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</button> <ul id="toc-History_and_popularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acrylic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acrylic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Acrylic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acrylic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Other materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kreisel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kreisel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Kreisel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kreisel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Biotope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquarium_size_and_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquarium_size_and_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aquarium size and volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquarium_size_and_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nano_aquariums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nano_aquariums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Nano aquariums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nano_aquariums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquarium_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquarium_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aquarium maintenance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aquarium_maintenance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aquarium maintenance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aquarium_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Water conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrogen_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrogen_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nitrogen cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrogen_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>The process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintaining_the_nitrogen_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintaining_the_nitrogen_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Maintaining the nitrogen cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintaining_the_nitrogen_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_load" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_load"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Biological load</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_load-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calculating_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Calculating capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculating_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factors_affecting_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factors_affecting_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Other factors affecting capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factors_affecting_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquarium_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquarium_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aquarium classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquarium_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_aquaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_aquaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public aquaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_aquaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_aquariums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_aquariums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Virtual aquariums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_aquariums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquarium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwarium" title="Akwarium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akwarium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83" title="حوض سمك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوض سمك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuariu_(recipiente)" title="Acuariu (recipiente) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acuariu (recipiente)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarium" title="Akvarium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akvarium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অ্যাকোয়ারিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাকোয়ারিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Акварыум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акварыум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аквариум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аквариум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarij" title="Akvarij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Akvarij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquari_(recipient)" title="Aquari (recipient) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aquari (recipient)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аквариум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аквариум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akv%C3%A1rium" title="Akvárium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akvárium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acwariwm" title="Acwariwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Acwariwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarium" title="Akvarium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akvarium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvaarium" title="Akvaarium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akvaarium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ενυδρείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενυδρείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuario_(recipiente)" title="Acuario (recipiente) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acuario (recipiente)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvario" title="Akvario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrainontzi" title="Arrainontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrainontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="آکواریوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکواریوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwarium" title="Akwarium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Akwarium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuario_(recipiente)" title="Acuario (recipiente) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acuario (recipiente)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%A4%A8" title="水族館 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="水族館" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%B0" title="માછલીઘર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માછલીઘર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A1%B1%EA%B4%80_(%EC%84%A4%EB%B9%84)" title="수족관 (설비) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수족관 (설비)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ակվարիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակվարիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="जलजीवशाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलजीवशाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarij" title="Akvarij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akvarij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquario" title="Aquario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuarium" title="Akuarium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akuarium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquario" title="Aquario – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aquario" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskab%C3%BAr" title="Fiskabúr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fiskabúr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquario_(contenitore)" title="Acquario (contenitore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acquario (contenitore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אקווריום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקווריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuarium" title="Akuarium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Akuarium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82" title="ಅಕ್ವೇರಿಯಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಕ್ವೇರಿಯಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аквариум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аквариум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аквариум – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аквариум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akv%C4%81rijs" title="Akvārijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akvārijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvariumas" title="Akvariumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akvariumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquari" title="Aquari – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aquari" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аквариум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аквариум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="അക്വേറിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്വേറിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuarium" title="Akuarium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akuarium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯉꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯤ ꯀꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯉꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯤ ꯀꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ငါးမွေးကန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငါးမွေးကန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="アクアリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アクアリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwaarium" title="Akwaarium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Akwaarium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarium" title="Akvarium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akvarium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarium" title="Akvarium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akvarium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C3%BCari" title="Aqüari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aqüari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarium" title="Akvarium – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akvarium" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="مچھی گھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مچھی گھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwarium" title="Akwarium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akwarium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqu%C3%A1rio" title="Aquário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acvariu" title="Acvariu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acvariu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аквариум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аквариум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuariumi" title="Akuariumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akuariumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aquarium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akv%C3%A1rium" title="Akvárium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akvárium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarij" title="Akvarij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akvarij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarijum" title="Akvarijum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Akvarijum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarij" title="Akvarij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akvarij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuarium" title="Akuarium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Akuarium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvaario" title="Akvaario – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akvaario" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarium" title="Akvarium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akvarium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwaryum" title="Akwaryum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Akwaryum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="நீர்வாழ் உயிரினங்கள் காட்சிச்சாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்வாழ் உயிரினங்கள் காட்சிச்சாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="అక్వేరియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అక్వేరియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ตู้ปลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตู้ปลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аквариум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аквариум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvaryum" title="Akvaryum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akvaryum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Акваріум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акваріум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="پن گھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پن گھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%83_th%E1%BB%A7y_sinh" title="Bể thủy sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bể thủy sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwaryo" title="Akwaryo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Akwaryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E7%AE%B1" title="水族箱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水族箱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אקוואריום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקוואריום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E7%BC%B8" title="水族缸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水族缸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvaryum" title="Akvaryum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Akvaryum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transparent tank of water for fish and water-dwelling species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Public aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aquarium (disambiguation)">Aquarium (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaria_(video_game)" title="Aquaria (video game)">Aquaria (video game)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishtank_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fishtank (disambiguation)">Fishtank (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaterske_akvarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Amaterske_akvarium.jpg/220px-Amaterske_akvarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Amaterske_akvarium.jpg/330px-Amaterske_akvarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Amaterske_akvarium.jpg/440px-Amaterske_akvarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium" title="Freshwater aquarium">freshwater aquarium</a> with plants and various tropical fish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Underwater_Walk_of_Sea_Life_London_Aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Underwater_Walk_of_Sea_Life_London_Aquarium.jpg/220px-Underwater_Walk_of_Sea_Life_London_Aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Underwater_Walk_of_Sea_Life_London_Aquarium.jpg/330px-Underwater_Walk_of_Sea_Life_London_Aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Underwater_Walk_of_Sea_Life_London_Aquarium.jpg/440px-Underwater_Walk_of_Sea_Life_London_Aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3236" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The underwater tunnel in the <a href="/wiki/London_aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="London aquarium">London aquarium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>aquarium</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>aquariums</b> or <b>aquaria</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">vivarium</a> of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping" title="Fishkeeping">Fishkeepers</a> use aquaria to keep <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, aquatic <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a>. The term <i>aquarium</i>, coined by English naturalist <a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a>, combines the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> root <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aqua#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aqua">aqua</a></i>, meaning 'water', with the suffix <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-arium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:-arium">-arium</a></i>, meaning 'a place for relating to'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aquarium principle was fully developed in 1850 by the chemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Warington" title="Robert Warington">Robert Warington</a>, who explained that plants added to water in a container would give off enough <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to support animals, so long as the numbers of animals did not grow too large.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aquarium craze was launched in early <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian England</a> by Gosse, who created and stocked the first <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">public aquarium</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> in 1853, and published the first manual, <i>The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea</i> in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small aquariums are kept in the home by <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobbyists</a>. There are large public aquariums in many cities. Public aquariums keep fish and other <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> in large tanks. A large aquarium may have <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many aquarium tanks also have plants. </p><p>An aquarist owns fish or maintains an aquarium, typically constructed of glass or high-strength <a href="/wiki/Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylic</a>. Aquaria with flat walls are known as <b>fish tanks</b> or simply tanks, while those with rounded walls are known as <b>fish bowls</b>. Size can range from a small glass bowl, a few liters in volume, to immense public aquaria of thousands of liters. Specialized equipment maintains appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for the aquarium's residents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_popularization">History and popularization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and popularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_by_Koryusai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cat_by_Koryusai.jpg/220px-Cat_by_Koryusai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cat_by_Koryusai.jpg/330px-Cat_by_Koryusai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cat_by_Koryusai.jpg/440px-Cat_by_Koryusai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Cat and fishbowl, after <a href="/wiki/Isoda_Koryusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoda Koryusai">Isoda Koryusai</a>. Original <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1775</span>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1369, the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> of China established a <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> company that produced large porcelain tubs for maintaining <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a>; over time, people produced tubs that approached the shape of modern fish bowls.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Baldner" title="Leonhard Baldner">Leonhard Baldner</a>, who wrote <i>Vogel-, Fisch- und Tierbuch</i> (Bird, Fish, and Animal Book) in 1666, maintained <a href="/wiki/Weather_loach" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather loach">weather loaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duqmbv_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duqmbv-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes held that the aquarium was invented by the Romans, who are said to have kept <a href="/wiki/Galeichthys_feliceps" title="Galeichthys feliceps">sea barbels</a> in marble-and-glass tanks, but scholars doubt the veracity of this.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Schauspielerin_Theres_Krones.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Schauspielerin_Theres_Krones.jpeg/170px-Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Schauspielerin_Theres_Krones.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Schauspielerin_Theres_Krones.jpeg/255px-Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Schauspielerin_Theres_Krones.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Schauspielerin_Theres_Krones.jpeg/340px-Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Schauspielerin_Theres_Krones.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>Goldfish in a glass: portrait of <a href="/wiki/Therese_Krones" title="Therese Krones">Therese Krones</a>, 1824</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1856aquariumfresh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1856aquariumfresh.png/220px-1856aquariumfresh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1856aquariumfresh.png/330px-1856aquariumfresh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1856aquariumfresh.png/440px-1856aquariumfresh.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>An aquarium of the 1850s containing <i><a href="/wiki/Vallisneria_spiralis" title="Vallisneria spiralis">Vallisneria spiralis</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">coldwater fish</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hibberd" title="Shirley Hibberd">Shirley Hibberd</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Books_of_the_Aquariums_and_Waters_Cabinets._London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Books of the Aquariums and Waters Cabinets. London (page does not exist)"><i>The Books of the Aquariums and Waters Cabinets</i>. London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1832, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Villepreux-Power" title="Jeanne Villepreux-Power">Jeanne Villepreux-Power</a>, a pioneering French marine biologist, became the first person to create aquaria for experimenting with aquatic organisms. This experimentation lead to several discoveries, including the first direct evidence that <a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(animal)" title="Argonaut (animal)">argonauts</a>, a marine cephalopod, create their own shells.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, soon after his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Wardian_case" title="Wardian case">Wardian case</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bagshaw_Ward" title="Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward">Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward</a> proposed to use his tanks for tropical animals. In 1841 he did so, though only with aquatic plants and toy fish. However, he soon housed real animals. In 1838, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dujardin" title="Félix Dujardin">Félix Dujardin</a> noted owning a <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater aquarium">saltwater aquarium</a>, though he did not use the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner35_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner35-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Thynne" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Thynne">Anne Thynne</a> maintained <a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">stony corals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> for almost three years, and was credited as the creator of the first balanced marine aquarium in London.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English chemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Warington" title="Robert Warington">Robert Warington</a> experimented with a 13-gallon container, which contained goldfish, <a href="/wiki/Vallisneria" title="Vallisneria">eelgrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, creating one of the first stable aquaria. The aquarium principle was fully developed by Warington, explaining that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as their numbers do not grow too large.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published his findings in 1850 in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society" title="Chemical Society">Chemical Society's</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">journal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27aquarium;_vue_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/L%27aquarium%3B_vue_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/220px-L%27aquarium%3B_vue_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/L%27aquarium%3B_vue_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/330px-L%27aquarium%3B_vue_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/L%27aquarium%3B_vue_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/440px-L%27aquarium%3B_vue_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Jardin zoologique</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> included an aquarium that housed both fresh and saltwater animals, 1860 in Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p>The keeping of fish in an aquarium became a popular <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a> and spread quickly. In the United Kingdom, it became popular after ornate aquaria in cast-iron frames were featured at the <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> of 1851. In 1853, the aquarium craze was launched in England by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a> who created and stocked the first public aquarium in the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> which came to be known as the Fish House.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gosse coined the word "aquarium", opting for this term (instead of "aquatic vivarium" or "aqua-vivarium") in 1854 in his book <i>The Aquariums: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Water</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this book, Gosse primarily discussed saltwater aquaria.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1850s, the aquarium became a fad in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tank designs and techniques for maintaining water quality were developed by Warington, later cooperating with Gosse until his critical review of the tank water composition. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(zoologist)" title="Edward Edwards (zoologist)">Edward Edwards</a> developed these glass-fronted aquaria in his 1858 patent for a "dark-water-chamber slope-back tank", with water slowly circulating to a reservoir beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:What_an_Aquarium_Should_Be.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/What_an_Aquarium_Should_Be.png/170px-What_an_Aquarium_Should_Be.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/What_an_Aquarium_Should_Be.png/255px-What_an_Aquarium_Should_Be.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/What_an_Aquarium_Should_Be.png/340px-What_an_Aquarium_Should_Be.png 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="4193" /></a><figcaption>"What an Aquarium Should Be" – a humorous 1876 British engraving, apparently showing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> dreaming about sea creatures</figcaption></figure> <p>Germans soon rivaled the British in their interest. In 1854, an anonymous author had two articles published about the saltwater aquaria of the United Kingdom: <i>Die Gartenlaube</i> (The Garden House) entitled <i>Der Ocean auf dem Tische</i> (The Ocean on the Table). However, in 1856, <i>Der See im Glase</i> (The Lake in a Glass) was published, discussing freshwater aquaria, which were much easier to maintain in landlocked areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862 <a href="/wiki/William_Alford_Lloyd" title="William Alford Lloyd">William Alford Lloyd</a>, then bankrupt because of the craze in England being over, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg, to supervise the installation of the circulating system and tanks at the <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Hagenbeck" title="Tierpark Hagenbeck">Hamburg Aquarium</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the 1870s, some of the first <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_clubs" title="Aquarium fish clubs">aquarist societies</a> were appearing in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner75_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner75-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States soon followed. Published in 1858, Henry D. Butler's <i>The Family Aquarium</i> was one of the first books written in the United States solely about the aquarium.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the July issue of <i>The North American Review</i> of the same year, William Stimson may have owned some of the first functional aquaria, and had as many as seven or eight.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first aquarist society in the United States was founded in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1893, followed by others.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner75_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner75-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>New York Aquarium Journal</i>, first published in October 1876, is considered to be the world's first aquarium magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntiqueFiskeAquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AntiqueFiskeAquarium.jpg/170px-AntiqueFiskeAquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AntiqueFiskeAquarium.jpg/255px-AntiqueFiskeAquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AntiqueFiskeAquarium.jpg/340px-AntiqueFiskeAquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>An antique cast-iron aquarium made by <a href="/wiki/J._W._Fiske_%26_Company" title="J. W. Fiske & Company">J. W. Fiske & Company</a> in the 1880s, New York City <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> in the United Kingdom, a common design for the home aquarium was a glass front with the other sides made of wood (made watertight with a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> coating). The bottom would be made of <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> and heated from below.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More advanced systems soon began to be introduced, along with tanks of glass in metal frames.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the latter half of the 19th century, a variety of aquarium designs were explored, such as hanging the aquarium on a wall, mounting it as part of a <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">window</a>, or even combining it with a <a href="/wiki/Birdcage" title="Birdcage">birdcage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Around 1908, the first mechanical aquarium air pump was invented, powered by running water, instead of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of the air pump into the hobby is considered by several historians of the hobby to be a pivotal moment in its development.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pike_aquarium_c1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Pike_aquarium_c1908.jpg/220px-Pike_aquarium_c1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Pike_aquarium_c1908.jpg/330px-Pike_aquarium_c1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Pike_aquarium_c1908.jpg/440px-Pike_aquarium_c1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a> in an aquarium <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span>, at the <a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_Aquarium" title="Belle Isle Aquarium">Belle Isle Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_Park" title="Belle Isle Park">Belle Isle Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aquaria became more widely popular as houses had an electricity supply after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a> allowed artificial lighting, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>, and heating of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, amateur aquarists kept native fish (with the exception of goldfish); the availability of exotic species from overseas further increased the popularity of the aquarium.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jugs made from a variety of materials were used to import fish from overseas, with a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_pump" title="Bicycle pump">bicycle foot pump</a> for aeration.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastic shipping bags were introduced in the 1950s, making it easier to ship fish.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eventual availability of air freight allowed fish to be successfully imported from distant regions.<sup id="cite_ref-duqmbv_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duqmbv-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular publications started by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Axelrod" title="Herbert R. Axelrod">Herbert R. Axelrod</a> influenced many more hobbyists to start keeping fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, metal frames made <a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium" title="Marine aquarium">marine aquaria</a> almost impossible due to corrosion, but the development of <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> sealant allowed the first all-glass aquaria made by Martin Horowitz in Los Angeles, CA. The frames remained, however, though purely for aesthetic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan played an increasingly important role in shaping aquarium design in the latter part of the twentieth century, with the <a href="/wiki/Aquascaping" title="Aquascaping">aquascaping</a> designs of <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano" title="Takashi Amano">Takashi Amano</a> influencing fishkeepers to treat home aquariums as aesthetically pleasing compositions, rather than simply as a way of displaying fish specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, as of 1996, <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping" title="Fishkeeping">aquarium keeping</a> is the second-most popular hobby after <a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">stamp collecting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baensch_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baensch-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, an estimated 9.6 million US households owned an aquarium.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures from the 2005/2006 APPMA National Pet Owners Survey report that Americans own approximately 139 million freshwater fish and 9.6 million saltwater fish.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the numbers of fish kept in aquaria in Germany suggest at least 36 million.<sup id="cite_ref-baensch_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baensch-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hobby has the strongest following in Europe, Asia, and North America. In the United States, 40% of aquarists maintain two or more tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, there has been an increasing appreciation of the usefulness of access to an aquarium to provide potential <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> reduction and improvement of <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> in people observing aquatic life.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the research of having an aquarium is many health benefits like reduce stress, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> improvement, better quality <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>, reduce <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, therapy of excited children, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a> therapy and improve <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarium_60cm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aquarium_60cm.JPG/220px-Aquarium_60cm.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aquarium_60cm.JPG/330px-Aquarium_60cm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aquarium_60cm.JPG/440px-Aquarium_60cm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An 80-litre home aquarium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glass">Glass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first modern aquarium made of glass was developed in the 19th century by Robert Warrington.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian age">Victorian age</a>, glass aquariums commonly had slate or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> bottoms, which allowed them to be heated underneath by an open-flame heat source. These aquariums had the glass panels attached with metal frames and sealed with putty. Metal-framed aquariums were still available until the mid-1960s, when the modern, silicone-sealed style replaced them. <a href="/wiki/Poly_(methyl_methacrylate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly (methyl methacrylate)">Acrylic</a> aquariums first became available to the public in the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Laminated_glass" title="Laminated glass">Laminated glass</a> is sometimes used, which combines the advantages of both glass and acrylic.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most aquaria consist of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> panes bonded together by 100% <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> sealant,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with plastic frames attached to the upper and lower edges for decoration. The glass aquarium is standard for sizes up to about 1,000 litres (260 US gal; 220 imp gal). However, glass is brittle and has very little give before fracturing, though generally the sealant fails first.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquaria are made in a variety of shapes, such as <a href="/wiki/Cuboid" title="Cuboid">cuboid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_prism" title="Hexagonal prism">hexagonal</a>, angled to fit in a corner (L-shaped), and bow-front (the front side curves outwards).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish bowls are generally either made of plastic or glass, and are either spherical or some other round configuration in shape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Glass aquaria have been a popular choice for many home and hobbyist aquarists for many years. Once silicone sealant became strong enough to ensure a long-term water-tight seal, it eliminated the need for a structural frame. In addition to lower cost, glass aquaria are more scratch resistant than acrylic. Although the price is one of the main considerations for aquarists when deciding which of these two types of aquaria to purchase, for very large tanks, the price difference tends to disappear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg/220px-Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg/330px-Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg/440px-Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>An aquarium in the <a href="/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab" title="Burj Al Arab">Burj Al Arab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acrylic">Acrylic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acrylic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acrylic aquaria are now the primary competitor with glass. Prior to the invention of <a href="/wiki/UV_stabilizers_in_plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="UV stabilizers in plastics">UV stabilization</a>, early acrylic aquaria discolored over time with exposure to light; this is no longer the case. Acrylic is generally stronger than glass, weighs less, and provides a certain amount of temperature insulation. In colder climates or environments, it is easier to achieve and maintain a tropical temperature and requires less capacity from an aquarium heater.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acrylic-soluble cements are used to directly fuse acrylic together.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acrylic allows for the formation of unusual shapes, such as the hexagonal tank.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acrylics are easier to scratch than glass, but unlike glass, scratches in acrylic can be polished out.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_materials">Other materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large aquaria might instead use stronger materials such as <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>-reinforced <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>. However, this material is not transparent.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinforced <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> is used for aquaria where weight and space are not factors. Concrete must be coated with a waterproof layer to prevent the water from breaking down the concrete, as well as preventing contamination of the water by the concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plywood can also be used when building aquaria. The benefits of using plywood include: lower construction costs, less weight, and better insulation. A popular positioning choice for plywood aquaria is keeping them in a wall. Here the use of plywood is hidden by sinking the aquarium inside the wall. Putting insulation between the two helps with the insulation of a heated tank.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Macquarium.jpg/170px-Macquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Macquarium.jpg/255px-Macquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Macquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/MacQuarium" class="mw-redirect" title="MacQuarium">MacQuarium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Objects used for aquariums include: coffee tables, sinks, and even toilets.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another such example is the <a href="/wiki/MacQuarium" class="mw-redirect" title="MacQuarium">MacQuarium</a>, an aquarium made from the shell of an <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, elaborate custom-designed home aquariums costing hundreds of thousands of dollars have become status symbols—according to <i>The New York Times</i>, "among people of means, a dazzling aquarium is one of the last surefire ways to impress their peers."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kreisel">Kreisel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kreisel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jellyfish_Art_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3 jellyfish in water in a cylindrical tank (the wall behind the tank has a floral design)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jellyfish_Art_Tank.jpg/220px-Jellyfish_Art_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jellyfish_Art_Tank.jpg/330px-Jellyfish_Art_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jellyfish_Art_Tank.jpg/440px-Jellyfish_Art_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>A typical kreisel tank housing several moon jellyfish</figcaption></figure> <p>A kreisel tank (<i>kreisel</i> being German for "<a href="/wiki/Spinning_top" title="Spinning top">spinning top</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a>") is an aquarium shaped like a horizontal cylinder that is designed to hold delicate animals such as <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> and newborn seahorses. These aquariums provide slow, circular water flow with a bare minimum of interior hardware to prevent the inhabitants from becoming injured by pumps or the tank itself.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tank has no sharp angles around its sides and keeps the housed animals away from plumbing. Water moving into the tank gives a gentle flow that keeps the inhabitants suspended. Water leaves the tank through a screen which prevents animals from being drawn into the pump intake or overflow line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several types of kreisel tanks. In a true kreisel, a circular tank has a circular, submerged lid. <i>Pseudokreisels</i> are "U" or semicircle shaped, usually without a lid.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Stretch kreisels</i> are a "double gyre" kreisel design, where the tank length is at least twice the height. Using two downwelling inlets on both sides of the tank lets gravity create two gyres in the tank. A single downwelling inlet may be used in the middle as well. The top of a stretch kreisel may be open or closed with a lid. There may also be screens about midway down the sides of the tank, or at the top on the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible to combine these designs; a circular shaped tank is used without a lid or cover, and the surface of the water acts as the continuation of circular flow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biotope">Biotope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biotope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another popular setup is the <a href="/wiki/Aquascaping#Biotopes" title="Aquascaping">biotope</a> aquarium. A biotope aquarium is a recreation of a specific natural environment. Some of the most popular biotopes are the freshwater habitats of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Rio Negro</a> River, the African <a href="/wiki/Rift_lake" title="Rift lake">rift lake</a> environments of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, and saltwater <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. The fish, plants, substrate, rocks, wood, coral, and any other component of the display should completely match that of the local natural environment. It can be a challenge to recreate such environments, and most "true" biotopes will only have a few (if not only one) species of fish and invertebrates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Finally, an emerging concept for the home is that of a wall mounted aquarium,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which are displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Living_Art_Marine_Center" title="Living Art Marine Center">Living Art Marine Center</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquarium_size_and_volume">Aquarium size and volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aquarium size and volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelp_Forest_exhibit_full_main_viewing_window_at_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of 50-foot-tall (15 m) yellow plants in water behind glass wall divided into sections." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kelp_Forest_exhibit_full_main_viewing_window_at_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium.jpg/220px-Kelp_Forest_exhibit_full_main_viewing_window_at_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kelp_Forest_exhibit_full_main_viewing_window_at_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium.jpg/330px-Kelp_Forest_exhibit_full_main_viewing_window_at_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kelp_Forest_exhibit_full_main_viewing_window_at_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium.jpg/440px-Kelp_Forest_exhibit_full_main_viewing_window_at_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A 1,200,000-litre (320,000 US gal; 260,000 imp gal) aquarium at <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> in California, displaying a <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forest</a> ecosystem</figcaption></figure> <p>An aquarium can range from a small glass bowl containing less than 1 litre (2.1 US pt) of water to immense public aquaria that house entire ecosystems such as <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a>. Relatively large home aquaria resist rapid fluctuations of temperature and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, allowing for greater system stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginner aquarists are advised to consider larger tanks to begin with, as controlling water parameters in smaller tanks can prove difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small, unfiltered bowl-shaped aquaria are now widely regarded as unsuitable for most fish. In order to keep water conditions at suitable levels, aquariums should contain at least two forms of <a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">filtration</a>: biological and mechanical. Chemical filtration should also be considered under some circumstances for optimum water quality. Chemical filtration is frequently achieved via <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, to filter medications, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, and/or other known impurities from the water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Reef aquaria under 100 litres (26 US gal; 22 imp gal) have a special place in the aquarium hobby; these aquaria, termed <a href="/wiki/Nano_reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Nano reef">nano reefs</a> (when used in reefkeeping), have a small water volume, under 40 litres (11 US gal; 9 imp gal).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Aquarium_-_Ocean_Voyager_Tunnel_Jan_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo looking upward through 15 feet (4.6 m)-diameter glass tube into a fish-filled aquarium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Georgia_Aquarium_-_Ocean_Voyager_Tunnel_Jan_2006.jpg/220px-Georgia_Aquarium_-_Ocean_Voyager_Tunnel_Jan_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Georgia_Aquarium_-_Ocean_Voyager_Tunnel_Jan_2006.jpg/330px-Georgia_Aquarium_-_Ocean_Voyager_Tunnel_Jan_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Georgia_Aquarium_-_Ocean_Voyager_Tunnel_Jan_2006.jpg/440px-Georgia_Aquarium_-_Ocean_Voyager_Tunnel_Jan_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Tunnel at the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a>, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>Practical limitations, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> of water (1 kilogram per litre (8.345 lb/U.S. gal; 10.022 lb/imp gal)) and internal <a href="/wiki/Fluid_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid pressure">water pressure</a> (requiring thick glass siding) of a large aquarium, restrict most home aquaria to a maximum of around 1 cubic metre in volume (1000 L, weighing <span class="nowrap">1,000 kg</span> or <span class="nowrap">2,200 lb</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aquarists, however, have constructed aquaria of many thousands of litres.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Public aquariums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">oceanariums</a> designed for exhibition of large species or environments can be dramatically larger than any home aquarium. The <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a>, for example, features an individual aquarium of 6,300,000 US gallons (24,000,000 L).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nano_aquariums">Nano aquariums</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nano aquariums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new trend is to have very small aquariums, termed mini aquariums (less than 150 litres or 40 gallons) or nano aquariums (less than 75 litres or 20 gallons). These can be either freshwater or saltwater, and are intended to display a tiny but self-contained ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of transparent 3-dimensional rectangle with two boxes and one cylinder above it and one longer, thin cylinder within it. Arrows point from the rectangle long cylinder to the top box, from the top box to the lower box, from the lower box to the other cylinder, from that cylinder back to itself, and from the cylinder to the rectangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aquarium.png/220px-Aquarium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aquarium.png/330px-Aquarium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aquarium.png/440px-Aquarium.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">Filtration</a> system in a typical aquarium: (1) intake, (2) mechanical filtration, (3) chemical filtration, (4) biological filtration medium, (5) outflow to tank</figcaption></figure> <p>The typical hobbyist aquarium includes a filtration system, an artificial lighting system, an air diffuser and pump, and a heater or chiller depending on the aquarium's inhabitants. Many aquaria incorporate a hood, containing the lights, to decrease evaporation and prevent fish from leaving the aquarium (and anything else from entering the aquarium).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combined biological and mechanical aquarium <a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">filtration systems</a> are common. These either convert ammonia to nitrate (removing nitrogen at the expense of aquatic plants), or to sometimes remove <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>. Filter media can house <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a> that mediate <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a>. Filtration systems are sometimes the most complex component of home aquaria.<sup id="cite_ref-dakin_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dakin-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_heater" title="Aquarium heater">Aquarium heaters</a> combine a heating element with a <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a>, allowing the aquarist to regulate water temperature at a level above that of the surrounding air, whereas coolers and chillers (refrigeration devices) are for use anywhere, such as cold water aquaria, where the ambient room temperature is above the desired tank temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometers</a> used include glass alcohol thermometers, adhesive external <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_thermometer" title="Liquid crystal thermometer">plastic strip thermometers</a>, and battery-powered LCD thermometers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some aquarists use air pumps attached to <a href="/wiki/Airstone" title="Airstone">airstones</a> or water pumps to increase water circulation and supply adequate gas exchange at the water surface. Wave-making devices have also been constructed to provide wave action.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishes,_multicolored_pebbles_and_artificial_plants_within_an_aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishes%2C_multicolored_pebbles_and_artificial_plants_within_an_aquarium.jpg/220px-Fishes%2C_multicolored_pebbles_and_artificial_plants_within_an_aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishes%2C_multicolored_pebbles_and_artificial_plants_within_an_aquarium.jpg/330px-Fishes%2C_multicolored_pebbles_and_artificial_plants_within_an_aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishes%2C_multicolored_pebbles_and_artificial_plants_within_an_aquarium.jpg/440px-Fishes%2C_multicolored_pebbles_and_artificial_plants_within_an_aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Fishes, multicolored pebbles and artificial plants within a home aquarium.</figcaption></figure> <p>An aquarium's physical characteristics form another aspect of aquarium design. Size, lighting conditions, density of floating and rooted plants, placement of <a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">bog-wood</a>, creation of caves or overhangs, type of <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">substrate</a>, and other factors (including an aquarium's positioning within a room) can all affect the behavior and survival of tank inhabitants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An aquarium can be placed on an aquarium stand. Because of the weight of the aquarium, a stand must be strong as well as level. A tank that is not level may distort, leak, or crack.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are often built with cabinets to allow storage, available in many styles to match room <a href="/wiki/Decor" class="mw-redirect" title="Decor">decor</a>. Simple metal tank stands are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most aquaria should be placed on <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> to cushion any irregularities on the underlying surface or the bottom of the tank itself that may cause cracks.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some tanks have an underframe making this unnecessary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another important consideration for aquariums is their electrical usage. Water is expensive to keep heated,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the lights that many aquariums, especially those with live plants have. New aquarists should also pay close attention to their electrical setup for their aquarium, taking care to set up power connections with drip loops to prevent water from getting to outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquarium_maintenance">Aquarium maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aquarium maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aquarium" title="Special:EditPage/Aquarium">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Large volumes of water enable more stability in a tank by diluting effects from death or contamination events that push an aquarium away from equilibrium. The bigger the tank, the easier such a <a href="/wiki/Systemic_shock" title="Systemic shock">systemic shock</a> is to absorb, because the effects of that event are diluted. For example, the death of the only fish in an 11-litre (3 US gal; 2 imp gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in a 400-litre (110 US gal; 88 imp gal) tank with many other fish in it represents only a minor change. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks, as they require less attention. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycles</a> are important in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters the system at the surface water-air interface. Similarly, carbon dioxide escapes the system into the air. The phosphate cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also cycle through the system, entering as food and exiting as waste. Appropriate handling of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>, along with supplying an adequately balanced food supply and considered biological loading, is enough to keep these other nutrient cycles in approximate equilibrium. </p><p>An aquarium must be maintained regularly to ensure that the fish are kept healthy. Daily maintenance consists of checking the fish for signs of stress and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, aquarists must make sure that the water has a good quality and it is not cloudy or <a href="/wiki/Foamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Foamy">foamy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of the water is appropriate for the particular species of fish that live in the aquarium. </p><p>Typical weekly maintenance includes changing around 10–30% or more of the water while cleaning the <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, or other substrate if the aquarium has one; however some manage to avoid this entirely by keeping it somewhat self-sufficient. A good habit is to remove the water being replaced by "vacuuming" the gravel with suitable implements, as this will eliminate uneaten foods and other residues that settle on the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">substrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many areas <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a> is not considered to be safe for fish to live in because it contains chemicals that harm the fish.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tap water from those areas must be treated with a suitable water conditioner, such as a product which removes chlorine and <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">chloramine</a> and neutralizes any heavy metals present. The water conditions must be checked both in the tank and in the replacement water, to make sure they are suitable for the species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_conditions">Water conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> content of water is perhaps the most important aspect of water conditions, as <a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">total dissolved solids</a> and other constituents dramatically impact basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. Salt content, or <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, is the most basic measure of water conditions. An aquarium may have <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> (salinity below 500 parts per million), simulating a lake or river environment; <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> (a salt level of 500 to 30,000 PPM), simulating environments lying between fresh and salt, such as <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>; and salt water or <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> (a salt level of 30,000 to 40,000 PPM), simulating an ocean environment. Rarely, higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms. </p><p>Saltwater is usually alkaline, while the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalinity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a>) of fresh water varies more. Hardness measures overall dissolved mineral content; <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard or soft water</a> may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Dissolved organic content</a> and dissolved gases content are also important factors. </p><p>Home aquarists typically use tap water supplied through their local <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply network</a> to fill their tanks. Straight tap water cannot be used in localities that pipe chlorinated water. In the past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, which allows the <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> time to dissipate.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">chloramine</a> is now used more often and does not leave the water as readily. <a href="/wiki/Water_conditioner" title="Water conditioner">Water conditioners</a> formulated to remove chlorine or chloramine are often all that is needed to make the water ready for aquarium use. Brackish or saltwater aquaria require the addition of a commercially available <a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">mixture of salts</a> and other minerals. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outdoor_heated_fish_tank_enclosed_by_glass_plus_reflections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Outdoor_heated_fish_tank_enclosed_by_glass_plus_reflections.jpg/250px-Outdoor_heated_fish_tank_enclosed_by_glass_plus_reflections.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Outdoor_heated_fish_tank_enclosed_by_glass_plus_reflections.jpg/375px-Outdoor_heated_fish_tank_enclosed_by_glass_plus_reflections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Outdoor_heated_fish_tank_enclosed_by_glass_plus_reflections.jpg/500px-Outdoor_heated_fish_tank_enclosed_by_glass_plus_reflections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>This aquarium features a heated tank and a glass-enclosed top for warmth during winter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some aquarists modify water's alkalinity, hardness, or dissolved content of organics and gases, before adding it to their aquaria. This can be accomplished by additives, such as sodium bicarbonate, to raise pH.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aquarists <a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">filter</a> or purify their water through <a href="/wiki/Purified_water" title="Purified water">deionization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> prior to using it. In contrast, public aquaria with large water needs often locate themselves near a natural water source (such as a river, lake, or ocean) to reduce the level of treatment. Some hobbyists use an <a href="/wiki/Algae_scrubber" title="Algae scrubber">algae scrubber</a> to filter the water naturally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Water <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> determines the two most basic aquarium classifications: <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">cold water</a>. Most fish and plant species tolerate only a limited temperature range; tropical aquaria, with an average temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F), are much more common. Temperate or coldwater aquaria are for fish that are better suited to a cooler environment. Temperature consistency is more important than range. Most organisms are not accustomed to sudden changes in temperatures, which can cause shock and lead to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water temperature can be regulated with a <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a> and heater (or cooler). </p><p>Water movement can also be important in simulating a natural ecosystem. Aquarists may prefer anything from still water up to swift <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/current" class="extiw" title="wikt:current">currents</a>, depending on the aquarium's inhabitants. Water movement can be controlled via aeration from air pumps, powerheads, and careful design of internal water flow (such as location of filtration system points of inflow and outflow). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrogen_cycle">Nitrogen cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nitrogen cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarium_Nitrogen_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing showing cross-section of the ocean. The bottom is labeled "Decomposing plant & animal matter". An arrow points from seaweed to the bottom. Another arrow points to a rectangle labeled Ammonium (NH+ 4). A two-headed arrow is labeled Nitrosomonas and points back to the seaweed and also to another rectangle labeled Nitrites (NO− 2). Another arrow labeled Nitrospira points to another rectangle labeled Nitrates (NO− 3). Another arrow points back to the seaweed. Another arrow points to the air above the ocean surface and is labeled Water change. Another arrow, labeled Food points from the air to a fish below the surface. A final arrow points to the rectangle labeled Ammonium (NH+ 4)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aquarium_Nitrogen_Cycle.svg/220px-Aquarium_Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aquarium_Nitrogen_Cycle.svg/330px-Aquarium_Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aquarium_Nitrogen_Cycle.svg/440px-Aquarium_Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> in an aquarium</figcaption></figure> <p>Of primary concern to the aquarist is management of the <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> produced by an aquarium's inhabitants. Fish, invertebrates, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, and some bacteria excrete <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> waste in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (which converts to <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>, in water) and must then either pass through the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> or be removed by passing through <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammonia is also produced through the <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> of plant and animal matter, including <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">fecal</a> matter and other <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>. Nitrogen waste products become toxic to fish and other aquarium inhabitants at high concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the wild, the vast amount of water surrounding the fish dilutes ammonia and other waste materials. When fish are put into an aquarium, waste can quickly reach toxic concentrations in the enclosed environment unless the tank is cycled to remove waste.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_process">The process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A well-balanced tank contains organisms that are able to <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolize</a> the waste products of other aquarium residents, recreating a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrifiers</a> (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrosomonas" title="Nitrosomonas">Nitrosomonas</a></i>) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from the water and metabolize it to produce <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nitrite is toxic to fish in high concentrations. Another type of bacteria (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrospira" title="Nitrospira">Nitrospira</a></i>) converts <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> into <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, a less toxic substance. (<i><a href="/wiki/Nitrobacter" title="Nitrobacter">Nitrobacter</a></i> bacteria were previously believed to fill this role. While biologically they could theoretically fill the same niche as <i>Nitrospira</i>, it has recently been found that <i>Nitrobacter</i> are not present in detectable levels in established aquaria, while <i>Nitrospira</i> are plentiful.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, commercial products sold as kits to "jump start" the nitrogen cycle often still contain <i>Nitrobacter</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aquatic plants also eliminate nitrogen waste by metabolizing ammonia and nitrate. When plants metabolize nitrogen compounds, they remove nitrogen from the water by using it to build <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> that decays more slowly than ammonia-driven <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> already dissolved in the water. Some hobbyists also use "anoxic filtration," which relies on bacteria that live in low-oxygen environments.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maintaining_the_nitrogen_cycle">Maintaining the nitrogen cycle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Maintaining the nitrogen cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Echinotitti.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Echinotitti.JPG/220px-Echinotitti.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Echinotitti.JPG/330px-Echinotitti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Echinotitti.JPG/440px-Echinotitti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Live plants in an aquarium utilize the final product in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> as fertilizer, helping the nitrate levels stay minimal. This 60-litre (13 imp gal; 16 US gal) aquarium contains <i><a href="/wiki/Anubias_barteri" title="Anubias barteri">Anubias barteri</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Echinodorus_bleheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodorus bleheri">Echinodorus bleheri</a></i>. A <a href="/wiki/Heater_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heater (aquarium)">heater</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">filter</a> are in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium is only a portion of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the tank inhabitants), and nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process, or become bound in the biomass of plants. The aquarium keeper must remove water once nitrate concentrations grow, or remove plants which have grown from the nitrates. </p><p>Hobbyist aquaria often do not have sufficient bacteria populations to adequately denitrify waste. This problem is most often addressed through two <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> solutions: <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a> filters absorb nitrogen compounds and other <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>, while biological filters provide a medium designed to enhance <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">bacterial colonization</a>. Activated carbon and other substances, such as ammonia absorbing resins, stop working when their pores fill, so these components have to be replaced regularly. </p><p>New aquaria often have problems associated with the nitrogen cycle due to insufficient beneficial bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, fresh water has to be matured before stocking them with fish. There are three basic approaches to this: the "fishless cycle", the "silent cycle" and "slow growth". </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Fishless_cycling" title="Fishless cycling">fishless cycle</a>, small amounts of ammonia are added to an unpopulated tank to feed the bacteria. During this process, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> levels are tested to monitor progress. The "silent" cycle is basically nothing more than densely stocking the aquarium with fast-growing aquatic <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and relying on them to consume the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, allowing the necessary bacterial populations time to develop. According to anecdotal reports, the plants can consume nitrogenous waste so efficiently that ammonia and nitrite level spikes seen in more traditional cycling methods are greatly reduced or disappear. "Slow growth" entails slowly increasing the population of fish over a period of 6 to 8 weeks, giving bacteria colonies time to grow and stabilize with the increase in fish waste. This method is usually done with a small starter population of hardier fish which can survive the ammonia and nitrite spikes, whether they are intended to be permanent residents or to be traded out later for the desired occupants. </p><p>The largest bacterial populations are found in the filter, where there is high water flow and plentiful surface available for their growth, so effective and efficient filtration is vital. Sometimes, a vigorous cleaning of the filter is enough to seriously disturb the biological balance of an aquarium. Therefore, it is recommended to rinse mechanical filters in an outside bucket of aquarium water to dislodge organic materials that contribute to nitrate problems, while preserving bacteria populations. Another safe practice consists of cleaning only half of the filter media during each service, or using two filters, only one of which is cleaned at a time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_load">Biological load</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biological load"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo displaying plants, small fish, and tipped-over clay pots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Small_aquarium.jpg/220px-Small_aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Small_aquarium.jpg/330px-Small_aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Small_aquarium.jpg/440px-Small_aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A very heavily stocked 19-liter aquarium containing <i><a href="/wiki/Paracheirodon_innesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracheirodon innesi">Paracheirodon innesi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trigonostigma_heteromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonostigma heteromorpha">Trigonostigma heteromorpha</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hemigrammus_erythrozonus" title="Hemigrammus erythrozonus">Hemigrammus erythrozonus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The biological load, or bioload is a measure of the burden placed on the aquarium ecosystem by its inhabitants. High biological loading presents a more complicated tank ecology, which in turn means that equilibrium is easier to upset. Several fundamental constraints on biological loading depend on aquarium size. The water's <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> limits <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">oxygen</a> intake. The bacteria population depends on the physical space they have available to colonize. Physically, only a limited size and number of plants and animals can fit into an aquarium while still providing room for movement. Biologically, biological loading refers to the rate of biological decay in proportion to tank volume. Adding plants to an aquarium will sometimes help greatly with taking up fish waste as plant nutrients. Although an aquarium can be overloaded with fish, an excess of plants is unlikely to cause harm. Decaying plant material, such as decaying plant leaves, can add these nutrients back into the aquarium if not promptly removed. The bioload is processed by the aquarium's <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilter</a> filtration system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calculating_capacity">Calculating capacity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Calculating capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factors</a> include the oxygen availability and filtration processing. Aquarists have <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rules of thumb</a> to <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">estimate</a> the number of fish that can be kept in an aquarium. The examples below are for small freshwater fish; larger freshwater fishes and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. </p> <ul><li>3 cm of <i>adult</i> fish length per 4 litres of water (i.e., a 6 cm-long fish would need about 8 litres of water).<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_Baensch_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_Baensch-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 cm of <i>adult</i> fish length per 30 square centimetres of surface area.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 inch of <i>adult</i> fish length per US gallon of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_Baensch_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_Baensch-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 inch of <i>adult</i> fish length per 12 square inches of surface area.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Experienced aquarists warn against applying these rules too strictly because they do not consider other important issues such as growth rate, activity level, social behaviour, filtration capacity, total biomass of plant life, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is better to apply the overall mass and size of a fish per gallon of water, than simply the length. This is because fish of different sizes produce quite differing amounts of waste. Establishing maximum capacity is often a matter of slowly adding fish and monitoring water quality over time, following a <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">trial and error</a> approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_factors_affecting_capacity">Other factors affecting capacity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other factors affecting capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BGSU_Aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BGSU_Aquarium.jpg/220px-BGSU_Aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BGSU_Aquarium.jpg/330px-BGSU_Aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BGSU_Aquarium.jpg/440px-BGSU_Aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>An academic aquarium at a university, using a variety of tank sizes and styles to care for different fish.</figcaption></figure> <p>One variable is differences between fish. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per gram of body weight than larger fish. <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinth fish">Labyrinth fish</a> can breathe atmospheric oxygen and do not need as much surface area (however, some of these fish are territorial, and do not appreciate crowding). <a href="/wiki/Barb_(fish)" title="Barb (fish)">Barbs</a> also require more surface area than <a href="/wiki/Tetra" title="Tetra">tetras</a> of comparable size.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oxygen exchange at the surface is an important constraint, and thus the surface area of the aquarium matters. Some aquarists claim that a deeper aquarium holds no more fish than a shallower aquarium with the same surface area. The capacity can be improved by surface movement and water circulation such as through <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a>, which not only improves oxygen exchange, but also waste decomposition rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waste density is another variable. Decomposition in solution consumes oxygen. Oxygen dissolves less readily in warmer water; this is a double-edged sword since warmer temperatures make fish more active, so they consume more oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_69-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to bioload/chemical considerations, aquarists also consider the mutual compatibility of the fish. For instance, predatory fish are usually not kept with small, passive species, and territorial fish are often unsuitable tankmates for shoaling species. Furthermore, fish tend to fare better if given tanks conducive to their size. That is, large fish need large tanks and small fish can do well in smaller tanks. Lastly, the tank can become overcrowded without being overstocked. In other words, the aquarium can be suitable with regard to filtration capacity, oxygen load, and water, yet still be so crowded that the inhabitants are uncomfortable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For planted freshwater aquariums, it is also important to maintain a balance between the duration and quality of light, the amount of plants, CO<sub>2</sub> levels and nutrients. The amount of fish on the tank can also affect the nutrients levels. For a given amount of light, if there is insufficient number of plants or insufficient CO<sub>2</sub> to support the growth of those plants, so as to consume all the nutrients in the tank, the result would be algae growth. While there are fishes and invertebrates that could be introduced in the tank to clean up this algae, the ideal solution would be to find the optimal balance between the above-mentioned factors. Supplemental CO<sub>2</sub> can be provided,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose quantity has to be carefully regulated, as too much CO<sub>2</sub> may harm the fishes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2017)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquarium_classifications">Aquarium classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aquarium classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:58g_aquascape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo showing a tank filled with water and multiple aquatic plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/58g_aquascape.jpg/220px-58g_aquascape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/58g_aquascape.jpg/330px-58g_aquascape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/58g_aquascape.jpg/440px-58g_aquascape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Aquascaping" title="Aquascaping">aquascaped</a> freshwater aquarium</figcaption></figure> <p>From the outdoor ponds and glass jars of antiquity, modern aquaria have evolved into a wide range of specialized systems. Individual aquaria can vary in size from a small bowl large enough for only a single small fish, to the huge public aquaria that can simulate entire marine <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One way to classify aquaria is by salinity. <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium" title="Freshwater aquarium">Freshwater aquaria</a> are the most popular due to their lower cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford3_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More expensive and complex equipment is required to set up and maintain <a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium" title="Marine aquarium">marine aquaria</a>. Marine aquaria frequently feature a diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> in addition to species of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-dakin_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dakin-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanford3_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brackish-water_aquarium" title="Brackish-water aquarium">Brackish water aquaria</a> combine elements of both marine and freshwater fishkeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford3_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish kept in brackish water aquaria generally come from habitats with varying salinity, such as <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>. Subtypes exist within these types, such as the <a href="/wiki/Reef_aquarium" title="Reef aquarium">reef aquarium</a>, a typically smaller marine aquarium that houses <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford3_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another classification is by <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> range. Many aquarists choose a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">tropical aquarium</a> because tropical fish tend to be more colorful.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford3_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">coldwater aquarium</a> is also popular, which includes fish from temperate areas worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford3_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarium_fg01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of water, coral, and fish behind a glass wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Aquarium_fg01.jpg/220px-Aquarium_fg01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Aquarium_fg01.jpg/330px-Aquarium_fg01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Aquarium_fg01.jpg/440px-Aquarium_fg01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saltwater</a> aquarium</figcaption></figure> <p>Aquaria may be grouped by their species selection. In a <a href="/wiki/Community_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Community tank">community tank</a>, several non-aggressive species live peacefully. In these aquaria, the fish, <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">plants</a> probably do not originate from the same geographic region, but tolerate similar water conditions and each other. Aggressive tanks, by contrast, house a limited number of species that can be aggressive toward other fish, or are able to withstand aggression well. Most aquarists maintaining marine tanks and tanks housing <a href="/wiki/Cichlids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichlids">cichlids</a> have to take species aggressiveness into account when stocking. Specimen tanks usually only house one fish species, along with plants—sometimes those found in the fish species' natural environment—and decorations simulating a natural ecosystem. This type is useful for fish that cannot coexist with other fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">electric eel</a>, as an extreme example. Some tanks of this sort are used simply to house adults for breeding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">Biotope</a> aquaria is another type based on species selection. In it, an aquarist attempts to simulate a specific natural ecosystem, assembling fish, invertebrate species, plants, decorations and water conditions all found in that ecosystem. Public aquaria often use this approach. Biotope aquaria simulates the experience of observing in the wild. It typically serves as the healthiest possible artificial environment for the tank's occupants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_aquaria">Public aquaria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public aquaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo – silhouettes of people in foreground. One large fish with many smaller fish in background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG/220px-Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG/330px-Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG/440px-Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The 80-meter (260 ft) underwater tunnel in <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_Barcelona" title="Aquarium Barcelona">Aquarium Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon_Oceanarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lisbon_Oceanarium.jpg/220px-Lisbon_Oceanarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lisbon_Oceanarium.jpg/330px-Lisbon_Oceanarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lisbon_Oceanarium.jpg/440px-Lisbon_Oceanarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4204" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Oceanarium" title="Lisbon Oceanarium">Lisbon Oceanarium</a> designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chermayeff" title="Peter Chermayeff">Peter Chermayeff</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg/220px-Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg/330px-Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg/440px-Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>The Baltic Sea Aquarium at the <a href="/wiki/Maretarium" title="Maretarium">Maretarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Public aquarium</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">public aquarium</a> facilities feature a number of smaller aquaria, as well those too large for home aquarists. The largest tanks hold millions of gallons of water and can house large species, including <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(whale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beluga (whale)">beluga whales</a>, which typically could not be housed properly in the home aquarium. <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinaria</a> are specifically for <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>. Aquatic and semiaquatic animals, including <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, may also be kept by public aquaria. Public aquaria may also be included in larger establishments such as a <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">marine mammal park</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Marine_park" title="Marine park">marine park</a>. These are very popular around the world, especially with a new emergence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virtual_aquariums">Virtual aquariums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Virtual aquariums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aquarium" title="Special:EditPage/Aquarium">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A virtual aquarium is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> which uses <a href="/wiki/3D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics">3D graphics</a> to reproduce an aquarium on a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>. The swimming fish are <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendered</a> in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real time</a>, while the background of the tank is usually static. Objects on the floor of the tank may be mapped in simple <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">planes</a> so that the fish may appear to swim both in front and behind them, but a relatively simple 3D map of the general shape of such objects may be used to allow the light and ripples on the surface of the water to cast realistic <a href="/wiki/Shadow" title="Shadow">shadows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bubbles and water noises are common for virtual aquariums, which are often used as <a href="/wiki/Screensaver" title="Screensaver">screensavers</a>. </p><p>The number of each type of fish can usually be selected, often including other animals like <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorses</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a>. Most companies that produce virtual aquarium software also offer other types of fish for sale via Internet <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a>. Other objects found in an aquarium can also be added and rearranged on some software, like <a href="/wiki/Treasure_chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure chest">treasure chests</a> and giant <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> that open and close with air bubbles, or a bobbing <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">diver</a>. There are also usually features that allow the user to tap on the glass or put food in the top, both of which the fish will react to. Some also have the ability to allow the user to edit fish and other objects to create new varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aquaria">List of aquaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">List of aquarium diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_fish_by_scientific_name" title="List of aquarium fish by scientific name">List of aquarium fish by scientific name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of brackish aquarium fish species">List of brackish aquarium fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of brackish aquarium plant species">List of brackish aquarium plant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_amphibian_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium amphibian species">List of freshwater aquarium amphibian species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium fish species">List of freshwater aquarium fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species">List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium plant species">List of freshwater aquarium plant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of marine aquarium fish species">List of marine aquarium fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of marine aquarium invertebrate species">List of marine aquarium invertebrate species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of marine aquarium plant species">List of marine aquarium plant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aquarium">"aquarium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=aquarium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Faquarium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/aquarium">"Definition of aquarium - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404103239/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/aquarium">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Taylor and Francis: 449–461. 1859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+and+Magazine+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=On+the+increase+of+Madrepores&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=449-461&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrBMAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Danne%2520thynne%2520zoology%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunner, B: <i>The Ocean at Home</i>, pages 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunner, B: <i>The Ocean at Home</i>, page 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunner, B: <i>The Oceans at Home</i>, pages 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunner, B: <i>The Ocean at Home</i>, page 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunner, B: <i>The Ocean at Home</i>, page 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2005" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Bob (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221227/http://www.parlouraquariums.org.uk/Papers/b%20AQUARIUM%20HISTORY/History%20Papers/Parlour%20aquarum.htm">"The first Parlour Aquariums and the Victorian Aquarium Craze"</a>. <i>History of parlour aquarium</i>. parlouraquariums.org. 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Fiske Aquarium"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tropical Fish Hobbyist</i>. <b>55</b>: 111–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Fish+Hobbyist&rft.atitle=Cast+iron+beauty%3A+an+antique+J.W.+Fiske+Aquarium&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pawlik&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.uncw.edu%2Fpawlikj%2F2007TFHPawlik.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford1999" class="citation book cs1">Sanford, Gina (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aquariumownersgu00sand/page/9"><i>Aquarium Owner's Guide</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="DK Publishing">DK Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aquariumownersgu00sand/page/9">9–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-4614-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-4614-6"><bdi>0-7894-4614-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquarium+Owner%27s+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9-13&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7894-4614-6&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faquariumownersgu00sand%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunner, B: <i>The Ocean at Home</i>, pages 86–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2004-09/rv/feature/index.php">"A History of the Hobby by Roger Vitko"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestfish.com/breakin.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aquatics+Unlimited&rft.atitle=New+Tank+Syndrome&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kostich&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestfish.com%2Fbreakin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulrich_Baensch-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_Baensch_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_Baensch_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaensch1983" class="citation book cs1">Baensch, Ulrich (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tropicalaquarium00andr"><i>Tropical Aquarium Fish</i></a>. Tetra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89356-131-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-89356-131-5"><bdi>3-89356-131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Aquarium+Fish&rft.pub=Tetra&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-89356-131-5&rft.aulast=Baensch&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftropicalaquarium00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1996" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Peter (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeaquarium00pete"><i>The Complete Aquarium</i></a></span>. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-0427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-0427-1"><bdi>0-7513-0427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Aquarium&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7513-0427-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteaquarium00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_AndrewsAdrian_ExellNeville_Carrington1988" class="citation book cs1">Chris Andrews; Adrian Exell; Neville Carrington (1988). <i>The Interpet Manual of Fish Health</i>. Salamander Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86101-368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86101-368-9"><bdi>0-86101-368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpet+Manual+of+Fish+Health&rft.pub=Salamander+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-86101-368-9&rft.au=Chris+Andrews&rft.au=Adrian+Exell&rft.au=Neville+Carrington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aquaplantscare.uk/co2-and-the-role-of-carbon-and-liquid-carbon-in-planted-aquariums/">"CO2 carbon and liquid carbon in planted aquariums"</a>. 12 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CO2+carbon+and+liquid+carbon+in+planted+aquariums&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faquaplantscare.uk%2Fco2-and-the-role-of-carbon-and-liquid-carbon-in-planted-aquariums%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford3-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford3_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford3_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford3_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford3_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford3_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford3_78-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford1999" class="citation book cs1">Sanford, Gina (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aquariumownersgu00sand/page/180"><i>Aquarium Owner's Guide</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="DK Publishing">DK Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aquariumownersgu00sand/page/180">180–199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-4614-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-4614-6"><bdi>0-7894-4614-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquarium+Owner%27s+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180-199&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7894-4614-6&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faquariumownersgu00sand%2Fpage%2F180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkChoiSeo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Jinho; Choi, Jin; Seo, Yong-Ho (2013-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11554-013-0364-z">"Development of a virtual aquarium system interacting with a smart device"</a>. <i>Journal of Real-Time Image Processing</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 531–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11554-013-0364-z">10.1007/s11554-013-0364-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1861-8200">1861-8200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255314743">255314743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Real-Time+Image+Processing&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+virtual+aquarium+system+interacting+with+a+smart+device&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=531-539&rft.date=2013-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255314743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1861-8200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11554-013-0364-z&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Jinho&rft.au=Choi%2C+Jin&rft.au=Seo%2C+Yong-Ho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11554-013-0364-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aquariums" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aquariums">Aquariums</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.theaquariumwiki.com/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="aquariumwiki:Main Page">The Aquarium Wiki</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Ingersoll1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ingersoll" title="Ernest Ingersoll">Ernest Ingersoll</a> (1920). <span 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aquarium">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish-water_aquarium" title="Brackish-water aquarium">Brackish-water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_aquarium" title="Community aquarium">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">Biotope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_furniture" title="Aquarium furniture">Aquarium décor<br />and equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airstone" title="Airstone">Airstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_scrubber" title="Algae scrubber">Algae scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Method" title="Berlin Method">Berlin Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">Driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_reactor" title="Calcium reactor">Calcium reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sand_bed" title="Deep sand bed">Deep sand bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishcam" title="Fishcam">Fishcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feeder" title="Aquarium fish feeder">Fish feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heater_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heater (aquarium)">Heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_lighting" title="Aquarium lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_rock" title="Live rock">Live rock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Live_sand" title="Live sand">Live sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(pump)" title="Powerhead (pump)">Powerhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_(fishkeeping)" title="Refugium (fishkeeping)">Refugium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_(aquarium)" title="Sump (aquarium)">Sump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish terms / types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae_eater" title="Algae eater">Algae eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dither_fish" title="Dither fish">Dither</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_fish" title="Hardy fish">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_fish" title="Painted fish">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed" title="Aquarium fish feed">Fish food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_fish" title="Feeder fish">Feeder fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_shrimp" title="Feeder shrimp">Feeder shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">Infusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_mix" title="Shrimp mix">Shrimp mix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tubifex_tubifex" title="Tubifex tubifex">Tubifex tubifex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fishery" title="Aquarium fishery">Aquarium fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquascaping" title="Aquascaping">Aquascaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_treatment_(fishkeeping)" title="Bath treatment (fishkeeping)">Bath treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean-up_crew" title="Clean-up crew">Clean-up crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish" title="Disease in ornamental fish">Disease in ornamental fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarium" title="Macquarium">Macquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Piaba" title="Project Piaba">Project <i>Piaba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_safe" title="Reef safe">Reef safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">Spawning trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conditioner" title="Water conditioner">Water conditioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano" title="Takashi Amano">Takashi Amano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Axelrod" title="Herbert R. Axelrod">Herbert R. Axelrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Baldner" title="Leonhard Baldner">Leonhard Baldner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Carbonnier" title="Pierre Carbonnier">Pierre Carbonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(zoologist)" title="Edward Edwards (zoologist)">Edward Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Farmer_(aquascaper)" title="George Farmer (aquascaper)">George Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_O._Kullander" title="Sven O. Kullander">Sven O. Kullander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alford_Lloyd" title="William Alford Lloyd">William Alford Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Matte" title="Paul Matte">Paul Matte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sprung" title="Julian Sprung">Julian Sprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thynne" title="Anna Thynne">Anna Thynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haskins_Townsend" title="Charles Haskins Townsend">Charles Haskins Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Villepreux-Power" title="Jeanne Villepreux-Power">Jeanne Villepreux-Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Warington" title="Robert Warington">Robert Warington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_Fish_International" title="Aquarium Fish International">Aquarium Fish International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_(magazine)" title="Koi (magazine)">Koi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Fishkeeping" title="Practical Fishkeeping">Practical Fishkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Fish_Hobbyist" title="Tropical Fish Hobbyist">Tropical Fish Hobbyist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennerle" title="Dennerle">Dennerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drs._Foster_%26_Smith" title="Drs. Foster & Smith">Drs. Foster & Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(company)" title="Hikari (company)">Hikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_C._Hagen_Group" title="Rolf C. Hagen Group">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_(company)" title="Sera (company)">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_(company)" title="Tetra (company)">Tetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardley_(company)" title="Wardley (company)">Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_Med_Laboratories" title="Zoo Med Laboratories">Zoo Med Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">Aquarium diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_fish_by_scientific_name" title="List of aquarium fish by scientific name">Aquarium fish by scientific name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium fish species">Freshwater aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_amphibian_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium amphibian species">amphibians</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium plant species">plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium_algae" title="Freshwater aquarium algae">algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of marine aquarium fish species">Marine aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of marine aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of marine aquarium plant species">plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of brackish aquarium fish species">Brackish aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of brackish aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of brackish aquarium plant species">plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoos" title="Template:Zoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoos" title="Template talk:Zoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, 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