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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arthurian heraldry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arthurian_heraldry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arthurian heraldry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arthurian_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plain_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plain_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Plain arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plain_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings-sublist" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Attributed arms</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coats of arms given to a person retrospectively</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_2.jpg/220px-Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_2.jpg/330px-Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_2.jpg/440px-Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Example of arms attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> from the 15th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Hyghalmen_Roll" title="Hyghalmen Roll">Hyghalmen Roll</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_the_Passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of the Passion">instruments of the Passion</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Attributed arms</b> are Western European <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a> given retrospectively to persons real or fictitious who died before the start of the age of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> in the latter half of the 12th century. Once coats of arms were the established fashion of the ruling class, society expected a king to be armigerous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192226_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis192226-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arms were assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">knights of the Round Table</a>, and then to biblical figures, to Roman and Greek heroes, and to kings and popes who had not historically borne arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a258_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a258-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual authors often attributed different arms for the same person, although the arms for major figures eventually became fixed. </p><p>Notable arms attributed to biblical figures include the arms of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_the_Passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of the Passion">instruments of the Passion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">shield of the Trinity</a>. Medieval literature attributed coats of arms to the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Worthies" title="Nine Worthies">Nine Worthies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>. Arms were given to many kings predating heraldry, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William I of England</a>. These attributed arms were sometimes used in practice as <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quarterings</a> in the arms of their descendants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attributed or imaginary arms appeared in literature in the middle of the 12th century, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legends">Arthurian legends</a>. During the generation following <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, about 40 of Arthur's knights had attributed coats of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a259_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a259-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second stage of development occurred during the 14th and 15th centuries when Arthurian arms expanded to include as many as 200 attributed coats of arms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arth_tapestry2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Arth_tapestry2.jpg/220px-Arth_tapestry2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Arth_tapestry2.jpg/330px-Arth_tapestry2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Arth_tapestry2.jpg/440px-Arth_tapestry2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>Arthur as one of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Worthies" title="Nine Worthies">Nine Worthies</a>, tapestry, c. 1385</figcaption></figure> <p>During the same centuries, <a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">rolls of arms</a> included invented arms for kings of foreign lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker197630_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker197630-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1310, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Longuyon" title="Jacques de Longuyon">Jacques de Longuyon</a> wrote the <i>Voeux de Paon</i> ("Vows of the Peacock"), which included a list of nine famous leaders. This list, divided into three groups of three, became known in art and literature as the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Worthies" title="Nine Worthies">Nine Worthies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis193837_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis193837-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the Nine Worthies were given a coat of arms. <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, for instance, was assigned a gold harp as a device.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976172_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976172-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once coats of arms were the established fashion of the ruling class, society expected a king to be <a href="/wiki/Armigerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Armigerous">armigerous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192226_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis192226-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such an era, it was "natural enough to consider that suitable armorial devices and compositions should be assigned to men of mark in earlier ages".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each author could attribute different arms for the same person, although regional styles developed, and the arms for major figures soon became fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996415_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996415-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some attributed arms were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quarterings</a> of their descendants' arms. The quarterings for the family of Lloyd of Stockton, for instance, include numerous arms originally attributed to Welsh chieftains from the 9th century or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker197694_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker197694-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar vein, arms were attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Pope Leo IX</a> based on the later arms of his family's descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996415_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996415-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th and 17th centuries, additional arms were attributed to a large number of saints, kings and popes, especially those from the 11th and 12th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> (1243–1254) is the first pope whose <a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">personal coat of arms</a> is known with certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a283–284_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a283–284-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 17th century, the use of attributed arms became more restrained<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tinctures and charges attributed to an individual in the past provide insight into the history of symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997b87_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997b87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arthurian_heraldry">Arthurian heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arthurian heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BNF116-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BNF116-40.jpg/220px-BNF116-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BNF116-40.jpg/330px-BNF116-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BNF116-40.jpg/440px-BNF116-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> (arms with three red <a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">bends</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a> from a 15th-century manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legends">Arthurian legends</a>, each <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Round_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Round Table">knight of the Round Table</a> is often accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Heraldic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic">heraldic</a> description of a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>. Although these arms could be arbitrary, some characters were traditionally associated with one coat or a few different coats. Early British sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a> assign the <a href="/wiki/Pendragon" title="Pendragon">Pendragon</a> a white banner with a gold dragon which later becomes the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Red Dragon of Wales</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> was assigned many different arms, but from the 13th century, he was most commonly given three gold crowns on an <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">azure</a> field (Loomis 1938, 38). In a 1394 manuscript depicting the Nine Worthies, Arthur is shown holding a flag with three gold crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976172_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976172-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the triple-crown symbol is unknown, but it was associated with other pre-<a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> kings, with the seal of King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus Eriksson</a>, with the relics of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Wise_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Wise Men">Three Wise Men</a> in Cologne (which led to the three crowns in the seal of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>), and with the grants of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> to towns which were symbolized by three crowns in the towns' arms. The number of crowns increased to eleven, thirteen and even thirty at times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199744–46_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199744–46-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other arms were associated with Arthur. In a manuscript from the later 13th century, Arthur's shield has three gold leopards, a likely heraldic flattery of Edward I of England. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> assigned Arthur a dragon on his helmet and <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">standard</a>, which is possibly <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a> on Arthur's father's name, <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a>. Geoffrey also assigned Arthur a shield with an image of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199722–24_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199722–24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An illustration of the latter by D. Endean Ivall, based on the battle flag described by <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> (a cross and the Virgin Mary) and including the motto "King Arthur is not dead" in Cornish, can be found on the cover of W. H. Pascoe's 1979 <i>A Cornish Armory</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baiser1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baiser1.jpg/220px-Baiser1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baiser1.jpg/330px-Baiser1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baiser1.jpg/440px-Baiser1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a> kissing, with attributed arms on a field of green in center</figcaption></figure> <p>Other characters in the Arthurian legends are described with coats of arms. <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> starts with plain white arms but later receives a shield with three <a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">bends</a> gules signifying the strength of three men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199747_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199747-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a> was attributed a variety of arms. His earliest arms, a gold lion rampant on red field, are shown in a set of 13th-century tiles found in <a href="/wiki/Chertsey_Abbey" title="Chertsey Abbey">Chertsey Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis1915308_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis1915308-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Britain" title="Thomas of Britain">Thomas of Britain</a> in the 12th century attributed these arms in what is believed to be heraldic flattery of his patron, either <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, whose coats of arms contained some form of lion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192226Loomis193847_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis192226Loomis193847-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other versions the field is not red, but green. <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a> attributed to Tristan a silver shield with a black boar rampant<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192222Loomis193849_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis192222Loomis193849-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, however, he was attributed geometric patterns (<i>argent a bend <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis193859_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis193859-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_arms">Plain arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plain arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arthurian legends contain numerous instances of <a href="/wiki/Red_Knight" title="Red Knight">red knights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Black Knight (Arthurian legend)">black knights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green_knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Green knight">green knights</a> challenging the knights of the Round Table. In most cases, the color was chosen at random and has no symbolic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199729_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199729-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such arms of one <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">tincture</a> create an atmosphere. Plain arms were rare in the 12th century, and were used in literature to suggest a primitive heraldry of a time long past. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> noted with favor that in the Arthurian age, worthy knights used arms of one color, suggesting 12th century heraldic ornamentation was partly pretence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199729_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199729-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plain arms may also function as a disguise for major characters. In the <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart</a></i>, Lancelot bears plain red arms as a disguise. The hero of <i><a href="/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès">Cligès</a></i> competes in a jousting tournament with plain black, green, and red arms on three successive days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199730_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199730-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings">Kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Edward_the_Confessor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Royal_Arms_of_Edward_the_Confessor.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_Edward_the_Confessor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Royal_Arms_of_Edward_the_Confessor.svg/225px-Royal_Arms_of_Edward_the_Confessor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Royal_Arms_of_Edward_the_Confessor.svg/300px-Royal_Arms_of_Edward_the_Confessor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>The attributed arms of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middx_arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Middx_arms.png/150px-Middx_arms.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Middx_arms.png/225px-Middx_arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Middx_arms.png/300px-Middx_arms.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Middlesex County Council</figcaption></figure> <p>Arms were attributed to important pre-heraldic kings. Among the best known are those assigned to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a>, who was given three toads. The three <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a> of France supposedly derive from these.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976225_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976225-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a>, the first Norman king of England, had a coat of arms with two lions. <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> used such a coat of arms with two lions on a red field,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis193847_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis193847-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which the three lions of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">coat of arms of England</a> derive. However, there is no proof that William's arms were not attributed to William after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon Kings">Saxon Kings</a> were assigned a gold cross on a blue shield, but this did not exist until the 13th century. The arms of Saint <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, a blue shield charged with a gold cross and five gold birds, appears to have been suggested by heralds in the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on a coin minted in Edward's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker197630_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker197630-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arms were later used by <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> out of devotion to the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser200044_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200044-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arms were attributed to the kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">heptarchy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of Essex</a>, for instance, was assigned a red shield with three notched swords (or "seaxes"). This coat was used by the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> until 1910, when the <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County_Council" title="Middlesex County Council">Middlesex County Council</a> applied for a formal grant from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> (<i>The Times</i>, 1910). Middlesex was granted a red shield with three notched swords and a "Saxon Crown". The Essex County Council was granted the arms without the crown in 1932. </p><p>Even the kings of Rome were assigned arms, with <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">King of Rome</a>, signified by the she-wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224–225_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224–225-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flags were also attributed. While the King of Morocco was attributed three <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rooks</a> as arms, which are therefore <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the whole chessboard was shown in some sources, resulting in the 14th-century checkered version of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">flag of Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlags_of_the_World_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlags_of_the_World-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_figures">Religious figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus_and_Mary">Jesus and Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jesus and Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_1.jpg/220px-Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_1.jpg/330px-Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_1.jpg/440px-Jesus_Coat_of_Arms_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>Example of arms attributed to Jesus from the 15th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Hyghalmen_Roll" title="Hyghalmen Roll">Hyghalmen Roll</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Heralds could have attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> the harp for arms inherited as a descendant of David. Nevertheless, the cross was regarded as Christ's emblem, and it was so used by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>. Sometimes the arms of Christ feature a Paschal lamb as the principal charge. By the 13th century, however, numerous <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a> had brought increased <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_the_Passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of the Passion">instruments of the Passion</a>. These instruments were described in heraldic terms and treated as personal to Christ much as a coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197596_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197596-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example in a seal from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1240</span> includes the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nail_(relic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail (relic)">nails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">lance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sponge" title="Holy Sponge">sponge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whips</a>. </p><p>The instruments of the Passion were sometimes split between a shield and crest in the form of an achievement of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Hyghalmen Roll</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1447</span>–1455) shows Christ holding an <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">azure</a> shield charged with <a href="/wiki/Veronica%27s_Veil" class="mw-redirect" title="Veronica's Veil">Veronica's Veil</a> <a href="/wiki/Proper_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper (heraldry)">proper</a>. The heraldry continues with the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">jousting</a> helmet, which is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus" title="Seamless robe of Jesus">seamless robe</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">mantling</a>, and the Cross, scepter (of mockery) and flagellum (whip) as <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a>. The banner's long red <i>schwenkel</i> is a mark of eminence in German heraldry, but it was omitted when this image was copied into <a href="/wiki/Randle_Holme" title="Randle Holme">Randle Holme</a>'s Book (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1464</span>–1480). The image on the opposing page (shown above) includes a shield <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartered</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Five_Wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wounds">five Wounds</a> of Christ, three jars of ointment, two rods, and the head of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> with a bag of money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197597–98_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197597–98-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Christ was associated with the images of the Passion, <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> was associated with images from the prophecy of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon the Righteous</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:34–35&version=nrsv">Luke 2:34–35</a>); the resulting attributed arms include a winged heart pierced with a sword and placed on a blue field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975102_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975102-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary is also attributed a group of white <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a> flowers. An example can be found on the lower part of the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975103_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975103-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity_and_angels">Trinity and angels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trinity and angels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harleian_Ms2169_St_Mihell_arms_colorized.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Harleian_Ms2169_St_Mihell_arms_colorized.gif/150px-Harleian_Ms2169_St_Mihell_arms_colorized.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Harleian_Ms2169_St_Mihell_arms_colorized.gif/225px-Harleian_Ms2169_St_Mihell_arms_colorized.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Harleian_Ms2169_St_Mihell_arms_colorized.gif/300px-Harleian_Ms2169_St_Mihell_arms_colorized.gif 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Device from the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a> on a blue field, labeled 'Sent Myhell armys' (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael the Archangel">Saint Michael the Archangel</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Randle_Holme" title="Randle Holme">Randle Holme</a>'s Book (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satan-traditional-arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satan-traditional-arms.svg/150px-Satan-traditional-arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satan-traditional-arms.svg/225px-Satan-traditional-arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satan-traditional-arms.svg/300px-Satan-traditional-arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Traditional arms of Satan, based on the "three unclean spirits like frogs" of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> 16:13</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></div> <p>Out of a desire to make the abstract visible, arms were also attributed to the unseen spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222Dennys197593_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222Dennys197593-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because anthropomorphic representations of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> were discouraged by the Church during the Middle Ages,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197595_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197595-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a> quickly became popular. It was often used in decorating not only churches, but theological manuscripts and rolls of arms. An early example from <a href="/wiki/William_Peraldus" class="mw-redirect" title="William Peraldus">William Peraldus</a>' <i>Summa Vitiorum</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1260</span>) shows a knight battling the <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a> with this shield. A variation included with the shields of arms in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>' <i>Chronica Majora</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>–1259) adds a cross between the center and bottom circles, accompanied by the words "v'bu caro f'm est" (<i>verbum caro factum est</i>, "the word was made flesh"; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:14&version=nrsv">John 1:14</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197594_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197594-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael the Archangel">Saint Michael the Archangel</a> appears often in heraldic settings. In one case, the device from the shield of the Trinity is placed on a blue field and attributed to St. Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197595_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197595-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More usually, he is shown in armour with a red cross on a white shield, slaying the devil depicted as a dragon. These attributed arms were later transferred to <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975109_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975109-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heraldry is also attributed to <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, as the commanding general of the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>, to identify him in the heat of battle. The <a href="/wiki/Douce_Apocalypse" title="Douce Apocalypse">Douce Apocalypse</a> portrays him carrying a red shield with a gold <a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">fess</a>, and three frogs (based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2016:13&version=nrsv">Revelation 16:13</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975112_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975112-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis192226-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192226_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192226_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoomis1922">Loomis 1922</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a258-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a258_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoreau1997a">Pastoreau 1997a</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a259-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a259_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoreau1997a">Pastoreau 1997a</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker197630-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker197630_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker197630_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis193837-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis193837_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoomis1938">Loomis 1938</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976172-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976172_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976172_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutellFox-Davies200318_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoutellFox-Davies2003">Boutell & Fox-Davies 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996415-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996415_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996415_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1996">Turner 1996</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker197694-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker197694_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a283–284-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997a283–284_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoreau1997a">Pastoreau 1997a</a>, pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997b87-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoreau1997b87_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoreau1997b">Pastoreau 1997b</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199744–46-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199744–46_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrault1997">Brault 1997</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199722–24-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199722–24_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrault1997">Brault 1997</a>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199747-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199747_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrault1997">Brault 1997</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis1915308-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis1915308_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoomis1915">Loomis 1915</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis192226Loomis193847-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192226Loomis193847_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoomis1922">Loomis 1922</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFLoomis1938">Loomis 1938</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis192222Loomis193849-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis192222Loomis193849_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoomis1922">Loomis 1922</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFLoomis1938">Loomis 1938</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis193859-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis193859_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoomis1938">Loomis 1938</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199729-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199729_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199729_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrault1997">Brault 1997</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrault199730-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrault199730_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrault1997">Brault 1997</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976225-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976225_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis193847-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis193847_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoomis1938">Loomis 1938</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200044-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser200044_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2000">Fraser 2000</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224–225-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976224–225_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlags_of_the_World-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlags_of_the_World_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlags_of_the_World">Flags of the World</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197596-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197596_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197597–98-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197597–98_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975102-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975102_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975103-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975103_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222Dennys197593-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeubecker1976222Dennys197593_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1976">Neubecker 1976</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197595-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197595_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197595_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys197594-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys197594_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975109-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975109_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennys1975112-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennys1975112_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennys1975">Dennys 1975</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Armorial bearings of Middlesex". <i>The Times</i>. November 7, 1910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Armorial+bearings+of+Middlesex&rft.date=1910-11-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutellFox-Davies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boutell" title="Charles Boutell">Boutell, Charles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23186"><i>English Heraldry</i></a>. Kessinger. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4917-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4917-X"><bdi>0-7661-4917-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Heraldry&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7661-4917-X&rft.aulast=Boutell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Fox-Davies%2C+Arthur+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F23186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrault1997" class="citation book cs1">Brault, Gerald J. (1997). <i>Early Blazon</i> (2nd ed.). Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-711-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-711-4"><bdi>0-85115-711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Blazon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-85115-711-4&rft.aulast=Brault&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennys1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Dennys" title="Rodney Dennys">Dennys, Rodney</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heraldicimaginat0000denn"><i>The Heraldic Imagination</i></a></span>. Barrie & Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919974-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-919974-01-5"><bdi>0-919974-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heraldic+Imagination&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-919974-01-5&rft.aulast=Dennys&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheraldicimaginat0000denn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (2000). <i>The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England</i>. Queens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22460-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22460-4"><bdi>0-520-22460-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Kings+%26+Queens+of+England&rft.pub=Queens&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-520-22460-4&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Loomis, Roger S.</a> (1938). <i>Arthurian Legend in Medieval Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Language Association of America">Modern Language Association of America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Legend+in+Medieval+Art&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1915" class="citation journal cs1">Loomis, Roger S. (July 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449834">"A Sidelight on the 'Tristan' of Thomas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Review" title="Modern Language Review">Modern Language Review</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3): 304–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3712621">10.2307/3712621</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3712621">3712621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=A+Sidelight+on+the+%27Tristan%27+of+Thomas&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=304-309&rft.date=1915-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3712621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3712621%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1922" class="citation journal cs1">Loomis, Roger S. (January 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449844">"Tristan and the house of Anjou"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Review" title="Modern Language Review">Modern Language Review</a></i>. <b>17</b> (1): 24–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3714327">10.2307/3714327</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3714327">3714327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Tristan+and+the+house+of+Anjou&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=1922-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3714327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3714327%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlags_of_the_World" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/ma_hist.html#1367">"Morocco Historical Flags"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. 9 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-046308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-046308-5"><bdi>0-07-046308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%3A+Sources%2C+Symbols+and+Meaning&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-07-046308-5&rft.aulast=Neubecker&rft.aufirst=Ottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pastoureau" title="Michel Pastoureau">Pastoreau, Michel</a> (1983). <i>Armorial des chevaliers de la Table ronde</i>. Leopard d'Or.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armorial+des+chevaliers+de+la+Table+ronde&rft.pub=Leopard+d%27Or&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pastoreau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastoreau1997a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pastoureau" title="Michel Pastoureau">Pastoreau, Michel</a> (1997a). <i>Traité d'Héraldique</i> (3<sup>e</sup> édition ed.). Picard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7084-0520-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7084-0520-9"><bdi>2-7084-0520-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+d%27H%C3%A9raldique&rft.edition=3%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E+%C3%A9dition&rft.pub=Picard&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-7084-0520-9&rft.aulast=Pastoreau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastoreau1997b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pastoureau" title="Michel Pastoureau">Pastoreau, Michel</a> (1997b). <i>Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition</i>. "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Abrams Discoveries</a>" series. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-2830-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-2830-2"><bdi>0-8109-2830-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%3A+An+Introduction+to+a+Noble+Tradition&rft.series=%22Abrams+Discoveries%22+series&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8109-2830-2&rft.aulast=Pastoreau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jane (1996). <i>Dictionary of Art</i>. Vol. 14. p. 415.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Art&rft.pages=415&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttributed+arms" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributed_arms&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Attributed_arms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Attributed arms">Attributed arms</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osb.org/gen/bmc.html">St. Benedict's attributed arms</a> and ecclesiastical heraldic stained glass</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/arthur.htm">Arthurian Heraldry</a> at Heraldica.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318072831/http://celtic-twilight.com/camelot/infopedia/a/arthurs_coatofarms.htm">King Arthur's Coat of Arms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513151222/http://pages.ripco.net/~clevin/tristram.html">An Investigation into the Symbolism of Heraldry in the Legend of Tristram and Isoud</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901092435/http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/King_Arthur_--_Attributed_Heraldry">King Arthur – Attributed Heraldry</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background: white; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)<sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8b004b; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c67000; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare metals<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDA8A5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare colours<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:sienna; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC7722; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:HotPink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Realistic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><span 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