amongst the Mughal and gave him access to all ranks of the court, even on medically required occasions to the Emperor's harem. </p><p>After his return from Kashmir, he traveled around on his own, meeting with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier</a> in Bengal and—while preparing for a journey to Persia at Surat—with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a>, that other great traveler in the Orient (1666). </p><p>He returned once more to <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> (1668) to write a memoir on Indian commerce for the use of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> (who recently had founded La Compagnie des Indes Orientales). In 1669 Bernier returned to France. </p><p>In 1671 he almost was jailed for writing in defense of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, against whom a judicial arrest had been issued—an exploit he followed with an "Abrégé de la Philosophie de Gassendi", also not a subject to arouse official approval (1674). </p><p>Meanwhile, he was a favored guest at some of the great literary salons, like those of <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_la_Sabli%C3%A8re" title="Marguerite de la Sablière">Marguerite de la Sablière</a>, who introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ninon_de_Lenclos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninon de Lenclos">Ninon de Lenclos</a>. His much-debated 1684 essay on "races", "A New Division of the Earth"<sup id="cite_ref-Bernier_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—of which the second half is dedicated to feminine beauty—may be read against this background. </p><p>In 1685 Bernier visited London where he met with some famous exiles from France: <a href="/wiki/Hortense_Mancini" title="Hortense Mancini">Hortense Mancini</a>, Duchesse de Mazarin, niece of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">the redoubtable Cardinal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89vremond" title="Charles de Saint-Évremond">Saint-Évremond</a>; others. He returned to Paris via the Netherlands, where he probably visited his philosophical correspondent <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>. </p><p>Bernier died in 1688 in Paris, the year that saw the publication of his "Lettre sur le <a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">quiétisme</a> des Indes". </p><p>Foremost among his correspondents while he was in India had been <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chapelain" title="Jean Chapelain">Jean Chapelain</a>, who shipped him crates of books, <a href="/wiki/Melchis%C3%A9dech_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Melchisédech Thévenot">Melchisédech Thévenot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Mothe_Le_Vayer" title="François de La Mothe Le Vayer">François de La Mothe Le Vayer</a>. From Chapelain's correspondence we know of a link with the elder Pétis de la Croix, whose son <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9tis_de_la_Croix" title="François Pétis de la Croix">François Pétis de la Croix</a> was sent on a language course to Persia two years after Bernier's return from India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essay_on_dividing_humanity_into_"races""><span id="Essay_on_dividing_humanity_into_.22races.22"></span>Essay on dividing humanity into "races"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Essay on dividing humanity into "races""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1684 Bernier published a brief essay dividing humanity into what he called "races", distinguishing individuals, and particularly women, by skin color and a few other physical traits. The article was published anonymously in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des sçavans</a></i>, the earliest academic journal published in Europe, and titled "New Division of the Earth by the Different Species or 'Races' of Man that Inhabit It."<sup id="cite_ref-Bernier_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay he distinguished four different races: 1) The first race included populations from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, south-east Asia, and the Americas. 2) The second race consisted of the sub-Saharan Africans, 3) the third race consisted of the east- and northeast Asians, and 4) the fourth race were Sámi people. The emphasis on different kinds of female beauty can be explained because the essay was the product of French Salon culture. Bernier emphasized that his novel classification was based on his personal experience as a traveler in different parts of the world. Bernier offered a distinction between essential genetic differences and accidental ones that depended on environmental factors. He also suggested that the latter criterion might be relevant to distinguish sub-types.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubiés_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubiés-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His biological classification of racial types never sought to go beyond physical traits, and he also accepted the role of climate and diet in explaining degrees of human diversity. Bernier had been the first to extend the concept of "species of man" to classify racially the entirety of humanity, but he did not establish a cultural hierarchy between the so-called 'races' that he had conceived. On the other hand, he clearly placed Europeans as the norm from which other 'races' deviated.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuurman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuurman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubiés_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubiés-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The qualities which he attributed to each race were not strictly Eurocentric, because he thought that peoples of temperate Europe, the Americas and India, culturally very different, belonged to roughly the same racial group, and he explained the differences between the civilizations of India (his main area of expertise) and Europe through climate and institutional history. By contrast he emphasized the biological difference between Europeans and Africans, and made very negative comments towards the Sami (Lapps) of the coldest climates of Northern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-Stuurman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuurman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about Africans living at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. He wrote for example "The 'Lappons' compose the 4th race. They are a small and short race with thick legs, wide shoulders, a short neck, and a face that I don't know how to describe, except that it's long, truly awful and seems reminiscent of a bear's face. I've only ever seen them twice in Danzig, but according to the portraits I've seen and from what I've heard from a number of people they're ugly animals".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of Bernier for the emergence of what Joan-Pau Rubiés call the "modern racial discourse" has been debated, with Siep Stuurman calling it the beginning of modern racial thought,<sup id="cite_ref-Stuurman_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuurman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Joan-Pau Rubiés think it is less significant if Bernier's entire view of humanity is taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubiés_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubiés-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_scientific_racism">Contributions to scientific racism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions to scientific racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By virtue of being the first to propose a system of racial classification that extended to all of humanity, Bernier’s racial categories contributed to the genesis of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>. Inherently, his classifications were based on physical and biological differences in human appearance, and thus sought to suggest a scientific basis for human racial variation. As previously mentioned, Bernier makes a distinction between physical variation due to environmental factors and racial factors. For instance, he classifies Indians that he is exposed to during his stint in the Mughal courts as part of the 'white race'. He asserts that Indians, like Egyptians, have a skin color that is “accidental, resulting from their exposure to the sun”.<sup id="cite_ref-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when it comes to categorizing Africans, he notes that “Blackness is an essential feature of theirs”.<sup id="cite_ref-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernier evidences the fact that their color is not due to environmental factors by asserting that they will be Black even when living in colder climes. Bernier’s conception of biological or racial difference and variation due to climatic features is blurry, but contributed to the eventual development of theories of scientific racism. At the time that he published his work, it did not cause a splash: he founded no school of thought at the time. Scientific thinking, upon the time he wrote the text, had shifted from systems where evidence was based on analogies, like Bernier had used, to a system supported by fixed laws of nature. Thus, the context of scientific discourse at the time meant Bernier did not receive huge attention for his classification in the second half of the 17th century, and "he remained a man of the salons".<sup id="cite_ref-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textiles">Textiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the things the newly arriving physician François Bernier noticed in <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s capital was the embroidered dressing of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a>'s subjects he writes in his <i>Travels in the Moghal Empire</i>: "Large halls are seen in many places, called <i>Karkanahs</i>, or workshops for the artisans. In one hall, embroiderers are busily employed, superintended by a master." He continued, "Manufactures of silk, fine brocade, and other fine <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslins</a>, of which are made <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girdle" title="Girdle">girdles</a> of gold flowers, and <a href="/wiki/Undergarment" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarment">drawers</a> worn by Mughal females, so delicately fine as to wear out in one night" were one of the most expensive forms of clothing ins the world, "or even more when embroidered with fine needlework."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Danishmand_Khan">Danishmand Khan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Danishmand Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, Bernier came under the protection of Daneshmand Khan (Mullah Shafi'a'i, a native of <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>), an important official at the court of Aurangzeb. Mullah Shafi'a'i was secretary of state for foreign affairs, grand master of the horse, later treasurer (<a href="/wiki/Mir_Bakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Bakshi">Mir Bakshi</a>) and governor of Delhi (died 1670). Bernier and Daneshmand seem to have been on terms of mutual esteem, and Bernier always refers to him as "my Agha". </p><p>Two excerpts from "Travels in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>" illustrate the interchange that followed. The importance of the detail could only fully be appreciated in the last decades of the 20th century, following the contributions by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a> to the history of Islamic philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Commenting on the yogi manner of meditation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>However I know that this ravishment and the way to enter it are the great mystery of the cabal of the Yogis, as it is of the Sufis. I say mystery because they keep it hidden amongst them and if it were not for my Pandit; and that <i>Danishmand Khan</i> knew the mysteries of the cabal of the Sufis, I would not know as much as I did.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] do not be surprised if without knowledge of Sanskrit I am going to tell you many things taken from books in that language; you will know that my Agha <i>Danismand Khan</i> paid for the presence of one of the most famous pandits in India, who before had been pensioned by <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>, the oldest son of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, and that this pandit, apart from attracting the most learned scientists to our circle, was at my side for over three years. When I became weary of explaining to my Agha the latest discoveries of <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a> and Pequet in anatomy, and to reason with him on the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, <i>which I translated into Persian (because that is what I did during five or six years)</i> it was up to our pandit to argue.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A candidate for becoming Bernier's "pandit" probably would have come from the circle around Hindu scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Panditaraja" title="Jagannatha Panditaraja">Jagannatha Panditaraja</a>, who still was at work under Shah Jahan, or Kavindracharya, who taught Dara Sikhoh Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parashuram_Krishna_Gode" title="Parashuram Krishna Gode">Gode</a>'s argument that this pandit was none other than Kavīndrācārya Sarasvatī himself has won general acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His intellectual partner could be someone like Zu'lfaqar Ardistani (died 1670), author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dabistan-i_Mazahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabistan-i Mazahib">Dabistan-i Mazahib</a></i>, an overview of religious diversity (Jewish, Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim ...). He was educated perhaps by Mir Abul-Qasim Astrabadi Findiriski<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a link between the religious tolerance aspect of the great project of Persian translations, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> and continued by his great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>, and the School of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> reign; or perhaps he was educated by Hakim Kamran Shirazi, to whom Mir Findiriski referred as "elder brother", who studied Christian theology and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> under Portuguese priests, traveled to India to study Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastra</a>, lived with the <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> Chatrupa at <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>, and died, chanting the liberation of the philosophers, at the age of 100. Those were scholars who had a knowledge of Greek <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">peripatetic</a> philosophers (mashsha'un, falasifa—in the Arabic translations), as well as respect for <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a> and Shihabuddin Yahya <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardi_Maqtul" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhrawardi Maqtul">Suhrawardi Maqtul</a> (Hikmat al Ishraq). </p><p>France Battacharya notes that she removed, in her critical edition based on the 1724 edition, the chapter "Lettre à Chapelle sur les atomes"—as being not so relevant to the context.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernier1891" class="citation book cs1">Bernier, François (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft#page/ii/mode/2up"><i>Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668</i></a>. Archibald Constable, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7536-185-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7536-185-9"><bdi>81-7536-185-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+the+Mogul+Empire%2C+A.D.+1656%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable%2C+London&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=81-7536-185-9&rft.aulast=Bernier&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftravelsinmogulem00bernuoft%23page%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Bernier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gassendi, Pierre. <i>Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi</i>. Translated by François Bernier. 8 vols. Lyon: Anisson & Posuel, 1678.</li> <li>Gassendi, Pierre. <i>Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi</i>. Translated by François Bernier. 2nd ed. 7 vols. Lyon: Anisson, Posuel & Rigaud, 1684.</li> <li>Bernier, François. <i>Doutes de Mr. Bernier sur quelques-uns des principaux Chapitres de son Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi</i>. Paris: Estienne Michallet, 1682.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernier1671" class="citation book cs1">Bernier, François (1671). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/57244802/quotwhat-news-of-the-great-mogul"><i>The History of the Late Revolution of the Empire of the Great Mogol</i></a>. Moses Pitt, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Late+Revolution+of+the+Empire+of+the+Great+Mogol&rft.pub=Moses+Pitt%2C+London&rft.date=1671&rft.aulast=Bernier&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F57244802%2Fquotwhat-news-of-the-great-mogul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Bernier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Adamites">Pre-Adamites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bernier-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernier_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernier_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">François Bernier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524134126/http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/reader/bernier.PDF">"A New Division of the Earth"</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_Scavans" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal des Scavans">Journal des Scavans</a></i>, April 24, 1684. Translated by T. Bendyshe in Memoirs Read Before the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 1, 1863-64, pp. 360–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubiés-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubiés_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubiés_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubiés_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joan-Pau Rubiés, «Race, climate and civilization in the works of François Bernier», L’inde des Lumières. Discours, histoire, savoirs (XVIIe-XIXe siècle), <i>Purushartha</i> 31, París, Éditions de l’EHESSS, 2013, pp. 53–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuurman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuurman_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuurman_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuurman_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuurman, S. (2000), "François Bernier and the invention of racial classification", <i>History Workshop Journal</i>, 50, pp. 1–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French introduction by France Bhattacharya to an edition of <i>Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol</i> (Paris: Fayard, 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boulle,_Pierre_H._2003,_pp._11_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boulle, Pierre H. “Francois Bernier and the Origins of the Modern Concept of Race.” The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France, edited by Sue Peabody and Tyler Stovell, Duke University Press, 2003, pp. 11–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201104/mughal.maal.htm">"saudiaramcoworld.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222152801/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201104/mughal.maal.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=saudiaramcoworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201104%2Fmughal.maal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Bernier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excerpts taken from the chapter "Lettre à Monsieur Chapelain, de Shiraz en Perse, le 4 October 1667" ed. Fayard 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tara Chand 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Parashuram_Krishna_Gode" title="Parashuram Krishna Gode">Gode, P. K.</a> "Bernier and Kavīndrācārya Sarasvatī at the Mughal Court," <i>Annals of S.V. Oriental Institute (Tirupati)</i>, 1940, 1, 1-16. Reprinted in Jina Vijaya Muni, Ā. (Ed.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/StudiesInIndianLiteraryHistoryVolume2">Studies in Indian Literary History, Vol.II</a></i> Bombay: Bhāratīya Vidyā Bhavan, 1954, pp.364–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mir Fendereski, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a> in his "History of Islamic Philosophy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The background to Bernier's philosophical interchange draws on "Shi'a Contributions to Philosophy, Science and Literature in India" by Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi in "A Socio-Intellectual History of the Isna 'Ashari Shi'is in India" (1989).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Frédéric Tinguely (dir.), <i>Un libertin dans l'Inde moghole – Les voyages de François Bernier (1656–1669)</i>, Edition intégrale, Chandeigne, Paris, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915540-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915540-33-8">978-2-915540-33-8</a>.</li> <li>Francois Bernier, "Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol", introduction de France Bhattacharya (Arthème Fayard ed. Paris, 1981).</li> <li>François Bernier, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memoirsreadbefor01anth#page/360/mode/2up">A New Division of the Earth</a>", in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des sçavans</a></i> (April 24, 1684). Translated by T. Bendyphe in "Memoirs Read Before the Anthropological Society of London" Vol 1, 1863–64, pp 360–64.</li> <li>Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of the Isna 'Ashari Shi'is in India Vol II" (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ; Ma'rifat Publishing House : Canberra Australia, 1986).</li> <li>Tara Chand, "Indian Thought and the Sufis" (1961), in "The World of the Sufi, an anthology" (Octagon Press ed. London, 1979).</li> <li>Lens, "Les Correspondants de François Bernier pendant son voyage dans l'Inde — Lettres inédits de Chapelain", in <i>Memoires de la Société nationale d'agriculture, sciences et arts d'Angers (ancienne Académie d'Angers)</i> Tome XV, 1872.</li> <li>Nicholas Dew. <i>Orientalism in Louis XIV's France</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923484-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923484-4">978-0-19-923484-4</a>. pp. 131–167.</li> <li>Jain, Sandhya, & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/François Bernier">François Bernier</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bernier%2C%20François%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22François%20Bernier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bernier%2C%20François%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22François%20Bernier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bernier%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22François%20Bernier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bernier%2C%20François%22%20OR%20description%3A%22François%20Bernier%22%20OR%20%28Fran%2Aois+Bernier%29%29%20OR%20%28%221620-1688%22%20AND%20Bernier%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about François Bernier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/lessons/lesson5/lesson5.php?s=1">Bernier on Sati</a></li> <li>Siep Stuurman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003220437/http://hwj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/2000/50/1">François Bernier and the Invention of Racial Classification</a>, History Workshop Journal, Volume 2000 Issue 50, pp. 1–21.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bernier, François (1 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2F2001.51.247">"A New Division of the Earth"</a>. <i>History Workshop Journal</i>. <b>51</b> (51): 247–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2F2001.51.247">10.1093/hwj/2001.51.247</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1363-3554">1363-3554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4289731">4289731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=A+New+Division+of+the+Earth&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=247-250&rft.date=2001-04-01&rft.issn=1363-3554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4289731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2F2001.51.247&rft.aulast=Bernier&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fhwj%252F2001.51.247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Bernier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India" title="Historical definitions of races in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Racial stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorism">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(biologist)" title="John Baker (biologist)">John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Baur" title="Erwin Baur">Erwin Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beddoe" title="John Beddoe">John Beddoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennett_Bean" title="Robert Bennett Bean">Robert Bennett Bean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Biasutti" title="Renato Biasutti">Renato Biasutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mossie_Brues" title="Alice Mossie Brues">Alice Mossie Brues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Bryn" title="Halfdan Bryn">Halfdan Bryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_(physician)" title="Charles Caldwell (physician)">Charles Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Mary_Cole" title="Sonia Mary Cole">Sonia Mary Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_S._Coon" title="Carleton S. Coon">Carleton S. Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Czekanowski" title="Jan Czekanowski">Jan Czekanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt" title="Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt">Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Eugen Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Marion_Garn" title="Stanley Marion Garn">Stanley Marion Garn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Reginald Ruggles Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gliddon" title="George Gliddon">George Gliddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grattan_(naturalist)" title="John Grattan (naturalist)">John Grattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earnest_Hooton" title="Earnest Hooton">Earnest Hooton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ira_Kephart" title="Calvin Ira Kephart">Calvin Ira Kephart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)" title="Robert Knox (surgeon)">Robert Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kuttner" title="Robert E. Kuttner">Robert E. Kuttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Fritz Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Bertil Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Luschan" title="Felix von Luschan">Felix von Luschan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominick_McCausland" title="Dominick McCausland">Dominick McCausland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott">Josiah C. Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peschel" title="Oscar Peschel">Oscar Peschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re" title="Isaac La Peyrère">Isaac La Peyrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pickering_(naturalist)" title="Charles Pickering (naturalist)">Charles Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hermann_Plate" title="Ludwig Hermann Plate">Ludwig Hermann Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Reche" title="Otto Reche">Otto Reche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Retzius" title="Gustaf Retzius">Gustaf Retzius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henric_Sanielevici" title="Henric Sanielevici">Henric Sanielevici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Heinrich Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilse_Schwidetzky" title="Ilse Schwidetzky">Ilse Schwidetzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Steggerda" title="Morris Steggerda">Morris Steggerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" title="Thomas Griffith Taylor">Thomas Griffith Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Topinard" title="Paul Topinard">Paul Topinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Evrie" title="John H. Van Evrie">John H. Van Evrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Woltmann" title="Ludwig Woltmann">Ludwig Woltmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)"><i>An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People<wbr /> in Different Climates</i> (1744)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners"><i>The Outline of History of Mankind</i> (1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" title="Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question"><i>Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question</i> (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races"><i>An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</i> (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley_book)" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley book)"><i>The Races of Europe</i> (Ripley, 1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century"><i>The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</i> (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Life_of_the_Aryan_Peoples" title="Race Life of the Aryan Peoples"><i>Race Life of the Aryan Peoples</i> (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics"><i>Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</i> (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castes_in_India:_Their_Mechanism,_Genesis_and_Development" title="Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development"><i>Castes in India</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race"><i>The Passing of the Great Race</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Tide_of_Color_Against_White_World-Supremacy" title="The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy"><i>The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy</i> (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century"><i>The Myth of the Twentieth Century</i> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annihilation_of_Caste" title="Annihilation of Caste"><i>Annihilation of Caste</i> (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus"><i>An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</i> (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question"><i>The Race Question</i> (1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropometry" title="History of anthropometry">History of anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">Monogenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">Polygenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375438#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHcqkKCmg44kmyhVrpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119378426">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81114401">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12199345f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12199345f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00463188">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bernier, Francois <1620-1688>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V400677">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35969153">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1204701">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/197016">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070233659">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90865355">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bernier, François, 1620-1688"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000289922&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhq39l4jbxvmg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/95469">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301892805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511730706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14086524">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06098507?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1167506">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119378426">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030613272">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" 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