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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exile in Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barcelona_Modern_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barcelona_Modern_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Barcelona Modern School</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Barcelona_Modern_School-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Barcelona Modern School subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Barcelona_Modern_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Escola_Moderna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Escola_Moderna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After Escola Moderna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Escola_Moderna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco Ferrer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="فرانسيسك فيرير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيسك فيرير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ফ্রান্সিসকো ফেরার ই গার্দিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্সিসকো ফেরার ই গার্দিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Франсэск Ферэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франсэск Ферэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Франсэск Фэрэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Франсэск Фэрэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Франсеск Ферер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсеск Ферер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francisco Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Φρανσίσκο Φερέρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανσίσκο Φερέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia" title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisco Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francisco Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia" title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia" title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Франсиско Ферер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франсиско Ферер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francisco Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer" title="Francesc Ferrer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francesc Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فرانسیسکو فریر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسیسکو فریر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer" title="Francesc Ferrer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francesc Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Феррер, Франсеск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феррер, Франсеск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_Guardia" title="Francesc Ferrer Guardia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Francesc Ferrer Guardia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer_y_Guardia" title="Francisco Ferrer y Guardia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francisco Ferrer y Guardia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Франсеск Ферер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсеск Ферер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia" title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francisco Ferrer Guardia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francisco Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francisco Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francisco Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Франсеск Ферер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франсеск Ферер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q354202#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">19th and 20th-century Catalan anarchist and educationist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Ferrer</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Guàrdia</i>; both are generally joined by the conjunction "i".</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Francisco Ferrer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia.jpg/220px-Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia.jpg/330px-Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia.jpg/440px-Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-01-14</span>)</span>January 14, 1859<sup id="cite_ref-bday_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bday-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Alella" title="Alella">Alella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Barcelona" title="Province of Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 13, 1909<span style="display:none">(1909-10-13)</span> (aged 50)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, province of Barcelona, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escola Moderna</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[fɾənˈsɛsk<span class="wrap"> </span>fəˈrej<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɣwaɾði.ə]</a></span>; January 14, 1859 – October 13, 1909), widely known as <b>Francisco Ferrer</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[fɾanˈθisko<span class="wrap"> </span>feˈreɾ]</a></span>), was a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>, and educationist behind a network of secular, private, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">libertarian schools</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. His execution, following a revolt in Barcelona, propelled Ferrer into martyrdom and grew an <a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">international movement</a> of radicals and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarians</a>, who established schools in his model and promoted his schooling approach. </p><p>Ferrer was raised on a farm near Barcelona, where he developed <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> convictions. As a train conductor, he transmitted messages for the republican leader <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ruiz_Zorrilla" title="Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla">Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla</a>, exiled in France. Following a failed republican uprising in 1885, Ferrer, too, moved to Paris with his family, where they stayed for 16 years. Ferrer began to explore anarchism and education. At the turn of the century, Ferrer had resolved to open a libertarian school modeled on <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robin" title="Paul Robin">Paul Robin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vost_orphanage" title="Prévost orphanage">Prévost orphanage</a> school. A large inheritance from a Parisian tutee provided the means to do so. </p><p>Upon returning to Barcelona in 1901, Ferrer founded the Barcelona Modern School, <i><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></i>, which sought to provide a secular, libertarian curriculum as an alternative to the religious dogma and compulsory lessons common within Spanish schools. Ferrer's pedagogy borrowed from a tradition of 18th century <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and 19th century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>. He held that children should wield freewheeling liberties at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>, regulation, and discipline. His school eschewed punishments, rewards, and exams, and encouraged practical experience over academic study. The school hosted lectures for adults, a school for <a href="/wiki/Teacher_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher training">teacher training</a>, and a radical printing press, which printed textbooks and the school's journal. Around 120 offshoots of the school spread throughout Spain. The rapidity of Ferrer's rise troubled Spanish church and state authorities, who viewed the school as a front for insurrectionary activity. Ferrer was held in association with the <a href="/wiki/Morral_affair" title="Morral affair">1906 assassination attempt</a> on <a href="/wiki/King_Alfonso_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfonso XIII">the Spanish King</a>, which was used as a pretext for closing the school, but was ultimately released without conviction under international pressure a year later. Ferrer traveled Europe as an advocate of the Spanish revolutionary cause, founded a libertarian education advocacy organization, and reopened his press. </p><p>In mid-1909, Ferrer was arrested and accused of orchestrating a week of insurrection known as Barcelona's <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic Week (Catalonia)">Tragic Week</a>. Though Ferrer's involvement was likely not as blameless as intimated by his peers, he did not mastermind the events as charged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing court case, remembered as a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo court</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-show-kangaroo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-show-kangaroo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulted in Ferrer's execution and triggered international outcry, as Ferrer was widely believed to be innocent at the time of his death. He was prominently memorialized in writing, monuments, and demonstrations across three continents. The protest became a movement to propagate his educational ideas, and Modern Schools in his name sprouted across the United States and Europe, reaching into Brazil and Asia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia was born January 10 or 14, 1859,<sup id="cite_ref-bday_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bday-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a farm near Barcelona<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Alella,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alella, Spain">Alella, Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a republican and freethinker in his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his parents were pious Catholics, he grew independent and anti-clerical convictions from his freethinker uncle and militant atheist first employer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his mid-20s, Ferrer had become a radical Republican. In 1883, he was initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> <i>Verdad</i> in Barcelona (Lodge Number 146 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran_Oriente_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran Oriente de España (page does not exist)">Gran Oriente de España</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ruiz_Zorrilla" title="Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla">Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla</a>), taking on the symbolic name, Brother "Cero", he reached the 32°.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200642_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200642-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez_Olmedilla1960250_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez_Olmedilla1960250-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He used his position as a train conductor on a route between France and Barcelona to transmit messages for the exiled Republican leader Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla and shepherd republicans, radicals and freemasons to sanctuary. After supporting an attempted coup under General <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Villacampa_del_Castillo" class="extiw" title="es:Manuel Villacampa del Castillo">Manuel Villacampa del Castillo</a> who intended to install a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spanish Republic</a> in late 1886, Ferrer was himself forced to flee to France with his wife and three daughters, where they would stay for 16 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in France, Ferrer kept up his masonic activities with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200643_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200643-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_in_Paris">Exile in Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exile in Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Paris, Ferrer taught Spanish, sold wine on commission, volunteered as Ruíz's secretary (until his 1895 death), and pursued radical efforts. He was a <a href="/wiki/Dreyfusard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfusard">Dreyfusard</a>, a delegate to the London <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Workers_and_Trade_Union_Congress,_London_1896" title="International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896">1896 Congress of the Second International</a>, and a teacher at the Masonic school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrer began to explore anarchism following Ruíz's death. He met <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis%C3%A9e_Reclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisée Reclus">Elisée Reclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a>, befriended <a href="/wiki/Charles_Malato" title="Charles Malato">Charles Malato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Grave" title="Jean Grave">Jean Grave</a>, and bonded with Spanish anarchists <a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Lorenzo" title="Anselmo Lorenzo">Anselmo Lorenzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Tarrida_del_M%C3%A1rmol" title="Fernando Tarrida del Mármol">Fernando Tarrida del Mármol</a>. Their personalities and ideas impressed him, and by the late 1890s, he considered them kindred spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ferrer would later deny involvement in the anarchist movement, especially when government scrutiny was strongest against him, historian of anarchism <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Paul Avrich</a> wrote that Ferrer's anarchist affiliation was indisputable, despite his portrayal by former historians as a pacifist or idealist rather than revolutionary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024–25_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his entire life and across multiple countries, Ferrer worked for anarchist causes, funded other anarchist work, and published anarchist books. Many major and minor anarchist figures from Barcelona worked in affiliation with the school Ferrer later opened, and Europe's most prominent anarchist leaders advised and wrote for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Paris, Ferrer became interested in education, which was a hot topic in anarchist and rationalist circles. Ferrer was captivated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robin" title="Paul Robin">Paul Robin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vost_orphanage" title="Prévost orphanage">Prévost orphanage</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Cempuis" title="Cempuis">Cempuis</a>, which modeled the school Ferrer would open. Robin's' co-educational "integral" program sought to develop the children's physical and intellectual capacities without coercion. He believed that social and economic environment played a larger role in a child's development than heredity, and so his school aimed to provide nature, exercise, love, and understanding, especially towards children normally subject to stigma. Ferrer corresponded with but never visited Robin in Cempuis. Around 1900, Ferrer declared his intention to open a similar libertarian school, which became plausible when he inherited around a million francs from a middle-aged French woman whom he had tutored in Spanish and convinced of his ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804–6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804–6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barcelona_Modern_School">Barcelona Modern School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Barcelona Modern School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></div> <p>With a large inheritance from a Parisian tutee, Ferrer returned to Spain in 1901, where he would open the Barcelona Modern School, <i>Escuela Moderna</i>. Spain was in a time of self-reflection after losing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, particularly regarding their national education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberals and radicals wanted more secular curriculum, with new scientific, historical, and sociological content and teachers not beholden to diocesan inspectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806–7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806–7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer, a fervent atheist,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19808_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19808-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became prominent in these conversations and advocated for a rational school as an alternative to the religious dogma and compulsory lessons common within Spanish schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a speaker, he was unpretentious and uncharismatic, but his sincerity and capacity for organization inspired others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer followed in a rough and ready Spanish tradition of extragovernment, rationalist education: the republicans and Fourierists schools (1840–50s), the anarchist and secularist schools (1870–80s), Paul Robin's Cempuis orphanage, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Puig_i_Elias" title="Joan Puig i Elias">Joan Puig i Elias</a> (Catalonia), and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Rosa" title="José Sánchez Rosa">José Sánchez Rosa</a> (Andalusia).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrer's libertarian pedagogy also borrowed from 18th century rationalism, 19th century romanticism, and pedagogues including Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>. This tradition pursued freewheeling liberties for children at the expense of conformity, regulation, and discipline. It combined play and crafts alongside academic work and championed traits of reason, dignity, self-reliance, and scientific observation over that of piety and obedience. It advocated for learning through experience rather than drilled instruction by rote, and for treating children with love and warmth. This model's adherents, in seeking a school that eschewed religious and political authority, thought that changes in mass education would circumvent the stunted public enlightenment and preservation of status quo that they blamed on the influence of both church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807–8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807–8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free education, to Ferrer, entailed educators who would use improvised experimentation to arouse the child's will and autodidactic drive rather than impose their own dogmatic ideas through formal curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19809–10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19809–10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Escuela Moderna opened on Barcelona's Carrer de les Corts with thirty students in September 1901. More than 126 students were enrolled five years later, in 1906, when the state shuttered the school. The Escuela Moderna charged <a href="/wiki/Sliding_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding scale">sliding scale</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition</a> based on parental capacity to pay, and divided students into three curricular levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer's pedagogy sought to strip dogma from education and instead help children direct their own powers. Ferrer's school eschewed punishments and rewards, which he felt incentivized deception over sincerity. Similarly, he did not adopt grades or exams, whose propensity to flatter, deflate, and torture Ferrer considered injurious. Ferrer prioritized practical knowledge over theory and encouraged children to experience rather than read. Lessons entailed visits to local factories, museums, and parks where the objects of the lesson could be experienced firsthand. Pupils planned their own work and were trusted and free to attend as they pleased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Escuela Moderna additionally hosted a school to train teachers and a radical publishing press, which translated and created more than 40 textbooks adequate for Ferrer's purposes, written in accessible language on recent scientific concepts. The Spanish authorities abhorred the books, which covered topics from math and grammar to natural and social sciences to religious mythology and the iniquities of patriotism and conquest, for upending social order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022–23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022–23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press's monthly journal hosted the school's news and articles from prominent libertarian writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198023_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the school's purpose of fostering self-development, Ferrer believed it had an additional function: <a href="/wiki/Prefigurative" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefigurative">prefigurative</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Social regeneration">social regeneration</a>. The school was an embryonic version of the future libertarian society Ferrer hoped to see. Propaganda and agitation were central to the Escuela Moderna's aims, as Ferrer dreamt of a society in which people constantly renewed themselves and their environment through experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198023_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, students received dogmatic instruction in the form of moral indoctrination. Ferrer believed that respect for fellow men was a quality to be instilled in children, as children brought to love freedom and see their dignity as shared with others would become good adults. The lessons of this education in social justice, equality, and liberty included capitalism as evil, government as slavery, war as <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>, freedom as fundamental to human development, and suffering produced through patriotism, exploitation, and superstition. Their textbooks took positions against capitalism, the state, and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This education extended to adults, as well. The school invited parents to participate in the school's operation and the public to attend evening and Sunday afternoon lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198021_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer also advocated for a Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_university&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popular university (page does not exist)">popular university</a> that never came to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrer was the center of Barcelonian libertarian education for the decade between his return and his death. The Escuela Moderna's program, from Ferrer's anticlericalism to the quality of guest intellectual lecturers, had impressed even middle-class liberal reformers. Anarchist <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> credited the success of the school's expansion to Ferrer's methodical administrative ability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025–26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025–26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other schools and centers in his model spread across Spain and to South America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Ferrer opened a satellite school in the nearby textile center <a href="/wiki/Vilanova_i_la_Geltr%C3%BA" title="Vilanova i la Geltrú">Vilanova i la Geltrú</a> towards the end of 1905, Ferrer schools in the image of his Escuela Moderna, for both children and adults, grew across eastern Spain: 14 in Barcelona and 34 across Catalonia, Valencia, and Andalusia. The Spanish Republicans and the secular League of Freethinkers organized their own classes using materials from the school press, with around 120 such rationalist schools in all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Morral_affair" title="Morral affair">Morral affair</a></div> <p>The rapidity of Ferrer's rise in influence troubled Spanish authorities. His monetary inheritance and organizing ability amplified his subversive efforts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and authorities viewed his school as a front for insurrectionary sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer represented peril to many social institutions—the church, the state, the military, the family, gender segregation, property—and the conservatives who wished to preserve them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026–27_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026–27-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the school's early years, Ferrer adopted principles of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, a philosophy of worker co-ownership that grew in prominence during this period. He published <i>La Huelga General</i> (The General Strike), a syndicalist journal, between 1901 and 1903, and worked to organize the Catalonian revolutionary labor movement and promote <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer led a parade of 1,700 children for secular education on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> in April 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrer was intimidated and vilified for his work in Barcelona. Police raided his house and tailed his movements. He was subject to slanderous public rumors to tarnish his reputation, including intonations of gambling, financial speculation, and hedonism. Ferrer's various romantic relations with women were presented as indications of his school's moral lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, Ferrer and the Modern School voiced their opposition to <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a>, cautioning against using abolition of the practice as <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_bullfighting_in_Catalonia" title="Ban on bullfighting in Catalonia">a means to stoke political nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was held in association with the <a href="/wiki/Morral_affair" title="Morral affair">1906 assassination attempt</a> on Spanish <a href="/wiki/King_Alfonso_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfonso XIII">King Alfonso XIII</a>, but ultimately released under international pressure the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassin, Mateo Morral, was a 25-year-old anarchist, well-educated and from a wealthy family, who worked at the school's press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the attempt itself—the second in two years—was unsuccessful, it was successful as the pretense for deposing Ferrer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027–28_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027–28-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was arrested in June 1906 on charges of planning the attempt and persuading Morral to perform it. Within two weeks, state authorities closed the school due to its association with Morral and Ferrer. Conservative members of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">lower house of Spain's legislature</a> unsuccessfully proposed that all secular schools be closed for their promotion of antisocial behaviors. For a year Ferrer awaited trial, where he was acquitted for lack of proof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrer's role in the Morral affair remains indeterminate, as of 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer was a militant anarchist, contrary to his proclamations otherwise, who believed in direct action and the usefulness of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028–29_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028–29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish authorities attempted to connect Ferrer with two assassination attempts prior to Morral's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oxford historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Romero_Maura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Romero Maura (page does not exist)">Joaquín Romero Maura</a> credits Ferrer with coordinating the Morral assassination attempt and a similar attempt a year earlier. Based on papers from French and Spanish authorities, Maura argues that Ferrer supplied the bombs and funds for the attempt to provoke insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028–29_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028–29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of official records from this period, however, were famous for their partiality and, even before some evidence from the case went missing, were altogether insufficient for conviction in Ferrer's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Escola_Moderna">After Escola Moderna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After Escola Moderna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fucilazione_dell%27anarchico_Francesco_Ferrer_nel_fossato_della_prigione_di_Montjuich,_a_Barcellona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fucilazione_dell%27anarchico_Francesco_Ferrer_nel_fossato_della_prigione_di_Montjuich%2C_a_Barcellona.jpg/220px-Fucilazione_dell%27anarchico_Francesco_Ferrer_nel_fossato_della_prigione_di_Montjuich%2C_a_Barcellona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fucilazione_dell%27anarchico_Francesco_Ferrer_nel_fossato_della_prigione_di_Montjuich%2C_a_Barcellona.jpg/330px-Fucilazione_dell%27anarchico_Francesco_Ferrer_nel_fossato_della_prigione_di_Montjuich%2C_a_Barcellona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fucilazione_dell%27anarchico_Francesco_Ferrer_nel_fossato_della_prigione_di_Montjuich%2C_a_Barcellona.jpg/440px-Fucilazione_dell%27anarchico_Francesco_Ferrer_nel_fossato_della_prigione_di_Montjuich%2C_a_Barcellona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper illustration of Ferrer's death</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferrer was released from prison in June 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> backed by an international coalition of anarchist and rationalist organizations who presented Ferrer's case as another iniquitous Spanish inquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, Ferrer toured the European capitals as an advocate of the Spanish revolutionary cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he returned to Barcelona in September, though Ferrer was prohibited from reopening his school, he reopened his press, where he published new textbooks and translations. He additionally helped the creation of the syndicalist labor federation <a href="/wiki/Solidaridad_Obrera_(historical_union)" title="Solidaridad Obrera (historical union)">Solidaridad Obrera</a> and its journal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1908, Ferrer founded the International League for the Rational Education of Children, which would advocate for libertarian education across Europe. Its primary of three journals, <i>L'Ecole Renovée</i>, included articles by major anarchists and figures in libertarian education. Through its first year, the League led to libertarian schools in Amsterdam, Brussels, and Milan and worked with the libertarian schools of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Vernet" title="Madeleine Vernet">Madeleine Vernet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029–30_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029–30-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Ferrer would not see a second year with the League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrer was arrested at the end of August 1909 following the previous month's civil unrest and week of outright insurrection in Barcelona known as <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic Week (Catalonia)">Tragic Week</a>. Citizens, wary from a prior war and governmental corruption, originally demonstrated against a call for military reserves to fight <a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">a renewed colonial war in Morocco</a>. The general strike called by Solidaridad Obrera culminated in a week of riots, which killed hundreds in and around Barcelona, and mass arrests, which led to torture, deportation, and execution. Ferrer was charged with orchestrating the rebellion and became its most famous casualty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Ferrer participated in the events of the Catalan Tragic Week, he did not mastermind the events as charged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reliable retellings of the insurrection credit spontaneous forces rather than anarchist premeditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer likely participated in the week's events, though historian of anarchism Paul Avrich considered Ferrer's role marginal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence presented at Ferrer's military court trial included testimony from his political enemies and Ferrer's prior subversive writings, but no evidence of his having orchestrated the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031–32_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031–32-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer maintained his innocence and was barred from presenting complementary testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court case, which would culminate in Ferrer's death by <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a>, is remembered as being quickly decided.<sup id="cite_ref-show-kangaroo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-show-kangaroo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Paul Avrich later summarized the case as "judicial murder", a successful attempt to quell an agitator whose ideas were dangerous to the status quo, as retribution for not convicting him in the Morral affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last words before the firing squad of <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Castle_(Barcelona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montjuïc Castle (Barcelona)">Montjuïc Castle</a> on October 13, 1909, were, "Aim well, my friends. You are not responsible. I am innocent. Long live the Modern School!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Ferrer_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Francisco_Ferrer_Grave.jpg/220px-Francisco_Ferrer_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Francisco_Ferrer_Grave.jpg/330px-Francisco_Ferrer_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Francisco_Ferrer_Grave.jpg/440px-Francisco_Ferrer_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Gravestone of Francesc Ferrer at <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Cemetery" title="Montjuïc Cemetery">Montjuïc Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ferrer's execution became known as "martyrdom"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the causes of free thought<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rational education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer was widely believed to be innocent at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His execution sparked worldwide protest and indignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond anarchism, liberals across society viewed Ferrer as a martyr to the collusion of a vengeful church and traditionalist state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032–33_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032–33-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests in many of Europe's major cities coincided with hundreds of meetings across America, Europe, and Asia. A 15,000-person throng descended on Paris's Spanish embassy, and the anarchist black flag draped from the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British luminaries spoke in outrage, including <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> alongside anarchists Kropotkin, <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>, and Tarrida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer's death was covered widely, from the front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> to a number of books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worldwide protest became the Ferrer educational movement in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact of his execution accelerated Ferrer's renown as the most famous libertarian educator, over Sébastian Faure and Paul Robin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works were translated into multiple languages as a rationalist education movement spread worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Schools sprouted across Europe and the United States, including the long-lived colony at Stelton, New Jersey, but most did not last past the mid-1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools by his name reached as far as Argentina, Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico, Poland, and Yugoslavia. His methods were invoked by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Revolution of 1919">Bavarian Revolution of 1919</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups erected and named public memorials to Ferrer across Europe. Brussels displayed a marble commemoration for Ferrer in its <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place</a> in mid-1910 and, separately, erected Ferrer's first honorary statue of a nude man holding the torch of enlightenment, in 1911. It was destroyed in 1915 under <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium in the First World War">German occupation</a> and restored by the international freethought movement in 1926. Public places in France and Italy adopted Ferrer's name in memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international fallout from Ferrer's execution led to the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Antonio Maura</a> administration.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferrer separated from his wife, Teresa Sanmartí, and later had relations with a friend of the woman whose inheritance funded the Barcelona school. He then fell in love with a teacher at his Escuela Moderna, <a href="/wiki/Soledad_Villafranca" title="Soledad Villafranca">Soledad Villafranca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Portet" title="Lorenzo Portet">Lorenzo Portet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bday-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bday_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bday_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">While sources commonly report Ferrer's birth date as January 10, a local historian found records in 2022 that list Ferrer's birth date as January 14. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistaalella.cat/noticia/147268/la-viquipedia-i-lenciclopedia-catalana-rectifiquen-la-data-de-naixement-de-ferrer-i-guardi">"La Viquipèdia i l'Enciclopèdia Catalana rectifiquen la data de naixement de Ferrer i Guàrdia a partir d'un article de la revista Alella"</a>. <i>Revista Alella</i> (in Catalan). January 20, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120190832/https://www.revistaalella.cat/noticia/147268/la-viquipedia-i-lenciclopedia-catalana-rectifiquen-la-data-de-naixement-de-ferrer-i-guardi">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revista+Alella&rft.atitle=La+Viquip%C3%A8dia+i+l%27Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana+rectifiquen+la+data+de+naixement+de+Ferrer+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia+a+partir+d%27un+article+de+la+revista+Alella&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistaalella.cat%2Fnoticia%2F147268%2Fla-viquipedia-i-lenciclopedia-catalana-rectifiquen-la-data-de-naixement-de-ferrer-i-guardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-show-kangaroo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-show-kangaroo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-show-kangaroo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolguin2002" class="citation book cs1">Holguin, Sandie Eleanor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upTAzGZGMIcC&pg=PA29"><i>Creating Spaniards: Culture and National Identity in Republican Spain</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17634-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17634-1"><bdi>978-0-299-17634-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221225902/https://books.google.com/books?id=upTAzGZGMIcC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Spaniards%3A+Culture+and+National+Identity+in+Republican+Spain&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-299-17634-1&rft.aulast=Holguin&rft.aufirst=Sandie+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupTAzGZGMIcC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 32.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2010" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Bill (June 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TG1gCsX4AIC&pg=PA217"><i>A Rebel to His Last Breath: Joseph Mccabe and Rationalism</i></a>. Prometheus Books. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-749-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-749-4"><bdi>978-1-61592-749-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rebel+to+His+Last+Breath%3A+Joseph+Mccabe+and+Rationalism&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft.isbn=978-1-61592-749-4&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TG1gCsX4AIC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2011" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgKonzUWye8C&pg=PA523"><i>Barcelona</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76461-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76461-4"><bdi>978-0-307-76461-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barcelona&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76461-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgKonzUWye8C%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusellGarcía_Queipo_de_Llano2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Tusell" title="Javier Tusell">Tusell, Javier</a>; García Queipo de Llano, Genoveva (2002) [2001]. <i>Alfonso XIII. El rey polémico</i> (2ª ed.). Madrid: Taurus. pp. 185–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-306-0449-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-306-0449-4"><bdi>978-84-306-0449-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+XIII.+El+rey+pol%C3%A9mico&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=185-186&rft.edition=2%C2%AA&rft.pub=Taurus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-306-0449-4&rft.aulast=Tusell&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+Queipo+de+Llano%2C+Genoveva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFidler1985103_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFidler1985">Fidler 1985</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200642-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200642_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez_Olmedilla1960250-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez_Olmedilla1960250_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartínez_Olmedilla1960">Martínez Olmedilla 1960</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200643-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200643_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024–25-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024–25_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804–6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19804–6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806–7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19806–7_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19808-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19808_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198019-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198019_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807–8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19807–8_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19809–10-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19809–10_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198020-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198020_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198021-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198021_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198021_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022–23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022–23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198023-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198023_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198023_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198024_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198022_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025–26-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198025–26_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026–27-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198026–27_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrer1905" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Ferrer, Francisco (February 17, 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/r7ss70">"Against Bull-Fighting and Human Exploitation"</a>. Letter to the Commission for the Abolition of Bull-Fighting.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Against+Bull-Fighting+and+Human+Exploitation&rft.date=1905-02-17&rft.aulast=Ferrer&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.katesharpleylibrary.net%2Fr7ss70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027–28-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198027–28_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028–29-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028–29_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198028–29_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029–30-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198029–30_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031–32-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198031–32_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeysey197377_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeysey1973">Veysey 1973</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198033_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032–33-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich198032–33_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvrich1980">Avrich 1980</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBufferyMarcer2010" class="citation book cs1">Buffery, Helena; Marcer, Elisenda (2010). "Ferrer i Guàrdia, Francesc (1859–1909)". <i>Historical Dictionary of the Catalans</i>. Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures. Scarecrow Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5483-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-5483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferrer+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia%2C+Francesc+%281859%E2%80%931909%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Catalans&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Peoples+and+Cultures&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5483-3&rft.aulast=Buffery&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Marcer%2C+Elisenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6X_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"The Martyrdom of Ferrer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Modern_School_Movement:_Anarchism_and_Education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States"><i>The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States</i></a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 3–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04669-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04669-3"><bdi>978-0-691-04669-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489692159">489692159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224073454/https://books.google.com/books?id=X6X_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Martyrdom+of+Ferrer&rft.btitle=The+Modern+School+Movement%3A+Anarchism+and+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=3-33&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489692159&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04669-3&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6X_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFidler1985" class="citation journal cs1">Fidler, Geoffrey C. (1985). "The Escuela Moderna Movement of Francisco Ferrer: 'Por la Verdad y la Justicia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Education_Quarterly" title="History of Education Quarterly">History of Education Quarterly</a></i>. <b>25</b> (1/2): 103–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F368893">10.2307/368893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/368893">368893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147119437">147119437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Escuela+Moderna+Movement+of+Francisco+Ferrer%3A+%27Por+la+Verdad+y+la+Justicia%27&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=103-132&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147119437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F368893%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F368893&rft.aulast=Fidler&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeysey1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Veysey" title="Laurence Veysey">Veysey, Laurence</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RZy-l3nHfoC&pg=PA77">"The Ferrer Colony and Modern School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Communal_Experience:_Anarchist_and_Mystical_Counter-Cultures_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Counter-Cultures in America"><i>The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Counter-Cultures in America</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communalexperien0000veys/page/77">77–177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014501-9"><bdi>978-0-06-014501-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224075525/https://books.google.com/books?id=-RZy-l3nHfoC&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ferrer+Colony+and+Modern+School&rft.btitle=The+Communal+Experience%3A+Anarchist+and+Mystical+Counter-Cultures+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77-177&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-06-014501-9&rft.aulast=Veysey&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RZy-l3nHfoC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006" class="citation book cs1">Avilés Farré, Juan (2006). <i>Francisco Ferrer y Guardia: pedagogo, anarquista y mártir</i>. Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496467194" title="Special:BookSources/9788496467194"><bdi>9788496467194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francisco+Ferrer+y+Guardia%3A+pedagogo%2C+anarquista+y+m%C3%A1rtir&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons+Ediciones+de+Historia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788496467194&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s+Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Olmedilla1960" class="citation book cs1">Martínez Olmedilla, Augusto (1960). <i>Cien años y un día</i>. London: Aguilar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cien+a%C3%B1os+y+un+d%C3%ADa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aguilar&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Olmedilla&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Abbott" title="Leonard Abbott">Abbott, Leonard Dalton</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franciscoferrerh00abbo"><i>Francisco Ferrer: His Life, Work and Martyrdom</i></a>. New York: Francisco Ferrer Association. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6972391">6972391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francisco+Ferrer%3A+His+Life%2C+Work+and+Martyrdom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Francisco+Ferrer+Association&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6972391&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Dalton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranciscoferrerh00abbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Archer_(critic)" title="William Archer (critic)">Archer, William</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000245112"><i>The Life, Trial, and Death of Francisco Ferrer</i></a>. New York: Moffat, Yard and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312124">1312124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Trial%2C+and+Death+of+Francisco+Ferrer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Moffat%2C+Yard+and+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1312124&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000245112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2022" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Mark (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCItEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Anarchist Inquisition: Assassins, Activists, and Martyrs in Spain and France</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501761928" title="Special:BookSources/9781501761928"><bdi>9781501761928</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021038606">2021038606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821172831/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCItEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchist+Inquisition%3A+Assassins%2C+Activists%2C+and+Martyrs+in+Spain+and+France&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021038606&rft.isbn=9781501761928&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCItEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0026770.xml">"Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609191952/http://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0026770.xml">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francesc+Ferrer+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia&rft.btitle=Gran+Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedia.cat%2FEC-GEC-0026770.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-YesteRedondo-SamaPadrósMelgar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia-Yeste, Carme; Redondo-Sama, Gisela; Padrós, Maria; Melgar, Patricia (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?contentid=19360">"The Modern School of Francisco Ferrer i Guàrdia (1859–1909), an International and Current Figure"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Teachers_College_Record" title="Teachers College Record">Teachers College Record</a></i>. <b>118</b> (4): 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F016146811611800405">10.1177/016146811611800405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-4681">0161-4681</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147959713">147959713</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613125146/http://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?contentid=19360">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teachers+College+Record&rft.atitle=The+Modern+School+of+Francisco+Ferrer+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia+%281859%E2%80%931909%29%2C+an+International+and+Current+Figure&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147959713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0161-4681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F016146811611800405&rft.aulast=Garcia-Yeste&rft.aufirst=Carme&rft.au=Redondo-Sama%2C+Gisela&rft.au=Padr%C3%B3s%2C+Maria&rft.au=Melgar%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcrecord.org%2Fcontent.asp%3Fcontentid%3D19360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayGay1999" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Kathlyn; Gay, Martin (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000gayk/page/75/mode/1up">75</a>–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-982-3"><bdi>978-0-87436-982-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Anarchy&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-982-3&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Kathlyn&rft.au=Gay%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1917" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman, Emma (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/goldman/pdfs/EmmaGoldman_FRANCISCOFERRERANDTHEMODERNSCHOOL.pdf">"Francisco Ferrer and the Modern School"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anarchism and Other Essays</i>. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211232151/https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/goldman/pdfs/EmmaGoldman_FRANCISCOFERRERANDTHEMODERNSCHOOL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anarchism+and+Other+Essays&rft.atitle=Francisco+Ferrer+and+the+Modern+School&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fgoldman%2Fpdfs%2FEmmaGoldman_FRANCISCOFERRERANDTHEMODERNSCHOOL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqua2014" class="citation journal cs1">Laqua, Daniel (September 2014). "Freethinkers, anarchists and Francisco Ferrer: the making of a transnational solidarity campaign". <i>European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'Histoire</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 467–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507486.2014.933185">10.1080/13507486.2014.933185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-7486">1350-7486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144888403">144888403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History%3A+Revue+Europ%C3%A9enne+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Freethinkers%2C+anarchists+and+Francisco+Ferrer%3A+the+making+of+a+transnational+solidarity+campaign&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-484&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144888403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1350-7486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507486.2014.933185&rft.aulast=Laqua&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark1970" class="citation thesis cs1">Park, Tiidu Peter (1970). <i>The European Reaction to the Execution of Francisco Ferrer</i> (PhD). Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20310763">20310763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+European+Reaction+to+the+Execution+of+Francisco+Ferrer&rft.inst=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20310763&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Tiidu+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Park, T. Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsZ26vQxJKMC&pg=PA326">"Ferrer Guardia, Francisco"</a>. In Dawkins, Richard (ed.). <i>The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief</i>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 326–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-280-2"><bdi>978-1-61592-280-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222024906/https://books.google.com/books?id=fsZ26vQxJKMC&pg=PA326">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferrer+Guardia%2C+Francisco&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Unbelief&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=326-327&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-61592-280-2&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=T.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsZ26vQxJKMC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodríguez, Pau (December 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/ferrer-i-guardia-revolucion-educativa-100-anos-pedagogo-acabo-fusilado_1_6479747.html">"Ferrer i Guàrdia, la utopía educativa de hace más de 100 años de un pedagogo que acabó fusilado"</a>. <i>ElDiario.es</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321013059/https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/ferrer-i-guardia-revolucion-educativa-100-anos-pedagogo-acabo-fusilado_1_6479747.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElDiario.es&rft.atitle=Ferrer+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia%2C+la+utop%C3%ADa+educativa+de+hace+m%C3%A1s+de+100+a%C3%B1os+de+un+pedagogo+que+acab%C3%B3+fusilado&rft.date=2020-12-06&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Pau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.es%2Fcatalunya%2Fferrer-i-guardia-revolucion-educativa-100-anos-pedagogo-acabo-fusilado_1_6479747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2007" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Tom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dvlvgY_rNUC&pg=PA114">"Francisco Ferrer and the Modern School"</a>. <i>Knowledge is Power!: The Rise and Fall of European Popular Educational Movements, 1848–1939</i>. Oxford: Peter Lang. pp. 114–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-563-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-563-2"><bdi>978-3-03910-563-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222060022/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dvlvgY_rNUC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francisco+Ferrer+and+the+Modern+School&rft.btitle=Knowledge+is+Power%21%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+European+Popular+Educational+Movements%2C+1848%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-563-2&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dvlvgY_rNUC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman1968" class="citation book cs1">Ullman, Joan Connelly (1968). <i>The Tragic Week: A Study of Anti-Clericalism in Spain, 1875–1912</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43418-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43418-9"><bdi>978-0-674-43418-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/396076">396076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragic+Week%3A+A+Study+of+Anti-Clericalism+in+Spain%2C+1875%E2%80%931912&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F396076&rft.isbn=978-0-674-43418-9&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=Joan+Connelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Ferrer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ferrer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findingaids/mss0248.html">Francisco Ferrer Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandeville_Special_Collections_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandeville Special Collections and Archives">Mandeville Special Collections and Archives</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/19px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/29px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/38px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/21px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/42px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Francisco Ferrer</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" class="extiw" title="q:Francisco Ferrer">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Francisco_Ferrer" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Francisco Ferrer">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li>Ferrer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354202#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118532618">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79040158">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119449709">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119449709">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439427">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ferrer Guardia, Francisco"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV161790">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000381&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1049803">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073217980">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98052943">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000146679&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200207917">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz28x30gt06qn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623926405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/80592">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277656505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512806406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14084208">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01784256?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118532618.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118532618">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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