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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of game publishers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_game_publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investor_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investor_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Investor interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investor_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publishers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publishers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publishers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_largest_video_game_companies_by_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_largest_video_game_companies_by_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>List of largest video game companies by revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_largest_video_game_companies_by_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_video_game_publishers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_video_game_publishers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>List of video game publishers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_video_game_publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_largest_video_game_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_largest_video_game_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>List of largest video game employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_largest_video_game_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videospeletjie-uitgewer" title="Videospeletjie-uitgewer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Videospeletjie-uitgewer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="ناشر لعبة فيديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناشر لعبة فيديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videooyun_yay%C4%B1m%C4%B1_%C5%9Firk%C9%99ti" title="Videooyun yayımı şirkəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Videooyun yayımı şirkəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicador_de_videojocs" title="Publicador de videojocs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Publicador de videojocs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspilsudgiver" title="Computerspilsudgiver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Computerspilsudgiver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher" title="Publisher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Publisher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribuidora_de_videojuegos" title="Distribuidora de videojuegos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distribuidora de videojuegos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideo-jokoen_banatzaile" title="Bideo-jokoen banatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bideo-jokoen banatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ناشر بازی ویدئویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناشر بازی ویدئویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89diteur_de_jeux_vid%C3%A9o" title="Éditeur de jeux vidéo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éditeur de jeux vidéo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84_%EB%B0%B0%EA%B8%89%EC%82%AC" title="비디오 게임 배급사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비디오 게임 배급사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbit_permainan_video" title="Penerbit permainan video – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerbit permainan video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editore_di_videogiochi" title="Editore di videogiochi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Editore di videogiochi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვიდეო თამაშების გამომცემელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიდეო თამაშების გამომცემელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorsp%C4%93%C4%BCu_izdev%C4%93js" title="Datorspēļu izdevējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datorspēļu izdevējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Издавач на видеоигри – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Издавач на видеоигри" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbit_permainan_video" title="Penerbit permainan video – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penerbit permainan video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspeluitgever" title="Computerspeluitgever – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computerspeluitgever" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videospillutgiver" title="Videospillutgiver – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Videospillutgiver" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataspelutgjevar" title="Dataspelutgjevar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dataspelutgjevar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_o%27yinlar_nashriyotchisi" title="Video o'yinlar nashriyotchisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Video o'yinlar nashriyotchisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wydawca_gier_komputerowych" title="Wydawca gier komputerowych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wydawca gier komputerowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicadora_de_jogos_eletr%C3%B4nicos" title="Publicadora de jogos eletrônicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Publicadora de jogos eletrônicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editur%C4%83_de_jocuri_video" title="Editură de jocuri video – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Editură de jocuri video" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Издатель компьютерных игр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Издатель компьютерных игр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Video game publisher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بڵاوکەرەوەی کایەی ڤیدیۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڵاوکەرەوەی کایەی ڤیدیۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Издавач видео-игре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Издавач видео-игре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorspelsf%C3%B6rlag" title="Datorspelsförlag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datorspelsförlag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagapaglathala_ng_bidyong_laro" title="Tagapaglathala ng bidyong laro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tagapaglathala ng bidyong laro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1" title="ผู้จัดจำหน่ายวิดีโอเกม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผู้จัดจำหน่ายวิดีโอเกม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_oyunu_yay%C4%B1mc%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Video oyunu yayımcısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Video oyunu yayımcısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Видавець відеоігор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Видавець відеоігор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ویڈیو گیم پبلشر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویڈیو گیم پبلشر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A3ng_ph%C3%A1t_h%C3%A0nh_tr%C3%B2_ch%C6%A1i_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Hãng phát hành trò chơi điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hãng phát hành trò chơi điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E5%95%86" title="电子游戏发行商 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子游戏发行商" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E7%99%BC%E8%A1%8C%E5%95%86" title="遊戲發行商 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遊戲發行商" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E7%99%BC%E8%A1%8C%E5%95%86" title="電子遊戲發行商 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子遊戲發行商" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Video+game+publisher%22">"Video game publisher"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Video+game+publisher%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Video+game+publisher%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Video+game+publisher%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Video+game+publisher%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Video game design">Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design#Video_game_artist" title="Game art design">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">Programmer</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)#Level_design" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programming" title="Video game programming">Programming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_creation_system" title="Game creation system">Creation system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_testing" title="Game testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Products</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a> <ul><li><i>Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types</i>: <a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">Interactive movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Edugame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Exergaming">Exergame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_accessory" title="Video game accessory">Accessory</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game publishing">Publishing</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_markets_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of video games markets by country">Markets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_China" title="Video games in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_content_rating_system" title="Video game content rating system">Content rating</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_piracy" title="Video game piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_video_games" title="Intellectual property protection of video games">Intellectual property protection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">monetization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buy-to-play" title="Buy-to-play">Buy-to-play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_pack" title="Expansion pack">Expansion pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_video_game" title="Episodic video game">Episodic video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_access" title="Early access">Early access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding_in_video_games" title="Crowdfunding in video games">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">Downloadable content</a></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Games_as_a_service" title="Games as a service">Games as a service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">Free-to-play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtransactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtransactions">Microtransactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-game_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="In-game currency">In-game currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loot_box" title="Loot box">Loot box</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game">gacha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_pass_(video_games)" title="Season pass (video games)">Season pass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_pass" title="Battle pass">Battle pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_in_video_games" title="Advertising in video games">Advertising in video games</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-game_advertising" title="In-game advertising">in-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_studies" title="Game studies">Game studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Game journalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_developers" title="List of video game developers">List of video game developers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">Indie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_publishers" title="List of video game publishers">List of video game publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_industry_people" title="List of video game industry people">List of video game industry people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_websites" title="List of video game websites">List of video game websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_magazines" title="List of video game magazines">List of video game magazines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_industry" title="Template:Video game industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_industry" title="Template talk:Video game industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>video game publisher</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a> that <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishes</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> that have been developed either internally by the publisher or externally by a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">video game developer</a>. </p><p>They often finance the development, sometimes by paying a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">video game developer</a> (the publisher calls this <i>external development</i>) and sometimes by paying an internal staff of developers called a <i>studio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large video game publishers also <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distribute</a> the games they publish, while some smaller publishers instead hire distribution companies (or larger video game publishers) to distribute the games they publish. Other functions usually performed by the publisher include deciding on and paying for any <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a> that are used by the game; paying for <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localization</a>; layout, printing, and possibly the writing of the user manual; and the creation of graphic design elements such as the box design. Some large publishers with vertical structure also own publishing subsidiaries (labels). </p><p>Large publishers also attempt to boost efficiency across all internal and external development teams by providing services such as <a href="/wiki/Sound_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound effects">sound design</a> and code packages for commonly needed functionality. Because the publisher often finances development, they usually try to manage development risk along with a staff of <a href="/wiki/Game_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game producer">producers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project managers</a> to monitor the developer's progress, critique ongoing development, and assist as necessary. Most video games created by an external video game developer are paid for with periodic advances on royalties. These advances are paid when the developer reaches certain stages of development, called <a href="/wiki/Milestone_(Project_management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milestone (Project management)">milestones</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_risks">Business risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Business risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video game publishing is associated with high <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a>: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> selling season accounts for a highly significant portion of industry sales, leading to a concentrated influx of high-quality competition every year in every game category, all in the fourth quarter of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Product slippage is common due to the uncertain schedules of software development. Most publishers have suffered a "false launch", in which the development staff assures the company that game development will be completed by a certain date, and a <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> launch is planned around that date, including advertising commitments, and then after all the advertising is paid for, the development staff announces that the game will "slip", and will actually be ready several months later than originally intended. When the game finally appears, the effects among consumers of the marketing launch—the excitement and "buzz" over the release of the game, fueling consumers' intent to purchase—have dissipated, and lackluster interest leads to weak sales. An example of this is the PSP version of <i>Spider-Man 3</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These problems are compounded if the game is supposed to ship for the Christmas selling season, but actually slips into the subsequent year. Some developers (notably <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epic_Games" title="Epic Games">Epic</a>) have alleviated this problem by simply saying that a given game will be released "when it's done", only announcing a definite date once the game is <a href="/wiki/Release_to_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Release to manufacturing">released to manufacturing</a>. However, this sometimes can be problematic as well, as seen with <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_Forever" title="Duke Nukem Forever">Duke Nukem Forever</a></i>.</li> <li>The industry has become more "hit driven" over the past decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumers buy the game that's best marketed but not necessarily of the highest quality, therefore buying fewer other games in that genre. This has led to much larger game development budgets, as every game publisher tries to ensure that its game is number 1 in its category. It also caused publishers to on occasion force developers to focus on sequels of successful franchises instead of exploring original <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">IP</a>; some publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a> have both attracted criticism for acquiring studios with original games and assigning them to support roles in more mainstream franchises.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Current generation consoles have more advanced graphic capabilities than previous consoles. Taking advantage of those capabilities requires a larger team-size than games on earlier, simpler consoles. In order to compete with the best games on these consoles, there are more characters to animate; all characters must be <a href="/wiki/Model_(computer_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (computer games)">modeled</a> with a higher level of detail; more textures must be created; the entire <a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">art pipeline</a> must be made more complex to allow the creation of <a href="/wiki/Normal_mapping" title="Normal mapping">normal maps</a> and more complex programming code is required to simulate physics in the game world, and to render everything as precisely and quickly as possible. On this generation of consoles, games commonly require budgets of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US</a>$15 million to $20 million. Activision's <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_3_(video_game)" title="Spider-Man 3 (video game)">Spider-Man 3</a></i>, for example, cost US$35 million to develop, not counting the cost of marketing and sales.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every game financed is, then, a large gamble, and pressure to succeed is high.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Contrasting with the big budget titles increased expense of "front-line" console games is the <a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">casual game</a> market, in which smaller, simpler games are published for PCs and as downloadable console games. Also, Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> console, though debuting in the same generation as the PlayStation 3<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Xbox 360,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires a smaller development budget, as innovation on the Wii is centered around the use of the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> and not around the graphics pipeline.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>When publishing for <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">game consoles</a>, game publishers take on the burden of a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a> risk. All significant console manufacturers since Nintendo with its <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> (1985) have monopolized the manufacture of every game made for their console and have required all publishers to pay a <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">royalty</a> for every game so manufactured. This royalty must be paid at the time of manufacturing, as opposed to royalty payments in almost all other industries, where royalties are paid upon actual sales of the product—and, importantly, are payable for games that did not sell to a consumer. So, if a game publisher orders one million copies of its game, but half of them do not sell, the publisher has already paid the full console manufacturer royalty on one million copies of the game and has to absorb that cost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unverified claims presented as facts (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_game_publishers">Types of game publishers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of game publishers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA game</a> publishers produce and create games that are high budget and groundbreaking. They are advanced in technology and forward the boundaries of technology and creativity in the video game world. AAA game publishers often produce popular and blockbuster games. These publishers have the financial resource and means to fund large game development projects. These publishers implement and fund <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">distribution</a> to guarantee reach and exposure for their games.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their funds to market they are able to advertise and reach a wider consumer pool and have access to distribute to a big network. Although they have creative constraints within game development and marketing, they often focus and follow market trends. They have a higher demand to attain commercial success. Examples of AAA video game publishers are <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Games_Publisher_2023-07-17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Games_Publisher_2023-07-17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie game</a> publishers are companies that work with independent developers. Their focus is on developing games that promotes creativity and originality. Developers have creative control over their games. These publishers implement intimate collaborations between the publishers and the developers. Often stand out in the video game market due to the more unique genres.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indie game publishers have restrict marketing budgets and have small audience reach and visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of Indie video game publishers are <a href="/wiki/Devolver_Digital" title="Devolver Digital">Devolver Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Interactive" title="Annapurna Interactive">Annapurna Interactive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raw_Fury" title="Raw Fury">Raw Fury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Games_Publisher_2023-07-17_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Games_Publisher_2023-07-17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Mobile game</a> publishers produce and specialize in video games on smartphones and tablet devices. They take advantage of the widespread appeal and rise of mobile gaming. These publishers enhance games for touch based interfaces and devices.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are proficient in designing monetization tactics for mobile platforms. Mobile game publishers have a comprehensive understanding of the mobile gaming market. They have proficiency in strategies for engagement and user acquisition for mobile sites. For mobile gaming there is access through app stores for distribution channels. There are obstacles with monetization due to lack of in-app purchase and <a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">free-to-play(F2P) models</a>. Examples of Mobile game publishers are <a href="/wiki/Supercell_(video_game_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercell (video game company)">Supercell</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_(company)" title="King (company)">King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zynga" title="Zynga">Zynga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investor_interest">Investor interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Investor interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous video game publishers are traded publicly on <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock markets</a>. As a group, they have had mixed performance. At present, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a> is the only third-party publisher present in the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a> diversified list of large U.S. corporations; in April 2010, it entered the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hype over video game publisher stocks has been breathless at two points: </p> <ul><li>In the early 1990s, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> computer drives caused <a href="/wiki/Technology_hype" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology hype">hype</a> about a <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> revolution that would bring interactive entertainment to the masses. Several <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">movie studios</a> formed "interactive" divisions to profit in this allegedly booming new media.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these divisions later folded after expensively producing several games that were heavy in "full-motion video" content, but light in the quality of gameplay.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, revenue from the sales of video and computer games exceeded revenue from <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> box-office receipts for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com</a> days of the late 1990s, when technology companies in general were surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Technology_hype" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology hype">hype</a>. The video game publishers did not, however, experience the same level of rise in stock prices that many dot-com companies saw. This was probably because video game publishing was seen as a more mature industry whose prospects were fairly well understood, as opposed to the typical exciting dot-com business model with unknown but possibly sky-high prospects. While many technology stocks were eventually destroyed in the dot-com crash in the early 2000s, the stock prices of the video game publishers recovered as a group; several of the larger publishers such as EA and <a href="/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive" title="Take-Two Interactive">Take-Two Interactive</a> achieved historical highs in the mid-2000s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishers">Publishers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publishers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_largest_video_game_companies_by_revenue">List of largest video game companies by revenue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of largest video game companies by revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_video_game_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest video game companies by revenue">List of largest video game companies by revenue</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_video_game_publishers">List of video game publishers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of video game publishers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_publishers" title="List of video game publishers">List of video game publishers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_largest_video_game_employers">List of largest video game employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of largest video game employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_video_game_employers" title="List of largest video game employers">List of largest video game employers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_publisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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