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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1945 battle in the Philippines Campaign of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Bessang Pass</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944-45)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944-45)">Philippines Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1–15 June 1945</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Krueger" title="Walter Krueger">Walter Krueger</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Innis_P._Swift" title="Innis P. Swift">Innis P. Swift</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russell_W._Volckmann" title="Russell W. Volckmann">Russell W. Volckmann</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Basilio_J._Valdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilio J. Valdes">Basilio J. Valdes</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita" title="Tomoyuki Yamashita">Tomoyuki Yamashita</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Yoshiharu Ozaki</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Philippines_-_Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Forces in the Philippines - Northern Luzon">United States Army Forces in the Philippines - Northern Luzon</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 73rd and 76th Infantry, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Fourteenth_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Fourteenth Area Army">Japanese 14th Area Army</a> <br /> ~ 2,250 Japanese troops</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <i><b>USAFIP-NL forces:</b></i><br />119 killed<br />220 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 556">: 556 </span></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <i><b>IJA:</b></i><br />2,600 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 550">: 550 </span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visayas" title="Battle of Visayas">Visayas</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panay_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panay (1945)">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Simara_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Simara (1945)">Simara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negros_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Negros (1945)">Negros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Cebu_City" title="Battle for Cebu City">Cebu City</a></b></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Luzon</a></b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindoro" title="Battle of Mindoro">Mindoro</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirang_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kirang Pass">Kirang Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_at_Cabanatuan" title="Raid at Cabanatuan">Cabanatuan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan_(1945)" title="Battle of Bataan (1945)">Bataan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor_(1945)" title="Battle of Corregidor (1945)">Corregidor</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baguio_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baguio (1945)">Baguio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villa_Verde_Trail" title="Battle of Villa Verde Trail">Villa Verde Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Los_Ba%C3%B1os" title="Raid on Los Baños">Los Baños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Palawan" title="Invasion of Palawan">Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wawa_Dam" title="Battle of Wawa Dam">Wawa Dam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bessang Pass</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bukidnon_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bukidnon (1945)">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_and_Maguindanao_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotabato and Maguindanao Campaign">Cotabato and Maguindanao</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Davao" title="Battle of Davao">Davao</a></b></li></ul> <p><b>Naval operations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_Hi-71" title="Convoy Hi-71">Convoy Hi-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D_Maru_incident" title="Shin'yō Maru incident"><i>Shin'yō Maru</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Air_Battle" title="Formosa Air Battle">Formosa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ormoc_Bay" title="Battle of Ormoc Bay">Ormoc Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_Hi-81" title="Convoy Hi-81">Convoy Hi-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea_raid" title="South China Sea raid">South China Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Raid on Taihoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_24_July_1945" title="Action of 24 July 1945">Action of 24 July 1945</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of <a href="/wiki/Bessang_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessang Pass">Bessang Pass</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Labanan sa Pasong Bessang</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>: <i lang="ilo">Gubat ti Paso Bessang</i>) was a major battle during the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was fought from 9 January through 15 June 1945, <a href="/wiki/Cervantes,_Ilocos_Sur" title="Cervantes, Ilocos Sur">Cervantes</a>, a municipality in the province of <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>, located 382 kilometres (237 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. The area serves as a gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Mountain_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Mountain Range">Cordillera mountains</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>. Bessang Pass was a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Imperial Forces">Japanese imperial forces</a> under Gen. <a href="/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita" title="Tomoyuki Yamashita">Tomoyuki Yamashita</a>, known as the “Tiger of Malaya” and conqueror of Singapore. It was part of the triangular defense of General Yamashita in the north, namely the Balete Pass, Villaverde Trail and Bessang Pass, guarding the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a>-<a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Vizcaya</a> borders. Its fall at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Philippines_-_Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Forces in the Philippines - Northern Luzon">United States Army Forces in the Philippines - Northern Luzon</a> (USAFIP-NL) on June 14, 1945 paved the way for the entrapment of Yamashita’s forces in the Cordillera until the general’s surrender in September 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bessang_Pass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USAFIP(NL) was composed of five infantry regiments and a field artillery battalion of about 20,000 men, all Filipinos except for five American officers, and commanded by Col. <a href="/wiki/Russell_W._Volckmann" title="Russell W. Volckmann">Russell W. Volckmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 466">: 466 </span></sup> The troops bore the brunt of the fighting, sustaining over 3,375 casualties, including over 900 men killed, from 9 Jan. through 15 June 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 556">: 556 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The units of the USAFIP(NL) that fought at the battle were the 121st, 15th, 66th, the Provisional Battalion, and the 122nd Field Artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 553">: 553 </span></sup> They faced the 73rd Infantry and the 76th Infantry,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 554">: 554 </span></sup> part of the 19th Division led by Lt. General Yoshiharu Ozaki.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> The Japanese forces fortified the hills and the ridges to stop any American offensive on the way to Cervantes and the Cordillera stronghold of Yamashita.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 551">: 551 </span></sup> </p><p>The initial fighting started in February 1945 with an advance inland to the town of Cervantes by the 121st Infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 548">: 548 </span></sup> After liberating <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_La_Union" title="San Fernando, La Union">San Fernando, La Union</a>, on 23 March, the USAFIP-NL forces started the all-out assault on Bessang Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 548–549">: 548–549 </span></sup> However, on 17 May, the 73rd Infantry, 19th Division, made a strong counterattack, pushing back the 121st.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 551">: 551 </span></sup> </p><p>On 1 June, Volckmann started his renewed attack with three regiments abreast.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 553">: 553 </span></sup> They cleared the Lamagan and Lower Cadsu Ridges by 5 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555">: 555 </span></sup> Magun Hill was captured by 10 June, and the Upper Cadsu Ridge was taken by 12 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 553">: 553 </span></sup> On 10 June, the units of 121st launched a final assault and by 14 June, the "last opposition melted away".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555">: 555 </span></sup> Cervantes was secured by 15 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555">: 555 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bessang_Pass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USAFIP(NL), according to Smith, "made a substantial contribution toward the Sixth Army's campaign in northern Luzon...the USAFIP (NL) had kept the 19th Division pinned to the triangle formed by Bontoc, KP 90, and Bessang Pass...seizing San Fernando and clearing Route 3 up the west coast, the USAFIP(NL) had permitted the Sixth Army to forget about plans to use a 'regular' division along the coast."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 556">: 556 </span></sup> Additionally, Smith said, "the USAFIP(NL) accomplished far more than <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">GHQ SWPA</a>, Sixth Army, or I Corps had apparently expected or hoped."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 556–557">: 556–557 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bessang_Pass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Pass" title="Dalton Pass">Battle of Balete Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bessang_Pass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, R.R., 2005, Triumph in the Philippines, Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1410224953" title="Special:BookSources/1410224953">1410224953</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagamaspadHamada-Pawid1985" class="citation book cs1">Bagamaspad, Anavic; Hamada-Pawid, Zenaida (1985). <i>A People's History of Benguet</i>. Baguio Printing & Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 296–299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+Benguet&rft.pages=296-299&rft.pub=Baguio+Printing+%26+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bagamaspad&rft.aufirst=Anavic&rft.au=Hamada-Pawid%2C+Zenaida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bessang+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bessang_Pass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/1508/battle-of-bessang-pass/">ABS-CBN Choose Philippines narrative on the Battle of Bessang Pass</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032531/http://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/1508/battle-of-bessang-pass/">Archived</a> 2015-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bulatlat.com/news/5-19/5-19-bessang.htm">Bulatlat.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/topic/Battle_of_Bessang_Pass">Enotes.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://la.indymedia.org/news/2011/06/246423.php">Indymedia.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4870474#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2014002110">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007588464005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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