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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Umumiy_maʼlumot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umumiy_maʼlumot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Umumiy maʼlumot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Umumiy_maʼlumot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Umumiy maʼlumot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Umumiy_maʼlumot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oʻziga_xosligi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oʻziga_xosligi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Oʻziga xosligi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oʻziga_xosligi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tizimdan_foydalanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tizimdan_foydalanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tizimdan foydalanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tizimdan_foydalanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarixi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarixi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tarixi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tarixi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oʻtmishdoshlari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oʻtmishdoshlari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oʻtmishdoshlari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oʻtmishdoshlari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birinchi_Unix_tizimlari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birinchi_Unix_tizimlari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Birinchi Unix tizimlari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birinchi_Unix_tizimlari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unixʼsimon_bepul_operatsion_tizimlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unixʼsimon_bepul_operatsion_tizimlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Unixʼsimon bepul operatsion tizimlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unixʼsimon_bepul_operatsion_tizimlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unixʼsimon_pullik_operatsion_tizimlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unixʼsimon_pullik_operatsion_tizimlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Unixʼsimon pullik operatsion tizimlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unixʼsimon_pullik_operatsion_tizimlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unix_tizining_operatsion_tizimlar_evolyutsiyasiga_taʼsiri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix_tizining_operatsion_tizimlar_evolyutsiyasiga_taʼsiri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Unix tizining operatsion tizimlar evolyutsiyasiga taʼsiri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix_tizining_operatsion_tizimlar_evolyutsiyasiga_taʼsiri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unix_tizimining_standart_buyruqlari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix_tizimining_standart_buyruqlari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unix tizimining standart buyruqlari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix_tizimining_standart_buyruqlari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Havolalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Mundarija" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">UNIX</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 109 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="يونكس – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউনিক্স – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউনিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یوونیکس – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یوونیکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikso" title="Unikso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unikso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونیکس – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="यूनिक्स – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Յունիքս – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յունիքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_.uniks." title="lo .uniks. – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo .uniks." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನಿಕ್ಸ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುನಿಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="유닉스 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – liguryan" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguryan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Уникс – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уникс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യുണിക്സ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുണിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="युनिक्स – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယူးနစ်စ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူးနစ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="युनिक्स् – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युनिक्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – osetin" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونیکس – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یونیکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – sardin" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="යුනික්ස් – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුනික්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யுனிக்சு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுனிக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యునిక్స్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యునిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ยูนิกซ์ – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูนิกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونکس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="יוניקס – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יוניקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Amallar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/UNIX"><span>Mutolaa</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=history"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umumiy </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:WhatLinksHere/UNIX" title="Ushbu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalar roʻyxati [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Bu yerga ishoratlar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChangesLinked/UNIX" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalardagi yangi oʻzgarishlar [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Bogʻliq oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&oldid=5346472" title="Sahifaning ushbu versiyasiga doimiy ishorat"><span>Doimiy havola</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=info" title="Bu sahifa haqida koʻproq maʼlumot"><span>Sahifa haqida maʼlumot</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CiteThisPage&page=UNIX&id=5346472&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Sahifadan matn parchasi ajratish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUNIX"><span>Qisqartirilgan URL-manzilni olish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUNIX"><span>QR-kodni yuklab olish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nashr/eksport qilish </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:DownloadAsPdf&page=UNIX&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF sifatida yuklash</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Ushbu sahifaning bosma uchun versiyasi [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bosma uchun versiya</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Boshqa loyihalarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" hreflang="en"><span>Vikiombor</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11368" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Qiyofa</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, erkin ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:UNIX%C2%AE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/UNIX%C2%AE.png/220px-UNIX%C2%AE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/UNIX%C2%AE.png/330px-UNIX%C2%AE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/UNIX%C2%AE.png/440px-UNIX%C2%AE.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>UNIX</b> logotipi.</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>UNIX</b> (<small>talaffuzi: <i>yuniks</i></small>; UNIX — The Open Group<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kompaniyasining roʻyxatdan oʻtgan savdo belgisidir) — portativ, koʻp vazifali va koʻp foydalanuvchili <a href="/wiki/Operatsion_tizim" class="mw-redirect" title="Operatsion tizim">operatsion tizimlar</a> oilasi boʻlib, ular 1970-yillarda Ken Tompson, Dennis Richi va boshqalar tomonidan Bell labaratoriyasi (<i>Bell Labs</i>)da ishlab chiqilgan original <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> Unix loyihasi gʻoyalariga asoslangan. Unix tizimining yuzaga kelishida <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> operatsion tizimining taʼsiri katta boʻlgan. </p><p>Unix turkumiga kiruvchi operatsion tizimlar modulli konstruksiya bilan ajralib turadi, bunda har bir vazifa alohida yordamchi dastur tomonidan bajariladi, oʻzaro aloqa yagona fayl tizimi orqali amalga oshiriladi va utilitlar bilan ishlash uchun buyruqlar satri qoʻllanadi. </p><p>Unix gʻoyasi kompyuter operatsion tizimlarining rivojlanishiga katta taʼsir koʻrsatdi. Unix tizimlari hozirda tarixiy eng muhim operatsion tizimlardan biri sifatida tan olingan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Umumiy_maʼlumot"><span id="Umumiy_ma.CA.BClumot"></span>Umumiy maʼlumot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Umumiy maʼlumot" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Umumiy maʼlumot"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birinchi Unix tizimi AT&Tʼning Bell Labs boʻlimi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Oʻshandan beri koʻp sonli turli xil Unix tizimlari tuzildi. Qonuniy jihatdan, faqat „Yagona UNIX spesifikatsiyasiga muvofiqligi“ (<i>Single UNIX Specification</i>) uchun sertifikatlangan operatsion tizimlar „UNIX“ deb nomlanish huquqiga ega<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Qolganlari, oʻxshash tushuncha va texnologiyalardan foydalansalar ham, Unixʼsimon operatsion tizimlar (inglizcha <i>Unix-like</i>) deb ataladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oʻziga_xosligi"><span id="O.CA.BBziga_xosligi"></span>Oʻziga xosligi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oʻziga xosligi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Oʻziga xosligi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unixʼsimon tizimlarning boshqa operatsion tizimlardan asosiy farqi shundaki, ular dastlab koʻp foydalanuvchili, koʻp vazifali tizim hisoblanishidadir. Unixʼda koʻp odamlar bir vaqtning oʻzida har biri oʻz terminali (vazifalarni bajarish uchun buyruqlar berish vositasi)da ishlashi mumkin, shu bilan birga ularning har biri ushbu kompyuterning resurslaridan foydalanadigan koʻplab turli xil hisoblash jarayonlarini amalga oshirishi mumkin. </p><p>Unixʼning ikkinchi ulkan afzalligi uning koʻp platformaliligidir. Tizimning yadrosi deyarli har qanday mikroprotsessorga osongina moslasha oladigan tarzda tuzilgan. </p><p>Unix boshqa muhim xususiyatlarga ega: </p> <ul><li>tizimni sozlash va boshqarish uchun oddiy matnli fayllardan foydalanish;</li> <li>buyruq satridan ishga tushirilgan yordamchi dasturlardan keng foydalanish;</li> <li>virtual qurilma — terminal orqali foydalanuvchi bilan oʻzaro aloqani taʼminlash;</li> <li>jismiy va virtual qurilmalarni va jarayonlararo aloqaning ayrim vositalarini fayllar shaklida taqdim etish;</li> <li>har biri bitta vazifani bajaradigan bir nechta dastur konveyerlarini qoʻllash.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tizimdan_foydalanish">Tizimdan foydalanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tizimdan foydalanish" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tizimdan foydalanish"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hozirgi vaqtda Unix tizimlari asosan <a href="/wiki/Server" title="Server">serverlar</a>, shuningdek, turli qurilmalar, jumladan <a href="/wiki/Smartfon" title="Smartfon">smartfonlar</a> uchun oʻrnatilgan tizimlar orasida keng tarqalgan. Unix tizimlari superkompyuterlarda ham qoʻllanilmoqda, xususan, Linux TOP500 superkompyuterlarida 100 foiz Unix tizimida ishlamoqda. </p><p>Ish stantsiyalari va uyda foydalanish uchun operatsion tizimlar orasida Unix va Unixʼsimon operatsion tizimlar <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windowsʼdan</a> keyin ikkinchi (<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a>), uchinchi (<a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux">GNU/Linux</a>)dan keyingi oʻrinlarda turadi<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarixi">Tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oʻtmishdoshlari"><span id="O.CA.BBtmishdoshlari"></span>Oʻtmishdoshlari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oʻtmishdoshlari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Oʻtmishdoshlari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Unix-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Unix-history.svg/250px-Unix-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Unix-history.svg/330px-Unix-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Unix-history.svg/500px-Unix-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Yillar boʻyicha Unix nashrlari</div></figcaption></figure> <p>1957-yilda Bell laboratoriyasida ichki ehtiyojlar uchun operatsion tizim ishlab chiqish boʻyicha ish boshlandi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BESYS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BESYS (sahifa yaratilmagan)">BESYS</a> tizimi Viktor Visotskiy boshchiligida ishlab chiqilgan. Keyinchalik u Multics loyihasiga rahbarlik qildi, keyin esa Bell Labs axborot boʻlimi rahbari boʻldi. </p><p>1964-yilda uchinchi avlod kompyuterlari paydo boʻldi, ular uchun BESYS imkoniyatlari endi mos emas edi. Visotskiy va uning hamkasblari yangi operatsion tizimini ishlab chiqishga emas, balki General Electric va <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_texnologiya_instituti" title="Massachusetts texnologiya instituti">MITʼning</a> qoʻshma loyihasi Multicsʼga eʼtibor qaratishga qaror qilishdi. Bell Labsʼni oʻz ichiga olgan telekommunikatsiya giganti AT&T loyihani sezilarli darajada qoʻllab-quvvatladi, biroq 1969-yilda loyihadan moliyaviy foyda keltirmagani uchun undan voz kechdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birinchi_Unix_tizimlari">Birinchi Unix tizimlari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Birinchi Unix tizimlari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Birinchi Unix tizimlari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg/250px-Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Unix asoschilari — Ken Thompson va Dennis Ritchie <small>(chapdan oʻngga)</small></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Unix dastlab 1960-yillarning oxirida Bell Labs xodimlari, xususan, Ken Tompson, Dennis Ritchi va Duglas Makilroy tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. </p><p>1969-yilda Ken Tompson 70-yillarning minikompyuterlar uchun Multics gʻoyasini amalga oshirish uchun yangi operatsion tizimning birinchi versiyasini avval boshida oddiyroq apparat (DEC PDP-7)da yozdi. Ushbu versiya 1-nashr (<i>Edition 1</i>) deb nomlangan va birinchi rasmiy versiya edi. Barcha Unix ilovalarining tizim vaqti 1970-yil 1-yanvardan boshlab hisoblanadi. </p><p>Tizimning birinchi nomi UNICS sifatida qisqartirilgan <i>Uniplexed Information and Computing Service</i> edi. Bu nom 1970-yilda Multicsga oʻxshab berilgan. Ammo oxir-oqibat operatsion tizim Unix nomi bilan mashhur boʻldi. </p><p>Unix tizimining birinchi versiyalari assembler tilida yozilgan va oʻrnatilgan yuqori darajali kompilyatorga ega emas edi. Taxminan 1969-yilda Ken Tompson Dennis Ritchi yordamida Bi (B) tilini ishlab chiqdi va tadbiq etdi. Bu til 1966-yilda ishlab chiqilgan BCPL tilining soddalashtirilgan (minikompyuterlarda amalga oshirish uchun) versiyasi edi. Bi, BCPL kabi, talqin qilingan til edi. 1972-yilda Unixʼning Bi tilida qayta yozilgan ikkinchi nashri chiqdi. 1969—1973-yillarda Bi asosida Si (C) deb nomlangan kompilyatsiya qilingan til ishlab chiqilgan. </p><p>1973-yilda Unixʼning uchinchi nashri oʻrnatilgan C kompilyatori bilan chiqdi. Oʻsha yilning 15-oktyabrida tizimning toʻrtinchi nashri yadrosi C tilida qayta yozildi (Multics tizimi ruhida, shuningdek, PL/1 yuqori darajadagi tilda yozilgan). 1975-yilda beshinchi nashri C tilida butunlay qayta yozib chiqildi. </p><p>1974-yildan beri Unix universitetlar va akademik muassasalarga tarqaldi. 1975-yilda Bell laboratoriyalaridan tashqarida ishlab chiqilgan yangi versiyalar paydo boʻldi va tizimning mashhurligi ortdi. Shuningdek, 1975-yilda Bell labaratoriyasi oltinchi nashrini chiqardi. </p><p>1978-yilga kelib, tizim 600 dan ortiq <a href="/wiki/EHM" class="mw-redirect" title="EHM">mashinalarga</a>, birinchi navbatda, universitetlarga oʻrnatildi<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <i>Yettinchi nashr</i> Unixning yagona soʻnggi versiyasi edi. Aynan u yerda zamonaviyga yaqin buyruqlar satri tarjimoni boʻlgan „Bourne shell“ mavjud edi. </p><p>1980-yillarning boshida Bell labaratoriyasiga egalik qilgan AT&T Unix qiymatini tan oldi va operatsion tizimning tijorat versiyasini yaratishni boshladi. 1982-yilda sotuvga chiqarilgan ushbu versiya <i>UNIX System III</i> deb nomlandi va tizimning yettinchi versiyasiga asoslangan edi. </p><p>Biroq, 1956-yilda <a href="/wiki/AQSh" class="mw-redirect" title="AQSh">AQSh</a> hukumati tomonidan kiritilgan taqiq tufayli kompaniya Unixʼni tijorat mahsuloti sifatida ishlab chiqishni bevosita boshlay olmadi. Adliya departamenti AT&T kompaniyasini telefon va telegraf tarmoqlari va uskunalari bilan bogʻliq boʻlmagan faoliyat bilan shugʻullanishni taqiqlovchi shartnoma imzolashga majbur qildi. Unixʼni hali ham tijorat mahsulotlari darajasiga oʻtkazish imkoniyatiga ega boʻlish uchun kompaniya operatsion tizimning dastlabki kodini baʼzi oliy oʻquv yurtlariga berdi va kodni juda liberal shartlar ostida litsenziyaladi. 1973-yil dekabr oyida Berkli universiteti birinchilardan boʻlib manba kodini oldi<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1978-yildan beri Berkli universitetida yaratilgan <i>BSD Unix</i> oʻz tarixini boshlaydi. Uning birinchi versiyasi Unixʼning oltinchi nashriga asoslangan edi. 1979-yilda yettinchi nashrga asoslangan <i>3BSD</i> deb nomlangan yangi versiya chiqdi. BSD virtual xotira va talab boʻyicha sahifalarni joylash kabi foydali xususiyatlarni qoʻllab-quvvatladi. BSD Bill Joy tomonidan yozilgan. </p><p>Unix tizimida boʻlinishning muhim sababi 1980-yilda TCP/IP protokoli stekining amalga oshirilishi edi. Shu vaqtgacha Unixʼda mashinadan mashinaga aloqa oʻzining boshlangʻich bosqichida edi — aloqaning eng muhim usuli UUCP (fayllarni bir Unix tizimidan boshqasiga koʻchirish vositasi, dastlab modemlar yordamida telefon tarmoqlari orqali ishlagan). </p><p>Tarmoq ilovalari uchun ikkita dasturlash interfeysi taklif qilingan: Berkley soketlari va TLI (Transport Layer Interface). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unixʼsimon_bepul_operatsion_tizimlar"><span id="Unix.CA.BCsimon_bepul_operatsion_tizimlar"></span>Unixʼsimon bepul operatsion tizimlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Unixʼsimon bepul operatsion tizimlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Unixʼsimon bepul operatsion tizimlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1983-yilda Richard Stollman <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> loyihasini eʼlon qildi, bu asl manba kodidan foydalanmasdan, noldan bepul Unixʼsimon operatsion tizimni yaratishga urinish edi. Ushbu loyiha doirasida ishlab chiqilgan dasturiy taʼminotning aksariyati — GNU asboblar zanjiri, Glibc (C standart kutubxonasi) va Coreutils boshqa bepul operatsion tizimlarda asosiy rol oʻynaydi. Biroq, GNU vazifalarini toʻliq bajarish uchun zarur boʻlgan Unix yadrosi oʻrnini yaratish boʻyicha ish juda sekin davom etdi. Hozirda GNU Hurd — Mach mikroyadrosi arxitekturasi asosida zamonaviy yadro yaratishga urinish hali tugallanmagan. </p><p>1991-yilda Linus Torvalds <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> yadrosini yozish uchun yordamchilarni jalb qilganida, GNU loyihasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan vositalardan foydalanish aniq tanlov edi. GNU operatsion tizimi va Linux yadrosi birgalikda <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux">GNU/Linux</a> deb nomlanuvchi operatsion tizimni tashkil qiladi. Yadro, GNU yordam dasturlari va qoʻshimcha dasturiy taʼminotni oʻz ichiga olgan ushbu tizimning tarqatilishi (masalan, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> va Debian) ham havaskorlar, ham bizneslar orasida mashhur boʻldi. </p><p>1992-yil boshida Networking Release 2 asosida 386/BSD <a href="/wiki/Distributiv" title="Distributiv">distributivi</a> chiqarildi. UNIX Systems Laboratories BSDIʼga, keyin esa Berkli universitetiga Unix fayllarini manba va ikkilik formatlarda deyarli hech narsa evaziga tarqatishga ruxsat bergani uchun sudga murojaat qildi. Butun 1992-yil USL uchun sud ishlarida sezilarli muvaffaqiyat keltirmadi, ammo Kaliforniya universitetining qarshi daʼvosi paydo boʻldi. 1993-yil boshida 386/BSD distributivi oʻz nomini NetBSDʼga oʻzgartirdi. 1993-yil dekabr oyida oddiy foydalanuvchilarga moʻljallangan yana bir distributor FreeBSD paydo boʻldi. 1993-yilning yozida Novell USLʼni sotib olgandan soʻng, BSD kodlari holatini hal qilish boʻyicha muzokaralar boshlandi. 1994-yil yanvariga kelib, CSRG va Novell 18 000 Tarmoq relizi 2 dan uchta faylni olib tashlashga kelishib oldilar, baʼzi fayllar qayta koʻrib chiqilishi kerak edi va universitet 70 ga yaqin faylga USL mualliflik huquqi maʼlumotlarini qoʻshishi kerak edi. </p><p>1994-yil iyun oyida 4.4BSD-Liteʼning „toza“ versiyasi chiqdi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab, BSDI, NetBSD va FreeBSD guruhlari oʻzlarining tizim versiyalarini toza 4.4BSD-Lite tizimi bilan qayta sinxronlashtirishlari kerak edi. Shunday qilib, USL daʼvosi topshirilgandan keyin uch yil ichida amalga oshirilgan barcha ishlanmalar mualliflik huquqining buzilishi va uchinchi tomon kodidan foydalanish uchun koʻrib chiqilishi kerak edi. Yadro va operatsion muhitning muhim komponentlarini qayta yozib chiqildi. Keyinchalik ular mustaqil OpenBSD, TrustedBSD va DragonFlyBSD loyihalariga ajralishdi. </p><p>1997-yilda <a href="/wiki/Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple">Apple</a> oʻzining yangi operatsion tizimi uchun poydevor qidirdi va NeXT tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan bepul yadroli NEXTSTEP operatsion tizimini tanladi. </p><p>2000-yilda Apple Inc. ochiq kodli POSIXʼga mos keladigan Darvin operatsion tizimini chiqaradi. U Apple tomonidan yozilgan kodni NeXTSTEP, FreeBSD va boshqa bepul loyihalardan olingan kod bilan birlashtiradi. Darvin — bu <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> va Apple <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> tomonidan qoʻllanadigan asosiy komponentlar toʻplamidir. U Unified UNIX Spetsifikatsiyasining 3-versiyasi (SUSv3) va POSIX ilovalari va yordamchi dasturlari bilan mos keladi. </p><p>2005-yil 14-iyunda Solaris operatsion tizimi ochiq kodli edi. Ushbu loyiha, xuddi uning asosida yaratilgan operatsion tizim kabi, OpenSolaris nomini oldi. 17-iyun kuni, kod topilganidan uch kun oʻtgach, SchilliX distributivi tuzildi. 2008-yil may oyida OpenSolaris 2008.05 uchun birinchi rasmiy distributiv chiqdi. OpenSolarisʼga asoslangan oʻndan ortiq distributivlar mavjud, ulardan eng mashhurlari BeleniX va Nexenta OSdir. </p><p>GNU/Linux va BSD oilasi hozirda tijoriy Unix tizimlaridan bozor ulushini tez surʼatda qoʻlga kiritmoqda va bir vaqtning oʻzida oxirgi foydalanuvchi ish stollariga, mobil va oʻrnatilgan tizimlarga kirib bormoqda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unixʼsimon_pullik_operatsion_tizimlar"><span id="Unix.CA.BCsimon_pullik_operatsion_tizimlar"></span>Unixʼsimon pullik operatsion tizimlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Unixʼsimon pullik operatsion tizimlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Unixʼsimon pullik operatsion tizimlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AT&T boʻlingandan soʻng, Unix savdo belgisi va asl manba kodiga boʻlgan huquqlar egalarini bir necha bor oʻzgartirdi, xususan, ular uzoq vaqt davomida Novellga tegishli edi. 1993-yilda Novell savdo belgisi va dasturiy taʼminotni sertifikatlash huquqlarini X/Open konsorsiumiga topshirdi, keyin esa Open Software Foundation bilan birlashib, The Open Group tashkil qilindi. U yetakchi kompyuter korporatsiyalari va davlat tashkilotlarini, jumladan <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, Sun, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> va boshqalarni birlashtiradi. Konsorsium operatsion tizimlar uchun ochiq standartlarni ishlab chiqadi, ulardan eng muhimi, avval POSIX nomi bilan tanilgan Yagona UNIX Spetsifikatsiyasi. Ochiq guruh nuqtai nazaridan, UNIX nomini faqat Yagona UNIX spetsifikatsiyasiga sertifikatlangan tizimlar olishi mumkin. </p><p>1995-yilda Novell Santa Cruz Operationruen kompaniyasiga mavjud litsenziyalar va tizim Vni yanada rivojlantirish huquqlarini sotdi. 2000-yilda Santa Cruz Operation oʻzining Unix biznesini Kalderaga sotdi, uning nomi SCO Group deb oʻzgartirildi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unix_tizining_operatsion_tizimlar_evolyutsiyasiga_taʼsiri"><span id="Unix_tizining_operatsion_tizimlar_evolyutsiyasiga_ta.CA.BCsiri"></span>Unix tizining operatsion tizimlar evolyutsiyasiga taʼsiri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Unix tizining operatsion tizimlar evolyutsiyasiga taʼsiri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Unix tizining operatsion tizimlar evolyutsiyasiga taʼsiri"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unix tizimlari katta tarixiy ahamiyatga ega, chunki ular bugungi kunda OT hamda dasturiy taʼminot sohasidagi baʼzi mashhur tushunchalar va yondashuvlarning tarqalishiga yordam berdi. Shuningdek, Unix tizimlarining rivojlanishi asnosida Si (C) tili yaratildi. </p><p>Multics singari, Unix ham assembler tilida emas, balki yuqori darajali tilda yozilgan (oʻsha paytda bu til dominant edi). </p><p>Unda oldingi operatsion tizimlar bilan solishtirganda sezilarli darajada soddalashtirilgan fayl modeli mavjud edi. Fayl tizimi xizmatlar va qurilmalarni (masalan, printerlar, terminallar va qattiq disklar) oʻz ichiga olgan va ular uchun bir xil koʻrinadigan interfeys taʼminlagan edi, ammo qurilmalar bilan ishlash uchun qoʻshimcha mexanizmlar (masalan, IOCTL va kirish bitlari) oddiy baytga toʻgʻri kelmasdi. </p><p>Unix Multicsʼning oʻzboshimchalik chuqurligi bilan ierarxik fayl tizimi haqidagi gʻoyasini ommalashtirdi. Oʻsha paytdagi boshqa operatsion tizimlar (jumladan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOS (sahifa yaratilmagan)">DOS</a>) disk maydonini kataloglar yoki boʻlimlarga boʻlish imkonini berdi, lekin joylashtirish darajalari soni aniqlangan va koʻpincha faqat bitta joylashtirish darajasi mavjud edi. Keyinchalik, barcha asosiy xususiy operatsion tizimlar Multics-dan olingan rekursiv pastki kataloglarni yaratish qobiliyatiga ega boʻldi. Buyruqlar satri interpretatori foydalanuvchi dasturlaridan biriga aylangani va alohida dasturlarning qoʻshimcha buyruqlar vazifasini bajarishi Unix tomonidan ommalashtirilgan yana bir Multics innovatsiyasidir. Unix qobiq tili foydalanuvchi tomonidan interaktiv ish uchun ham, skript yozish uchun ham qoʻllanadi, yaʼni, masalan, IBM JCL tizimidagi kabi vazifalarni tavsiflash uchun alohida til mavjud emas. Qobiq va operatsion tizim buyruqlari oddiy dasturlar boʻlgani uchun foydalanuvchi ularni oʻz xohishiga koʻra tanlashi yoki hatto oʻz qobigʻini yozishi mumkin. Va nihoyat, yadroni qayta kompilyatsiya qilmasdan tizimga yangi buyruqlar qoʻshilishi mumkin. Maʼlumotlarni ketma-ket qayta ishlaydigan dasturlar zanjirini yaratishning yangi Unix buyruq qatori maʼlumotlarni parallel qayta ishlashdan foydalanishni osonlashtirdi. </p><p>Unixʼning asosiy xususiyatlari matnni kiritish va uni eʼlon qilishga toʻliq eʼtibor qaratish hamda soʻzining hajmi sakkiz bitga koʻpaytirilishini taxmin qilish edi. Dastlab Unixʼda ikkilik muharrirlari ham yoʻqligi bois tizim matnli buyruqlar yordamida toʻliq moslangan edi. Kirish/chiqarishning eng katta va eng kichik birligi matn bayti boʻlib, Unix I/Uʼni boshqa operatsion tizimlarning rekordga yoʻnaltirilgan kiritish-chiqarish tizimidan butunlay ajratib turdi. </p><p>Unix muntazam iboralarning keng qoʻllanilishiga hissa qoʻshdi, ular birinchi marta „ed“ nomli Unix matn muharririda amalga oshirildi. Unix dasturlariga taqdim etilgan imkoniyatlar standart operatsion tizim interfeyslari (POSIX)ning asosiga aylandi. </p><p>Tizimli dasturlashda keng qoʻllanadigan, dastlab Unix ishlab chiqish uchun yaratilgan C tili mashhurligi boʻyicha Unix tilidan oʻzib ketdi. C tili dasturchiga maʼlum bir dasturlash uslubini yuklashga urinmagan birinchi „tolerant“ til edi. C protsessorning barcha imkoniyatlariga kirishni taʼminlovchi birinchi yuqori darajadagi til boʻldi, masalan, havolalar, jadvallar, bitni siljitish (bitlarni soʻzlarga oʻtkazish), oʻsish va hokazo. </p><p>Unixʼsimon operatsion tizimlarning eng mashhur namunalaridan baʼzilari macOS, Solaris, BSD va NeXTSTEP hisoblanadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unix_tizimining_standart_buyruqlari">Unix tizimining standart buyruqlari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Unix tizimining standart buyruqlari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Unix tizimining standart buyruqlari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fayllar va jildlarni tuzish hamda kezish buyruqlari: touch, ls, mv, rm, cp, ln, pwd, cd, mkdir, rmdir, find, du.</li> <li>Fayllarni koʻrish va tahrir qilish buyruqlari: nano, more, less, ed, ex, vi, emacs.</li> <li>Matnlarga ishlov berish buyruqlari: echo, cat, grep, sort, uniq, sed, awk, tee, head, tail, cut, tr, split, printf.</li> <li>Fayllarni solishtirish buyruqlari: comm, cmp, diff, patch.</li> <li>Turli tuman buyruqlar interpretarori buyruqlari: yes, test, xargs, expr.</li> <li>Tizim boshqaruviga oid buyruqlar: chmod, chgrp, chown, ps, su, w, who, df, mount, umount.</li> <li>Aloqaga oid buyruqlar: mail, telnet, ftp, finger, rsh, ssh.</li> <li>Buyruqlar qobigʻi buyruqlari: sh, bash, csh, ksh, tcsh, zsh.</li> <li>Manba va obyekt kodlari bilan ishlash buyruqlari: cc, gcc, ld, nm, yacc, bison, lex, flex, ar, ranlib, make.</li> <li>Maʼlumotni siqish va arxivlash buyruqlari: compress, uncompress, gzip, gunzip, tar.</li> <li>Ikkilik fayllar bilan ishlash buyruqlar: od, strings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/single_unix_faq.html">„Single UNIX Specification FAQ“</a></span>.  www.opengroup.org. Qaraldi: 16-fevral 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/the_brand.html">„UNIX Certification -- The UNIX System -- The Brand“</a></span>.  www.unix.org. Qaraldi: 16-fevral 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="inglizcha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_os.asp">„OS Statistics“</a></span> (inglizcha).  www.w3schools.com. Qaraldi: 23-mart 2019-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">{{{заглавие}}}<sup><span title="inglizcha" style="font-size:90%; cursor:help; margin-left:0.2em; color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">(ingl.)</span></sup>. — P. 124. — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Международный стандартный серийный номер (sahifa yaratilmagan)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigla.ru/results.jsp?f=8&t=3&v0=0199-6649&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false">0199-6649</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaxaliya Yu. UNIX iznutri. — SPb.: Piter, 2003. — S. 33.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Havolalar">Havolalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Havolalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIX&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Havolalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata navigation-box" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#f9f9f9; padding:1ex; font-size:88%; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vikiombor" title="Vikiombor">Vikiomborda</a> <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:UNIX" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:UNIX">UNIX</a></b></i><br /> haqida turkum mavjud </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4048111">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3730510">XX3730510</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="extiw" title="en:Bibliothèque nationale de France">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968227m">cb11968227m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968227m">(maʼlumot)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="extiw" title="en:Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061835-3">4061835-3</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="extiw" title="en:Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n91019960">n91019960</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117153&CON_LNG=ENG">ph117153</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" class="extiw" title="en:Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027694968">027694968</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="extiw" title="en:Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173851322">173851322</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="extiw" title="en:WorldCat Identities">en:WorldCat Identities</a> (VIAF orqali): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/173851322">173851322</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNIX&oldid=5346472">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNIX&oldid=5346472</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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